NDIANA UNIVERSITY INDIANA GEOLOGICAL …Figure 28a. DISTRIBUTION OF T1 FANS > Click here for Figure 28b: Cross section B-B’ 0 10 Miles 0 15 Km

The Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, Indiana:

A Digital Atlas Illustrating Hydrogeologic Terrain and Sequence

edited by Steven E. Brown and Andrew J. Laudick

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

INDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE STUDY 00-14

CONTENTS

A Note About This StudyHow to Use This Help file

Part 1: Geologic and Hydrogeologic Frameworkby Anthony H. Fleming, Steven E. Brown and Victoria R. Ferguson

Part 2: Explanation of Geologic and Hydrogeologic Mapsby Steven E. Brown, Anthony H. Fleming, and Victoria R. Ferguson

Part 3: Geologic Evolution of the White River Valleyby Anthony H. Fleming and Steven E. Brown

Part 4: Map-use Tutorialby Anthony H. Fleming, Steven E. Brown and Victoria R. Ferguson

Part 5: Digital Maps and Geographic Information System (GIS) Coveragesby Andrew J. Laudick and Steven E. Brown

List of Figures, Tables, and Plates

Technical or Geological Questions about this Study

COPYRIGHT 2000 INDIANA UNIVERSITYINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYALL RIGHTS RESERVED

DISCLAIMER

a cooperative product from the Indiana Geological Survey and theMarion County Health Department

This Help file was designed and created by Steven E. Brown

Reference 92 Page 1

Reference 92 Page 2

Figure 21a. MIDDLE ILLINOIAN OUTWASH DEPOSITION<< Previous map Next map>>Click here for Figure 21b: Cross section B-B’

0 10 Miles

0 15 Km

Outwash plainOutwash fan Bedrock upland

GLACIER

sub-ice

channel

R 5 ER 4 ER 3 ER 2 E

T

17

N

T16N

T15N

T14N

ReservoirGeist

Reservoir

Eagle Creek

B B

Glacier Drainage direction

Eagle

Creek

Fall

Creek

RIV

ER

WHIT

E

Cre

ekB

uck

N

Reference 92 Page 3

Figure 28a. DISTRIBUTION OF T1 FANS<< Previous map Next map>>Click here for Figure 28b: Cross section B-B’

0 10 Miles

0 15 Km


T

17N

T

16N

T15N

T14N

ReservoirGeist

Reservoir

Eagle Creek

Till cored areasMeltwater channeland channelsTill-capped fans

BB

Eagle

Creek

Fall

Creek

RIVER

WH

ITE

Cre

ekB

uck

N

Reference 92 Page 4

Figure 31a. T3 EVENTS: THE FINAL SHAPING OF MODERN DRAINAGE<< Previous map Next map>>Click here for Figure 31b: Cross section C-C’

0 10 Miles

0 15 Km

?

?

CrownHill

MorainePre-Wisconsin meltwater

channel exhumed by cutting

of Fall Creek tunnel valley


T

17

N

T16N

T15N

T14N

C C

ReservoirGeist

Reservoir

Eagle Creek

Modern valley segment

T2 end moraine

Meltwater channel

along end moraineHigh relief ice-contact fan

Outwash plain

Drainage direction

Moraine forming at ice margin

Cutting of major sw-flowing tributaries as sub-ice or ice-walled meltwater channels

Bunker Hill Moraine

modern valley segmentcut as tunnel valley

Glacier

former channelblocked by ice

Eagle

Creek

Fall

Creek

RIVER

WH

ITE

Cre

ekB

uck

Pogues R

un

Pleasant Run

Lick C

reek

Little Buck Creek

N

Reference 92 Page 5

Figure 32a. T3 EVENTS: THE FINAL SHAPING OF MODERN DRAINAGE<< Previous mapClick here for Figure 32b: Cross section A-A’

Moraine Meltwater channel

High relief ice-contact fan along end moraineOutwash plain

Glacier

Stagnant ice block

0 10 Miles

0 15 Km


T

17N

T16N

T

15N

T

14N

ReservoirGeist

Reservoir

Eagle Creek

Bunker Hillmoraine

incision of formertunnel valley

incision of former tunnelvalley; little or no

outwash deposition

redirection of

meltwater flow

exiting tunnel

valley

Incised valley segment Drainage direction

scoured T2

surface

A

A

Abandoned high-level channel

Eagle

Creek

Fall

Creek

RIVER

WH

ITE

Cre

ekB

uck

N

Reference 92 Page 6

Figure 30a. DISTRIBUTION OF T2 FANS<< Previous map Next map>>Click here for Figure 30b: Cross section B-B’


