Nebosh IGC2 Revision Guide pdf

NEBOSH International Certificate Units GC2 & GC3Controlling Workplace Hazards

Revision Guide

RRC Ref. GC2IRG.1.2

© RRC International

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, mechanical, photocopied or otherwise, without the express permission in writing from RRC International.

RRC acknowledges with thanks the co-operation of NEBOSH in the production of this guide.

Contents

Welcome to your NEBOSH International General Certificate Revision Guide! 1

Introduction to Unit GC2: Controlling Workplace Hazards 1

Revising Effectively 2

Element 1: Workplace Hazards and Risk Control 9

Element 2: Transport Hazards and Risk Control 29

Element 3: Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control 37

Element 4: Work Equipment Hazards and Risk Control 49

Element 5: Electrical Safety 63

Element 6: Fire Safety 77

Element 7: Chemical and Biological Health Hazards and Risk Control 93

Element 8: Physical and Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control 109

Introduction to Unit GC3: Health and Safety Practical Application 123

Preparing Effectively 124

The Practical Application 125

The Inspection 129

The Management Report 138

And Finally... 152

Revision Guide Introduction

© RRC International 1

Welcome to your NEBOSH International General Certificate Revision Guide!This Revision Guide has been created to help you prepare for your end-of-unit exam for Unit GC2, and contains important guidance for your Unit GC3 Health and Safety Practical Application. This Revision Guide is divided into two sections; the first section will help you build a structured revision plan towards your written exam, and at the same time help you develop effective exam technique by providing guidance on how to answer exam-style questions. The second section will guide you through your Unit GC3 Health and Safety Practical Application, providing you with all the information you need to be fully prepared. We’ll focus on the units in order, beginning with GC2; GC3 will be covered later in this Revision Guide.

Introduction to Unit GC2: Controlling Workplace HazardsThe first section of your Revision Guide will focus on exam revision and strategies for tackling exam questions. It’s split into elements as defined by the NEBOSH syllabus and each element-section contains two main parts:

� Revision Notes

When revising for an exam, many students rely on either trying to learn the whole course, which is virtually impossible, or spending most of their revision time on topics they believe are likely to come up in the exam – neither are good revision techniques as they leave too much to chance. This part of your Revision Guide provides a summary of the RRC course material; it’s designed to remind you of the key principles and ideas.

� Exam-Style Questions

This part of your Revision Guide provides some example exam questions and model answers. It will give you an insight into what your NEBOSH examiner expects from you and some common mistakes to avoid. These model answers have been written as ideal answers and not under exam conditions or time restraints, so it may not always be possible to write up such a detailed answer in the actual exam. It is also worth keeping in mind that some questions will require you to use knowledge from more than one element of the course.

By combining an overview of each topic with practice exam questions, you’re revising the course content and improving your exam technique at the same time – it’s perfect preparation for your NEBOSH exam. Remember this booklet has been prepared with the exam in mind – it is not intended to replace a proper course of learning!

There’s no substitute for hard work, and the more study time you can spare the better, but the key is to use this time effectively.


2 © RRC International

Revising Effectively

Using the SyllabusYour secret to success is the Guide to the NEBOSH International General Certificate. This sets out the structure of the course and contains the syllabus. If you don’t already have a copy of the syllabus, we strongly recommend that you buy one, keep it with you and read it every day. All NEBOSH exam questions are set from the syllabus, so as you become more familiar with it you’ll be less likely to be ‘thrown’ by a surprise question.

Keep in mind that you’ll be expected to apply your knowledge to both familiar and unfamiliar situations!

As exam questions are taken from the syllabus, mapping your study notes against the syllabus can be a very useful revision technique. If you have studied with RRC you will see that the material follows the syllabus quite closely, but this exercise is important to help you appreciate the overall ‘picture’. When you’re studying one specific section in isolation, it can be very easy to lose sight of how the material fits together, what practical use it is, or how a health and safety practitioner might make use of it in real life. Referring back to the syllabus will put each topic in perspective and help you see how it relates to the field of health and safety generally. It will also help you cross-reference the material with other related topics, which you may have to do in more complex exam questions.

