Natural Resource Mangement ATI Mysore

8/3/2019 Natural Resource Mangement ATI Mysore

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Community Driven Decentralized Natural Resource

ManagementModern Problems: Traditional Solutions

Climate Change/ Water & Food Security

AN EXPERIENCE OF TARUN BHARAT SANGH

By:

Rajendra Singh,TBS

14th June 2011


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WATER

HARVESTING

SYSTEMS IN INDIA

THERE ARE VARIOUS

METHODS OF WATER HARVESTING

EXISTING IN INDIA.

THE MAIN COMMON PECULARITIES OF ALLSYSTEM ARE :

- USE OF LOCAL RESOURCES ANDTECHNOLOGY

- COMMUNITY BASED OPERATION

- COMMUNITY DRIVENDE-CENTRALISED WATER MANAGEMENT

- CONSERVATION AND DISCIPLINED USE OFNATURAL RESOURCES

Traditional


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..Since beginning


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...BEAUTIFUL& SUSTAINABLE


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Why THEY WENT OUT OF USE? INCREASE IN HUMAN AND LIVESTOCK POPULATION

WATER EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY

CHANGED PARADIGM OF DEVELOPMENT

STATE TAKEOVER OF COMMUNITY FUNCTIONS

CREATION OF DEPENDENCY SYNDROME

DISINTEGRATION OF COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS

PEOPLE LOST INITIATIVES AND CREATIVITY

NEGLECT OF TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS


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REVIVAL OF SYSTEMS

USING INDIGENIOUS KNOWLEDGE

INTERVENTIONS UNDERSTANDING TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS AND USE OF

INDIGENIOUS KNOWLEDGE

MOBILISATION OF COMMUNITY AROUND LAND, WATER, AND FOREST

PARTICIPATION IN REJUVENATING OLD STRUCTURES AND

CONSTRUCTION OF NEW STRUCTURES

CREATION OF NEW VILLAGE LEVEL AND RIVER BASIN INSTITUTIONS


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1985

Degraded and barren land

in the catchment areas of Arvari river

& extended drought

had forced people to migrate

out of their villages.


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THE SITUATION IN

1985


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Maximum possible use was made of peoples

traditional technology and wisdom with the help and

advice from engineers if needed.

Minimum 30% of total cost was to

be contributed by community foreach project the rest was to

come from financial support

agencies through TBS


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WATER harvesting structures taking shape

Johads and dams are usually built on

small tributaries uphill and they directly

benefit the forests on the hill.


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Success of the first Johad inspired people to take up the building of more such structures the

connection between water and forests was made and this also

led to the revival of traditional rules.

In the past, forest ownership had been taken over by the Forest Department, leading to alienation of

the people and loss of traditions of conservation making it difficult to bring people together again.

BRINGING PEOPLE TOGETHER


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Types o f RWH s t ruc tures

ANICUTS are built on common land and dam the main reach of the rivulets. They aregenerally made of cement and stone or concrete. These structures have a very largeimpact on local groundwater tables.

BANDHS are similar to anicuts. They are made up of concrete in the middle, but the outeredges are of earth, and some are entirely made of earth. The main purpose of a bandh isrecharge.

JOHADS are small earthen dams shaped like a crescent moon. The main purposes ofjohads are for livestock drinking and bathing water.

TALABS are deep hole or pond-like structures that has high raised edges on 3 sides madeof earth. Monsoon water is collected in the talabs for village use and livestock drinking.

MEDHBANDHIS are constructed in cultivated fields. The lower sides of the fields areraised to retain runoff to increase soil moisture content and retaining moisture foragriculture.

TANKAS are underground structure for collecting rain water for human drinking purpose.

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Types o f RWH s t ruc tures

ANICUTS are built on common land and dam the main reach of the rivulets. They aregenerally made of cement and stone or concrete. These structures have a very largeimpact on local groundwater tables.

BANDHS are similar to anicuts. They are made up of concrete in the middle, but the outeredges are of earth, and some are entirely made of earth. The main purpose of a bandh isrecharge.

JOHADS are small earthen dams shaped like a crescent moon. The main purposes ofjohads are for livestock drinking and bathing water.

TALABS are deep hole or pond-like structures that has high raised edges on 3 sides madeof earth. Monsoon water is collected in the talabs for village use and livestock drinking.