T17

N

T16N

T15N

T14N

ReservoirGeist

Reservoir

Eagle Creek

0 10 Miles

0 15 Km

End moraine Till-cored areasuncertain originHummocky ridge of

along end moraineHigh relief ice-contact fan

Meltwater channelTill-capped fansand channels

Drainage direction

Eagle

Creek

Fall

Creek

RIVER

WHIT

E

Cre

ekB

uck

N

Reference 92 Page 7

TradersHollow

West 56th Street

I-465I-465

Lawrence

Pendleton Pike

bend in section

Oaklandon

bend in section

Rockville Road (US 36)

I-465

National Road (US 40)

Cumberland

bend in sectionEagle Creek

Reservoir

GuionCreek

CrookedCreek White

River

LawrenceCreek Indian

Creek

WhiteLick

Creek

Eagle CreekWhiteRiver

PleasantRun

SouthCreek

LickCreek

GrassyCreek

FallCreek

FishbackCreek

EagleCreek Crooked

Creek

WilliamsCreek

WhiteRiver

Mud Creek Fall Creek

Dandy Creek

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uI

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D

D

tu

tu

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t1

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t2

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t1

pIx

tt

tt tt

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DMA

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s2c

pb

tu

pcpc

mI

S

O3s t1

t2

pIu

pd

pd

DMA

E ’East

C ’East

CWest

DWest

D ’East

EWest

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FtaboveMSL


This open-file study was compiled by Indiana University, Indiana Geological Survey,using data believed to be accurate; however, a margin of error is inherent in all maps.This product is distributed “AS IS” without warranties of any kind, either expressedor implied, including but not limited to warranties of suitability of a particular purposeor use. There is no attempt in either the design or production of this study todefine the limits or jurisdiction of any federal, state, or local government. These platesare intended for use only at the published scale. A detailed on-the-ground surveyand historical analysis of a single site may vary from this study.

Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, IndianaGeologic Cross Sections

bySteven E. Brown and Anthony H. Fleming

2000

NDIANA NIVERSITY NDIANA NIVERSITYIINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYINDIANA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

UJohn C. Steinmetz, State Geologist OPEN-FILE STUDY 00-14, PLATE 3 OF 15

Miles

2 1 0 2

Explanation of cross section units is provided on Plate 4

vertical exaggeration: 50X

Reference 92 Page 8



Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, IndianaCross Sections and Cross Section Explanation

bySteven E. Brown and Anthony H. Fleming

2000



GrassyCreek

BuckCreek

FisherCreek

OpossumRun

WildcatRun Rayburn

Ditch

BuckCreek

GooseCreek Swamp

Creek

WHITERIVER

HamiltonDitch

FeatherRun

EagleCreek WHITE

RIVER

PleasantRun

BeanCreek

LickCreek

East ForkWhite Lick

Creek

Raymond St.I-465

Bunker Hill Moraine

2,000’ N of MacGregor Rd.

Ralston Rd. bend in section

MannHill

3,000’ S of Southport Rd.

bend in section

GlennsValley

MacGregor-Griffin-Stop 10 Rds. Southport

I-65

2,000’ S of Southport Rd.

bend insection

East Raymond St.

Raymond St.

CountyLine

Bridgeport

Washington St. (US 40)bend insection

Minnesota St.I-465

I-70

720

680

640

600

560

FtaboveMSL

AWest

540

580

600

640

680

720

760

FtaboveMSL

BWest

A’East

B’East

s2f

O3s

t2

pc

tu

t2

pIu

mI

mI

s2a

t2

s2d

uI

pd

pb

unk

pIu

pIu

mI

mImI

s2a

t2uI

uI

pca

pdtu

t1

mI

uIt2

pc

pc

O3s

s2d

pIu

t2s2d

tuuI

MP

MP

pc

unkunk

tu

tu

pIu

mI

pb

O3s

s2d t2i

s2i

t2s2c

s2a

MP

t2

O3x

s2f

s1f

s1f

O3ss2i

tu

tupIu pIu

pIumImI

mI

s2d

uI

t2

t2

t2

t2i

DMA

tu

tu

mI

mIuI

uI

pb

s2c

a

pd

s2a

pd

mItu

tu

pIupIupIupIu

tu

tutu

DMA

unk

MP

tuunk

mI

D

DMA

t2

Fill

O3x

O3x

O3s

mImI

s2d

tupb uI

s2c

s2as2aO3s

t2

pc

mItu

t1

t1

s2d

t1

t1

t1pd

s2f

s2f

D

a

t1

t1

t1

t1

a

pIu

pdpd

s1f

s1f

Explanation Plates and Cross SectionsPlate 1 Hydrogeology, pre-Wisconsin Glacial Geology, and Bedrock Geology and Topography MapsPlate 2 Late Wisconsin Glacial Geology Maps Plate 3 Geologic Cross Sections Plate 4 Cross Sections and Cross Section Explanation

