NATL INST. OF STAND& TECH · NATIONALBUREAtf OFSTANDARDS LIBRABY BibliographyofDataon-^^i' ElectricalBreakdowninGases Qc \oo Ho.i\^^ R.J.VanBrunt 1 R24- W.E.Anderson

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NATL INST. OF STAND & TECH

AlllDS T73TD7 igg

REFERENGt Publi-

cations

^~So.

NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 1185

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards

-QC—100

. U5753

I Jo . 118

1934

J

Bibliography of

Data on Electrical

Breakdown in Gases

NATSONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act ot Congress on March 3, 1901.

The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology

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The Institute consists of the following centers:

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NATIONAL BUREAtfOF STANDARDS

LIBRABY

Bibliography of Data on -^î'

Electrical Breakdown in Gases Qc\oo

Ho. i\^^

R. J. Van Brunt 1 R 2 4-

W. E. Anderson

Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of StandardsWashington, DC 20234

Sponsored by:

Office of Electric Energy SystemsDepartment of EnergyWashington, DC 20585

*<"fCAU O*

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Issued April 1984

National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 1185Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),Tech. Note 1185, 170 pages (Apr. 1984)

CODEN: NBTNAE

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICEWASHINGTON: 1984

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES iv

Abstract 1

I, Introduction 1

II, Criteria for Selection 3

II. Arrangement of Bibliography 5

IV. Definitions of Codesand Notations 5

V. Acknowledgments 9

VI. Gas Index 10

VII. Author Index 102

VIII. References 122

IX. Technical Conference Proceedings 164

111

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table I. Definition of Category Code 6

IV

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DATA ON ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN IN GASES

R. J. Van Brunt and W. E. Anderson

This report consists of a bibliography ofcurrently published data on electrical breakdownin gases. The bibliography contains a list ofarchival papers and books published since 1950, anindex indicating the references that giveparticular types of data for each gas, an authorindex, and a list of relevant, regular technicalconferences. The citations given in thebibliography contain experimental or theoreticaldata on breakdown which include:

1) sparking potentials;2) breakdown voltages;3) critical fields, or field-to-gas density

ratios;4) corona inception voltages;5) voltage-time characteristics;6) relative and absolute dielectric

strengths; and7) breakdown probabilities.

Types of data considered include those whichapply to uniform and nonuniform fields; ac, dc,and impulse voltages; and possible effects ofparticles, surfaces, interfaces, and corona. Thisbibliography is intended to serve as a guide inlocating data on breakdown which are most relevantto particular applications.

Key words: bibliography; critical fields; coronaonset; discharge inception; electrical breakdown;gases; sparking potentials.

I . Introduction

This bibliography is intended to serve as a guide tothe currently available published data on electricalbreakdown for gases and vapors. It is generally recognizedthat although an enormous quantity of data exists, it isoften difficult to locate those most applicable to a givenset of conditions. This is due to the complex nature ofdata on electrical breakdown which depend on a broad rangeof conditions including widely different gas pressures andtemperatures, gas composition, electrode materials,electrode configurations, voltage waveforms, proximity ofsolid dielectrics, etc. All of these parameters can beexpected to have a significant influence on the electricalbreakdown characteristics of a system. Thus, for example.

data obtained for aniform-electr ic-f ield configurationscannot generally give reliable predictions of breakdown inhighly nonuniform electric-field configurations. Similarlydata found for slowly varying or constant electric fieldsmay not be applicable to situations where there are rapidlyvarying fields. In general, the breakdown potential of anelectrode gap is not solely a property of the insulating gasmedium. With this complexity in mind, this bibliography isdesigned to help simplify the task of finding data whichcorrespond to configurations or operating conditions thatmost nearly match those for particular applications ofinterest.

The information contained in this bibliography existsin computerized form which can be easily updated andperiodically printed out as additional relevant referencesare found. Revised and updated versions of thisbibliography, either as computer printout or in floppy diskform, will periodically be made available upon request tothe National Bureau of Standards, Electrosystems Division,Washington, DC 20234.

The bibliography in its present form is believed toinclude most of the major archival papers and bookspublished since 1950 which contain data on electricalbreakdown for insulating gases. All of the referenceslisted have been examined to determine that they do indeedcontain breakdown data. In the category of electrical-breakdown data are included:

1) sparking potentials;2) breakdown voltages;3) critical fields, or field-to-gas density ratios;4) corona inception voltages;5) voltage-time characteristics;6) relative and absolute dielectric strengths; and7) breakdown probabilities.

These are all closely related quantities in the sense thatthey indicate the applied potential or electric field atwhich a sufficiently high rate of ionization occurs so thatthe conductivity of the gas reaches the point wheredischarge initiation or electrical breakdown will occur withsignificant probability. There are, however, distinctionsamong these quantities which are not always clearly definedor discussed in the literature, and no attempt has been madeto address these issues in preparing the bibliography.

As an example, corona inception (also called"discharge inception" or "partial discharge inception")usually refers to the onset of a self-sustaining, localizeddischarge near the most highly stressed electrode in anonuniform-electr ic-f ield gap. Although a corona dischargeenhances the conductivity of the gas, it is not usually

considered to be a true breakdown because it does not bridgethe electrode gap, i.e. , it is not associated withionization of the gas along the entire distance between twoelectrodes. In most papers, the distinction between coronainceptions and breakdown voltages is made quite clear and,as a general rule, corona inception will occur at a lowervoltage than complete breakdown in nonuniform-f ield gaps.

It is nevertheless evident that in some cases there aredisagreements or uncertainties in the definitions of thequantities considered here for inclusion as breakdown data."Dielectric strength" in most cases, but not always,corresponds to breakdown for uniform, static-electric-fieldconfigurations under gap and pressure conditions where thesimilarity law holds, namely that the breakdown voltage is afunction only of the product of gas pressure and electrodegap spacing. Data on critical-field to gas-density ratiosalso presumably apply only to uniform-electric fieldsituations inasmuch as they are usually derived frommeasurements or calculations of ionization growth orionization and attachment coefficients for gases at lowpressures in uniform fields. The extent to which these datamay be reliably applied to nonuniform-f ield conditions or togas pressures different from those at which the coefficientswere determined is generally unknown. Caution should beexercised in the application of such data to configurationsthat deviate even slightly from uniformity such as spheregaps or as might result from electrode surfaceirregularities. The effects of minute surface protrusions,small particles, dust, surface charges, etc., which canperturb the electric field in a gas are discussed in anumber of references included. Where possible these havebeen indicated by the code assigned to each reference asdiscussed below.

II . Criteria for Selection

The references cited in this bibliography were selectedaccording to the following criteria:

a) they correspond to an archival publication;b) they contain experimental or theoretical data on

breakdown or corona inception voltages or fields;c) they include gases and conditions considered

applicable to electrical insulation; andd) they have been published since 1950.

The list has been restricted to archival publications,i.e., journal publications and books, because: a) these arereadily available to almost everyone; and b) data presentedin these articles have presumably been subjected to criticalreview and thus have a greater likelihood of being correct.There are, of course, many conference proceedings andtechnical reports which may be assumed to contain useful and

reliable data on breakdown. On the other hand, datapresented at conferences or in reports, unless previouslypublished, are generally considered to be preliminary.Also, there are many conference proceedings and technicalreports that are not widely distributed and thus may bedifficult to obtain. Some of the major regular technicalconferences where data on gas breakdown have been presentedand for which proceedings or abstracts were usuallypublished are listed here separately (Section IX), Noattempt has been made to identify specific papers or datagiven at these conferences.

All of the papers listed have been examined to verifythat they do indeed contain data on electrical breakdown asdefined in the Introduction, No attempt was made toevaluate critically any data given in these references as abasis for selection. It is clear that in some cases thereare obvious disagreements and disputes which may or may nothave been resolved. Included here are all data independentof their known or assumed reliability. Papers which dealonly with the phenomenology or physics of gas breakdown werenot included despite their possible importance in adding toour understanding of the mechanisms involved. Again thisbibliography is intended to be an aid to those in need ofdata on breakdown.

The list has been restricted to gases consideredrelevant to electrical-insulation technology. Gases such asmetal vapors which are unlikely components in gaseousinsulation have been excluded unless they happen to havebeen studied along with other gases which are of relevance.There are, however, metal vapors like Hg which might beunavoidable components or important contaminants in gaseousinsulation. Serious consideration will be given toincluding these in future versions of the bibliography.

The data in the bibliography cover a wide range of gaspressures and temperatures, and although in some casessignificant and interesting dependences on these parametersare observed, no attempt is made to indicate the rangesconsidered in each case. Thus, for example, two or morereferences indicated as having data on static-uniform-fieldbreakdown for N^ may actually correspond to results obtainedat quite different pressures and temperatures.

The electrode and field configurations considered varyover a wide range, e,g,, from small uniform field gaps tolarge, practical electric-power-line simulations. Theresults for static, uniform field conditions are generallyconsidered to be more fundamental in indicating thedielectric strength for coll is ional-ionizat ion processes.It is clear, however, that the gas will generally behavequite differently under less uniform-gap and t ime-vary ing-voltage conditions and, therefore, because results for these

conditions are of considerable importance in the design ofthe insulating systems, their inclusion was consideredimperative.

For alternating voltages, only data on breakdown at thepower frequencies of 60 Hz and 50 Hz have been included. Itmight be argued that measurements or calculations performedfor higher frequencies are also relevant to insulationapplications. Perhaps these should be included in futureversions of this bibliography. They were arbitrarilyexcluded here because of difficulties in agreeing on anacceptable way of categorizing these data, and because ofthe limited usefulness of this kind of information for thedesign and testing of electrical insulation, particularly inelectric-power applications.

The exclusion of papers and books published before 1950should not be interpreted as a denigration of these works.Although it is true that some earlier studies have sincebeen supplanted by more recent works, there certainlyremains much valuable information on breakdown frominvestigations carried out before 1950. It was essential toplace some restrictions on the number of references to beincluded, and it seemed unnecessary to include papers whichhave already been adequately discussed in the previousreviews listed here. The absence of any publications whichmight be perceived as meeting the above criteria is mostlikely due to the fact that they have not been found.Hopefully, such omissions can be corrected in futureversions of this bibliography.

