Nearly-zero energy buildings in Europe Conference · Nearly-zero energy buildings in Europe Recommendations from research, 14 demonstration sites and 30 buildings . Conference . Brussels,

•

Nearly-zero energy buildings in Europe

Recommendations from research, 14 demonstration sites and 30 buildings

Conference Brussels, 23 June 2014

•

Does building use matter? What monitoring data can tell us about user behaviour and equipment control

Ulrich Filippi Oberegger DIRECTION Brussels, 23 June 2014

Social housing in Bronzolo, Italy Multifamily passive house Owner: public 2 floors 8 apartments of 3 sizes NFA: 577 m2

Constructed 2004 – 2006

June 2014 EUSEW Conference, Brussels 3

Costs

Climate house B heating demand < 50 kWh/m2

+ 9% for passive house

+ 2% for eco building


78%

14% 8%

Construction cost 1,340,000 € = 2,322 €/m2 NFA

Structure HVAC Windows

Fabric • Solid brickwork • 28 cm mineral foam external wall insulation • Green roof • 44 cm cellulose roof insulation


Thermal transmittance W/m2 K

Basement 0.15

External walls 0.14

Roof 0.08

Windows 0.86

Services


15 kW pellet boiler Space heating + DHW

Air handler Cross flow heat recovery

Ground-coupled heat exchanger Water glycol mixture

Certification


Climate House calculation PHPP calculation

PHPP calculation after correction of errors:

22 kWh/m2a

Audit


Monitoring


X

XX XX

XX XX

X XX

XX

XX

XXX

12 Heat flow

19 Temperature

11 Humidity

8 CO2

3 Air flow

1 Irradiation

12 Electricity

9 DHW

X

Heating demand in winter


0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

App 1 App 2 App 3 App 4 App 5 App 6 App 7 App 8

kWh Inverno 06/07

Inverno 07/08

Inverno 08/09

Winter 06/07 24.17 kWh/m2



Average 34.09 kWh/m2a

280% of Climate House

certification

140% of PHPP certification

Winter 06/07

Winter 07/08

Winter 08/09

Ap 1 Ap 2 Ap 3 Ap 4 Ap 5 Ap 6 Ap 7 Ap 8

Indoor temperatures in winter


19.00

19.50

20.00

20.50

21.00

21.50

22.00

22.50

23.00

23.50

24.00

24.50

App 1 App 2 App 3 App 4 App 5 App 6 App 7 App 8

°C

Inverno 06/07

Inverno 07/08

Inverno 08/09

21°C

Winter 06/07

Winter 07/08

Winter 08/09


Reasons for high heating demand in winter • Mean temperatures in all apartments almost always

higher than 21°C

• In some apartments mean temperature is 23-24°C

• Opening of windows without, simulation shows that heating demand is reduced by 10%


DHW consumption


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

01.0

7.06

01.0

8.06

01.0

9.06

01.1

0.06

01.1

1.06

01.1

2.06

01.0

1.07

01.0

2.07

01.0

3.07

01.0

4.07

01.0

5.07

01.0

6.07

01.0

7.07

01.0

8.07

01.0

9.07

01.1

0.07

01.1

1.07

01.1

2.07

01.0

1.08

01.0

2.08

01.0

3.08

01.0

4.08

01.0

5.08

01.0

6.08

01.0

7.08

01.0

8.08

01.0

9.08

01.1

0.08

01.1

1.08

01.1

2.08

01.0

1.09

01.0

2.09

01.0

3.09

01.0

4.09

01.0

5.09

01.0

6.09

Consumo per acqua calda sanitaria [kWh/giorno]kWh/d

Mean: 90 kWh/d 57 kWh/m2a

DHW consumption [kWh/m2a]

• Need as per UNI/TS 11300: 17 • Consumption as per UNI/TS 11300: 27

Need considering faucet efficiency: 18 Storage losses: 1 Circulation losses: 7

• Monitored: 57 Excessive storage and circulation losses June 2014 EUSEW Conference, Brussels 14

210%

Mean indoor temperatures in summer


23.00

24.00

25.00

26.00

27.00

28.00

29.00

30.00

Luglio 06 Luglio 07 Luglio 08

App 1 [°C]

App 2 [°C]

App 3 [°C]

App 4 [°C]

App 5 [°C]

App 6 [°C]

App 7 [°C]

App 8 [°C]


July 2006 July 2007 July 2008

26°C

20% of year over 26°C

CO2 in winter


0.00

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1000.00

1200.00

1400.00

App 1 [ppm]

App 2 [ppm]

App 3 [ppm]

App 4 [ppm]

App 5 [ppm]

App 6 [ppm]

App 7 [ppm]

App 8 [ppm]

Inverno 06/07

Inverno 07/08

Inverno 08/09


Winter 06/07

Winter 07/08

Winter 08/09

1,000 ppm

CO2 in ap. 1, 3 in December 2008


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

01.1

2.08

01.1

2.08

02.1

2.08

03.1

2.08

03.1

2.08

04.1

2.08

05.1

2.08

05.1

2.08

06.1

2.08

07.1

2.08

07.1

2.08

08.1

2.08

09.1

2.08

09.1

2.08

10.1

2.08

11.1

2.08

11.1

2.08

12.1

2.08

13.1

2.08

13.1

2.08

14.1

2.08

15.1

2.08

15.1

2.08

16.1

2.08

17.1

2.08

17.1

2.08

18.1

2.08

19.1

2.08

19.1

2.08

20.1

2.08

21.1

2.08

21.1

2.08

22.1

2.08

23.1

2.08

23.1

2.08

24.1

2.08

25.1

2.08

25.1

2.08

26.1

2.08

27.1

2.08

27.1

2.08

28.1

2.08

29.1

2.08

29.1

2.08

30.1

2.08

31.1

2.08

31.1

2.08

CO2 App. 1

CO2 App. 3

Ap 1 Ap 3

1,000 ppm 2,000 ppm PPD around 35% 10 people in one apartment Recirculation of exhaust air

AHU in winter


A B

Air absolute humidities in points A and B should be equal

AHU in winter


0

0,002

0,004

0,006

0,008

0,01

0,012

15/1

0/08

22/1

0/08

29/1

0/08

05/1

1/08

12/1

1/08

19/1

1/08

26/1

1/08

03/1

2/08

11/1

2/08

18/1

2/08

25/1

2/08

01/0

1/09

08/0

1/09

15/0

1/09

22/0

1/09

29/0

1/09

06/0

2/09

13/0

2/09

20/0

2/09

27/0

2/09

06/0

3/09

13/0

3/09

20/0

3/09

27/0

3/09

04/0

4/09

11/0

4/09

[kg

vapo

re/k

g ar

ia]

Confronto dell'umidità assoluta di ventilazione

Umiditá assoluta dopo recupero Umiditá assoluta prima recupero

AHU absolute humidities before and after heat recovery

kgw

/kg da

Absolute humidity after recovery

Absolute humidities don‘t coincide at all!

Absolute humidity before recovery

AHU problems • In winter, 50-60% of supply air is recirculation air • In summer 10-20%

High temperature and humidity in summer High CO2 levels Open windows to ensure healthy air exchange


Conclusions • Know the assumptions behind certificates • Audit and monitor to detect problems • User behaviour can change everything • System specifications or control might be wrong


Building use matters

Thank you for your attention


Ulrich Filippi Oberegger EURAC research

[email protected] www.eurac.edu

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

Nearly-zero energy buildings in Europe Conference · Nearly-zero energy buildings in Europe Recommendations from research, 14 demonstration sites and 30 buildings . Conference . Brussels,