County Scale (1:50,000) Geologic MapsPlate 5 Geology and Topography of the Bedrock SurfacePlate 6 Geology and Topography of the Pre-Wisconsin SurfacePlate 7 Geology of Late Wisconsin Glacial Deposits: Lower and Total SequencesPlate 8 Geology of Late Wisconsin Glacial Deposits: Upper SequencePlate 9 Thickness of Unconfined Sand and GravelPlate 10 Glacial TerrainsPlate 11 Potentiometric Surface and Hydrogeologic Settings of the Shallow Aquifer SystemPlate 12 Geology of the Fall Creek Aquifer ComplexPlate 13 Potentiometric Surface and Hydrogeologic Settings of the Fall Creek Aquifer ComplexPlate 14 Geology of the Southwestern Aquifer ComplexPlate 15 Potentiometric Surface and Hydrogeologic Settings of the Southwestern Aquifer Complex

Documentation as a Windows Help file (digital format only)Part 1 Hydrogeologic MapsPart 2 Map Unit ExplanationPart 3 Geologic Evolution of the White River ValleyPart 4 Tutorial: Use of the Hydrogeologic Maps Part 5 GIS Coverages: What You Need to Know

Indiana Geological Survey Open-file Study 00-14Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, Indiana:


edited by Steven E. Brownand Andrew J. Laudick

Illinoian Glaciers

Advance

Marion County, Indianaindexed by cross section

E E'

D D'

C C'

B B'

A A'

unk

WL

DMA

MP

tu

pc

pb

pd

uI

mI

Ix

pIu

pIx

S

tt

a

t2

t2i

s2a

s2f

s2c

s2i

t1

s1a

s1f

s2d

O3t

O3x

O3s

D

Miles

2 1 0 2

vertical exaggeration: 50X

Undifferentiated Sand and Gravel

Pre-Wisconsin Sand and Gravel

Surficial Sand and Gravel Units

Buried Sand and Gravel Units

Buried Sand and Gravel Units Below the Lower Till Sequence

Post-Glacial Deposits

Late Wisconsin Deposits: Upper Sequences

Geology of Pre-Wisconsin Deposits

Bedrock GeologyLate Wisconsin Deposits: Lower and Total Sequences

Alluvium in modern stream valleys. Texture ranges from silty clay to gravel, but is predominantly loamy in composition.

Upper till sequence. Till and till-like sediment deposited by the East White Sublobe of the Huron-Erie Lobe. In most places the unit is generally composed of soft to very stiff, mildly overconsolidated pebbly loam or sandy loam. Lenses of sand and silt are abundant within and atop the unit in northern Marion County but are less common to the south.

Outwash in linear sluiceways. The outwash generally cuts across other Wisconsin units; locally the sluiceways are deeply incised into the pre-Wisconsin surface.

Outwash in terraces within and adjacent to sluiceways; chiefly forms terrace remnants and veneer over upper and (or) lower sequences.

Thick composite bodies of sand and gravel in sluiceways and terraces. The unit typically consists of late Wisconsin outwash that has coalesced with much thicker exhumed fans, aprons, and channels of Wisconsin and (or) pre-Wisconsin age.

Small to large hummocky mounds and ridges composed mainly of till and till-like sediment (chiefly mud flows and pond sediments) with lesser ice-contact stratified sand and gravel.

Sand and gravel in small aprons between the upper and lower till sequences. Most of these units are probably ice-proximal outwash aprons deposited during the advance of the ice sheet that deposited the overlying till.

Sand and gravel in aprons and channel complexes that commonly cut completely through the underlying till and into pre-Wisconsin units.

Sand and gravel in small disconnected lenses and other bodies along the horizon between the two till sequences and within the upper sequence.

Widespread sand and gravel that occur at the base of the upper till sequence. Mostly deposited as ice-proximal outwash fans and aprons during the advance of T2 ice and subsequently overridden.

