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WORKSHOP ON “NATURAL FOREST MANAGEMENT BEST PRACTICES IN FOREST RESTORATION”, 10 NOVEMBER 2010, KOTA KINABALU, SABAH
NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
by
DATO RAZANI BIN UJANG ; andDATO’ DR.HJ.ABD.RAHMAN BIN HJ.ABD.RAHIM
Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia(FDPM)
10 NOVEMBER 201010 NOVEMBER 2010
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
OUTLINE FOR PRESENTATION :
1.0 An Overview of Forest Management Practices in Peninsular Malaysia
2.0 Excerpt from the National Forestry Policy 1978 (Revised 1992) on the Importance of Forest Regeneration and Rehabilitation
3.0 Natural Forest Restoration Initiatives
4.0 Issues and Challenges 5.0 The Future Strategies – Way Forwards
6.0 Conclusions/Recommendations
3
Peninsular Malaysia is very fortunate to be endowed with a large Peninsular Malaysia is very fortunate to be endowed with a large tract of tract of Tropical RainforestsTropical Rainforests. (i.e. . (i.e. about 45% of the country land about 45% of the country land areaarea) )
Tropical Rainforests - one of the Tropical Rainforests - one of the most complex biological most complex biological ecosystemecosystem on earth and in the world, evolved over million years - on earth and in the world, evolved over million years - it is a system that is in constant flux, always restructuring itself it is a system that is in constant flux, always restructuring itself (dynamic).(dynamic). Dominated by three major (main) forest types, namelyDominated by three major (main) forest types, namely
- - Dry Inland ForestDry Inland Forest (93%) ; (93%) ;- - Peat Swamp Forest Peat Swamp Forest (5%) ; and(5%) ; and- Mangrove Forest Mangrove Forest (2%)(2%)..
NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
1.0 An Overview of Forest Management Practices in Pen. Malaysia
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
The Distribution of Forest Cover in P. Malaysia
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MangrovesMangrovesCoastal VegetationsCoastal Vegetations
Freshwater/peatswampFreshwater/peatswamp
Lowland dipterocarpLowland dipterocarp
Hill dipterocarpHill dipterocarp
Upper dipterocarpUpper dipterocarp
MontaneMontane
Mangrove Forest
Peat Swamp Forest
Inland Forest
55
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FOREST RESOURCES IN PEN. MALAYSIA (million ha)5.89 million ha (44.7%)
Production (Development)
State/Alienated Land(6.6%)
PRF(83.5%)
National Park/Wildlife & Bird Sanctuary
(9.8%)0.39 mil ha 4.92 mil ha 0.58 mil ha
0.39
Production (SFM)
Production (SFM)Totally Protected
2.83 2.09
Totally Protected
0.58
54.7% 45.3%
3.22 2.67
Production Protection
NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
2.0 Excerpt from the National Forestry Policy 1978 (Revised 1992) on the Importance of Forest Regeneration and Rehabilitation
The PRF will be managed in accordance with the principles of sustainable management for the maximization of the social, economic and environmental benefits of the nation.
The PRF should be utilized based on the inherent capability of the forest, its optimal use and on comprehensive forest land use.
Forest Regeneration and Rehabilitation :-
A co-ordinated programme of forest development through regeneration and rehabilitation operations shall be undertaken in accordance with appropriate silvicultural practices in order to achieve the maximum productivity from the PRF.
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVENATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
“ the process of managing forests to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives of management with regard to the production of
continuous flow of desired forest products and services, without undue reduction of its inherent values and future productivity and
without undue desirable effects on physical and social environment ”.
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) has been defined has been defined by the International Tropical Timber Organization - ITTO by the International Tropical Timber Organization - ITTO (1992),(1992),
Permanent Reserved Forest (PRF)
4.92 mil ha Dry Inland Forest =4.59 mil ha.
Peat Swamp Forest = 0.24 mil ha.Mangrove Forest = 0.09 mil ha.
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVENATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
3 Pillars of Sustainability :- Economically viable
Environmentally sound; andSocially accepted.
Tree Planting activity with an
accepted level of viability, soundness
and acceptance
SFMForest Areas
(PRF)
RestorationInitiatives
RestorationInitiatives
Timber Production
Forest Bio-Diversity
Conservation
Community Forest
Non Timber Production
Water Catchment
Forest
Forest functionsCoastal
Protection
Amenity ForestForest Stand Level Landscape Level
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVENATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
Tree Planting activity with an
accepted level of Restoration Objectives
Non-SFMForest Areas
RestorationInitiatives
RestorationInitiatives
Wind Breaker
Forest Bio-Diversity
ConservationCommunity
Forest
Production Purposes
Scenic valueForest functionsBuffer Zone
Amenity ForestForest Stand Level Landscape Level
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
3.0 Natural Forest Restoration Initiatives
PRF(Dry Inland
Forest)
Timber Production
Selective Management System (SMS)
Flexible timber harvesting regime under 30-year cutting cycle.
Introduced in Peninsular Malaysia in 1978.