MEDHBANDHIS are constructed in cultivated fields. The lower sides of the fields areraised to retain runoff to increase soil moisture content and retaining moisture foragriculture.

TANKAS are underground structure for collecting rain water for human drinking purpose.

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Agricultural farms near a Rainwater harvesting structure : ANICUT14


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15A Rainwater harvesting structure : BANDH


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A Rainwater harvesting structure : JOHAD16


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17A Rainwater harvesting structure : MEDHBANDHI


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Woman fetching water from a Rainwater harvesting structure : TANKA18


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Ideas into reality


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COMPLETED

STRUCTURES ON

Bhagani BASIN


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River Goes Dry:

Excess withdrawal of Groundwater

River is flowing:

-Increased Groundwater Recharge

-Less Groundwater Extraction


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BENEFITS

1. Sustainable & Reliable water availability for Human

beings and livestock

2. Increase in agriculture and milk production ensuring

food security

3. Restoration of ecology and bio-diversity in the area as an

adaptation to climate change


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Increasing investment on small water conservation works brings increasing economic returns.

An investment of Rs.100 per capita on Johad raises the economic production in the village by as much asRs.400 per capita per annum.

SMALL INPUTS : GREAT RETURNS


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The River Basin Organization

Water Demand side management

Rules are framed aboutissues of water conservation

and utilization, and forest

conservation.


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1. Framing of rules regarding direct irrigation from the Bhagani river and the wells.

2. Framing of rules regarding crops and cattle feed.

3. Rules to first fulfill local needs with crop production.

4. No sale of water and conservation of fishes in the river.

5. Restriction on the sale of land and the efforts to reduce the need to sell land.

6. Making the whole river area green, ban mining and restrict extended grazing by

nomadic grazers.

7. Restrictions on hunting of animals and illegal cutting of trees.

8. Revive traditional methods of water and forest conservation.9. Prevent over exploitation of water and promote water conservation work.

10. Establish an active system of the management of the river.

11. Define and redefine the role of the village communities.

11 ASPECTS OF The River Basin Org.


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BLUE brought GREEN


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BLUE brought PROSPERITY


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BLUE brought HAPPINESS


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RWHstructures built by TBSin Alwar district of Rajasthan

Catchment area

RWH structure

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Impact on recharge of groundwater

in TBS project area

Item Before 1990 After 1995 Change

Rainfall 100% 100% Nil

Natural Recharge 15% 15% Nil

Artificial Recharge nil 15% + 15%Evaporation andevapotranspirationfrom bare soil andplants

50% 60% + 10%

Runoff (monsoon

period)35% 10% - 25%

Runoff (non-monsoonperiod)

nil 20% +20%

There is a reduction in monsoon runoff by25% due to water being

arrested in the large number of RWHbuilt with TBS assistance. This

leads to greater recharge of ground water. Previously only15% water

was being recharged naturally. Now an additional15% is recharged

artificially. The total ground water recharged increases from previousR e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S s w o r k s u n d e r t o o k b y Dr. R N A t h a v a l e , E m e r i t u s Sc i e n t i s t ,N a t i o n a l G e o p h y s i c a l R e s e a r c h I n s i t u t e , H y d e r a b a d .34


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Relat ion between RWH and

ground-water table in TBS project area

Spearmans Rank Order Coefficient of Correlation (R) between the

storage capacity created (due to RWH) in m3/hectare and the rise in

ground water table is 77%.

The correlation might have been even higher, if it was not for the

differences of geology, terrain, and water abstraction rates which do

vary from village to village.

For all practical purposes, the high value of R shows that the

groundwater table rise is a direct impact of the water conservation

efforts taken by TBS.

R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S s w o r k s i n 3 6 v i l l a g e s u n d e r t o o k b y Dr. GD A g a r w a l ,E m e r i t u s Pr o f e s s o r , I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y , K a n p u r .35


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W A T E R f o r d r i n k i n gCASE STUDY- Village Buja

R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S s w o r k s u n d e r t o o k b y M r . R a n j a n Sa m a n t R a y , c u r r e n t l y w o r k i n g w i t h Wo r l d B a n k , I n d i a .

The water from wells is used for drinking purpose.

Increase in water level of wells ensures the reliable availability of water forinhabitants (even in drought years).