Ice-contact sand and gravel in small to very large mounds and ridges. Includes kames, eskers, and fans. Up-ice sides of large fans are commonly capped by a variable thickness of till and till-like sediment of the upper sequence.

Undifferentiated till of the Trafalgar Formation upper (t2) and lower (t1) sequences.

Lower till sequence. Till and till-like sediment deposited by the East White Sublobe of the Huron-Erie Lobe. In most places the unit is generally very stiff to hard, strongly overconsolidated loam, silt loam, or sandy loam having abundant pebbles and widely scattered lenses of sand and silt.

Sand and gravel in small sheets, aprons, and channels at or near the base of the lower till sequence. These bodies probably represent ice-proximal outwash deposited during the initial advance of late Wisconsin ice.

Sand and gravel in extensive fans, aprons, and channel complexes at the base of the lower till sequence. Mostly deposited as ice-proximal outwash during the initial advance of the late Wisconsin ice sheet and subsequently overridden.

Pre-Wisconsin surface. Shown chiefly on the top of till units and other fine-grained sediments of pre-Wisconsin age. Locally marked by well-developed paleosol and (or) persistent zone of sand and gravel. Paleosol, approximate extent of inferred.

Undifferentiated till and other fine-grained sediment. Includes small granular units of local extent.

West Lebanon Member. Pink and brown lake clay and till in Oaklandon bedrock valley.

Unconsolidated deposit of unknown type or origin.

Valleys, sags, and other low areas on the pre-Wisconsin surface that may contain potentially large sand and gravel bodies in channelized form. Sand and gravel is of Illinoian and (or) late Wisconsin age.

Sheetlike sand and gravel bodies generally greater than 10 feet thick. Small mostly discontinuous lenses of sand and gravel that range between 5 and 15 feet thick. Unit boundaries are indefinite.

Relatively continuous bodies of sand and gravel bodies loosely defined as "upper Illinoian."

Relatively continuous bodies of sand and gravel bodies loosely defined as "middle Illinoian." In the south-central part of the county, this unit forms the southwestern aquifer complex, which appears to represent a relatively widespread buried outwash plain that was graded down to an ancestral White River during Illinoian time.

Relatively large, thick complex of coalesced sand and gravel bodies within the Illinoian section. The unit grades laterally into unit pIx.

Relatively continuous bodies of sand and gravel bodies of predominantly pre-Illinoian age. In most places, they are associated with a prominent green, chert-rich paleosol as much as 20 feet thick and may be capped by thin, greenish-grey till. In some places, the unit includes abundant, well-rounded, pitted, red, iron-oxide-coated-dolomite pebbles.

Large, thick granular bodies that appear to represent a complex of Illinoian sand and gravel units that have been incised into pre-Illinoian sand and gravel units similar to unit "pIu." One or more paleosols may be present. Well-rounded, pitted, red, iron-oxide coated dolomite pebbles are a common and distinctive constituent.

Borden Group undifferentiated (Mississippian System). Chiefly siltstone and shale with much lesser limestone and sandstone.

New Albany Shale (Devonian and Mississippian Systems). Grey, brown, and black shale. Minor calcareous shale and argillaceous limestone near base of unit.

Muscatatuck Group (Devonian System). Chiefly crystalline limestone and lesser calcareous shale. Sandy dolomite (Geneva Member) at base (not mapped separately).

Silurian System undivided. Chiefly dolomite, dolomitic limestone, and lesser shale. Composed in part of massive reef rocks and muddy flanking rocks.

65

65

94

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74

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64

90

31 69

025 25

miles

Indiana indexed by county, Marion County shaded

Wisconsin glacial boundary

Reference 92 Page 9

Borden Group undifferentiated (Mississippian System). Chiefly siltstone and shale with much lesser

limestone and sandstone. Colors (below) depict the thickness in 20-foot intervals of sections

composed chiefly of sandstone that occur along the bedrock surface in southern Decatur Township

(Bridgeport Quadrangle).

New Albany Shale (Devonian and Mississippian Systems). Grey, brown, and black shale. Minor

calcareous shale and argillaceous limestone near base of unit.

Muscatatuck Group (Devonian System). Chiefly crystalline limestone and lesser calcareous shale.

Sandy dolomite (Geneva Member) at base (not mapped separately).

Silurian System undivided. Chiefly dolomite, dolomitic limestone, and lesser shale. Composed in

part of massive reef rocks and muddy flanking rocks.

Line of equal elevation on the bedrock surface. Hachured lines enclose depressions or sinkholes.