Involving 3 Key Phases :- Pre-Felling ; Felling ; and Post-Felling
Selective Logging with a prescribed cutting limit.
Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) for Peninsular Malaysia : RMK-9:2006-2010 = 36,940 ha per year.
Control Volume Production 85 cubic meter per ha (in Dry Inland Forest).
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SELECTIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS)
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVENATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
Silvicultural Treatment (Enrichment Tree Planting Approaches)
Mixed-Crops ModelMono-Crop Model
Group Planting
Multi-Stories
Agro-Forestry
Line Planting Line Planting
Mozaic/Zoning pattern
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
State 1970-2000(ha)
2001-2005(ha)
2006-2010(ha)
Total Planted(ha)
Johor 1,804 648 44 2,496
Kedah 1,051 25 426 1,502
Kelantan 3,695 400 275 4,370
Melaka 399 - 76 475
N.Sembilan 958 210 199 1,367
Pahang 4,963 2,503 2,692 10,158
Perak 5,350 142 858 6,350
Perlis 150 - 10 160
Pulau Pinang 10 1 - 11
Selangor 3,661 336 280 4,287
Terengganu 1,779 60 - 1,839
TOTAL 23,820 4,325 4,870 33,015*
Enrichment Planting Sites Planted with Indigenous Timber Tree Species in the Permanent Reserved Forest (PRF) in Peninsular Malaysia From 1970 -2010
Note : * = Not inclusive of 101,069 hectares of Planted Forest established in the PRF with exotic timber tree species (teak, pine, hevea, and acacia)
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
40 Years old Meranti Sarang Punai stand in Hutan Bukit Tapah, Perak
25 Years old Meranti Tembaga stand in Hutan Bukit Tinggi, Bentong, Pahang
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
30 Years old Surian stand in Hutan Simpan Kanaboi, NSDK
30 Years old Kapur stand in Hutan Simpan Gunung Bongsu, Kulim, Kedah
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
3.0 Natural Forest Restoration Initiatives (Continues …)
PRF(Dry Inland
Forest)
Maintaining Forest Biodiversity
(Inter Dependent of Flora and fauna)
The Retention of Selected Timber Trees for Fauna Conservation in the residual Stand of the Production Forest
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Inter-Dependency of Fauna and Flora in Tropical Rainforests
Dynamic Inter-
Dependency
NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVENATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
FLORA
FAUNA
1919
• 15,000 flowering plants• 195 palms• 500 orchids• 1,159 ferns & fern allies• 400 fungi• 432 mosses
NRE, 2006NRE, 2006
The Richness of Flora The Richness of Flora in Our Tropical Rain Forests in Our Tropical Rain Forests
2020
The Richness of Fauna The Richness of Fauna in Our Tropical Rain Forests in Our Tropical Rain Forests
• 286 mammals• 736 birds• 268 reptiles• 158 amphibians• 449 fresh water fishes• 150,000 invertebrates
NRE, 2006
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVENATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
(A) Under-Storey Species
No Scientific Name Local Name Consumption
1 Aglaia sp. Bekak Fruit (Primates & Birds)
2 Archidendron bubalirum Kerdas Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)
3 Archidendron jiringa Jering Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)
4 Ardisia sp. Mata Pelanduk Fruit (Primates & Birds)
5 Artocarpus heterophyllus Nangka Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)
6 Artocarpus integer Cempedak Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)
7 Artocarpus rigidus Temponek Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)
8 Baccaurea maingayi Tampoi Fruit (Primates & Birds)
9 Baccaurea sumatrana Tampoi Fruit (Primates & Birds)
10 Barringtonia sp. Putat Fruit (Birds)
11 Boucea macrophyla Kundang Hutan Fruit (Primates & Squirrels)
12 Durio sp. Durian Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)
13 Dysoxylum sp. Mersindok (Langsat Hutan) Fruit (Primates & Birds)
14 Eugenia (Syzygium) sp. Kelat Jambu Laut Fruit (Primates & Birds)
15 Garcinia artoviridis Asam Gelugor Fruit (Primates & Birds)
16 Mangifera indica Mangga Fruit (Primates, Birds, Squirrels)
17 Nephelium lappaceum Rambutan Hutan Fruit (Primates & Birds)
18 Sandoricum koetjape Sentul Fruit (Primates & Birds)
Retention of 32 timber species in Residual forest stand after Logging Operation
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
(B) Over-Storey Species
No Scientific Name Local Name Purpose
19 Castanopsis spp. Berangan Fruit (Primates & Squirrels)
20 Dialium sp. Keranji Fruit (Primates, Birds & Squirrels)
21 Ficus spp. Ara Fruit (Primates, Birds & Squirrels)
22 Irvingia malayana Pauh Fruit (Primates & Squirrels)
23 Knema sp. Basong Fruit (Primates & Birds)
24 Koompasia excelsa TualangDepository of wild honey
(Seed for squirrels)
25 Lithocarpus cyclophorus Mempening Gajah Fruit (Primates)
26 Mangifera longipetiolata Machang Fruit (Primates & Birds)
27 Myristica sp. Basong Fruit (Primates, Birds & Squirrels)
28 Parkia sp. Petai Bean / Fruit (Primates, Birds &
Squirrels)
29 Podocarpus sp. PodoHill / Beach conservation
(Primates)
30 Santiria laevigata Kedondong Gergaji Daun Licin Fruit (Squirrels)
31 Sterculia foetida Kelumpang Jari Seeds (Birds & Squirrels)
32 Sterculia parvifolia Kelumpang Fruit (Squirrels)
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
3.0 Natural Forest Restoration Initiatives (Continues….)
PRF(Peat Swamp
Forest)
Timber Production
Modified SMS
Cutting limits are prescribed due to lower stocking of natural regeneration in the forest stand .