Increase in water level reduces the drudgery of women in fetching water.

Rejuvenation of dried wells increase the no. of water resources in the area.

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No.Total depth of well

(in feet) 1988

Water level before

TBS intervention

(in feet)

Water After 1994

(in feet)Change

1 81 Dry completely 44.5 + 44.52 73 Dry completely 37 + 373 67 3 40.5 + 37.54 55.5 Dry completely 27 + 275 81 10 66 + 566 69 20 50 + 30

7 43 15 35 + 208 83 20 58 + 38

9 80.5 19 55 + 36

10 66.5 Dry completely 25 + 25


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Name of VillageBinak,Alwar

Main Occupation Animal Husbandry & Agriculture

Water Harvesting

StructureIMPACTS

Johad- 3

Anicut- 1

Med Bandhi- 3

Drinking Water

There was only one well earlier catering to the village which used to get dry soon after

rains.

After rain water harvesting, water table has risen by 5 feet. Drinking water is available

in well for 10 months for animals and human population or till water remains in

johad.

Soil ErosionSince the construction of Med Bandhis, the soil erosion has stopped. Rather fresh soil

is accumulated and soil moisture content has increased resulting in new crop

Agriculture

Earlier there used to be only rain fed crops. Now second crops are taken in some areas

due to increased soil moisture content.

Environment/ Migration

No. of trees in the village are gradually increasing. Before the construction of water

harvesting structure the villagers used to migrate after 4 months of rain. Now they

have work almost round the year and drinking water as well as fodder for the cattle

and hence stopped migrating in searchof jobs.

WATER for dr ink ingCASE STUDY- Village Binak

R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S s w o r k s i n 4 0

v i l l a g e s u n d e r t o o k b y Dr. K. N J o s h i , I n s t i t u t e o f De v e l o p m e n t St u d i e s , J a i p u r


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WATER for food

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Impact on i r r iga t ion

PARTICULARS

Area Irrigated (hectare)

Area irrigated1995

Area irrigated2000

Change

Project Villages 96.61 204.34 + 107.74

Control Villages 162.11 162.36 + 0.25

The impact of R WH done by the help of TB S is dramatic. The

increase in irrigated area in a TBS

-intervention villages is108

hectares against mere0.25hectare in control villages.

More Irrigated Land = More Crop = MoreProduction

R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S s w o r k s i n 5 4 v i l l a g e s u n d e r t o o k b y M r . B h a r a t J h u n j h u n w a l a , a n e m i n e n t e c o n o m i s t o f I n d i a .39


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Decrease in waste land

Wasteland categoryArea in 1993

(ha)No. of RWHstructures

Area in 2001(ha)

Net changein area (ha)

% changein area

Barren land 7382 30 5261 - 2121 - 29

Degraded forest 38401 61 20129 - 18272 - 47

Land with or without scrub 10711 45 17390 + 6679 + 62

Ravinous land 1525 4 2075 + 550 + 36

Salt affected land 137 - 4530 + 4393 + 32

Total 58156 140 44855 - 13301 -23

A study of remote sensing data of the Ruparel basin for1993 and

2001 reports a positive impact on land use. This links a 23%reduction in the extent of wasteland to the construction of water

harvesting structures in the area.

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R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S s w o r k s i n 4 0 v i l l a g e s u n d e r t o o k b y

Dr. K. N J o s h i , I n s t i t u t e o f De v e l o p m e n t St u d i e s , J a i p u r


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Decrease in waste land

Micro-watershedNo.Area underwasteland

1993 (ha)

No. of RWHstructures

Area underwasteland

2001 (ha)

2C 5D 2A 337.5 21 NIL

2C 5D 3A 1057.5 55 NIL

2C 5D 3B 2912 48 2125

2C 5D 3C 80 NIL 559

2C 5D 3J - NIL 666

R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S

s w o r k s i n 4 0

v i l l a g e s u n d e r t o o k b y Dr. K. N J o s h i , I n s t i t u t e o f De v e l o p m e n t St u d i e s , J a i p u r

It is clear from table, the wasteland has been decreased in the area where

rain-water harvesting has been done while

the wasteland has increased where NO water harvesting has been done.


