Natural Gas Technologies For The Future Melanie Kenderdine Gas Technology Institute Energy and...
39
Natural Gas Technologies For The Future Melanie Kenderdine Gas Technology Institute Energy and Nanotechnology: Strategy for the Future Houston, Texas May 2-4, 2003
Natural Gas Technologies For The Future Melanie Kenderdine Gas Technology Institute Energy and Nanotechnology: Strategy for the Future Houston, Texas May
Natural Gas Technologies For The Future Melanie Kenderdine Gas
Technology Institute Energy and Nanotechnology: Strategy for the
Future Houston, Texas May 2-4, 2003
Slide 2
Drivers for Natural Gas Demand Resource Abundance Overall
Growth in Energy Demand Geopolitics of Oil Inexpensive Power
Generation Environmental Benefits
Slide 3
World Gas Consumption By Region, 1999 & 2020 1999 2020 est.
Africa C./S. America North America W. Europe Middle East Dev. Asia
Eastern Europe Ind. Asia Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook,
2002
Slide 4
% World Gas Reserves By Region North America 3 3 W. Europe 4 4
C./S. America 8 8 Africa 79% of the worlds gas reserves are in 12
countries Asia & Oceania 5 5 36 Middle East 36 Eastern Europe 8
8 Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2002
Slide 5
World Coal/Gas/Oil Consumption By Region, 1999/2020 W. Europe
Middle East C./S. America Africa Dev. Asia Ind. Asia North America
Eastern Europe Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2002
Slide 6
% World Oil/Gas/Coal Reserves By Region: Geopolitical Issues In
Focus C./S. America Asia & Oceania 36 Middle East 57 North
America W. Europe Eastern Europe Africa 26 5 5 18 2 2 4 4 8 8 6 6 8
8 6 6 9 9 3 3 27 36 7 7 30 8 8 3 3 Source: EIA, International
Energy Outlook, 2002 Oil Gas Coal
Slide 7
Global Electricity Consumption: 75% Demand Increase by
2020
Slide 8
Economics of New Baseload Electric Plant Costs Are Driving US
Gas Demand
Slide 9
% Increases in CO 2 Emissions, 1999/2020 North America + 42%
North America + 42% W. Europe +21% W. Europe +21% C./S. America
+139% C./S. America +139% Middle East +72% Middle East +72% Africa
+140% Africa +140% Eastern Europe +45% Eastern Europe +45% Ind.
Asia +23% Ind. Asia +23% Dev. Asia +122% Dev. Asia +122% Worldwide
Carbon Emissions Expected to Increase 61%
Slide 10
Technology Challenges for Natural Gas
Slide 11
Challenge #1: Developing Conventional/ Unconventional Gas
Resources Near Term Enhanced Drilling Enhance Seismic Techniques
Reservoir Management Unconventional Gas Production Mid Term
Ultradeep-Water Production Unconventional Gas Production from
multiple sources Deep Drilling Advanced Coalbed Methane Long Term
Methane Hydrates New Architecture for Ultradeep-water Production
and Transport
Slide 12
Slide 13
Countries With Coalbed Methane Development Programs United
States Canada Brazil United Kingdom Russia Ukraine China
Australia
Slide 14
Slide 15
Location of World s Known and Expected Methane Hydrate
Deposits
Slide 16
Enormous potential resource. USGS estimates that there are
320,000 tcf in the US. Methane is 10 times more effective than CO 2
in causing global warming. Impacts of methane hydrate production
unknown. Gas hydrates may cause landslides on the continental slope
Production methods unclear Role in ecosystem not clearly understood
Methane Hydrates: Long Term Potential, Significant Hurdles
Slide 17
Challenge #2: Accessing Stranded Natural Gas Resources Near
Term LNG Infrastructure and Efficiency LNG Quality Gas to Liquids
Mid Term Super Pipelines Floating LNG Production/ Regasification/
Storage GTL Compressed Natural Gas Transport Long Term Methane
Hydrates Gas by Wire
Slide 18
10-60 tcf60-160 tcf160-300 tcf 1500 tcf World s Stranded Gas
Reserves By Region and Amount Import Markets $11 $8 $6 $10 $6 $5
($US Recent Price) Source: World LNG/GTL Review
Slide 19
World s LNG Facilities and Markets: Growing Regional and Global
Markets Existing Facilities Proposed Facilities Markets Source:
World LNG/GTL Review
Slide 20
17 LNG Liquefaction (Export ) Terminals 40 Regasification
(Import) Terminals 130 LNG Tankers (120 M Metric Ton Capacity)
Source: University of Houston Institute for Energy Law &
Enterprise LNG Costs and Infrastructure Gas Production: $.30 -
$1.30 Liquefaction: ..$1.00 - $2.50 Shipping.$.60 - $1.10
Regasification...$.40 - $1.50 TOTAL: $2.30 - $6.40 Source: GTI LNG
Source Book, 2001
Slide 21
R & D Needs for Liquefied Natural Gas: Lowering Cost,
Increasing Flexibility Floating LNG liquefaction/ regasification/
storage facilities Subsea cryogenic pipelines for offloading
product to onshore storage facilities Use of salt caverns for LNG
storage Micro-LNG facilities
Slide 22
Gas To Liquids Technology: Accessing Stranded Gas, Serving
Middle Distillate Market Gas to Liquids technology enables us to
bring stranded gas to markets by converting gas into high quality
liquid fuels that can be transported to market in the existing
petroleum infrastructure
Slide 23
Capital costs of GTL have been reduced by 60% in last decade.