Contour interval: 25 feet.

Fault approximately located. Bars on downthrown side.

Explanation

Thickness ranges (feet) of sandstone in the Borden Group along the bedrock

MB

DMA

D

S

1 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 80 - 100

MB

MB

MB

MB

MB

MB

MB

MB

DMA

DMA

DMA

DMA

DMA

DMA

DMA

DMA

DMA

D

D

D

D

D

D

D D

D

S

S

S

S

S

Geist Reservoir

Eagle

Creek

Reservoir

Fal

l Cre

ek

White River

Whi

teR

iv

er

Eagle Creek

Buck Creek




ReservoirGeist

Reservoir

Eagle Creek

Illinoian Glaciers

Advance

Plate 5 of 15 Scale 1:50,000025 25

miles



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2 1 0 2

Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, IndianaGeology and Topography of the Bedrock Surface

byVictoria R. Ferguson

2000





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Reference 92 Page 10

Map unit Water table (general; feet below surface)

Recharge/Discharge Rechargepotential

Sensitivity to contamination

A1 5 to 20 regional discharge area very high for shallow

unconfined units

very high

A2 10 to 25 (unconfined) regional discharge for deep

aquifers; local recharge for

shallow aquifers

very high for shallow

parts of the system

deep confined units—low

shallow unconfined—d—d high—

deep confined units—low

shallow unconfined—d—d high—

A3 5 to 20 local discharge very high for shallow

parts of the system

high to moderately low

B1 greater than 50 local recharge high high

B2 25 to 75; locally perched local recharge moderate to high low to moderate

C1 less than 10 local recharge moderate; higher in

depressions

C2 within a few feet of land

surface

local recharge low low

C3 less than 10 local recharge low low

C4 same as surface water

bodies

local discharge low low

C5 greater than 25; locally

perched

local recharge moderate low to high

C6 recharge and discharge moderate moderate

C7 greater than 10 feet below

till-confining unit

local recharge moderate to high moderate to high

A1

A2

A3

B1

B2

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

C8

C9

C10

C11

Explanation

Potentiometric Surface

Hydrogeologic SettingsThick sections of unconfined sand and gravel interstratified with a few small widely scattered till

units. This setting characterizes the axis of the White River Valley, which is the regional discharge

area for all aquifers in the county.

Variable thickness of outwash overlying complexly interbedded sand and gravel and till. Thick

unbroken sections of sand and gravel are present locally. Sand and gravel units at depth are typically

confined or semi confined by bodies of till, whereas the upper portions of the system are commonly

unconfined.

Similar to setting A2 but occurs in narrow bands along the valleys of the larger streams that cross

upland areas away from the White River. The potentiometric surface slopes strongly into the valley

axis.

Hummocky ridges and mounds composed chiefly of sand and gravel locally having an irregular

cover of till and some lenses of till within. Generally characterized by steep surface topography and

large local relief.

Hummocky ridges and mounds composed chiefly of till-like sediment interbedded with lesser sand

and gravel. The granular units locally form thick but narrow channels. Generally characterized by

moderate to steep surface slopes, slowly permeable soils, and moderate to large local relief.

Relatively continuous bodies of sand and gravel along the horizon between the upper and lower

sequences (see Plate 2) and capped by less than 10 feet of locally discontinuous till.

Similar to setting C1 but the sand and gravel is consistently confined by upper sequence till greater

than 10 feet thick and commonly more than 20 feet thick.

Thick sections of Wisconsin till that locally contain a few small widely scattered lenses of sand and

gravel. May or may not overlie granular material along the pre-Wisconsin surface. This setting is

widespread on uplands.

Valleys of small upland streams formed chiefly in till locally having exhumed sand and gravel in

valley floor. Some alluvium is usually present in floodplains.

Uplands and small stream valleys in southwestern Marion County characterized by less than 20 feet

of glacial sediment over sandstone of the Borden Group. This setting occurs over relatively limited

areas but may form localized recharge areas for the sandstone, which is the principal shallow aquifer

in that part of the county.

Dissected areas along small upland stream valleys where less than 20 feet of late Wisconsin

sediments overlie sand and gravel along the pre-Wisconsin surface. This setting occurs over very

limited areas, many of which are too small to show at the map scale.

Dissected slope on west side of White River north of Williams Creek characterized by 10 to 20 feet

of late Wisconsin till overlying an apron of sand and gravel. The thickness of sand and gravel is

typically 20 to 40 feet but ranges from 10 to 60 feet. The till cap is thin or absent where dissected by

streams. A lateral hydraulic connection exists between the sand and gravel apron and unconfined

sand and gravel in the adjacent White River Valley.