III. Arrangement of Bibliography

The report is arranged in four parts: an index to thebibliography which indicates the types of breakdown dataavailable for each gas; an author index; a list of citationswith assigned numbers determined by the alphabetical orderof principal author; and a list of relevant technicalconferences. The index lists the gases and gas mixturesalphabetically according to the stoichiometric chemicalformulae. The symbols "x" beside the reference numbers inthe index indicate that they contain information on theinfluences of particles, surfaces, interfaces, or corona onbreakdown.

IV. Definitions of Codes and Notations

All references that are cited here were entered into acomputer with a corresponding code which gives an indicationof the type of data which they contain. The code consistsof two parts. The first part gives the gas or gases thathave been included according, where possible, to theirchemical formulae, and the second part gives the nature ofthe investigation. Included in the latter are:

a) an identifier indicating that the work is eitherexperimental, theoretical, a review, or somecombination of these;

b) an identifier indicating if the electric fieldconfiguration is either uniform or nonuniform;

c) an identifier indicating the type of voltagesapplied, i.e., either dc, ac (at power frequenciesof 60 or 50 Hz), or impulse; and

d) an identifier of special effects considered, whichwas limited to:

1) surface effects;2) particle effects;3) interface effects; and4) corona.

The computer code used in the categorization of eachreference is defined in Table I. The code assigned to eachreference consists of at least one entry each from sets 1-3,and one or more possible entries from set 4 as indicated inthe Table. These codes do not appear explicitly in thepresent printed version, although they are implied in theindex. The codes do, however, appear in the computer diskfile format. It is important to emphasize that the codeshave been assigned to references and not to the gases.References which include more than one gas may notnecessarily include the same types of data for all gases.This is especially likely in review articles. Therefore,the index should be interpreted only as indicating thepossible types of data which might be available for eachgas. The actual existence of such data can, of course, onlybe verified by examination of the references cited.

Table I. Definition of Category Code

Set Code Category

1 E ExperimentalT TheoreticalR Review

2 U Uniform FieldN Nonuniform Field

3 D Direct VoltageA Alternating VoltageI Impulse

4 S Surface EffectsP Particle EffectsF Interface EffectsC Corona

It should be noted that special difficulties were oftenencountered in attempting to decide on the proper code to beentered for each citation. Attention should be drawn tosome of these. First it should be clear that all papers fitinto one or more of the categories of experimental,theoretical, or review. There are cases where more than oneof these applied. For some of these cases, however, onlyone category may be indicated. This was generally not anoversight, but rather a judgment based upon what appeared tobe the predominant emphasis of the work.

There was another difficulty sometimes encountered inattempting to decide if a particular work applied to eitheruniform or nonuniform fields. Results obtained in weaklynonuniforra-f ield gaps, e.g., sphere-sphere gaps, are oftenreferred to in the literature as "uniform-field breakdown."Some authors, however, would disagree with this inferenceand prefer a stricter definition of uniformity as applied togaps used for breakdown measurements. In cases where,despite the claims of the authors, doubt seemed to existabout the appropriateness for inclusion under uniform-fieldbreakdown, both the uniform and nonuniform field categorieswere assigned even though the results for only one electrodeconfiguration may have been reported.

Data included here under the category of alternatingvoltage (ac) relate only to the power frequencies of 50 or60 Hz. Sometimes the references indicated in this categoryalso present data at other frequencies. These, however,were not considered in determining the codes which wereassigned.

In considering the category of impulse breakdown, nodistinction was made as to the type of impulse voltage used.Thus, data in this category may include standard lightningand switching impulses as well as other non-standard impulseshapes and repetition rates. They may also include impulsessuperimposed on dc or ac voltages.

In the category of surface effects are includedinvestigations of the dependence of breakdown on propertiesof the electrode surfaces such as material roughness. Allother "surface" effects are placed in the category ofinterface effects which mainly have to do with breakdown inthe gas near or along a solid insulating surface. Thecategory of particle effects includes investigations of therole of both conducting and non-conducting solid particleson breakdown in a gas. The positions of the particles,although significant, have not been specified here. Theparticles may either be suspended in the gas, attached toelectrodes or interface surfaces, or be in random motion inthe discharge gap.

If papers are included under the category of corona,this usually means that data on corona inception or onsetvoltages are given. In a few special cases it may indicatethat effects of corona on breakdown have been considered orevaluated. In general, corona-onset voltages give anothermeasure of the dielectric strength of the gas can often bemore easily predicted theoretically than the breakdownvoltage in nonuniform-electr ic-f ield gaps.

The gases are denoted and listed alphabeticallyaccording to their presumed stoichiometric formulae withnotation given if possible to indicate molecular structure.All isomers are grouped together in the index listing. Forsome of the more complex molecular species, such as thefluorocarbon and hydrocarbon gases, there is a lack ofconsistency in denoting these by chemical formulae. In somecases only names of the compounds were given withoutindication of their molecular structures. In a few cases itwas admitted that the correct structure was unknown. Tradenames or non-standard terms have also been used to denotethe gases studied. Special difficulties appeared in thedesignations of isomers. Sometimes only the molecularstoich iometry , or relative proportions of the atomicconstituents were given without regard to the actualmolecular structure. Because of these difficulties, theidentities of some of the organic molecular species givenhere may be questionable. They are listed here according totheir presumed stoichiometric formulae with indicationsgiven, where possible, about the molecular structure. Insome cases the specific isomers considered may not becorrectly indicated here, and it may be necessary to examinethe original references to determine the possible correctmolecular structure. It should also be cautioned that fordata obtained at very high temperatures where moleculardissociation can occur, the identity of molecular gases maybe brought into question due to the possible presence ofatomic species and free radicals.

For gas mixtures, the constituents are listed inalphabetical order independent of their known relativeconcentrations, e.g., c-C.F„ + N^ + SF-. and CO2 + He + N^.Air, however, is treated as a special mixture and is simplydenoted here as AIR. The mixture N^ + o which is alsolisted may or may not contain the proper proportions of N-and Op to be considered as "air."

In the case of breakdown in air, the effect of humiditycan be quite important. When the gas is here denoted byAIR + H2O, it can be assumed that the data apply to humidair in which the water vapor content is known and specified.If the gas is simply denoted as AIR, then it was eitherindicated in the paper as being "dry" air, or the moisturecontent was not explicitly defined. While most authorsindicate whether or not the air is "dry," some do not.

For this bibliography electrical-breakdown data incomposite insulation have been included only if the gas is a

major, distinct, and well-separated component. Thus, forexample, breakdown in solids impregnated with gases has notbeen included. The possible presence of other nongaseousinsulating materials has been indicated, if possible, byinclusion in one or more of the categories corresponding tosurface, particle, or interface effects.

V. Acknowledgments

This report was prepared at the request andencouragement of the IEEE Insulation Society TechnicalCommittee S-32-11 on Gaseous Dielectrics, We would like toexpress our appreciation for the valuable suggestions andcontributions of the various members of the committee,especially Dr. S, J. Dale, Committee Chairman, WestinghouseCorp.; Dr. R. Hackam, University of Windsor, Canada;Dr. C. Miller, General Electric Company; Dr. W. Pfeiffer,Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, West Germany;Dr. A. Pedersen, The Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark;Dr. J. K. Nelson, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy,NY; and Dr. K. D. Srivastava, University of Waterloo,Canada.

VI, Gas Index

AIRPARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONA

EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 4

374258617188

106117126138140145148151164168173193194243262263266273279313326357360364381389390395399408442

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

XX

X

X

DC NONUNIFORM 19 X38 X X507194 X

118141 X142 X149 X160 X

10

AIR (cont.

)

AC

AC

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONA) 162 X

164168 s X174 X193 X194 X204219237266279 X288293 X307313 X325326328 X332 X333357 X378 X379 X396 X407 X415 X421 X433440 X

UNIFORM 36 X37 X47 X70 X7172 X

168 X173 X194 X208 X X X279 X313 X326392395 X

NONUNIFORM 22 X23 X47 X5070 X7172 X8794 X

168 X

11

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAAIR (cont.

)

175 X176 X182 X X194 X204208 XXX219231 X257 /

2 79 X313 X314 X X325326328 X358 X375 X407 X440 X453

IMPULSE UNIFORM 47 X70 X7172 X

117 X139140148187296313 X341381391405455

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 2

5

6

J

11 X12 X20 X2627 X3135 X X47 X5070 X7172 X7475

12

AIR (cont.

)

100118

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONA

146147149 X159175 X176 X177179 X181 X189191210213220 X237247248 X X255256257259286287288289 X290291293 X307313 X327332 X339340341370 X371 X375 X380382 X388407 X409 X411 X412418 X420427429431441 X443 X

13

AIR (cont.

)

THEORETICALDC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORM

ACAC

UNIFORMNONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORMIMPULSE NONUNIFORM

444445448449452453455463

152163205207209232268273374414442

1

1916320420721623228133233533734638541436

204257297

5

7

13147189192210211235255257265332383384


XX

X

X

XX

XXXX

XXXXX

XX

14

AIR (cont.

)

REVIEWDC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORM

AC UNIFORM

AC NONUNIFORM

45486671738896

105119148163209244260264285334368422435454866717396

158163204234244260264285334422447456670717396

105285422456670717396


X

X X

XXX

XX

XX

X

XX

XX

XX

XX

XXX

X

X

X

X

XXXXXXXX

XXXXX

XX

15

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAAIR (cont.

)

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

2042122222342572854224474570717396

148244285422354570717396

212221222234244257285422447

XX

XX

XX

X

X

X

XXXXX

XXXXXX

X

XXX

IR+CCl^F^REVIEWDC UNIFORM 96 X X XDC NONUNIFORM 96 X X XAC UNIFORM 96 X X XAC NONUNIFORM 96 X X XIMPULSE UNIFORM 96 X X XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 96 X X X

AIR+COÊXPERIMENTALDC NONUNIFORM 160

AIR+HÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 262

AIR+HÔEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 8

58

16

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAAIR+H-O (cont.

)

61 X238243357 X361381387393394

DC NONUNIFORM 160162328357387433

XXXX

AC NONUNIFORM 176328375386453

X

XX

IMPULSE UNIFORM 187381387


9

1011 X35 X X69

176 X177179 X180226240241247248 X X287318 X371 X375 X386387388410420426428430431432439444

X

X

17

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAAIR+H2O (cont.)