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42

Waste land in

Ruparel RiverBasin

Micro-watershed:

2C5D3a

In1993Total wasteland:1057.5ha

R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y

o n T B S s w o r k s i n 4 0 v i l l a g e s

u n d e r t o o k b y Dr.

K. N. J o s h i , I n s t . o f

De v e l o p m e n t

St u d i e s , J a i p u r

W


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43

Water Resource in

Ruparel River

Basin

Micro-watershed:

2C5D3a

After1993

55RWH

structures have

been built by TBSin the micro-

watershed:

2C5D3a

RWHmarked in

thePicture.







d U


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44

Land Use in

Ruparel River

Basin

Micro-watershed:

2C5D3a

In2001

Total wasteland:

Nil

Most part of theland has been

converted into

agricultural land or

seen as fallow land







.


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Peoples Percept ion on benef i ts of RWH

72% of the people testifies a rise in water table

62% said that incomes have gone up

57% said that the area under irrigation has increased

50% perceive an increase in cultivated area, crop production, grass

productivity, the number of trees in the vicinity of structures

27% perceive increase in milk yield


s w o r k s i n 4 0

v i l l a g e s u n d e r t o o k b y Dr. K. N J o s h i , I n s t i t u t e o f De v e l o p m e n t St u d i e s , J a i p u r 45


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W A T E R f o r p r o s p e r i t yCASE STUDY- Village Nimbi

INDICATORBEFORE TBSs intervention

BEFORE 1998AFTER TBSs intervention

AFTER 2001

Wheat production 5 quintal/beegha 8 quintal/beegha

Income by wheat prod. Rs 9,00,000/- Rs 14,40,000/-

Maize production 3 quintal/beegha 5 quintal/beegha

Income by maize prod. Rs 4,80,000/- Rs 8,00,000/-Income by Milk Production Rs 21,60,000/- Rs 14,40,000/-

Income by flower production nill Rs 3,96,000/-

Rent of land per year Rs 3000/- Rs 12,000/-

Total income of village of

village per yearRs 22,40,000/- Rs 59,96,000/-

Population of village 800 800

Per capita income per year Rs 2800/- Rs 7495/-

Due to the increased level of farming and related activities, employment generation has taken place.Laborers from other parts of the country are now hired to work in the fields.

This case study is mirror of the sustainable economic prosperity of many other hundreds of villages , inwhich TBS had built RWH structures with the active participation of local community, like wise ;Nimbi.


s w o r k s d o n e b y s t u d e n t s o f I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f R u r a l M a n a g a m e n t , A n a n d i n 2 0 0 2. 46


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47Enough water for irrigation from wells


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WATER for nature

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49Antelope drinking water from a RWHstructure built by TBSinSariska National


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Dark Zone to FLOW

The impact of 25 years of tireless effort has turned the Thanagazi block of

Alwar from dark zone to white zone.

River based RWH has led to the rejuvenation of dried seasonal rivulets in

the area. Now, these rivulets flow for almost 9 to 12 months of the year.

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The river had disappeared in 1940s,

and was revived in 1997 through the

efforts ofTarun Bharat Sangh

The magic of Bhaganiriver over 12 years


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Catchment Area of

Rivulet Bhagani-Tildeh

Catchment area: 208sq. km

Total length of Rivulet: 49km

Total RWH

structures madeby TBSin the catchment: 120


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Catchment Area of

RivuletSarsa

Catchment area: 278.8sq. km

Total length of Rivulet: 44.34km

Total RWH

structures madeby TBSin the catchment: 267


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Catchment Area of

RivuletSarsa

Catchment area: 89sq. km

Total length of Rivulet: 20

km

Total RWHstructures made

by TBSin the catchment:

122


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Concept of f lowingAfter RWH structures were built by TBS, there is an additional recharge of

groundwater to the tune of 20 per cent.

Though the base flow to the stream or river remained the same, there is anadditional seepage (effluent seepage) of 17 per cent of rainfall to the river innon-monsoon months.

Seasonal run-off has come down from 35 per cent of the rainwater to only 10 percent. There has been an increase in soil moisture: an additional 5 per centof the rainwater is retained in the soil.

About 22 per cent of the run-off (excluding the 10 per cent seasonal run-off during the monsoon) is better regulated and spread out over the year.

This has been crucial in reviving the dried rivulets. If this run-off had not beenregulated, the river would not flow throughout the year. This shows howfragile the ecosystem is...