To get this overview, you need to know the elements that make up the course and how they relate to the RRC sections. Each element (e.g. Unit GC2, Element 1: Workplace Hazards and Risk Control) includes two important sections:

� Learning Outcomes, which detail what you should be able to explain, understand, assess, carry out, etc. after completing the element.

� Content, which gives you the topics you should be fully familiar with.

You can use both these sections of the syllabus to test whether you have the relevant skills, knowledge and understanding for each element, or whether you need to look again at certain topics.



An idea for an effective revision technique is to take a pin (blunt, of course, for health and safety reasons!) and randomly stick it in any part of the syllabus. Then write down what you know about that topic. This might be very little at first, in which case go back to your study notes and summarise the key issues that you need to work on. Make a note of this topic, then return to it a few weeks later and see how much more you can remember. If you practise this regularly, you will eventually cover the entire syllabus and in the process find that you understand and retain the material much more effectively. This is ‘active revision’, as it actively tests your memory to see what you have learnt – and it is far more effective than ‘passive revision’ where you simply read your study notes and usually switch off after 30 seconds, taking in little of the material.

You will find it easier if you make sure that you have an overall understanding of the topic first, then fill in the detailed knowledge requirements later. Ask yourself searching questions on each topic such as:

� ‘What use is this?’,

� ‘How would a health and safety practitioner apply this in real life?’,

� ‘What is the point of this topic?’,

until you feel that you fully understand why a health and safety practitioner would need to know about each area. Once you have this level of general understanding, the details will be much easier to retain, and in some cases you may be able to derive them from your own workplace experiences.

Your revision aim is to achieve this comprehensive overview of the syllabus. Once you have done this, you will be able to at least say something about each of the topic areas and tackle any question set on the syllabus content.



The ExamThe exam for this Unit comprises one long question (worth 20 marks) and ten short questions (worth eight marks each). You have to answer ALL questions.

You have two hours to complete your answers. This means that you have about 25 minutes to answer the long question and around eight minutes for each short question. This should leave enough time for you to read the questions thoroughly before you attempt to answer, and to read through your answers at the end.

NEBOSH are renowned for setting challenging questions and for marking strictly. The examiners are not trying to catch you out, but they do word their questions to ask for specific information. They also expect this information to be given in the requested format.

The most common mistake that students make is not reading the questions properly. Often students provide excellent answers but, unfortunately, they don’t answer the question.

Understanding everything in the syllabus is of no use if you have poor examination technique. To achieve maximum marks, you will need to:

� Read the question carefully.

� Understand what information is being requested.

� Understand the breadth of knowledge required.

� Provide the information in a logical and coherent way.

� Manage your time effectively – you need to allocate your time evenly throughout

the exam to take into account the number of marks allocated per question.



NEBOSH Command Words

It is important to identify the command word or action verb within the question as this will give you an indication of the depth of knowledge required in your answer. The following meanings of the command words have been identified by NEBOSH.

� Identify

� Outline

� Describe

� Explain

� Give

IdentifyGive the item its name or title, often requiring just a word or short phrase.

Example:

Question: Identify FOUR organisational factors that might give rise to a poor health and safety culture within an organisation.

Answer: � Lack of management commitment.

� Absence of good quality training.

� Lack of consultation on health and safety matters.

� Inadequate resourcing of health and safety management.

OutlineGive a brief summary of the item or its key features. A detailed explanation is not required, but the answers must be more than just a single word or phrase.

Example:

Question: Outline TWO categories of worker who might be more vulnerable to risk in a workplace.

Answer: � Lone workers – workers who work away from immediate and direct contact with their work colleagues.

� Young people – workers who because of their age lack experience in the workplace, are immature and have a poor perception of risk.



DescribeGive a detailed written account of the subject or item. Sufficient so that someone reading that description can visualise the item in their mind’s eye.

Example:

Question Describe the ‘statement of intent’ section of a health and safety policy document.