Hydrogeologic settings C8, C9, C10, and C11 all occur in areas of very sparse or no subsurface data.

Consequently, the hydrogeologic behavior of these areas is uncertain. Based on better-known

characteristics of nearby areas that appear similar, they are thought to resemble one or more other

settings in certain respects. The explanation for setting C8, for example, indicates that the setting

may be the same as, or act somewhat like, setting C2, C1, or A2. Therefore, the hydrogeologic

behavior of small areas or environmental sites within these settings should be evaluated in the

context of local subsurface data.

Generalized contour representing line of equal static water level elevation in the shallow aquifer

system associated with the pre-Wisconsin surface and overlying Wisconsin deposits. Contour

interval: 10 feet.

C4

B1 C2

C4

B1

C1

C4 A2

C5 C2 B2

C2

A3 C4

B1

C5

C4

A3

C2

B2

C5 C4

C4

B2

C2 B1

A3

B2

C3

C2 B1 B2 C4

A2

B1

B1

B2 C2

C3

B2

C6 C1 C2

C2

C2

C2

C2

C5

C4 C2

C4

C2

A2

C2 C4 C2

C2

C2

C1

C4

C3

B1

C2 C2

C1

A3

C2

C2

C4

C2

C2

C2

C2

B1 B2

C2

C2

C2 C1

C4 C2

B1

C4

C5

C2

C2 C4 C2 C2

B2

C4

C5

B1

C2 A3

C2

C2 C2

C2

C5

C2

C4

C2

C3

C3

C4

C4

C2

C2

C2 B1

A2

C2

B2

C1

C2

C2

C2 B2

C2

C2

C4

C6

C2

C3

C4

C2

C4

C2 C2

C2 C1

A3

C1

A2 C2

C2

C2

C2

C3

C2

C4

C2

C3

C2 C2 C2

C2 C4

A3

C2

C2

C1

C2 C1

C3 C2

C4

C2

C4

A3

C2

C2

C1

A3

C2

C2

C2 C2

C1 C8 C1

C4

C2

C2 A3

C3

C9

C2

A2

C2

C2 C2

A2

C3

C1

C4

C3

C10

C2 C11

C3

C2

C4

C2 C2 C1 C2

C2

C2

C2

C4

C2

A3

C4

C2

C2

C4

C4

C2 C6

A3

C4

C6 C2

C2

C6

C3

C2

C4

C2

C2 C2

C4

C6

C4

C4

C2

C3

C4

A3

C4

C2

C2

A3

C3

A2

A1

C7

C4

C3

C3

C3

C3

C4

A1

A1

B1

Geist Reservoir

Eagle

Creek

Reservoir

Fall Creek

Fall Creek

White Rive

r

White

Riv

er

Eagle Creek

Bu

ck Creek

790

790

740740

760760

780780

790

790

800800

740

740

760

760

770

770

800

800

760760

780780

790

790

790790

800800

810

810

810810

820

820

820

820

830

830

830

830

830

830

720

720

730

730

820

820

820

820

830830

840

840

840

840

740

740

740740

710710

700

700

700

700

810

810

750750

820

820

800

800

810

810

780

780

770

770

760

760

760

760

840

840

740

740

780780

780

780

750

750

750750

750

750

790

790

790

790

760760

760

760

760

760

770770

800800

800800

800

800

850850

870

870

820

820

810810

850

850

800

800

810

810

830830

820820

790790

830

830

840840

860

860

820

820

830

830 840840

860860

720

720

840

840

840840

840840

840840

820820

840840

820

820

860860

830

830

810

810

860860

800

800

880880

820

820860

860

860860

780780

760760

760760

740740

760

760

740

740

780780

760

760

800800

780

780

790

790

770

770

830830

790

790

830830

830

830

820820

830830860

860

800800

790790

770

770

810810

800

800

810

810

820

820

840840

830

830

820

820

810

810

820

820

840

840

850

850

760

760

730

730

770

770

740

740

720

720

730

730

720

720

750

750

780

780

830830

790790

750750

750

750

680

680

760

760

810810

800800

760

760

730

730

750

750

690

690

700

700

740

740

770

770

790

790

730

730

820

820

830

830

800

760

780

790

790

800

810

810

820

820

830

830

830

720

730

820

820

830

840

840

740

740

710

700

700

810

750

820

800

810

780

770

760

760

840

740

780

780

750

750

750

750

790

790

760

760

760

770

800

80080

0

850

870

820

810

850

800

810

830

820

790

830

840

860

820

830 840

860

720

840

840

840

840

820

840

820

860

830

810

860

800

880

820860

860

780

760

760

740

760

740

780

760

790

800

780

790

770

760

830

790

830

830

820

830860

800

790

770

810

800

810

820

840

830

820

810

820

840

850

760

730

770

740

720

730

720

750

780

830

