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Rise in African American Influence• The Great
Migration – Blacks moved to the cities in large numbers, developing political power and concentrated community leadership.
• The New Deal – FDR began to court black voters to gather support for his new deal.
• WWII – Largely fought against racism
Organizations
• NAACP - Organized, well led group that sought to bring an end to legalized segregation
Organizations
• SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conf.)– Formed by clergymen
to protest racial inequality. MLK was the founder.
• SNCC (Student Non-violent Coor. Comm.)– Formed by students who felt the SCLC did not meet the
needs and demands of young blacks (particularly students)
• Non-violence – No matter what happened to you, you would not react to your aggressor. This technique showed the hatefulness and aggression of the segregationists.
• Sit-ins and Boycotts – both were very effective forms of non-violent protest used by the SCLC and SNCC.
Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education
• Headed by the NAACP
• Sought to overturn Plessey v. Ferguson, which established “separate but equal”.– Desegregate
elementary schools in Topeka, Kansas
• Went all the way to the Supreme Court– NAACP lawyer
was Thurgood Marshall
• Plaintiffs won, ending legalized segregation– All schools in
America must now integrate
“The Little Rock 9”• Arkansas Governor,
Orval Faubus, barred the door of a white schoolhouse with the national guard.
• Eisenhower places the national guard under federal command, and allowed the students to attend Little Rock’s Central High School.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Headed by the NAACP– looking for someone
like Rosa Parks, who was of spotless character
– Parks had trouble with the same driver before
• Boycott that lasted 382 days (13 months)– Black Churches raised money for new shoes, cab
fares, and car pools– This is the first time we see MLK in a large scale
leadership role. This job puts him in the forefront of the Civil Rights Moment
Montgomery Bus Boycott cont.
• City tried to break the strike– Cab fines– Revoke insurance– violence
• Bus Companies wouldn’t change policies, the case went to the Supreme Court– Ruled in favor of
desegregation
• Ended legalized segregation in all public facilities
Integration at Ole Miss• James Meredith wanted to transfer from Jackson
State to Ole Miss, and was denied.• The Case went to the Supreme Court, and
Meredith was admitted.
Integration at Ole Miss cont.• The Governor of Mississippi personally “barred
the schoolhouse door”• Riots and 2 deaths followed his admission.
Freedom Rides• SNCC wants to
test the Supreme Courts ruling over segregation in public facilities
• Organized bus ride from Washington D.C. through the South to New Orleans.
• The “Freedom Riders” were met with extreme violence at every turn.– Americans were alarmed at the images from the ride.
Birmingham Protest• MLK called Birmingham “the most segregated city
in America”.– Police Commissioner Bull Connor was completely
against integration
• King (and others) were arrested for conducting a “parade” without a permit. King was criticized by local ministers for his civil disobedience.
• King Responds with his “Letter from A Birmingham Jail”.
• As the marches continued, Connor had firemen blast protestors with water hoses, and had his policemen use police dogs to break up the unarmed protestors, many of whom were young people, and the elderly.