Answer: The statement of intent is usually a one page document with a title at the top of the page followed by several paragraphs of text. At the bottom of the document there will be the name and signature of the person at the top of the organisation (e.g. the Managing Director), along with the date the document was signed and a date when the document will be reviewed. Each paragraph of text on the page will summarise the key aims and objectives of the organisation with regards health and safety.

ExplainGive an understanding of why or how something happens. With more detail than an outline would require.

Example:

Question: Explain the moral reason why an organisation should maintain high standards of health and safety.

Answer: The moral reason for maintaining high standards of health and safety arises from the basic human sense of right and wrong. When workers or others are injured or made ill by work activity they will experience pain and suffering. This pain and suffering is morally unacceptable if it can be avoided.

GiveProvide without explanation. Is often used in conjunction with example (as in: ‘give an example of’).

Example:

Question: Outline the meaning of the word ‘hazard’ and give one work-related example.

Answer: The word hazard means ‘something with the potential to cause harm’. An example of a work-related hazard would be an electrical flex trailing across the floor of a workroom that presents a risk of tripping.



Exam StrategyThe examination process may seem complex but success is simply a case of averaging around half marks or more for each question. Marks are awarded for giving ideas that are relevant to the requirements of the question, and convincing the examiner that you understand what you’re talking about. If you have the knowledge and understanding gained from studying the syllabus as set out above, then this should not be a problem.

Another important exam skill is to carefully read and analyse the question so that you are clear about what is required to answer it. The more you study past exam questions, the more familiar you will become with the way they tend to be phrased and the kind of answer the examiners are looking for.

Students often make the mistake of going into too much detail on specific topics and failing to address the wider issues. If you only deal with half of the relevant issues you can only achieve half of the marks! Try to give as broad an answer as you can, without stepping outside the subject matter of the question altogether. Ensure that you explain each issue to convince the examiner that you have the all-important understanding. Giving relevant workplace examples is a good way of doing this.

Last-Minute PreparationFinally, a useful way to combine syllabus study with exam practice is to attempt to set and answer your own exam questions. By adding a question word, such as ‘explain’ or ‘describe’, in front of the syllabus topic areas you can produce a whole range of questions similar to many of those used in past papers. This is excellent exam practice because it serves as a valuable topic revision aid, and at the same time requiring you to set out your knowledge just as you would under exam conditions.



Revision Guide Unit GC2: Controlling Workplace Hazards


Element 1: Workplace Hazards and Risk Control

Welfare and Work EnvironmentEmployers have a responsibility to ensure that workers have access to:

� An adequate supply of wholesome drinking water.

� Adequate and separate sanitary conveniences for men and women and washing facilities with hot and cold water; showers or baths should also be provided where the nature of the work is particularly strenuous or dirty, or there is a risk of contamination of the skin from harmful or offensive substances.

� Suitable and sufficient secure lockers for clothing which is not worn during working hours and special work clothing such as overalls, uniforms, thermal clothing and hats worn for food hygiene purposes, etc. Separate changing rooms for men and women should also be available for workers who need to wear special clothing or PPE for work.

� Clean eating facilities and rest areas, away from normal work locations, particularly for pregnant and nursing mothers.

� Seating, with adequate backrests, should be stable and adjustable, to meet the needs of individual workers.

� Suitable ventilation from windows or mechanical ventilation systems, which are regularly cleaned, tested and maintained.

� A comfortable temperature.

� Suitable and sufficient light to work by, from a natural source, so far as is reasonably practicable, or by means of artificial lighting.

Exposure to Extremes of TemperatureProlonged exposure to extreme heat (i.e. foundries – dehydration, muscle cramps, heat stress, heat stroke) or cold (i.e. cold stores – hypothermia, frost bite, slip hazards) can lead to burns from contact with hot or cold surfaces, fatigue, a general slowing of reactions and a loss of dexterity, affecting both work efficiency and the possibility of making mistakes which can lead to accidents.

Exposure to extremes of temperature can also be due to working with difficult environmental factors, e.g. high winds causing a wind chill factor, snow, sleet, hailstones, heavy driving rain, or outside work during very warm weather.