The selection of optimum management regimes (Felling) are based on Pre-Felling Forest Inventory data.
Normally, the prescribed cutting limits for all species being 40 cm diameter but for Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus) is 45 cm and above.
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
3.0 Natural Forest Restoration Initiatives (Continues….)
PRF(Mangrove Forest) Timber Production
Managed under Cutting Cycles varying between 20-50 years
Matured Trees are Clear-Felled with the Retention of 7 Mother Trees per hectare.
Lack of Natural Regeneration Logged-over Mangrove Forest is replanted mainly with Bakau Minyak (Rhizophora apiculata) at a planting distance of 1.2 m x 1.2m while Bakau Kurap (Rhizophora mucronata) is planted at a spacing of 1.8m x 1.8m.
The annual area harvested is estimated to be 800 hectares out of which 400 hectares need planting.
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
3.0 Natural Forest Restoration Initiatives (Continues….)
PRF and
Non-PRF(Mangrove Forest)
Coastal Protection
Human Livelihood
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
State Casuarina spp.(ha)
Mangroves(ha)
Other Tree Species(ha)
Total Planted(ha)
Johor 19.5 399.3 11.0 429.8
Kedah 0.8 385.1 11.0 396.9
Kelantan 42.0 40.7 - 80.7
Melaka 2.0 8.5 - 10.5
N.Sembilan - 63.6 2.7 66.3
Pahang 87.9 - 2.4 90.3
Perak 12.0 4,020.4 64.5 4,096.9
Perlis 6.8 15.4 5.0 27.2
Pulau Pinang 10.0 48.6 - 58.6
Selangor - 180.5 10.0 190.5
Terengganu 64.3 2.0 - 66.3
TOTAL 245.3 5,164.1 106.6 5,516
Planted Sites in the Coastal Rehabilitation and Conservation Programme in P. Malaysia From 2006 -2010
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
Location of Tree Planting Sites in Coastal Rehabilitation and Conservation Projects in Peninsular Malaysia From 2006 -2010
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
4.0 Issues and Challenges
• Policy Matters – Federal and States relationship on SFM Committment.
SFM financing is a relatively expensive endeavor. Thus, the implementation of SFM calls for full commitment and strong financial support from the various State Government.
• Dynamic of Forest Stand Structure.
The full command on the understanding of the dynamic of Tropical Rainforests is necessary, particularly very crucial in the enhancement of SFM or forest management practices at the forest landscape level. The study of flora-fauna inter-dependency is thus needed to be strongly apprehended in order to achieve effective restoration project.
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
4.0 Issues and Challenges (Continues…)
• Species Composition and Stocking.
Wide ranges of information generated from an intensified inventory on species composition and stocking of flora an fauna in existing various forest types in the tropic are still underway. These information are crucial in order to strengthen restoration work in the tropic. Currently, several information are available, but, still remain very limited for landscape level restoration.
• Soil and Climatic Conditions.
Information on the soil and climatic conditions relationship in particular are crucial in order to achieve an effective restoration work at landscape level.
•Limited Availability on R&D Outputs in Relation to Natural Forest Restoration at landscape level
This may hamper effective implementation any restoration project.
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
5.0 The Future Strategies – Way Forwards
• Strengthening the Federal and States relationship on SFM compliancy and commitment.
• Undertake Vigorous R&D on Related/Relevant/Urgent Matters Pertaining to Natural Forest Restoration Activities.
• Improvement in Knowledge on Forest Stand Structure.
• Understanding the relationship Species Composition and Stocking.
• Understanding the direct correlation between Soil and Climatic Condition.
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
6.0 Conclusions/Recommendations
According to Article 74(2) of the Federal Constitution, Forestry and Land is a State matter, therefore, a more regular/frequent Meetings to further strengthening the Federal and States relationship as well as commitment to ensuring for full compliancy to the implementation of sustainably managed forest are necessary.
It is inevitable that systematic approach to Improved Knowledge as well as the need for robust R&D on Forest Stand Structure; Species Composition and Stocking; and Soil and Climatic Condition are necessary as well as not withstanding the importance to made available sufficient fund and strong mandate to undertake relevant R&D programmes.
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
Acknowledgement
Deepest Appreciation and Sincere Thank to all who have contributed directly or indirectly in the preparation
of this paper.
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NATURAL FOREST RESTORATION : PENINSULAR MALAYSIA PERSPECTIVE
THANK YOUhttp://www.forestry.gov.my