Still, syngas step accounts for 60% of the capital costs. Research
to address this cost: Direct conversion from methane to desirable
liquid hydrocarbon via catalytic oxidation Catalysis improvements
for indirect conversion Plasma technology for conversion of natural
gas into syngas before catalytic reaction Ceramic membranes
Co-location with LNG plants Gas To Liquids Technology: Reducing
Capital Costs
Slide 24
Challenge #3: Extending the Resource Base By Developing
Alternatives to Natural Gas Near Term Wind Energy Geothermal Energy
Mid Term Coal Gasification Coal Liquefaction Enhanced Oil Recovery
Biomass Gasification Solar Photovoltaics Long Term Hydrogen and
Hydrogen Infrastructure Affordable Nuclear Power Plants With
Manageable Waste
Slide 25
Enhanced Oil Recovery Could Change the Geopolitics of Oil
Venezuela 272 billion barrels heavy oil Canada 300 billion barrels
heavy oil Saudi Arabia reserve estimates: 250 billion barrels Steve
Holditch, SPE Conference, 2002
Slide 26
EOR Technology Challenges to Produce Venezuelan/Canadian Heavy
Oil Reserves Evaluation of formations* Special engineering* New
types of completion methods* Significant hydraulic fracturing*
Horizontal and multi-branched well bores* Advanced drilling
technologies* + Carbon sequestration Desulfurization technologies
*Steve Holditch, SPE Conference, 2002
Slide 27
Anthracite/BituminousSubbituminous/Lignite
Slide 28
Coal/Biomass Gasification: Rivals Natural Gas in Environmental
Quality Produce hydrogen, ammonia, or synthetic natural gas from
coal or biomass High-efficiency production of electricity with no
release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere High-sulfur coal easily
handled with GTIs technology Green Power From Coal
Slide 29
R &D Challenges for Commercial Coal or Coal/Biomass
Gasification Lowering of Cost -- $1200 per megawatt hr. compared to
$900 for conventional coal fired plant Membranes to separate oxygen
from air for gasification process and hydrogen and CO 2 from coal
gas Feeding and uniformity of feedstock Improved gasifier designs
Advanced cleaning technologies Recycling of solid wastes + Carbon
sequestration
Slide 30
Challenge #4: More Efficient Use of Natural Gas/ Environmental
Mitigation Near Term Power Generation Gas Turbines Distributed
Generation End Use Efficiency Mid Term Advanced Gas Turbines Large
Scale Distributed Generation Fuel Cells Gas to Liquids Gasification
Long Term Carbon Sequestration Super Batteries
Slide 31
World s 3 Major Auto Manufactures Moving To Low Sulfur Diesel
Engines/Regulations US: 15 ppm 2006 US: 15 ppm 2006 EU: 50 ppm 2005
EU: 50 ppm 2005 Japan: 50 ppm 2004 Japan: 50 ppm 2004 Germany: 10
ppm 2003 Germany: 10 ppm 2003 Global Diesel Market: 36 million
barrels per day
Slide 32
Environmental Regulations Could Drive Gas to Liquids Market 43%
lower 45% lower 9% lower 30% lower Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Oxides Particulates Petroleum Derived Diesel Gas Derived
Diesel
Slide 33
Ultra-deepwater Coalbed Methane LNG Efficiencies Methane
Hydrates Fuel Cells Hydrogen Renewables Ultra-deepwater Coalbed
Methane LNG Efficiencies Methane Hydrates Fuel Cells Hydrogen
Renewables Coal/Biomass Gasification Pipelines/Superpipelin es LNG
Efficiencies Coalbed Methane Energy Efficiency Methane Hydrates
Coal/Biomass Gasification Pipelines/Superpipelin es LNG
Efficiencies Coalbed Methane Energy Efficiency Methane Hydrates
Infrastructure Improvements Super Pipelines/Pipelines Energy
Efficiency LNG Coalbed Methane Methane Hydrates Infrastructure
Improvements Super Pipelines/Pipelines Energy Efficiency LNG
Coalbed Methane Methane Hydrates Ultra-deepwater Distributed
Generation Gas-to-Liquids LNG Efficiencies Energy Efficiency
Ultra-deepwater Distributed Generation Gas-to-Liquids LNG
Efficiencies Energy Efficiency Gas-to-Liquids Coalbed Methane Coal