The primary focus of preventive measures, where the need to work in the extreme temperature cannot be eliminated, is to prevent the ill-effects of exposure by using engineering and process controls that limit exposure (i.e. task rotation) or providing protection and alleviating the effects (i.e. ventilation/insulation; protective clothing).



Prevention of Falling Materials - Safe Stacking and StorageWorkplaces can become untidy if housekeeping is not managed. Spoil heaps, piles of new materials, debris and waste can accumulate very quickly, and can:

� Hinder or prevent safe movement of pedestrians and vehicles around the workplace.

� Block light or access to essential services such as fire equipment.

In some instances, stacks and piles of materials can present an immediate danger of collapse. Stacked materials in particular can topple over if they are not stacked correctly.

Good housekeeping starts with the design and layout of the workplace:

� Storage areas should be clearly defined, with separate areas used for different items.

� Certain materials and substances should be segregated during storage, or purpose-built secure storage may be required.

� Areas should be kept clean and tidy and should be routinely inspected.

� Warning signs should be displayed where necessary (e.g.flammable materials).

� Storage areas should not be used for work activities.

Stacking materials is also an efficient way to utilise space.

Storage of Flammable Materials

Flammable liquids (such as solvents and gasoline) and flammable gases (such as LPG, e.g. butane) should be stored safely:

� Flammable liquids, solids and gases should be kept in separate stores (with oxygen cylinders should be stored separately from other flammable gases).

� External, open-air stores should be away from buildings, drains or excavations.

� Internal stores should be constructed of fire-resistant materials and provide ventilation to stop dangerous levels of gases accumulating. Separate buildings may be required for volatile flammable materials.

� Stores containing large quantities of flammables should have at least two exits, with doors and gates locked when not in use.

� Stores should have suitable warning/safety signs (e.g. no smoking/naked flames).

� Hot works should not be carried out close to storage areas.

� Any electrical equipment should have the correct rating.

� Fire-fighting equipment should be provided.

� Stores should be inspected regularly.



Violence at WorkThe definition of violence at work is “any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances relating to their work.”

Risk Factors

Workers most at risk will be those handling high value goods and cash and those who are in contact with customers/clients (i.e. persons outside the organisation) or co-workers under stress. Other people at risk are lone-workers, those wearing uniforms and/or representing authority. In some cases there may also be the risk of violence between employees in the same workplace.

Control Meaures for Violence

Employers should assess the risk to workers and take steps to protect them from exposure to reasonably foreseeable violence by eliminating, substituting or minimising high risk situations (i.e. cash handling); by improving public relations with clients (i.e. providing information) or refusing access to potentially violent people.

Two distinct straetgies can be adopted:

� Preventing violence at a central office, including: a zero tolerance policy and prosecution of offenders; employing security staff; using CCTV cameras, security doors between public areas and staff areas; minimising queues and waiting times (and making clear announcements about waiting times); training for staff (e.g. providing a good quality service, diffusing aggression, etc.); screens between staff and public; panic alarms; creating a pleasant environment.

� Preventing violence to workers conducting home visits: no lone working (or no lone working in certain high-risk areas); keeping records of past incidents and vetting customers; visit-logging with a supervisor; pre- and post-visit telephone calls; training for staff (e.g. lone working procedures, self-defence, etc.); always having a means of communication; no visits after dark; parking in secure areas; not carrying cash or valuables.



Substance Misuse at WorkSubstances which may be misused at work include alcohol, legal or illegal drugs (narcotics) and solvents.

Effects of Drugs and Alcohol

Alcohol and drug abuse at work can lead to a number of physical (i.e. sensory impairment; liver damage) and psychological problems (i.e. lack of awareness of danger near high risk machinery, irritability and mood swings).

Control Strategy

Establishment of a clear drugs and alcohol policy which might contain the following:

� Rules restricting access to alcohol in the workplace or during working hours.

� Statutory legal requirements prohibiting workers from being under the influence of drugs and alcohol and non-statutory requirements set by the employer.

� Arrangements for any random drugs and alcohol testing that workers will be subject to.

� Rehabilitation and treatment programmes for workers if they admit to having a problem.