REVIEWDC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORM

AC

AC

UNIFORM

NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

446453

4596

2442854224596

2442854224474596

2854224596

2222854224474596

244285422354596

222244285422447

XXX

XXX

XX

XXX

XXX

XXXX

XX

XXX

XX

XXXX

XXXXX

XXX

XXXX

XXXXX

XXXX

AIR+N2EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORMREVIEWDC UNIFORM

88

88

X

X

AIR+NO+NOEXPERIMENTALDC NONUNIFORM 160

AIR+SF,EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 88

245273276

18

AIR+SF^ (cont.

)

b278399

DC NONUNIFORM 245274

AC NONUNIFORM 133IMPULSE UNIFORM 245IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 133

245382443

THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 273

278316

DC NONUNIFORM 316REVIEWDC UNIFORM 88 X

251 X X270 X X435

DC NONUNIFORM 251 X X270 X X

AC UNIFORM 251 X XAC NONUNIFORM 251 X XIMPULSE UNIFORM 270 X XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 270 X X

ArEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 81

82157 X164196197198199224 X292329353389390

DC NONUNIFORM 107149164170 X309

AC NONUNIFORM 67IMPULSE UNIFORM 139

— - 224 X324 X

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 149324 X


XX

XXX

XX

XX

XX

19

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAAr (cont.

)

THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 163DC NONUNIFORM 163IMPULSE UNIFORM 324 XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 324 X

REVIEW-DC UNIFORM 45

646692 X

163244253260261264280285334438

DC NONUNIFORM 4566

163244260264285334

AC UNIFORM 4566

285AC NONUNIFORM 45

66285


244285

X


Ar+C^HEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 198

XX

XX

XXX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XXX

XX

XX

X

X

XX

XX

X

XXXXXXXXXX

XXXXX


199

20

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAAr+C^HEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 197

Ar+C^Fj,EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 81

Ar+C-jHgEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 196


Ar+n-Cc-H,^

EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 198DC UNIFORM 199


Ar+n-Cj.H,j.EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 199

Ar+CH.EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 196

Ar+COÊXPERIMEI^TALDC NONUNIFORM 107

Ar+CsEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 127

Ar+HREVIEWDC UNIFORM 264DC NONUNIFORM 264

Ar+HÔREVIEWDC UNIFORM 244

264DC NONUNIFORM 244

264IMPULSE UNIFORM 244IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 244

XX

X XX

X XX

X XX X

21

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAAr+HeEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 80 X

Ar+HgREVIEWDC UNIFORM 264 XDC NONUNIFORM 264 X

Ar+Hg+NeEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 345 X

Ar+KEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 127

Ar+N„EXPERIMENTALDC NONUNIFORM 107 X

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 264 XDC NONUNIFORM 264 X

Ar+N +SFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 82

Ar+NaEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 127

Ar+NeEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 77


REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

66244280

DC NONUNIFORM 4566

244AC UNIFORM 45

66AC NONUNIFORM 45

66IMPULSE UNIFORM 45

244IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45

244

XX XX XX X

XX XX X

XX X

XX X

XX X

XX X

22

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAAr+OpEXPERIMENTALDC NONUNIFORM 107

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 264DC NONUNIFORM 264

XX

Ar+SF,EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 82

BCl^REVIEWDC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORM

AC UNIFORM

AC NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

4528543845

28545

28545

28545

28545

285

X

X

X

X

X

XX

XXXXXXXXXX

BFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 110DC NONUNIFORM 283

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

438DC NONUNIFORM 45AC UNIFORM 45AC NONUNIFORM 45IMPULSE UNIFORM 45IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45


373THEORETICALDC UNIFORM

C FiSpJlSlMENTALDC UNIFORM

373

315

XXXXX

ExifiR^ÊNTALDC UNIFORM 301

23

C F

iip^filMENTALDC UNIFORM


315

EXPERIMENTALAC UNIFORM 33

70AC NONUNIFORM 33



70REVIEWDC UNIFORM 32

45438

DC NONUNIFORM 45AC UNIFORM 45

70AC NONUNIFORM 45



70

Mp^îmentalAC UNIFORM 70AC NONUNIFORM 70IMPULSE UNIFORM 70IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

REVIEW70

DC UNIFORM 45150438

DC NONUNIFORM 45150

AC UNIFORM 4570

150AC NONUNIFORM 45

70150



70150

X

X

X

X

XXXXXXXXX

XXXX

XX

XX

XX

XX

24

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAC CI F^xp^rImentalDC UNIFORM 114

203DC NONUNIFORM 114AC UNIFORM 392IMPULSE UNIFORM 139

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

73203258285437438

DC NONUNIFORM 4573

258285

AC UNIFORM 4573

285AC NONUNIFORM 45

73285


258285


258285

X

X

XX

XX

X

X

X

X

XX

XXX

XX

XX

XXX

XX

CjCl^F-EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114


155THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 156

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

DC NONUNIFORM

731502582854384573

150258285

X

X

XX

X

XX

25

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAC^Cl^F. (cont.)

AC UNIFORM 45 X73 X

150285 X X X

AC NONUNIFORM 4573

150X

X

285 X X XIMPULSE UNIFORM 45

73150258

XX

X285 X X X


150258

XX

X285 X X X

l,lrl-C,Cl^F^REVIEW ^ ^

DC UNIFORM 64

1,1,2-C5C1^F^REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

C^Cl^F^+SF,experimentaldc uniform 156

theoreticaldc uniform 156

SevIe^dc uniform 73 xdc nonuniform 73 xac uniform 73 xac nonuniform 73 ximpulse uniform 73 ximpulse nonuniform 73 x

CjClFEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114DC NONUNIFORM 114

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

73253

DC NONUNIFORM 73AC UNIFORM 73AC NONUNIFORM 73

XXX

26

C^CIF-. (cont. )

IMPULSE UNIFORM 73IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 73


XX

C^CIFEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114DC NONUNIFORM 114AC UNIFORM 392REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

73150253437438

DC NONUNIFORM 4573

150AC UNIFORM 45

73150

AC NONUNIFORM 4573


73150


150

C^CIF^REVIEWDC UNIFORM 258DC NONUNIFORM 258IMPULSE UNIFORM 258IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 258

XXXX

IeîewDC UNIFORM 253

C^F-NEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114DC NONUNIFORM 114

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

150280435436437

27

PARTICLE; SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAC^F-N (cont.

)

438^D^ NONUNIFORM 45

150X

AC UNIFORM 45150

X

AC NONUNIFORM 45150

X


X


X

C F^xIerimentalDC UNIFORM 55

63114310


72 X392457

AC NONUNIFORM 3372 X

457' i-

.;s .; 460IMPULSE UNIFORM 33

72 XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 33

72 XTHEORETICALDC UNIFORM 55

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45 X

DC

AC

AC

UNIFORM 456473

150253258435436437438

NONUNIFORM 4573

150258

UNIFORM 4573

150NONUNIFORM 45

73150

XX

28

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACpF, (cont.

)

IHPULSE UNIFORM 4573 X

150258 X

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45 X73 X

150258 X

C^F OREVIEWDC UNIFORM 253

C^F,SREVIEWdc uniform 253

Experimentaldc uniform 198

201202

DC NONUNIFORM 169THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 342


253258 X437438

DC NONUNIFORM 2 58 XIMPULSE UNIFORM 258 XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 258 X

1,1,1-C^H F^+2-C4F.EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 83

1,1,1-C^H F-+2-C.F3EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 85DC NONUNIFORM 8 5


1,1,1-CtH,F,+SFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 83

85DC NONUNIFORM 8 5

29

1,1,1-C2H3F3"^SF (cont.)THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 317


CpH-.NEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 83REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

C^H^N+SFÊXPERIMEl^TALDC UNIFORM 83

CpH.EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 104

198200201202

DC NONUNIFORM 104REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

258280

DC NONUNIFORM 45258

AC UNIFORM 45AC NONUNIFORM 45IMPULSE UNIFORM 45


258

XX

XXXXXXXX

C^H.+KrEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 200

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45DC NONUNIFORM 45AC UNIFORM 45AC NONUNIFORM 45IMPULSE UNIFORM 45IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45

C H CIREVIEWDC UNIFORM 285DC NONUNIFORM 285AC UNIFORM 285AC NONUNIFORM 285IMPULSE UNIFORM 285IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 285

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

30

1,1-C2H CIREVIEWDC UNIFORM


64

C H OREVIEWDC UNIFORM 437

438

CpH^BrREVIEWDC UNIFORMDC NONUNIFORMAC UNIFORMAC NONUNIFORMIMPULSE UNIFORMIMPULSE NONUNIFORM

C2H CIREVIEWDC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORM

AC UNIFORM

AC NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

REVIEWDCDCACAC

UNIFORMNONUNIFORMUNIFORMNONUNIFORM


285285285285285285

4528543743845

28545

28545

28545

28545

285

285285285285285285

XXXXXX

X

X

X

X

X

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

X

X

X

X

X

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XX

XXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXX

CjHgEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORM

114115197201202114115

31

n-C^HREVIEWDC UNIFORM 258DC NONUNIFORM 258IMPULSE UNIFORM

C FExperimental

258impulse nonuniform 258

C^H NREVIEWDC UNIFORM 437

438

CpNÊXPERIMENTALDC NONUNIFORM 283

EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114DC NONUNIFORM 114

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

150280435436437438

DC NONUNIFORM 45150

AC UNIFORM 45150

AC NONUNIFORM 45150



DC UNIFORM 21REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

150253

DC NONUNIFORM 150AC UNIFORM 150AC NONUNIFORM 150IMPULSE UNIFORM 150IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 150


