Natural Gas Engineering Hand Book (2005) Table of Contents

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Contents

Preface ................................................................................ ix

List of Spreadsheet Programs ............................................. xiii

Spreadsheet Programs and Functions ................................ xiv

List of Nomenclature ........................................................... xv

1. Introduction ................................................................. 1 1.1 What Is Natural Gas? ...................................................... 1 1.2 Utilization of Natural Gas ................................................ 2 1.3 Natural Gas Industry ....................................................... 4 1.4 Natural Gas Reserves ..................................................... 5 1.5 Types of Natural Gas Resources .................................... 6 1.6 Future of the Natural Gas Industry ................................. 7

2. Properties of Natural Gas .......................................... 13 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 13 2.2 Specific Gravity ............................................................... 13 2.3 Pseudocritical Properties ................................................ 14

Table 2.1 Results Given by MixingRule.xls ............... 16 2.4 Viscosity .......................................................................... 17 2.5 Compressibility Factor ..................................................... 20

Table 2.2 Results Given by Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows Viscosity.xls ...................................... 21

Table 2.3 Results Given by Brill-Beggs-Z.xls ............ 23

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Table 2.4 Results Given by Hall-Yarborogh-z.xls ....................................... 25

2.6 Gas Density ..................................................................... 26 2.7 Formation Volume Factor and Expansion Factor ........... 26 2.8 Compressibility of Natural Gas ....................................... 27 2.9 Real Gas Pseudopressure .............................................. 28

Table 2.5 Input Data and Calculated Parameters Given by PseudoP.xls ................. 29

2.10 Real Gas Normalized Pressure ...................................... 30 Table 2.6 Partial Output Given by PseudoP.xls ......... 31

3. Gas Reservoir Deliverability ...................................... 35 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 35 3.2 Analytical Methods .......................................................... 35

Table 3.1 The First Section of Theoretical Deliverability.xls .............................................. 37

Table 3.2 Results Given by Theoretical Deliverability.xls .............................................. 38

3.3 Empirical Methods ........................................................... 38 Table 3.3 The First Section of Empirical

Deliverability.xls .............................................. 41 Table 3.4 Results Given by Empirical

Deliverability.xls .............................................. 41 3.4 Construction of Inflow Performance Relationship

Curve ............................................................................... 43 Table 3.5 Input Data Given by Theoretical

IPR.xls ............................................................ 44 Table 3.6 Solution Given by Theoretical

IPR.xls ............................................................ 44 Table 3.7 Input Data and Solution Given by

Empirical IPR.xls ............................................ 47 Table 3.8 Results Given by Empirical IPR.xls ........... 48

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4. Wellbore Performance ................................................ 51 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 51 4.2 Single-phase Gas Well ................................................... 52

4.2.1 The Average Temperature and Compressibility Factor Method ....................... 52

Table 4.1 Input Data and Results Given by AverageTZ.xls ................................................ 55

4.2.2 The Cullender and Smith Method ................... 56 4.3 Mist Flow in Gas Wells .................................................... 58

Table 4.2 Input Data and Results Given by Cullender-Smith.xls ......................................... 59

Table 4.3 Input Data and Results Sections for MistFlow.xls .................................................... 62

5. Choke Performance .................................................... 65 5.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 65 5.2 Sonic and Subsonic Flow ................................................ 65 5.3 Dry Gas Flow through Chokes ........................................ 66

5.3.1 Subsonic Flow ................................................ 66 5.3.2 Sonic Flow ...................................................... 69 5.3.3 Temperature at Choke .................................... 69 5.3.4 Applications .................................................... 70 Table 5.1 Solution Given by

DryGasUpchoke.xls ........................................ 75 5.4 Wet Gas Flow through Chokes ....................................... 76

Table 5.2 Solution Given by DryGasDownChoke.xls ................................... 77

6. Well Deliverability ....................................................... 81 6.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 81 6.2 Nodal Analysis ................................................................ 81

6.2.1 Analysis with the Bottom Hole Node ............... 82

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Table 6.1 Input Data and Results Given by BottomHoleNodal.xls ...................................... 84

6.2.2 Analysis with Wellhead Node .......................... 85 Table 6.2 Input Data and Solution Given by

WellheadNodal.xls .......................................... 88 Table 6.3 Results Section of

WellheadNodal.xls .......................................... 89

7. Separation ................................................................... 93 7.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 93 7.2 Separation of Gas and Liquids ....................................... 93