� Disciplinary procedures for those who refuse assistance, to be tested or who fail a test.

� Provision of information, instruction and training to workers, supervisors and managers.

Safe Movement of People in the WorkplaceHazards in the Workplace

� Slips, trips and falls on the same level:

– Slip hazards: smooth floor surfaces (polished or wet); contaminated surface (fat or leaves); ice and frost (floor of freezer or external pavements).

– Trip hazards: uneven or loose floor surfaces (broken paving slab); trailing cables (leads of electrical appliances); obstructions (box or bag on floor).

– A fall to the floor on the same level may lead to broken bones (especially in the hand, wrist or arm).

� Falls from height: working next to an unprotected edge (partly-built scaffold or by an excavation or on a fragile material above a drop (a skylight); using access equipment or ladders; standing on objects (e.g. a chair) to reach high levels.

� Collisions with moving vehicles: when using pedestrian walkways or crossing points (in a warehouse or car park); or when working adjacent to moving vehicles (road works; loading bays).



� Striking by moving, flying or falling objects:

– Moving objects: automated machinery (spot-welding robot) or unsecured objects.

– Flying objects: ejected parts (swarf from metal drilling); thrown objects (scaffold coupling).

– Falling objects: loads falling during lifting and handling operations; objects dislodged during work at height (slates from a roof) or due to adverse weather conditions (scaffold boards in a gale); toppling of unstable objects (poorly-stacked load on racking).

– Striking against fixed or stationary objects: objects that project into a pedestrian area or route (metal sheets projecting into a walkway); narrow doorways; low overheads (pipe work).

These hazards can all cause serious or fatal injuries. They can also occur while a person is involved in maintenance activities, because maintenance engineers often work in locations and situations as a result of a fault or problem.

Control Measures for the Safe Movement of People in the Workplace

� A risk assessment identifies hazards faced by pedestrians and must consider natural movement patterns in and around the workplace, the impact of weather conditions and of maintenance processes as well as the needs of particular groups of people.

� Floor surfaces and walkways should be well built and maintained to cope with traffic levels and should have an appropriate level of slip-resistance. There should be adequate drainage and spillages should be immediately cleaned to guard against slips. Walkways and stairs should be kept as clear of mud and snow as possible using grit.

� There should be sufficient well defined traffic routes and designated walkways of adequate width and headroom to allow people to circulate safely and easily. These should be clear of obstructions and may be designated by guard rails, kerbs and pavements or floor markings.

� Fencing and guarding should be provided on open walkways as protection from moving vehicles; edge protection to prevent falls; and to prevent access to a hazard.

� Clearly visible and understood signs and warning markings or lights should make pedestrians aware of unfamiliar situations and hazards.

� Personal protective equipment such as hard hats, anti-slip footwear and high visibility clothing may be necessary.

� Information, instruction, training and supervision should help ensure that correct procedures are adhered to and that people do not act in an irresponsible manner.



� Maintenance of a safe workplace will include:

– Cleaning and housekeeping to remove waste, debris and trip hazards; also to keep floors and walkways clean and free from contamination.

– Keeping passageways and corridors clear between working areas (including any external walkways) to ensure safe access and egress.

– Maintaining adequate work environment conditions (comfortable heating level; adequate lighting; low noise levels).

– Inspection and repair of guard rails and fencing as necessary.

The frequency of cleaning and inspection and the timescales for repairs will depend on the nature of the workplace.

As discussed earlier, many types of incidents can occur while a person is involved in maintenance activities, so it is important that risk assessment is thorough enough to cover all of the eventualities mentioned and control measures are sufficient to reduce the risk to as low as possible.

Working at HeightExamples of Work at Height

Typical work activities at height include:

� Roof construction/demolition and maintenance.

� Erecting and dismantling scaffolding.

� Window construction and cleaning.

� Any inspection or maintenance work (welding, pipework) which may also be done above ground level.

The main risks associated with work at height are:

� The worker falling from height. Falls from height can result in:

– Death. – Neck or spinal injury leading to permanent paralysis. – Multiple broken bones.