XX

X

X

X

X

X

32

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAC-C^FgREVIEWDC UNIFORM 253

C^F^+SF^THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 78

C-jF^+SOpTHEORETICALDC UNIFORM 78

C.FgOEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114DC NONUNIFORM 114

C FExperimentaldc uniform 81

114304310


70 X72 X

457AC NONUNIFORM 33

70 X72 X

457460

IMPULSE UNIFORM 3370 X72 X



103165


45 X646573 X

150165253

33

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAC^Fg (cont.) 258 X

436437438

DC NONUNIFORM 45 X73 X

150258 X

AC UNIFORM 45 X70 X73 X

150AC NONUNIFORM 45 X

70 X73 X

150IMPULSE UNIFORM 45 X

70 X73 X

150258 X

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45 X70 X73 X

150258 X

c—C FEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 331DC NONUNIFORM 331


C^F +C.F,+N„+SF^THEORfiTlCAEDC UNIFORM 65

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 65

C^Fg+CO^THEORETICALDC

REVIEWDC

UNIFORM

UNIFORM

C.F +C0THEORETDC

REVIEWDC

+N2ICALUNIFORM

UNIFORM

65

65

65

65

34

C-.F^+NTHEORETICAL


DC UNIFORM 65REVIEWDC UNIFORM 65

C^Fp+N^+SF^THEORETICALDC

REVIEWDC

UNIFORM

UNIFORM

65

65

C F NREVIEWDC UNIFORM 253

C ^H ^F ^REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

C-.HÎREVIEWDCDCACAC

UNIFORM 285NONUNIFORM 285UNIFORM 285NONUNIFORM 285


XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

ReviewDC UNIFORM 253


195200201202

DC NONUNIFORM 104EVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

253258

DC NONUNIFORM 45258



258

XXXXXXXXX

35

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAC-C-.HEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 104DC NONUNIFORM 104

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 253

C-jH^+KrEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 200


C^H^ClREVIEWDC UNIFORM 285DC NONUNIFORM 285AC UNIFORM 285AC NONUNIFORM 285IMPULSE UNIFORMIMPULSE NONUNIFORM

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

C H


115196201202


n-C-.HREVIEWDC UNIFORM 258DC NONUNIFORM 258IMPULSE UNIFORM 258IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 258

XXXX

C F

ixi^RIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114

310366


72457

AC NONUNIFORM 33

36

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONA^4^10 (cont.) 72

457460



REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

73150258436437438

DC NONUNIFORM 4573

150258

AC UNIFORM 4573

150AC NONUNIFORM 45

73150


150258


150258

êWewDC UNIFORM 73DC NONUNIFORM 73AC UNIFORM 73AC NONUNIFORM 73

X

X

X

XX

XX

C.F,Q+N2EXPERIWENTALAC UNIFORM 72 XAC NONUNIFORM 72 XIMPULSE UNIFORM 72 XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 72 X

"-C.F +NEXPERIMENTALAC UNIFORM 47 XAC NONUNIFORM 47 XIMPULSE UNIFORM 47 XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 47 X

XXXX

37

C.F,^0 (cont.

)



XX

C Fix?ERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114DC NONUNIFORM 114

AeîewDC UNIFORM 438

C FSxIerimentalDC UNIFORM 114


THEORETICALDC

.UNIFORM 65

165167

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

6465

150165253270438


AC UNIFORM 45150

AC NONUNIFORM 45150



x

x

x

X

1,3-C.FÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 331DC NONUNIFORM 331


38

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONA2-C4F,EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 331DC NONUNIFORM 331


c-C FEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 331DC NONUNIFORM 331


331X


X

IMPULSE UNIFORM 270 XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 270 X

2-C.F^+CH^FÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 8 3

2-C.F^+CHFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 83

C.F^+CO^thBoreticalDC UNIFORM 65

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 65

C>F^+CO^+NTHEORETICALDC UNIFORM 65

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 65

C.F^+NTHEORETICALDC UNIFORM 65

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 65

C.Fg+N +SFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 330

THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 65REVIEWDC UNIFORM 65

X

X

XX

39


THEORETICALDC

REVIEWDC

C.F-N

UNIFORM

UNIFORM

EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORMDC NONUNIFORMREVIEWDC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORM

AC UNIFORM

AC NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

C FixIfiRIMENTAL

65167

65

114114

4515043543643743845

15045

15045

15045

15045

150

DC UNIFORM 330AC UNIFORM 72

392AC NONUNIFORM 72IMPULSE UNIFORM 72IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 72

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

150270436437438


AC UNIFORM 45150

AC NONUNIFORM 45150


X

X

X

X

X

XXX

X

X

X

40

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAC.Fp (cont.) 270 X X

IRPULSE NONUNIFORM 45 X150270 X X

2-C FexIeSimentalDC UNIFORM 331DC NONUNIFORM 331


C-C FEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 83

114311330331





165167

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

65150165253258270331



258270


XXX

X

41

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAiso-C.FÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 311


C-C.F +1,1,1-C^H F


85DC NONUNIFORM 85


C-C^Fj^ + l-C^F.EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 83

C-C.Fo+C^H^NEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 83

C-C.Fj.+C.F,+N2+SFEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 330

C-C F +CFEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 83


2-C.F +CHFEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 85DC NONUNIFORM 85

C-C.F +CHFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 83

85DC NONUNIFORM 8 5


C-C.Fo+COEXPERIMENTALAC NONUNIFORM 363IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 363

42

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAC-C.Fo+CO+SFÊXPERIMENTALAC NONUNIFORM 363IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 363

C-C.Fq+CO^THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 65

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 65

C-C.F^+COj+N^THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 65EVIEWDC UNIFORM 65

2-c F +NexIeSim^ntaldc uniform 85dc nonuniform 85

theoreticaldc uniform 317

C-C.Fj.+NÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 85DC NONUNIFORM 8 5

AC UNIFORM 47 XAC NONUNIFORM 47 XIMPULSE UNIFORM 47 XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 47 X



C-C.Fo+N^+SFÊXPERIMENTALAC NONUNIFORM 363IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 363

C.FSeîew^DC UNIFORM 150DC NONUNIFORM 150AC UNIFORM 150AC NONUNIFORM 150IMPULSE UNIFORM 150IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 150

43

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONA^-C.F +SFTHEORETICALDC UNIFORM 167

C-C F OREVIEWdc uniform 73 xdc nonuniform 73 xac uniform 73 xac nonuniform 73 ximpulse uniform 73 ximpulse nonuniform 73 x

^xJ>8rimentaldc uniform 115dc nonuniform 115

ExIsfefMENTALdc uniform 115dc nonuniform 115

expeJiASntalDC UNIFORM 201

202

EXÊiiMENTALDC UNIFORM 201

202REVIEWDC UNIFORM 258DC NONUNIFORM 258IMPULSE UNIFORM 258IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 258

ixt^RIMENTALdc uniform 372

Experimentaldc uniform 195

xxxX

C-H,REVIEWDC UNIFORM 258 XDC NONUNIFORM 258 XIMPULSE UNIFORM 258 XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 258 X

44

1,3-C HEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM

DC

104195201202

NONUNIFORM 104


ix?ERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 104


REVIEWDC UNIFORM 258DC NONUNIFORM 258IMPULSE UNIFORM 258IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 258

XXXX

EXPERIMENTALDC

DC

UNIFORM

NONUNIFORM

104195201202104

exêIimentaldc uniformdc nonuniform

104104

cis-C -HoEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 195

iso-C ,HoEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 195

trans-C .H„EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 195

C.H CIREVIEWDC UNIFORM 285DC NONUNIFORM 285AC UNIFORM 28 5


XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

45


5e^9ewDC UNIFORM 45



315DC NONUNIFORM 114AC UNIFORM 33

457AC NONUNIFORM 33

457460


REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

73150258438

DC NONUNIFORM 4573

150258

AC UNIFORM 4573

150AC NONUNIFORM 45

73150


150258


150258

C.FqREVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

270435436437

XXXXX

X

X

XX

XX

X

46

C F (cont .

)

NONUNIFORM

ACACIMPULSE

UNIFORMNONUNIFORMUNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

43845

270454545

27045

270


X

XXX

X

C-C F



C-CcFp+CHFÊXPERIMENTALDCDC

UNIFORM 85NONUNIFORM 85

Q-C F +NexIeSim^ntaldc uniformdc nonuniform

8585

exIe^Jmentaldc uniformdc nonuniform

104104

exIeJIPmentaldc uniform 195

exIeJSmentalDC UNIFORM 115


reviewDC UNIFORM 285DC NONUNIFORM 285AC UNIFORM 285AC NONUNIFORM 285IMPULSE UNIFORM 285IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 285

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

47



115202


exIeJJmentaldc uniform 115dc nonuniform 115

2 f 2""C J.H , ^

experimentaldc uniform 115dc nonuniform 115

exIeJi?mentaldc uniform 198

202301

C.HÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 195

C-C HEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 195

Se^SewDC UNIFORM 270 X XDC NONUNIFORM 270 X XIMPULSE UNIFORM 270 X XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 270 X X

C-C FexIe^SmentalDC UNIFORM 331DC NONUNIFORM 331


c-CgF +CHFEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 85DC NONUNIFORM 85

48

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAC-C^F,^+NÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 85DC NONUNIFORM 85

6e^?ewDC UNIFORM 150

270 X XDC NONUNIFORM 150

270 X XAC UNIFORM 150AC NONUNIFORM 150IMPULSE UNIFORM 150

270 X XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 150

270 X X

c-C FexIeÎmentalDC UNIFORM 331DC NONUNIFORM 331

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64


C^F. .



REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

150258438


AC UNIFORM 45150

AC NONUNIFORM 45150



- 258

X

X

X

XX

X

X

XX

C F NixJ§RIMENTALAC UNIFORM 33

49

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAC^F,^N (C(Dnt. ) 70

NONUNIFORM 3370



REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45


70AC NONUNIFORM 45



70

1-C.HEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 104


C-CgHEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 115


IxJiRIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114


115

EXPE^lAiNTALDC UNIFORM 115DC NONUNIFORM 115

n-C^H, .