7.2.1 Principles of Separation .................................. 94 7.2.2 Types of Separators ....................................... 95 7.2.3 Factors Affecting Separation ........................... 98 7.2.4 Separator Design ............................................ 100

7.3 Stage Separation ............................................................ 109 7.4 Flash Calculation ............................................................. 111 7.5 Low-temperature Separation .......................................... 118

8. Dehydration ................................................................. 123 8.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 123 8.2 Dehydration of Natural Gas ............................................ 123

8.2.1 Water Content of Natural Gas Streams .......................................................... 124

8.2.2 Dehydration Systems ...................................... 126 8.2.3 Glycol Dehydrator Design ............................... 135

8.3 Removal of Acid Gases .................................................. 147 8.3.1 Iron-sponge Sweetening ................................. 148 8.3.2 Alkanolamine Sweetening ............................... 148 8.3.3 Glycol/Amine Process ..................................... 149 8.3.4 Sulfinol Process .............................................. 150

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9. Compression and Cooling ......................................... 153 9.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 153 9.2 Types of Compressors .................................................... 154 9.3 Selection of Reciprocating Compressors ....................... 156

9.3.1 Volumetric Efficiency ...................................... 158 9.3.2 Stage Compression ........................................ 159 9.3.3 Isentropic Horsepower .................................... 161

9.4 Selection of Centrifugal Compressors ............................ 169 9.5 Selection of Rotary Blowers ............................................ 174

10. Volumetric Measurement ........................................... 179 10.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 179 10.2 Measurement with Orifice Meters ................................... 179

10.2.1 Orifice Equation .............................................. 181 10.2.2 Recording Charts ............................................ 186 10.2.3 Computation of Volumes ................................. 189 10.2.4 Selection of Orifice Meter ............................... 192

10.3 Other Methods of Measurement ..................................... 192 10.3.1 Displacement Metering ................................... 192 10.3.2 Turbine Meter ................................................. 194 10.3.3 Elbow Meter .................................................... 194

10.4 Natural Gas Liquid Measurement ................................... 195

11. Transportation ............................................................ 199 11.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 199 11.2 Pipeline Design ............................................................... 199

11.2.1 Sizing Pipelines .............................................. 200 Table 11.1 Input Data and Results Given by

PipeCapacity.xls ............................................. 215 Table 11.5 Input Data and Solution Given by

LoopedLines.xls .............................................. 229

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11.2.2 Pipeline Wall Thickness .................................. 230

12. Special Problems ........................................................ 241 12.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 241 12.2 Liquid Loading on Gas Wells .......................................... 241

12.2.1 Turner’s Method ............................................. 242 12.2.2 Guo’s Method ................................................. 245 Table 12.1 Turner Velocity and the Minimum

Unloading Gas Flow Rate Given by TumerLoading.xls ........................................... 246

12.2.3 Comparison of Methods .................................. 251 Table 12.2 Input Data and Solution Given by

GasWellLoading.xls ........................................ 252 12.2.4 Solutions to the Liquid Loading

Problem .......................................................... 253 12.3 Hydrate Control ............................................................... 254

12.3.1 Hydrate-forming Conditions ............................ 255 12.3.2 Preventing Hydrate Formation ........................ 259 Table 12.4 Glycol Inhibition Input Data Given by

Glycollnjection.xls ........................................... 264 Table 12.5 Glycol Inhibition Calculations and

Results Given by Glycollnjection.xls ............... 264 Table 12.6 Methanol Inhibition Input Data and

Calculations Given by Methanollnjection.xls ...................................... 265

12.4 Pipeline Cleaning ............................................................ 267 12.4.1 Pigging System ............................................... 268 12.4.2 Selection of Pigs ............................................. 275 12.4.3 Major Applications .......................................... 283 12.4.4 Pigging Procedure .......................................... 287

Contents xi


Appendices Appendix A: Pseudopressures of Sweet Natural

Gases .............................................................................. 295 Appendix B: Normalized Pressures of Sweet Natural

Gases .............................................................................. 299 Appendix C: Orifice Meter Tables for Natural Gas ................. 303 Appendix D: The Minimum Gas Production Rate for

Water Removal in Gas Wells .......................................... 339 Figure D-1 to Figure D-48 .......................................... 340 Figure D-49 to Figure D-100 ...................................... 364

Appendix E: The Minimum Gas Production Rate for Condensate Removal in Gas Wells ................................ 391 Figure E-1 to Figure E-48 ........................................... 392 Figure E-49 to Figure E-100 ....................................... 416

Index ................................................................................... 443

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Natural Gas Engineering Hand Book (2005) Table of Contents