56R e f e r e n c e : A s t u d y o n T B S

s w o r k s u n d e r t o o k b y D

r.

R N A t h a v a l e , E m e r i t u s S

c i e n t i s t ,N a t i o n a l G e o p h y s i c a l R e s e a r c h I n s i t u t e , H y d e r a b a d .


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Water Management

After conservation, the main issue surfaces up is the management of water. To

encounter this, TBS has made community-based river-basin organizationwhich works on the demand-side water management.

TWO MAIN POLICIES ARE:

Compensatory Agricultural Crop Pattern: Under this system, a farmer can

devote 25% of his land under water intensive crop but the rest of

landholding should be under less water intensive crops.

Another triumphant policy is to prevent the sale of agricultural land to

industries or big private companies interested in water based enterprises

such as brewery, soft-drinks, mineral-water etc.

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Adapta t ion to c l imate change

The climate change is affecting various aspects of the human lives and ecology.

Water resources is among the most vulnerable sectors to be affected by the

climate change. Change in rain-fall pattern is believed to exacerbate the

scenario.

The TBS experiences reveal that promotion of traditional water harvesting

structures through appropriate institutional mechanisms and financial

arrangements would be the best intervention or adaptive mechanism to

reduce the adverse impact of climate change on groundwater resources as

well as farm economy based livelihood.

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Reasons for Success

Traditional and simple water harvesting structures have been built requiring little capacity

building of village people.

Community has been involved in every stage of decision making.

TBS has ensured involvement of all sections of the population.

The dedicated local workers of TBS has ensured that the problems at community level get

sorted amicably.

Quick & visual demonstration effect of TBS' work in terms of availability of water for drinking

and agriculture.

Financial operations of TBS have been very transparent and clean.

In comparison with structures built under Government programmes, TBS has built better

quality structures at a significantly lower cost in much lesser time.

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USE OF INDIGENEOUS KNOWLEDGE IN TBS WORK

AWARENESS IN THE COMMUNITY

Awareness of various aspects of water management

Respect for culture, traditions and historical practices

Will to work together for communitys common interest

WORKING STRATEGY

Constitution of Village Councils Monthly meetings of all grown ups

Maximum possible use of traditional technology with advice from engineers if needed

All decisions including technical (siting, materials, design etc.) by Gram Sabha

All decisions by consensus, and not majority

Role of women in helping reach consensus

Min. 30% of total cost contribution by community rest from support agencies thru TBS

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

Total responsibility assumed by the community

WATER ABSTRACTION AND USE MANAGEMENT

River Based Organzation

Responsible for planning & enforcing sustainable use of water, particularly in agriculture


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Future Way of Tarun Bharat Sangh

Key Issues to be addressed

Governance: Good water governance requires effective and accountable socio-political and

administrative systems adopting an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)

approach with transparent and participatory processes that address ecological and human

needs.

Capacity Building: The need for capacity building, education and access to information forenhanced effectiveness in water management is unquestioned. These critical elements of the

water development process are often treated as an add-on to programs, with scant regard to

local capacity-building institutions, gender mainstreaming, cultural diversity and traditional

knowledge or to long-term commitment.

Participation: Now it has been realized that water is a multi-stakeholder issue. There is a need for a

closer examination of participation based on race, ethnicity, economic status, age, and religion

to ensure inclusiveness.

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Cont

Recommended actions for future

1. Institutionalize policy advocacy

Facilitate thinking outside the "water box" to mitigate Climate Change Impacts

Creating National Awareness and political support for water conservation

Review and revise national laws and policies to reflect the principles of the right

to water and sanitation

2. Strengthen water governance

Strengthen Local Action to Improve Water Governance

3. River basin management through IWRM approach

Promote IWRM approach to address adaptation to climate change.

Scale-up the rainwater harvesting systems.

Increase the number of river and lake basin and groundwater organizations,

their strength and capacity.

Build on existing local knowledge.

Integrate social and ecological sustainability.

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.Thatis how

BLUE

broughtCHANGE


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[email protected]@tarunbharatsangh.org

[email protected]@yahoo.com

[email protected]@tarunbharatsangh.org

[email protected]@yahoo.com

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Natural Resource Mangement ATI Mysore