C^H CIREVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

438

XXXXXXXXX

50

C^H^Cl (cont.)DC NONUNIFORM 45AC UNIFORM 45AC NONUNIFORM 45IMPULSE UNIFORM 45IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45


XXXXX




C^Cl^F^REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

438DC NONUNIFORM 45AC UNIFORM -4-5


XXXXX

?EV?E§DC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORMAC UNIFORMAC NONUNIFORMIMPULSE UNIFORMIMPULSE NONUNIFORM

454384545454545

XXXXX

C-C^Cl^FcEXPERIMENTALAC NONUNIFORM 460

C^CIF-REVIEWDC UNIFORM


454384545454545

XXXXX

C-C^C1F_EXPERIMENTALAC NONUNIFORM 460

51

C F

2e^?ewDC UNIFORM 438


C F2xJ>iRIMENTALDC UNIFORM 315AC UNIFORM 70AC NONUNIFORM 70IMPULSE UNIFORM 70IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 70

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

150270438


AC UNIFORM 4570

150AC NONUNIFORM 45

70150


150270


150270

EX?ERfMENTALAC UNIFORM 33AC NONUNIFORM 33


XXXX

XX

XX

XX

XX

EX?EifME^TALAC UNIFORM 33AC NONUNIFORM 33IMPULSE UNIFORM 33IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 33

C-C_F, 4+SFgEXPERIMENTALAC UNIFORM 33AC NONUNIFORM 33IMPULSE UNIFORM 33

52

C-C-F, A+SFf.IMPOLSE NONUNIFORM 33


C F2xJ>6rimentalAC UNIFORM 33

70AC NONUNIFORM 33




150438

DC NONUNIFORM 45150

AC UNIFORM 4570

150AC NONUNIFORM 45

70150



70150

X

X

X

X

X

XX

XX

XX

XX

C F2xIerimentalDC UNIFORM 331DC NONUNIFORM 331AC UNIFORM 70AC NONUNIFORM 70IMPULSE UNIFORM 70IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 70

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

150270331438


AC UNIFORM 4570

150AC NONUNIFORM 45

X

XXXX

XX

X

53

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAC^Fg (cont.) 70

150IMPULSE UNIFORM 45 X

70 X150270 X X


150

C-C FEXPERIMENTAL

270

AC UNIFORM 33AC NONUNIFORM 33


n-C^HEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 301

C H CIFREVIEWDC UNIFORM 45DC NONUNIFORM 45AC UNIFORM 45AC NONUNIFORM 45IMPULSE UNIFORM 45IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45

C H CIFREVIEWDC UNIFORM 45


C-C^H.CIFÊXPERIMENTALAC NONUNIFORM 460

C FixJ^RIMENTALDC UNIFORM 315

331DC NONUNIFORM 331AC UNIFORM 70AC NONUNIFORM 70IMPULSE UNIFORM 70

XXXXXX

XXXXX

XXX

54

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONA' F,, (cont.)IWPULSE NONUNIFORM

REVIEWDC UNIFORM

DC

AC

AC

NONUNIFORM

UNIFORM

NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

70

4515027033143845

1502703314570

1504570

1504570

1502704570

150270

X

XX

XX

XX

XX

C-C FEXpE^fMENTALAC UNIFORMAC NONUNIFORM


3333

4603333

C F OixJ^RIMENTALDCDCREVIEWDCDCACAC

UNIFORMNONUNIFORM



397397

150150150150150150

c-C„F,gOREVIEWDC UNIFORM 32

Cj.F,^0+SF,EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 397

55

S^jeO^SFg (cont.

)

NONUNIFORM


397

EXPERIMENTALAC UNIFORM 33

70AC NONUNIFORM 33





70AC NONUNIFORM 45



70

n-CoH,

g


202301

X

X

XXXXXXXXX

C-CoH-.ClFÊXPERIMENTALAC NONUNIFORM 460

CBrClFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114



156165167

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

65150165258438

DC NONUNIFORM 150

56

CBrClF (cont.)AC UNIFORM

258150

AC NONUNIFORM 150IMPULSE UNIFORM 150


258

CBrClF2+N2EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 156



PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAX

X

CBrClF2+SFgEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM

THEORETICAL156

DC UNIFORM 65156167

EVIEWDC UNIFORM 65

CBrFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114DC NONUNIFORM 114

283AC UNIFORM 72AC NONUNIFORM 72IMPULSE UNIFORM 72IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 72

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

73150253258437438


AC UNIFORM 73150

AC NONUNIFORM 73150


XXXX

X

X

X

57

\

CBrF^ (cont.

)

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

EXPERIMENTAL


73150258

DC UNIFORM 7688

114151203206303313373

DC NONUNIFORM 114141142206283313

AC UNIFORM 206313





165167207373419


64738896

150165203253258280285368

X

X

X

X

X

XXX

X

X

XXX

XXXXX

XXXX

X

X

XX

XX

X

X

58

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACCI2F2 (cont.

)

DC NONUNIFORM

AC UNIFORM

AC NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

435436437438457396

150258285457396

150285457396

150285457396

150258285457396

150258285

XX

XX

X

XX

XX

XX

X

X

X

X

XXX

XX

XX

XXX

XX

CCljF^+CFEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 206DC NONUNIFORM 206AC UNIFORM 206AC NONUNIFORM 206IMPULSE UNIFORM 206IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 206

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

CClpFj+CO^THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 317

CCl^F^+NEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 88

206276373402403

59

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACl^P.^N, (cont. )

NONUNIFORM 142206

AC UNIFORM 206AC NONUNIFORM 206IMPULSE UNIFORM 206IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 206


373419

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 88

XXXXX

XXXXXX

CCljF^+SFgEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 206DC NONUNIFORM 206AC UNIFORM 206AC NONUNIFORM 206IMPULSE UNIFORM 206IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 206


XXXXXX

XXXXXX

CCl^FEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 88

114203206




REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

647388

150203258285437438

DC NONUNIFORM 4573

150258

XX

X

X

XX

XX

X

X

XX

XX

XX

60

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACCl^F (cont.) 285

Ad UNIFORM 4573

150285

AC NONUNIFORM 4573

150285


150258285


150258285

CCl.EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 88

114203

DC NONUNIFORM 114AC NONUNIFORM 460THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 152

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

6488

203285436437438

DC NONUNIFORM 45285

AC UNIFORM 45285

AC NONUNIFORM 45285



CCIFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

XX

XX

XX

XXX

XX

XXXXXXXXXX

88114203

61

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACCIF^ (cont.)

DC NONUNIFORM206 X X38 X X

114206 X X283

AC UNIFORM 206 X XAC NONUNIFORM 206

460X X

IMPULSE UNIFORM 206 X XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 206 X X

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

647388

150203253258436437438

XX

X

X

DC NONUNIFORM 4573

150258

XX

XAC UNIFORM 45

73150

XX

AC NONUNIFORM 4573

150X

X


150258

XX

XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45

73150258

XX

X

CCIF^+NEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 88 XREVIEWDC UNIFORM 88 X

CDEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 84DC NONUNIFORM 84

62

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACF-IEXPERIMENTALDC NONUNIFORM 283

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45


CF-jNOEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114DC NONUNIFORM 114


CF^NO^REVIEWDC UNIFORM 150


XXXXX

CFEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM

DC

AC

NONUNIFORM

UNIFORM

AC NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORM

5563

114203206252310401114206283337072

206392337072

2064603370

X

X

XXX

XXX

63

CF. (cont.

)

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM


DC NONUNIFORMREVIEWDC UNIFORM

DC

AC

AC

NONUNIFORM

UNIFORM

NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

72206337072

206

55207207

456473

2032532584364374384573

258457073457073457073

258457073

258


X X

X

XXX

XX

XXX

XX

XX

XXX

CF.+SFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 83


CF.SO^REVIEWDC UNIFORM 253

CFcNSEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114DC NONUNIFORM 114

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 4 38

64

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACFy.SEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 1^4

151263

DC NONUNIFORM lUTHEORETICALDC UNIFORM 1,152


DC NONUNIFORM

AC UNIFORM

AC NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

CF^SOREVIEWDC UNIFORM

2032532g0 X X2B5 XXX438150285 XXX150285 XXX1^0285 XXX150285 XXX150285 XXX253

CH^Cl^;

EXPERIMENTAL >

DC UNIFORM 114DC NONUNIFORM 114AC NONUNIFORM 460REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45 X

64258 X285 XXX438

DC NONUNIFORM 45 X258 X285 XXX

AC UNIFORM 45 Xlis XXX

AC NONUNIFORM 45 X285 XXX

IMPULSE UNIFORM 45 , X258 X285 XXX

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45 X258 X285 X X X

65

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACH^CIFEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 88

114DC NONUNIFORM 114AC NONUNIFORM 460REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

88258437438

DC NONUNIFORM 45258



258

X

X

XXXXXXXX

CH^F«REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

64258438

DC NONUNIFORM 45258



258

CH^F^+SFgEXPERIMEl^TALDC UNIFORM 83

CH-BrEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114DC NONUNIFORM 114REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

258285438



XXX

XXX

X

X

XXXXXXXX

XX

XXXXX

66

CH Br (cont.

)


285

CH^ClEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 88

114DG NONUNIFORM 114AC NONUNIFORM 460REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

6488

258285438


AC UNIFORM 45285

AC NONUNIFORM 45285



PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAXXXXXXX

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

XX

XXXXXXXXXXXXX

CH^FREVIEWDC UNIFORM 45DC NONUNIFORM 45AC UNIFORM 45AC NONUNIFORM 45IMPULSE UNIFORM 45IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45

CHÎEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 114DC NONUNIFORM 114

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

258285437438



XXX

XXX

XXXXXX

XX

XXXX

67

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACHÎ (cont.)



CH.EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 84

88114115196201202


AC NONUNIFORM 460REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

6488

253285437438

DC NONUNIFORM 45285

AC UNIFORM 45285

AC NONUNIFORM 45285



n-CHREVIEWDC UNIFORM 258DC NONUNIFORM 258IMPULSE UNIFORM 258IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 258

CH NREVIEWDC UNIFORM 437

438

CHCI2FEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 88

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

XXXX

XXXXXXXXXX

XXXX

68

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACHCI2F (c<Dnt. ) 114

203206




REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

6488

150203258437438


AC UNIFORM 45150

AC NONUNIFORM 45150



CHClÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 88

114DC NONUNIFORM 114AC NONUNIFORM 460REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

6488

150258285437

- 438DC NONUNIFORM 45

150258285

AC UNIFORM 45150

XXX

XX

X

X

XXX

XX

XX

X

X

XX

XX

XXX

69

CHC1-, (cont.) 285AC-^ NONUNIFORM 45

150285



CHClFpEXPERIMEIVITALDC UNIFORM 88

114206




REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

647388

150253258437438

DC NONUNIFORM 4573

150258

AC UNIFORM 4573

150AC NONUNIFORM 45

73150


150258


150258

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAXXXX

XX

XXX

XX

XXX

XX

XX

XXX

XX

XX

XX

70

CHF,EXPERIMENTALDC

DC

ACACIMPULSEIMPULSE

REVIEWDC

UNIFORM

NONUNIFORM


UNIFORM

DC

AC

AC

NONUNIFORM

UNIFORM

NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

CHF^+SFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORMTHEORETICALDC UNIFORM

COEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORMDC NONUNIFORMAC NONUNIFORMIMPULSE NONUNIFORM



88114206114206206206206206

45647388

1502584384573

150258

I

45I 731504573

^50I 45I 731502584573

150258

838585

317

112169363363

342

X

X XX XX XX XX X

XX

X

XX

X

XX

71

CO (cont.