790

750

750

680

730

810

800

780

830830

690

740

700

770

790

730

820

830

830




ReservoirGeist

Reservoir

Eagle Creek

Illinoian Glaciers

Advance

Plate 11 of 15 Scale 1:50,000

Miles

2 1 0 2

025 25

miles



65

65

94

70

70

74

74

64

90

31 69

Hydrogeologic Framework of Marion County, IndianaPotentiometric Surface and Hydrogeologic Settings of the Shallow Aquifer System

byAnthony H. Fleming, Steven E. Brown, and Victoria R. Ferguson

2000





65

65

65

465

465

465

465

69

70

70

70

70

74

74

74

67

67

37

37

37

421

31

31

31

36

36

36

65

40

40

40


Table 2a. CaptionMap

unit

General Description Degree of

Confinement

Rate of Surface

Infiltration

Thickness of Vadose

Zone (feet)

A1 Thick sections of sand and gravel interstratified with a few, small, widely scattered till units; White River Valley axis

Unconfined High 5-20

A2 Variable thickness of sand and gravel overlying complexly interbedded sand and gravel and till White River Valley margins

Unconfined to semi-confined

High 10-25

A3 Similar to setting A2 but occurs in very narrow bands along the larger streams that cross uplands


High 5-20

B1 Hummocky ridges and mounds composed chiefly of sand and gravel, locally with thin till cap and some lenses of till within; south-central part of county


Moderately high 50-100

B2 Hummocky ridges and mounds composed chiefly of till and lesser sand and gravel in thick, narrow channels; widely scattered

Semi-confined to confined

Low to moderate 25-75*

C1 Mapped bodies of late Wisconsin sand and gravel capped by less than 10 feet of till; uplands throughout county

Semi-confined Low to moderate <10

C2 Similar to setting C1 but the till cap is typically greater than 10 feet thick; uplands throughout county

Mostly confined

Low <10*

C3 Thick sections of till, locally with small lenses of sand and gravel; uplands throughout county

Well confined Low <10*


Table 2b CaptionMap

unit

General Description Position in Flow

System

Predominant

Hydraulic Gradient

Recharge

Potential

A1 Thick sections of sand and gravel interstratified with a few, small, widely scattered till units; White River Valley axis

Regional discharge area for all aquifers

Gentle lateral; upward gradient near river in deeper part of system

Very high***

A2 Variable thickness of sand and gravel overlying complexly interbedded sand and gravel and till White River Valley margins

Regional discharge area for most pre-Wisconsin aquifers. Recharge area for shallow aquifer system

Gentle lateral for unconfined aquifers; upward for deeper aquifers

Very high***

A3 Similar to setting A2 but occurs in very narrow bands along the larger streams that cross uplands

Local discharge area for shallow aquifer system and some deeper units**

Gentle lateral for unconfined aquifers; upward for deeper aquifers

High***

B1 Hummocky ridges and mounds composed chiefly of sand and gravel, locally with thin till cap and some lenses of till within; south-central part of county

Local recharge area for shallow aquifer system

Downward Moderately high

B2 Hummocky ridges and mounds composed chiefly of till and lesser sand and gravel in thick, narrow channels; widely scattered

Local recharge area; especially where sand and gravel bodies are abundant

Downward Moderately low to moderately high

C1 Mapped bodies of late Wisconsin sand and gravel capped by less than 10 feet of till; uplands throughout county

Local recharge area for shallow aquifer system

Downward Moderate to moderately high

C2

Similar to setting C1 but the till cap is typically greater than 10 feet thick; uplands throughout county

Intermediate, with small, highly localized recharge areas

Downward Moderately low

C3 Thick sections of till, locally with small lenses of sand and gravel; uplands throughout county

Intermediate Downward Low


C4 Valleys of small upland streams, mainly floored by till; upland streams throughout county