� An object falling onto people below. Falling objects can also cause severe injuries that may result in death, brain damage, paralysis or multiple broken bones.

Working at height causes a higher proportion of fatalities than all other types of construction work.



The basic hazards of working at height include:

� The vertical distance involved.

� Fragile roofs, roof-lights and voids.

� Deteriorating or unsound materials may collapse under a person’s weight.

� Unprotected edges on access platforms/scaffolds.

� Unstable access equipment, such as ladders, lifts and hoists.

� Weather and air flow may cause materials and people to be blown off a roof or scaffold.

� Loose building materials (i.e. tiles, bricks and timbers) and waste materials may fall from a height because they have been poorly stored or stacked or because structures are crumbling.

Preventing Falls and Falling Materials

� Where possible, avoid the need for work at height, e.g. eliminate the task or change the way in which the work is done. If this is not possible, a risk assessment and control measures for working at height will be required.

� The following measures should be taken where there is a risk of people or materials (i.e. tiles, bricks, timbers) falling:

– Ensure adequate planning and supervision of the work to be carried out. – Avoid adverse weather conditions, such as ice, rain or wind. – Provide physical safeguards to prevent falls such as toe-boards (scaffold planks

laid on their edges at right angles to the working platform), guardrails or fencing.

– Construct means of access and working platforms of sound and stable materials to support weight of people and equipment.

– Provide properly constructed working platforms. Use cradles (large suspended working platforms) where required (e.g. for window and other cleaning work).

– Use suspension equipment (i.e. boatswain’s chair) if work is short-term or erection of a working platform is not practicable.

– Use fall arrest harnesses particularly when open edges have to be approached, e.g. during steel erection.

– Full training must be given to operators of such equipment. – Ensure arrangements are in place to deal with an emergency rescue if

required. – Ensure that head protection is worn to protect from falling objects or

materials.



Safe Working Practices for Access Equipment � Ladders

Ladders (including step-ladders and trestles) should be well-maintained and installed on a sound and level base. They should also be of the correct quality and length for the task and the environment (i.e. no metal ladders near unprotected live electrical circuits).

� Independent Tied Scaffolds

Scaffolding is made up of the following basic components:

– Standards or uprights – vertical tubes used as a support for transferring a load to the ground or to a base plate.

– Ledgers – horizontal tubes tying the scaffold structure lengthways; they may also act as guardrails.

– Transoms – tubes spanning across ledgers to tie a scaffold across at right angles to the face of the building. They may also be used to support a working platform.

� Mobile Tower Scaffolds

Mobile tower scaffolds are light-duty scaffolds only, commonly used for painting and simple maintenance jobs on buildings.

� Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (MEWP)

These are pieces of powered lifting equipment designed to carry a person and must be thoroughly examined every 6 months by a competent person. In addition to the precautions to be taken when in use, there are other precautions when on the move, e.g. ensuring the boom is secure, since it may swing loose and hit oncoming traffic or buildings.

� Edge Protection Systems

An edge protection system is essentially a barrier fixed onto the existing structure in order to prevent a person walking or falling off an open edge. These are commonly used in roof work, in the form of scaffold platforms or barriers.

Inspection of Access EquipmentAll work equipment (e.g. guardrails, toeboards, barriers, safeguards for arresting falls, etc.) should be inspected/tested by a competent person as appropriate for safety purposes. In particular, all working platforms, including scaffolding, should be inspected:

� When they are first erected.

� After any substantial alteration.

� After an event likely to affect their strength or stability.

� Periodically (typically weekly).



Impact of Temporary WorksTemporary works may include the following types of work:

� Short-term building projects.

� Maintenance.

� Renovation.

� Demolition.

� Excavations.

Main Hazards and Controls Relating to Temporary WorksWork Equipment and Vehicles

Hazards relating to work equipment and vehicles include:

� People coming into contact with the moving parts of machinery or equipment.

� Large vehicles overturning due to overloading or poor road conditions, or colliding with other vehicles or pedestrians.

� Dust, noise and vibration of machines and equipment.