)

REVIEWDC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORM

AC UNIFORM

AC NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

CO+SFÊXPERIMENTALAC NONUNIFORMIMPULSE NONUNIFORM

COÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORM

AC UNIFORM

AC NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM


343

4564

28543743845

28545

28545

28545

28545

285

363363

408889

11127332635337338939010716932646232635132635125

382

6578

273342343373374


I

XXXXX

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

XXXXXXXXXX

72

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACO^ (cont.)REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

6465

X

66 X X88 X92 X X X96 X X X

119 X150244 X X253270 X X285 X X X334 X X368437438

DC NONUNIFORM 45 X66 X X96 X X X

150244 X X270 X X285 X X X334 X X

AC UNIFORM 45 X66 X X96 X X X

150285 X X X

AC NONUNIFORM 45 X66 X X96 X X X

150285 X X X

IMPULSE UNIFORM 45 X92 X X X96 X X X

150244 X X270 X X285 X X X

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45 X96 X X X

150244 X X270 X X285 X X X

CO,+He+N,EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 111

73

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACO^+NÊXPERIMEl^TALDC UNIFORM 88

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 88

96285

DC NONUNIFORM 96285

AC UNIFORM 96285

AC NONUNIFORM 96285



X

XXXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX

X

CO^+N^+SFgTHEORETICALDC

REVIEWDC

UNIFORM

UNIFORM

65

65

CO^+NeEXPERIMENTALDC NONUNIFORM 107

CO,+SFgEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 254


274AC UNIFORM 351AC NONUNIFORM 351IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 382


316317

DC NONUNIFORM 316REVIEWDC UNIFORM 270 X XDC NONUNIFORM 270 X XIMPULSE UNIFORM 270 X XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 270 X X

csREVIEWDC UNIFORM 285 XDC NONUNIFORM 285 XAC UNIFORM 285 XAC NONUNIFORM 285 X

XXXX

X

X

X

XXXX

74

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONACSp (cont.)


XX

XX

XX

CSOREVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

253

^^2EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORMTHEORETICALDC UNIFORM

REVIEWDC UNIFORM


62373283

373

285437438285285285285285

XXXXX

XXXXX

XXXXX

CI SREVIEWDC UNIFORM 437

438

CIF^SREVIEWDC UNIFORM 253

CIFOÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM

REVIEWDC UNIFORM


203

452034374384545454545

XXXXX

Cs+HeEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 127

75



282

F^SOREVIEWDC UNIFORM 150

253285437438


AC UNIFORM 150285




F SOREVIEWDC

F^NSREVIEWDC

UNIFORM

UNIFORM

H.

EXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM

DC NONUNIFORM

AC NONUNIFORM

253

253

4

5684

1081091481512622663083893905684

1692662822838799

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

XX

X

X

76

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAH^ (cont. )

'ÎMPULSE UNIFORM 148IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 135


190343374


646696

119148163244253260261264280285334435436437438


163244260264285334

AC UNIFORM 456696

285AC NONUNIFORM 45

6696


96- 148

244285


XXX

XX

XXX

XX

XX

XX

XXX

XXX

XX

XX

XX

XX

X

X

XX

XX

XXXXX

XXX

XX

XXX

77

H^ (cont .

)

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONA244 X X285 XXX

H^+HeEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 77

H^+NeEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 77

H +0REVIEWDCDC

UNIFORM 264NONUNIFORM 264

XX

H^+SFÊXPERIMENTALAC NONUNIFORMIMPULSE NONUNIFORM

99135136

XX

HÔEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 171

172361

DC NONUNIFORM 162

H^SREVIEWDC UNIFORM 244


285AC UNIFORM 285AC NONUNIFORM 285IMPULSE UNIFORM 244


285

X XX X XX XX X XX X XX X XX XX X XX XX X X

HBrREVIEWDCDCACAC



XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

HClREVIEWDC UNIFORM 285

78

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAHCl (cont,.)

DC NONUNIFORM 285AC UNIFORM 285AC NONUNIFORM 285IMPULSE UNIFORM 285IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 285

HIREVIEWDC UNIFORM 285DC NONUNIFORM 285AC UNIFORM 285AC NONUNIFORM 285IMPULSE UNIFORM 285IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 285

HeEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM

DC

AC

AC

NONUNIFORM

UNIFORM

NONUNIFORM

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORMTHEORETICALDC UNIFORMDC NONUNIFORMIMPULSE UNIFORMIMPULSE NONUNIFORM

REVIEWDC UNIFORM

4

8012515416424228432638939040045116417032632635187

13432635142351

13945652

1631635152

456692

119

XXXXX

XXXXXX

XX

XX

XXX

XXXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXX

XXXXXX

XX

79

He (cont.

)

163244253260264280285436437438

DC NONUNIFORM 4566

163244260264285

AC UNIFORM 4566

285AC NONUNIFORM 45

66285


244285


He+KEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 127

He+NÊXPERIMENTALAC UNIFORM 351AC NONUNIFORM 351


X X

X

XX

XX

XX

XX

XXX

XX

XX

X

X

XX

XXXXXXXXX

XXXXX

He+NeEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 125

451

He+O^REVIEWDCDCACAC



XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

80

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAHe+SF,EXPERIMEI^TALDC UNIFORM 400AC NONUNIFORM 87THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 78

236REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45DC NONUNIFORM 45AC UNIFORM 45AC NONUNIFORM 45IMPULSE UNIFORM 45IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45

XXXXXX

HgEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 4


260334


Hg+NeEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 344

K+NeEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 127

KrEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 200

389390

DC NONUNIFORM 170THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 163DC NONUNIFORM 163

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

66163260261285438

DC NONUNIFORM 4566

163

XXXXX

X

X

XXX

XX

X

XX

81

Kr (cont,

)

260285

AC UNIFORM 4566

285AC NONUNIFORM 45

66285



PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAXXXX

XX XXX X

XX XXXX

XXXXXXXX

N,

EXPERIMENTALDC

DC

UNIFORM 29435556718688

106114121138145148156161164201206218223225266273299308326330353377 X389390450

NONUNIFORM 343844567194 X95 X

XX

XX

82

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAN^ (cont.) 107 X^

114141 X142 X164169206 X X266275283298 X309325326332 X377 X459 X

AC UNIFORM 3370 X71

130137 X206 X X326351377 X457

AC NONUNIFORM 3334 X4470 X7194 X95 X X

206 X X323 X325326336 X351363377 X453457459 X

IMPULSE UNIFORM 3343 X70 X71

137 X139148206 X X225

83

INTERFACE CORONAN.

PARTICLE SURFACE

2 (cont.

)

267 X X324 X356404 X


206246324 X332355363380382404 X443453459461


65103156163209217268271273342343352374377 X419

DC NONUNIFORM 103163271332377 X

AC UNIFORM 137 X377 X

AC NONUNIFORM 336 X377 X


X

324 XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 324

332X

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 32

XX

XX

XX

XX

84

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONANj (cont.

)

DC NONUNIFORM

AC UNIFORM

AC NONUNIFORM

456465667173889296

1051191481501632092442532642702802853684354364374384566717396150163244264270285447456670717396

105150285456670717396

150

XX

XXXX

X

XXX

XX

XX

XX

X

X

XX

XX

XX

X

X

X

XX

XX

XXXXX

XXXX

85

N2 (cont.

)

IMPULSE UNIFORM

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM

28544745707173919296

1481502442702854570717396

150244270285447

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAXXXXXX

XXX

XXXX

XXX

XX

XXX

XXX

XXX

XX

N +NeEXPERIMENTALDC NONUNIFORM 107

N^+Ne+SFgEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 82

N2+02EXPERIMENTALDC NONUNIFORM 298


285435


AC UNIFORM 285AC NONUNIFORM 285IMPULSE UNIFORM 285IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 285

XXXXX

XXXXX

XX

XXXXXX

N, ,+SFixpeI

DCTMENTAL

UNIFORM 8588

161206

86

PARTICLE SURFACEN2+SFg (cont.) 218

273402403 -'

DC NONUNIFORM 4485

142206275

AC UNIFORM 130137 X206351



X


X


78166217236271273316419454


AC UNIFORM 137 XIMPULSE UNIFORM 137 XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 132

376X

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

6588 X96150250

X X

251 X X270 X X

INTERFACE CORONA

XX

X

XX

XXX

X

87

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAN^+SF^ (cont.)

DC NONUNIFORM 45 X96 X X X

150250 X251 X X X270 X X

AC UNIFORM 45 X96 X X X

150250 X251 X X X

AC NONUNIFORM 45 X96 X X X

150250 X251 X X X

IMPULSE UNIFORM 45 X96 X X X

150250 X270 X X

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45 X96 X X X

150250 X270 X X

NÔEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 121



342343

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

150244 X X253285 X X X438

DC NONUNIFORM 150244 X X285 X X X

AC UNIFORM 150285 X X X

AC NONUNIFORM 150285 X X X

IMPULSE UNIFORM 150244 X X285 X X X

88

N„0 (cont.)IMPULSE NONUNIFORM


150244285

XX

XX

NÔ+0ÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 123

NÔ+SFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 122



REVIEWDC UNIFORM 270 XDC NONUNIFORM 270 XIMPULSE UNIFORM 270 XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 270 X

NHÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 389

390REVIEWDC UNIFORM 285DC NONUNIFORM 285AC UNIFORM 285AC NONUNIFORM 285IMPULSE UNIFORM 285IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 285

NOREVIEWDC UNIFORM 66

285DC NONUNIFORM 66

285AC UNIFORM 66

285AC NONUNIFORM 66


NeEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 82

125242300344

XXXX

XXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXX

X

X

X

XXX

XX

XXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXX

X

89

Ne (cont. ) 389390451


IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 149THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 163DC NONUNIFORM 163

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

6466

163260261264280285334435436437438

DC NONUNIFORM 4566

163260264285334

AC UNIFORM 4566

285AC NONUNIFORM 45

66285



Ne+0„EXPERIMENTALDC NONUNIFORM 107

Ne+SFÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM

OExperimentaldc uniform

82

46


XXXX

XX

XXX

XX

X

X

XX

XX

XX

X

X

X

X

XX

XX

XXXXXXXXXXXXX

90

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAOj (cont. ) 113

120143362389390442


IMPULSE UNIFORM 139THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 152

163343374442465


64163244253264285


AC UNIFORM 45285

AC NONUNIFORM 45285



S^fiEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 42

43535559607176

X

X

X

X

XX

XX X

XX

XX

X

XXX

XXXXXXXXXXXXX

91

SF, (cont.)