Gasification LNG Efficiencies Gas-to-Liquids Coalbed Methane Coal
Gasification LNG Efficiencies Enhanced Oil Recovery Ultra-deepwater
Development LNG CNG Transport Methane Hydrates Renewables Enhanced
Oil Recovery Ultra-deepwater Development LNG CNG Transport Methane
Hydrates Renewables LNG Infrastructure CNG Transport
Unconventional/Ultra-deep Gas to Liquids Fuel Cells Hydrogen
Methane Hydrates Enhanced Oil Recovery Renewables LNG
Infrastructure CNG Transport Unconventional/Ultra-deep Gas to
Liquids Fuel Cells Hydrogen Methane Hydrates Enhanced Oil Recovery
Renewables Ultra-deepwater Distributed Generation Gas-to-Liquids
LNG Efficiencies Energy Efficiency Coal Gasification
Ultra-deepwater Distributed Generation Gas-to-Liquids LNG
Efficiencies Energy Efficiency Coal Gasification Regional
Supply/Demand Patterns Suggest Various Technology Pathways for
Natural Gas All regions should invest in carbon sequestration
Slide 34
Government R&D Expenditures in Select Countries for
Nanotechnology US.$700 M per year DOE$197 M (Fy04 req) EU.$600 M
per year Japan$1 B (2002) Taiwan..$600 M per year
Slide 35
Challenge #1: Developing Conventional/ Unconventional Gas
Resources Near Term Enhanced Drilling Enhance Seismic Techniques
Reservoir Management Unconventional Gas Production Coalbed Methane
Mid Term Ultradeep- Water Production Unconventional Gas Production
from Shales/Tight Sands/Deep Drilling Advanced Coalbed Methane Long
Term Methane Hydrates New Architecture for Ultradeep- water
Production and Transport Possible Nanotechnology Applications
Advanced fluids mixed with nanosized particles to improve drill
speed Nanosensors for reservoir characterization Removal of gas
impurities via nano separation Nanocrystalline substances for
drilling materials
Slide 36
Challenge #2: Accessing Stranded Natural Gas Resources Near
Term LNG Infrastructure and Efficiency LNG Quality Gas to Liquids
Mid Term Super Pipelines LNG GTL Compressed Natural Gas Transport
Long Term Methane Hydrates Gas by Wire Possible Nanotechnology
Applications Nanocatalysis for gas to liquids production Nanoscale
membranes for gas to liquids production Nanostructured materials
for compressed natural gas transport
Slide 37
Challenge #3: Extending the Resource Base By Developing
Alternatives to Natural Gas Near Term Wind Energy Geothermal Energy
Mid Term Coal Gasification Coal Liquefaction Enhanced Oil Recovery
Biomass Gasification Solar Photovoltaics Long Term Hydrogen and
Hydrogen Infrastructure Affordable Nuclear Power Plants With
Manageable Waste Possible Nanotechnology Applications Nanotubes for
fuel cell cars Nanocatalysis for coal liquefaction Nanocomposites
for hydrogen storage Nanosensors for reservoir characterization
Filters for more efficient ethanol processing
Slide 38
Challenge #4: More Efficient Use of Natural Gas/ Environmental
Mitigation Near Term Power Generation Gas Turbines Distributed
Generation End Use Efficiency Mid Term Advanced Gas Turbines Large
Scale Distributed Generation Fuel Cells Gas to Liquids Gasification
Long Term Carbon Sequestration Super Batteries Possible
Nano-technology Applications Nano-crystals or photo catalysts to
speed up the breakdown of toxic wastes Nano-scale coatings for more
efficient catalytic conversion Nano-structure catalysts to remove
pollutants/ impurities from natural gas Nanocrystalline materials
for water treatment Polymeric nano-particles to remove pollution
from catalytic conversion
Slide 39
Nanotechnology: Avoid the Valley of Death Maximize
interdisciplinary collaboration Involve industry as stakeholders
Utilize university research capability Leverage federal/national
labs Emphasize pre-competitive results Include studies on
technology choices/ down selection & technology migration
Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sep/
29,2000