Native and transplant kidney pathology

Case 8

Erik Heyerdahl StrømDept. of Pathology

Oslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOslo, Norway

ECP Helsinki 30 August 2011

Clinical historyCaucasian male 22 years.

• mild edema of lower extremities• hematuria• proteinuria, increasing to nephrotic level• moderate hypertension• slightly reduced renal function

Suspicion of chronic glomerulonephritisKidney biopsy was performed

PAS

Silver staining

Silver staining

Biopsy diagnosis

Glomerular lipid-containing deposits

suggestive of

Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency

Clinical follow-up

• Lipid metabolism:– Very low HDL, low LDL, elevated cholesterol

and triglycerides

• Corneal opacities

Genetic testing

Compound heterozygous:

Two mutations (R244H and M252K)

in exon 6 of the LCAT-gene, located on chromosome 16.

Final diagnosis: Familial LCAT-deficiency

Familial LCAT deficiency

Familial LCAT deficiency

• autosomal recessive disease

• due to a defect in esterification of plasma cholesterol– severe reduction of HDL– elevation of free cholesterol, triglycerides and

phospholipids

Familial LCAT deficiency

lipid-containing depositions within several organs:

• kidney– proteinuria, renal failure

• cornea– decreased vision

• erythrocytes– anemia due to defect of cytoplasmic membrane

• aorta and muscular arteries– premature atherosclerotic vascular disease?

Familial LCAT deficiencyGenetics

>70 different mutations described

Familial LCAT deficiency

Milder disease (”Fish-eye disease”)

Kluivenhoven JA: J Lipid Res 2004

”Fish eye”

Corneal opacities:

* multiple small greyish spots “foggy” discoloration; band-like at the periphery

* impaired vision

* present from early childhood in LCAT deficiency

Cornea in LCAT disease

Cornea in LCAT disease

Pathogenesis of renal lesion

• Heterogeneous lesions may be due to several mechanisms of disease

– deposition of different types of lipid containing molecules, incl. abnormal lipoproteins: Lipoprotein X (Lp-X)

– capillary wall impairment

– complement activation?

Differential diagnosis

• renal lesions in chronic liver diseases– ”hepatic glomerulosclerosis” (Sagaguchi H 1965)– Alagilles’s syndrome (hypoplasia of intrahepatic

bile ducts)

• other lipidoses

Case history

• Transplanted at 28 yrs, 6 yrs after initial diagnosis

• Received kidney from his father, who was heterozygous for LCAT mutation

Two days after transplantation

Biopsy proven acute rejection Banff IA

Biopsy two days after transplantation

Protocol biopsy 6 weeks after transplantation

CD 68

Protocol biopsy one year after transplantation

Recurrence of LCAT deficiency in renal graft

• Documented in graft

- 7 weeks after transplantation

- more than 5 years graft survival

What is the significance of the changes in the 2 days post transplant biopsy?

1) Unspecific changes?- probably not

2) Donor derived changes?- probably not

3) Recurrence of disease?- most likely

Why present this case?

Ultrastructural morphology is quite suggestive of LCAT-deficiency

Early recurrence in transplant

Coworkers:

Dr. Ståle Sund, Dept. of Pathology, Førde CentralHospital, Norway

Dr. Morten Reier-Nilsen, Dept. of Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Norway

Dr. Christina Dørje, Dept. of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway

Dr. Trond P. Leren, Dept. of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Norway

Ultrastruct Pathol 2011:35: 139–45