DC NONUNIFORM

79828388

1011141211221241281291531561611642032062182452542662732772782953133193263303493503543733773973994004024033034383944505354577190939495

114


XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

92

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONASF^ (cont.)

AC UNIFORM

AC NONUNIFORM

1161181281291311411421491641882062452542662722742752832953023053133193263493773974074344591533364770717298

1301372062292953133193223263513773924244571516

XX

XX

XX

X

X

X

X

XXX

XXX

XX

XX

XXX

XX

XX

XX

93

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONASFg (cont.) 24

28 X K X3334 X39 X4447 X5068 X X70 X7172 X8794 X95 X X97 X X98 X X99 X

102 X133182 X X183 X206 X X214 X X228 X229 X230233239 X249 X294295 X X302 X305312 X X313 X319 X322 X326336 X351363377 X407 X424 X425 X X434 X457459

IMPULSE UNIFORM 153343 X47 X70 X

94

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONASFg (cont.) 71

72 X79 X

137 X139206 X X229 X245 X267 X X295 X X313 X320 X X324 X356404 X413424

IMPULSE NONUNIFORM 1415 X16 X18 X28 X X X3334 X39 X47 X5070 X7172 X97 X X

102 X118132 X133135 X144 X149 X178 X185 X206 X X214 X X228 X229 X230233239 X245 X246 X249 X294295 X X302 X305

95

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAFg (cont.) 312 X X

313 X320 X X324 X355 X363369 X376382 X404 X407 X413416 X418 X424 X443 X459 X


6578

101152156165166167184186207209217227236268271273278316319348349352373377406414417419454

X

X

X

X

XX

X

464 X XDC NONUNIFORM 188

207271

XX

96


XXXX

g (cont. ) 306316319337338348 X349359377 X406414417434454464 X

AC UNIFORM 1536

137184319348377406

X

X

XXX

X

AC NONUNIFORM 15230319336348377406434

X

X

XX


X

X

XX


XX

X

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45

486465

- 717388

XX

92 X X X96 X X X

X

97

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONASF^ (cont.

)

DC

AC

AC

) 105119 X150165184 X203209244 X X250 X251 X X X253258 X269 X X270 X X280 X X285 X X X368435436437438

NONUNIFORM 17 X45 X487173 X96 X X X

150234244 X X250 X251 X X X258 X270 X X285 X X X447 X

UNIFORM 45 X70 X7173 X96 X X X

105150184 X250 X251 X X X269 X X285 X X X

NONUNIFORM 45 X70 X7173 X96 X X X

150

98

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONASFg (cont.

)

183 X215 X X234250 X251 X X X285 X X X321 X X447 X458 X X

IMPULSE UNIFORM 45707173 X

XX

91 X X X92 X X X96 X X X

150184 X244 X X250 X258 X270 X X285 X X X


X

X

XX

X

96 X X X150215 X X234244 X X250 X258 X270 X X285 X X X321 X X447 X458 X X

SF^+SO^THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 78

SOÊXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 203

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 64

66 X X203244 X X

99

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONASO2 (cont..) 253

285334435436437438


AC UNIFORM 66285

AC NONUNIFORM 66285



SeFgEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 203DC NONUNIFORM 30


203285438


AC UNIFORM 150285




TeF,REVIEWDC UNIFORM

TiCl,REVIEWDCDCACAC



438

285285285285285285

XX

XXXXXXXXXXXX

X

X

X

X

X

XXXXXX

XXXXXX

XX

XXXXXXXXXXXX

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

XXXXXX

100

PARTICLE SURFACE INTERFACE CORONAXeEXPERIMENTALDC UNIFORM 389

390DC NONUNIFORM 170 X X

THEORETICALDC UNIFORM 163DC NONUNIFORM 163

REVIEWDC UNIFORM 45 X

66 X X163438

DC NONUNIFORM 45 X66 X X

163AC UNIFORM 45 X

66 X XAC NONUNIFORM 4 5 X

66 X XIMPULSE UNIFORM 45 XIMPULSE NONUNIFORM 45 X

101

VII. Author Index

Abdel-Salam, M.

Abdullah, M.

Abon-Seada, M. S,

Aihara, Y.

Akazaki, M.

Albrecht, H,

Aleksandrov, D. D.

Aleksandrov, G. N.

All, K.

Allen, K. R.

Allen, N. L.

Allibone, T. E.

Altoheh, L.

Ando, N.

Anis, H.

An jo, K.

Aoshima, Y.

Aoyagi, H.

Arahata, Y.

Aral, K.

Arima, J,

Arnesen, A.

Aschwanden, T.

Awad, M.

Azer, A. A,

1

244

465

2

179

3

4

5

232

8

11

9

173

302

1217

410

2

294

249

19

20

369

21

22

24

180

426

6 7

10 11

13 14 15 1618

144 180

321

23

102

Babu Rajendran, T. V,

Bahder, G.

Baldo, G.

Banford, H. M.

Banks, A. A.

Barnes, H. C.

Bashara, N. M.

Baumgartner, R,

Bederson, B,

Berberich, L. J,

Berg, D.

Berger, G.

Berger, S.

Bertein, H.

Berthold, V.

Bhalla, M. S.

Biasiutt, G.

Binns, D. F.

Blaha, J.

Blair, D. T. A.

Blodgett, F. W,

Bloss, W, H.

Bobo, J. C.

Boeck, W.

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Bruce, F. M. 58

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Buchholz, K. H. 68 239

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Busch, W. 69

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Diessner, A. 116

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Ellington, H. I. 127

Endo, F. 128 129

Ermel, M. 130 131

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Gerhold, J. 154

Gervais, Y. 326 351

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Hahn, G.

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Hasegawa, H.

Hauschild, W.

Hayashi, H.

Hayashi, M.

Hazel, R,

Heilbronner, F. W.

Heisen, A.

Hepworth, J. K.

Hermstein, W.

Heylen, A. E. D.

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Hood, R. J.

Hopkins, B. J.

Horii, K.

Howard, P. R.

Hughes, D. B.

Hughes, M. H,

Hunter, S. R,

Husain, E.

Hutzler, B.

Hutzler-Barre, D,

IEEE Committee Report

Ibrahim, O, E.

Ichihara, Y.

Ikeda, C.

Iliceto, F.

Inamura, S.

Inuishi, Y,

Isa, H.

Isaksson, K.

Ishikawd, R.

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Johansen, I.

Jones, B.

Jones, G. J.

Jones, J.

Jones, R. E.

Jouaire, J.

Kachickas, G. A.

Kachler, A. J.

Karlsson, P. W.

Kawaguchi, Y.

Kawai, H.

Kawane, K,

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Korshunov, G. S.

Kosztaluk, R.

Kouno, T.

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Kremnev, V, V.

Krey, B.

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Kucera, J.

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Kuffel, E.

Kuffel, J.

Kulkarni, S. V.

Kuttner, H.

Kuwahara, H.

LaForest, J. J.

Lacey, R.

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Lindsay, E. W,

Linn, F. S.

Llewellyn-Jones, F,

Lobley, E. H.

Loeb, L. B.

Los, E. J.

Lucas, J.

Luxa, G.

Lyapin, A. G.

MacAlpine, J. M. K,

Malik, N. H.

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McCormick, N. R,

McElroy, A, J,

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Menju, S.

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421. L. C. Thanh, "Distribution of Electric Fields in a Rod-to-Plane Gap at the Onset of Negative Corona", Proc.lEE, Vol. 126, no. 3, pp. 270-275 (1979).

422. L. Thione, "The Dielectric Strength of Large AirInsulation", Surges in High-Voltage Networks , ed. byK. Ragaller, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 165-205(1980).

423. J. Thoris, B. Leon, A. Dubois, and J. C. Bobo,"Dielectric Breakdown of Cold Gaseous Helium in LargeGaps", Cryogenics, Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 147-149 (1970).

424. N. G. Trinh, F. A. M. Rizk, and C. Vincent,"Electrostatic-Field Optimization of the Profile ofEpoxy Spacers for Compressed SFg-Insulated Cables",IEEE Trans, on Power Appar. Syst., Vol. PAS-99, no. 6,

pp. 2164-2174 (1980).

425. N. G. Trinh and C. Vincent, "Bundled-Conductors for EHVTransmission Systems with Compressed-SFg Insulation",IEEE Trans, on Power Appar. Syst., Vol. PAS-97, no. 6,

pp. 2198-2206 (1978).

426. I. Tuneyase and M. Akazaki, "Breakdown Processes of aNegative Point-to-Plane Air Gap at Atmospheric Pressureunder Impulse Voltage", Elec. Eng. in Japan, Vol. 93,no. 6, pp. 6-12 (1973).

427. T. Udo, "Sparkover Characteristics of Large Gap Spacesand Long Insulation Strings", IEEE Trans, on PowerAppar. Syst., Vol. PAS-83, no. 5, pp. 471-483 (1964).

428. T. Udo, "Switching Surge and Impulse SparkoverCharacteristics of Large Gap Spacings and LongInsulator Strings", IEEE Trans, on Power Appar. Syst.,Vol. PAS-84, no. 4, pp. 304-309 (1965).

429. T. Udo, "Switching Surge Sparkover Characteristics ofAir Gaps and Insulator Strings Under PracticalConditions", IEEE Trans, on Power Appar. Syst.,Vol. PAS-85, no. 8, pp. 859-864 (1966).

159

430. T. Udo and T. Tada, "Long-Tail Surge FlashoverCharacteristics of Air-Gaps and Insulator Strings",,Elec. Eng. in Japan, Vol. 83, no. 9, pp. 39-53 (196^3).