Local discharge area for shallow system; seepage area for till

Neutral Low

C5 Sandstone capped by 0-20 feet of glacial sediments; southwest part of county

Local recharge area for sandstone

Downward Moderate

C6 Pre-Wisconsin sand and gravel capped by less than 20 feet of till; upland slopes and stream valleys throughout county

Local recharge or discharge area for shallow sand and gravel; seepage area for till**

Variable Low to moderate

C7 Apron of late Wisconsin sand and gravel capped by 10-20 feet of discontinuous till. West side of White River north of William’s Creek

Local recharge area for shallow sand and gravel

Strong lateral Moderate to moderately high

Notes **considerable interchange between surface water and ground water is possible in some places***for unconfined parts of system


C4

Valleys of small upland streams, mainly floored by till; upland streams throughout county

Mostly confined

Low <5*

C5 Sandstone capped by 0-20 feet of glacial sediments; southwest part of county


Low to moderate 20-40*

C6 Pre-Wisconsin sand and gravel capped by less than 20 feet of till; upland slopes and stream valleys throughout county

Semi-confined to confined

Low to moderate 0-15

C7 Apron of late Wisconsin sand and gravel capped by 10-20 feet of discontinuous till. West side of White River north of William’s Creek

Semi-confined Low to moderate 20-30

Note *perched water table possible in till or on bedrock surface (unit C5)

Table 2b click here


BEDROCK TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY

Bedrock Geology

Rocks at the bedrock surface below Marion County range in age from Silurian to lower Mississippian. The county is located in a tectonic position intermediate between the Cincinnati Arch to the northeast and the Illinois Basin to the southwest. In this tectonic setting, the bedrock units dip to the southwest at 30 to 50 feet per mile, with the angle of dip increasing from the northeast to southwest. Consequently, the oldest units at the bedrock surface occur in the northeastern part of the county, whereas the youngest units form buried bedrock uplands in the southwestern part of the county.

Thinly interbedded limestone and shale of the Maquoketa Group of upper Ordovician age (Gray and others, 1987; Shaver and others, 1986) do not occur at the bedrock surface in Marion County, but they are inferred to lie close to the bedrock surface along the axis of a deeply entrenched bedrock valley system in the far northeastern part of the county. The total thickness of the Maquoketa Group is greater than 500 feet. The Maquoketa is significant because it is the regional confining unit that forms the base of the ground-water flow system within the overlying limestone and dolomite of Silurian and Devonian age.

The majority of the bedrock surface in Marion County is composed of limestone, dolomite, and much lesser interbedded shale of Silurian and Devonian age. These rocks collectively range in thickness from less than 200 feet to more than 350 feet, and commonly are well-fractured. Much of the bedrock surface formed on the carbonate rocks is characterized by relict karst, marked by sinkholes, small caves, and other solution features that significantly enhance the ability of these units to transmit ground water. Other than for a few scattered quarry exposures, the relict karst is not directly observable in and adjacent to Marion County. Karst features are abundant in numerous exposures of these rocks elsewhere in central Indiana, however, and various lines of evidence indicate that they are also present below Marion County. Thus, the Silurian and Devonian carbonate rocks form a reliable, if not prolific, aquifer system that extends over much of central Indiana, and are the most productive bedrock units in Marion County from this standpoint.

The New Albany Shale of Devonian and Mississippian age (Lineback, 1970) overlies the carbonate rocks. It consists of grey, brown, and black, locally organic-rich shale, and much lesser limestone and dolomite. The unit is typically between 100 and 130 feet thick and is poorly permeable. It forms the lower part of a thick confining unit that also includes siltstone and shale of the overlying Borden Group.

The Borden Group (lower Mississippian) is composed chiefly of greenish-grey shale, siltstone, and lesser sandstone. The base of the group is marked by the thin (3 to 10 ft) Rockford Limestone. The Borden Group forms the bedrock surface in the southwestern part of the county, chiefly in Decatur Township (Bridgeport quadrangle; fig. 1). A complete section of the Borden is not present within Marion County. However, as much as 250 to 300 feet of the unit is present below some elevated parts of the bedrock surface. These buried bedrock uplands represent the continuation below the glacial cover of the Knobstone Escarpment and Norman Upland physiographic regions of southern Indiana (Malott, 1922). Extensive bodies of sandstone (interbedded with minor shale and siltstone) occur within the uppermost portions of the section in Decatur Township. Sections composed chiefly of sandstone appear to be as much as 80 feet thick in some places, and form locally productive aquifers. The greater part of the Borden Group consists chiefly of low permeability shale and siltstone, however, and acts


as a confining unit.

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