Natural Resources Used for energy or manufacturing materials Used for energy or manufacturing materials Renewable Renewable Nonrenewable Nonrenewable Nonrenewable Resources Do not replace themselves in 100 years Fossil Fuels Petroleum (oil) Natural Gas CoalOresRocksMinerals Renewable Resources Replaces itself in 100 years Replaces itself in 100 years 1. Ecological 2. Food and Fiber 3. Soil 4. The Sun 5. Water 6. Wind 7. Biomass 8. Geothermal Energy 9. Hydrogen Petroleum Crude Oil How does it form? Petroleum How is it separated? Fractional Distillation Uses of Petroleum Hydrocarbons of different sizes Roads, Roofs, Foundations (more than 70 Carbons per molecule) Fuel for cargo ships and factories Car greases and oils Diesel and Jet fuel Gasoline Chemicals (moth balls, plastics) Home fuels (propane, butane, ethane, methane) (1-4 Carbons per molecule) Natural Gas How it forms: Mostly Methane Also contains Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Must be separated; processed or refined Natural Gas Rocks that trap gas Porosity = presence of pores that can hold liquids and gases Sand vs. Clay Look, feel different? Sand vs. Clay in a cup - are they full? What will happen if we add water? Where does the water go? Natural Gas Reservoir Rock - porous rock that gas will seep into Cap Rock - dense rock above reservoir rock that keeps gas from leaking to the surface Which cup was reservoir rock? Cap rock? What if gas was trapped in the reservoir? Natural Gas Formation Biogas - Methane and Carbon Dioxide from decaying organisms HEAT AND PRESSURE Must be contained by a cap rock in order to remained trapped beneath the Earths surface Coal Formation Coal Formation Stages Peat Lignite Bituminous Anthracite Coal Extraction Surface (Strip) Mining Underground Mining Minerals Minerals are chemical elements or compounds that have precipitated into a solid form (crystallized) Minerals dissolve in water and precipitate under drier conditions Minerals Extraction Minerals are removed by mining or quarries Minerals Examples Copper Graphite Diamond Halite Gypsum Talc Minerals Why are they not considered Fossil Fuels? Are minerals renewable or nonrenewable? Lab: Making Stalactites Rocks Rocks are solid mixtures of minerals Rocks form by one of the following: Weathering and erosion = Sedimentary Volcanic activity = Igneous Heat and Pressure = Metamorphic The Rock Cycle Rocks Extraction Rocks must be drilled out of the earth or blown out with dynamite at a quarry Ancient extraction methods Problems with Quarries Dirty Unhealthy Air Destroy landscapes Heavy equipment ruins the roads Dangerous Renewable or Nonrenewable? Fossil Fuel? Rock Ores Some rocks contain metals that must be melted down to purify them Iron Ore Gold Ore Uranium Ore Uranium Used in a process called fission to produce heat Heat can be used to generate electricity Nuclear Power! Is radiation safe? Nuclear Energy What is it? Energy from the nucleus of atoms Uranium = 92 protons, 146 neutrons Discovery Roentgen discovers X- rays Marie Curie discovers radioactivity Teller invents hydrogen bomb How does it work? Fission - Atoms split, causes a chain reaction Releases alpha, beta and gamma particles Hazards of Radioactivity Nuclear melt-downs Nuclear Fall out Radiation exposure Cancer Radioactive Wastes Biological Effects Background Radiation Decay Rates/Half-life Most elements have a radioactive isotope form Isotopes decay over time and release alpha, beta and gamma particles Half-life = time for half the original material to decay Radioactive Isotopes Carbon-14 - Half-life 5730 years Used in carbon-14 dating Iceman Uranium Half-life 4 billion years Plutonium Half-life 3 nanoseconds Disposal Short-term 10 years - 97% inactive Long-term 10,000 years to become inactive Yucca Mountain, Nevada Accidents Three Mile Island - March 28, 1979 Harrisburg, PA Coolant system failure Release of radioactive hydrogen into air and river No-one died Chernobyl - April 26, 1986 Kiev, Ukraine Testing an inc. output caused an explosion 30 workers died, 2500 deaths from fall- out Accidents Safety Chernobyl occurred because safety rules were ignored All workers wear badges to measure daily exposure Forms of radiation Ionizing - harmful Measured in: Gray - Quantity that reaches human tissue (mGy) Sievert - Ability to cause ionization (mSv) Rad - Radiation absorbed dose (mRad) Rem - Ionizing effect (mrem) Non-ionizing - not harmful Fusion? No waste because they use the waste from fission No fusion plants currently used Balancing Nuclear Equations Alpha particles = 4 2 He Large mass = easily blocked In the body = Great tissue damage Usually does not happen = blocked by air Ra --> 4 2 He Rn Notice: Mass and Atomic Numbers are balanced on both sides Balancing Nuclear Equations Beta particles = faster & lighter Less damage to tissues Beta = 0 -1 e Pb --> Bi e Balancing Nuclear Equations Gamma particles = 0 0 y Gamma particles are the MOST penetrating But, they do the least damage to tissues In an equation, they do not change the identity of the element Radon Radon leaks from uranium containing rocks in the earth It can seep through the floors and foundations of houses Good ventilation can get radon out Newer homes are too air-tight, Radon concentrates Inhaled Radon can decay and emit alpha particles, most damaging to tissues PA Power Plants Coal (38) Coal (38) Nuclear (5) Nuclear (5) Hydropower (6) Hydropower (6) 5 Nuclear Power Plants in PA Beaver Valley Beaver Valley Limerick Limerick Peach Bottom Peach Bottom Berwick Berwick Three Mile Island Three Mile Island (Penn State) (Penn State) Steps for Power Plants Burn Fuel Burn Fuel Heat Water Heat Water Make Steam Make Steam Turn Turbine Turn Turbine Generate Electricity Generate Electricity Cool Steam Cool Steam Cool Steam Cool Steam Electricity Travels in wires Travels in wires Stepped down in voltage by transformers Stepped down in voltage by transformers Pennsylvanias Use Videos 1. Coal Coal 2. Chernobyl Chernobyl 3. Yucca Mountain Yucca Mountain Yucca Mountain 4. Hoover Dam Tour Hoover Dam Tour Hoover Dam Tour