431. T. Udo, T. Tada, and Y. Watanabe, "Flashover /

Characteristics of Large Gap Spacings Due to Pulse andSwitching Surges", Elec. Eng. in Japan, Vol. 84,no. 12, pp. 69-78 (1964).

432. T. Udo, T. Tada, and Y. Watanabe, "FlashoverCharacteristics of Gaps and Insulators Due to SwitchingSurges", Elec. Eng. in Japan, Vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 22-31(1966).

433. T. Udo and Y. Watanabe, "DC High-Voltage SparkoverCharacteristics of Gaps and Insulator Strings", IEEETrans, on Power Appar. Syst., Vol. PAS-87/ no. 1,

pp. 266-270 (1968).

434. R. J. Van Brunt and M. Misakian, "Mechanisms forInception of DC and 60-Hz AC Corona in SFg", IEEETrans, on Elec. Insul. , Vol. EI-17, no. 2, pp. 106-120(1982).

435. A. K. Vijh, "Correlation Between Electric Strengths andHeats of Atomization of Gaseous Dielectrics", J. Mater.Sci., Vol. 11, pp. 784-785 (1976).

436. A, K. Vijh, "Intermolecular Bonding and the ElectricStrengths of Dielectric Gases", J. Mater. Sci.,Vol. 11, pp. 1374-1375 (1976).

437. A. K. Vijh, "Electric Strength and Molecular Propertiesof Gaseous Dielectrics", IEEE Trans, on Elec. Insul.,Vol. EI-12, no. 4, pp. 313-315 (1977).

438. A. K. Vijh, "On the Relative Strengths and theMolecular Weights of Gases", IEEE Trans, on Elec.Insul., Vol. EI-17, no. 1, pp. 84-87 (1982).

439. O. V. Volkova, A. S. Rejngold, and V. J. Cernysev,"Influence of Humidity on Flashover Voltages of LongAir Gaps", Elektricestvo, no. 3, pp. 49-53 (1968).

440. 0. Vuhuw and R. P. Comsa, "Influence of Gap Length onWire-Plane Corona", IEEE Trans, on Power Appar. Syst.,Vol. PAS-88, no. 10, pp. 1462-1475 (1969).

441. C. F. Wagner and A. R. Hileman, "Mechanism of Breakdownof Laboratory Gaps", AIEE Trans., Vol. 80, Part III,pp. 604-622 (1961).

160

442. K. H. Wagner, "Ionization, Electron-Attachment,Detachment, and Charge-Transfer in Oxygen and Air", Z.Physik, Vol. 241, pp. 258-270 (1971).

443. T. Watanabe and T. Takuma, "The Breakdown and DischargeExtension of Long Gaps In Nitrogen+SF^ and Air+SF^ GasMixtures", J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 48, no. 8,

pp. 3281-3287 (1977).

444. Y. Watanabe, "Switching Surge Flashover Characteristicsof Long Air Gaps and Long Insulator Strings", Elec.Eng. in Japan, Vol. 86, no. 12, pp. 96-101 (1966).

445. Y. Watanabe, "Switching Surge Flashover Characteristicsof Extremely Long Air Gaps", IEEE Trans, on PowerAppar. Syst., Vol. PAS-86, no. 8, pp. 933-936 (1968).

446. Y. Watanabe, "Switching Impulse FlashoverCharacteristics of Thin Wire Gaps", IEEE Trans, onPower Appar. Syst., Vol. PAS-90, no. 5, pp. 2301-2305(1971).

447. R. T. Waters, "Spark Breakdown in Non-Uniform Fields",Electrical Breakdown of Gases , ed. by J. M. Meek andJ. D. Craggs, John Wiley and Sons, New York,pp. 385-532(1978).

448. R. T. Waters and R. E. Jones, "The Impulse BreakdownVoltage and Time-Lag Characteristics of Long Gaps inAir, I. The Positive Discharge", Phil. Trans, of theRoyal Soc. of London, Series A, Vol. 256, pp. 185-212(1964).

449. R. T. Waters and R. E. Jones, "The Impulse Breakdownand Time-Lag Characteristics of Long Gaps in Air, II.The Negative Discharge", Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc.of London, Series A, Vol. 256, pp. 213-234 (1964).

450. P. K. Watson and A. H. Sharbaugh, "The ElectricStrength of Nitrogen at Elevated Pressures and SmallGap Spacings", J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 40, no. 1,

pp. 328-334 (1969).

451. G. F. Weston, "Glow Discharge Characteristics ofHelium-Neon Mixtures", Brit. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 10,pp. 523-526 (1959).

452. L. C. Whitman, "Impulse Voltage Tests on Air and C2Fg"rIEEE Trans, on Elec. Insul., Vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 44-48(1965).

161

1453. L. C. Whitman and T. J. Lanoue, "The Effect of Gas-Cell

Diameter on Dielectric Strength Determination", IEEETrans, on Elec. Insul., Vol. EI-4, no. A, pp. 104-110(1969).

454. A, Wieland, "Breakdown Mechanisms in ElectronegativeGases (SF,) and in Gas Mixtures", ETZ-A, Vol. 94,pp. 370-373 (1973).

455. J. Wiesinger, "Reduction of the Electric Strength ofSpark Gaps from Line Impulse Voltage", Bull.Schweizer ischen Elektro-Tech. Vereins, Vol. 58,

pp. 113-118 (1967).

456. B. G. Williams, "Impulse-Voltage Breakdown of ColdPressurized Helium", Proc. lEE, Vol. 121, no. 2,

pp. 161-164 (1974).

457. W. A. Wilson, J. H. Simons, and T. J. Brice, "TheDielectric Strength of Gaseous Fluorocarbons" , J. Appl.Phys., Vol. 21, pp. 203-205 (1950).

458. R. E, Wootton, "Some Aspects of Breakdown in Gases",IEEE Trans, on Elec. Insul., Vol. EI-17, no. 6,

pp. 499-504 (1982).

459. C. N. Works and T. W. Dakin, "Dielectric Breakdown ofSulfur Hexafluoride in Nonuniform Fields", AIEE Trans.,Vol. 72, pp. 682-687 (1953).

460. C. N. Works and E. W. Lindsay, "Electrical Breakdown ofGases and Vapors of Chloro-Fluoro-Hydrocarbons" , AIEETrans., Vol. 77, Part III, pp. 1659-1663 (1958).

461. A. Yializis, N. H. Malik, A. H. Qureshi, and E. Kuffel,"Impulse Breakdown and Corona Characteristics for Rod-Plane Gaps in Mixtures of SFg and Nitrogen with LessThan 1% of SFg Content", IEEE Trans, on Power Appar.Syst., Vol. PAS-98, no. 5, pp. 1832-1840 (1979).

462. D. R. Young, "Electrical Breakdown in CO2 from LowPressures to the Liquid State", J. Appl. Phys.,Vol. 21, pp. 222-231 (1950).

463. P. Zacke, A. Fischer, and H. Boecker, "BreakdownPhenomena of Rod-Rod Gaps Under Impulse Voltages ofOpposite Polarity on Both Electrodes", IEEE Trans, onPower Appar. Syst., Vol. PAS-96, no. 2, pp. 701-708(1977).

464. W. Zaengl and R. Baumgartner, "On the Cause ofDeviations from Paschen's Law in SF,", ETZ-A, Vol. 96,no. 11, pp. 510-514 (1975).

^

162

465. A. R. M. Zaghloul, R. M. Radwan, and M, S. Abon-Seada,"Characteristic Time of Oxygen: Calculation andTheoretical Study", IEEE Trans, on Elec. Insul.,Vol. EI-11, no. 1, pp. 28-32 (1976).

163

IX. Technical Conference Proceedings

1. International Symposium on Gaseous Dielectrics.Proceedings:

a) Gaseous Dielectrics III, ed. byL. G. Chr istophorou, Pergamon Press, New York(1982).

b) Gaseous Dielectrics II, ed. byL. G. Chr istophorou, Pergamon press. New York(1980).

c) Gaseous Dielectrics, ed. byL. G. Chr istophorou, NTIS, CONF-780301, (1978).

2. Gaseous Electronics Conference.Proceedings:

Abstracts published annually for thirty-sixconferences in the Bulletin of the AmericanPhysical Society.

3. IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation.Proceedings:

Conference records for 1982, -80, -78, -76published by the Institute for Electrical andElectronics Engineers, Inc., New York.

4. Conference on Electrical Insulation and DielectricPhenomena (CEIDP).Proceedings

:

a) Annual reports for 1981-3 CEIDP published byInstitute for Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers, Inc., New York.

b) Annual reports for CEIDP before 1981 publishedby National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

5. International Coference on Gas Discharges and TheirApplications (CGA).Proceedings

:

a) Proceedings of Seventh ICGA, 1982 published byPeter Peregrinus Ltd. , London.

b) Proceedings of Sixth-First ICGA (1980-70)published by Institution of ElectricalEngineers, London.

6. International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering.Proceedings:

Four conferences from 1977-83, papers distributed butproceedings not published.

164

7. International Conferences on Phenomena in IonizedGases.Proceedings:

Sixteen conferences from 1951-1983, proceedingspossibly available from different publishers.

TÛ.8. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 198i* kZO 997 70

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NBS-n4A iREv. 2-ec)

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2. Performing Organ. Report No, 3. Publication Date

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Bibliography of Data on Electrical Breakdown in Gases

5. AUTHOR(S)

R. J. Van Brunt and W. E. Anderson

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This report consists of a bibliography of currently published data on electrical

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lished since 1950, an index indicating the references that give particular types of

data for each gas, an author index, and a list of relevant, regular technicalconferences. The citations given in the bibliography contain experimental ortheoretical data on breakdown which include: 1) sparking potentials; 2) breakdownvoltages; 3) critical fields, or field-to-gas density ratios; 4) corona inceptionvoltages; 5) voltage-time characteristics; 6) relative and absolute dielectricstrengths; and 7) breakdown probabilities. Types of data considered include thosewhich apply to uniform and nonuniform fields; ac, dc, and impulse voltages; andpossible effects of particles, surfaces, interfaces, and corona. This bibliographyis intended to serve as a guide in locating data on breakdown which are most relevantto particular applications.

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bibliography; critical fields; corona onset; discharge inception; electrical

breakdown; gases; sparking potentials

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