In terms of the control measures needed when using equipment, site management should ensure that:

� Equipment is suitable for the task and environment.

� Use is restricted to competent operators.

� Information, instruction and training are provided.

� Equipment is inspected and maintained in a safe condition.

� Appropriate guards and devices are fitted and used.

� Appropriate PPE is used at all times.

Site Security

� Measures should be taken to provide barriers and perimeter fencing to prevent access by children, general public or vandals.

� Entrances should be locked and/or guarded, using CCTV, alarms and lighting where possible.

� Premises should be kept clear of all dangerous equipment or substances (i.e. explosives; flammable liquids) and excavations should be covered or sectioned off.



Electricity

The hazards of electricity include cables trailing on the ground or damaged by excess traffic, as well as use of unsafe equipment or contact with overhead power lines or buried cables.

Site management should ensure that:

� Site electrical distribution systems are suitable for purpose and the site environment.

� The various protective systems available – fuses, earthing, low voltage and residual current devices – are used.

� User checks, formal visual inspections and combined inspection and testing are carried out on portable electrical equipment as appropriate.

Demolition � Buildings or structures being demolished collapsing unexpectedly due to build-up

of debris, load bearing sections or members being weakened.

� Fires, explosions, electrocution, etc. due to services not being isolated.

� Debris falling from heights.

� Plant collapsing or falling into basements, etc.

� Health hazards from chemicals, asbestos, lead based coatings, biological contamination.

� Ionising radiation from fire detectors, lightning conductors, etc.

� Personnel falling due to unsafe place of work and access.

� Debris, timber with protruding nails, etc.

Excavations � Falls of persons/equipment/material into excavations due to unprotected edges,

the use of badly sited access ladders and badly constructed ramps used by vehicles.

� Contact with buried services such as electricity cables and gas pipes, water mains, drains and sewers that can release dangerous substances and cause fire and explosion.

� Vibration caused by machinery and vehicles nearby may lead to the collapse of sides, if these are not battered (sloped back) or shored up.

� Loose or unstable earth around an excavation or at the bottom may collapse particularly if explosives are used or if a disused mine shaft is found. Digging too close or under the foundations may cause the collapse of adjacent structures or buildings.



� Water ingress or flooding may occur due to weather conditions or from underground watercourses.

� There may be contaminated ground at the site of excavation due to residues contained in it from previous industrial use/activities or stored or dumped on the land.

� Digging may uncover buried materials or contaminated toxic and asphyxiating atmospheres hazardous to health (i.e. flammable or toxic gases; chemical and metal compounds).

� Mechanical hazards can be due to vehicles (e.g. mobile cranes, mobile plant) falling into the excavations or passing too close to an excavation, causing the sides to collapse. Excavators represent a significant hazard in respect of both the risk of collision with the moving digging arm and scoop, and materials falling from the scoop when being lifted and manoeuvred.

Precautions

To prevent injury when working in and around excavations, work must be managed under the supervision of a competent person to ensure:

� Use of excavation supports to prevent the collapse of the side walls of an excavated area using:

– Battering which relies on the properties of the earth to form a stable sloping pile (i.e. angle of repose).

– Shoring which uses artificial support for the side walls of an excavation where the angle of repose in the excavation is greater than the natural angle for the type of material.

� Barriers may be required to protect the edge of an excavation to prevent falls of people, materials and vehicles. Fencing and hoarding may also be required to protect both employees and members of the public.

� Ladders provide the main means of access to and egress from an excavation. They must be suitably secured to prevent undue movement and extend 5 rungs above the excavation to give a secure stepping off point.

� Crossing points in an excavation should be at designated points and be of sound construction to support all types of vehicles and equipment. Gangways across excavations should have guardrails and toe boards.

� Lighting and warning signs warn of the presence of an excavation and of any special measures to be taken on entering a site. Signs should be clearly visible and there should be a good level of lighting.

� The need for personal protective equipment (PPE) is determined by the nature of the work being carried out (i.e. breathing equipment in tunnels and shafts; face shields for welding work; hearing protection where there is excessive noise) but hard hats are required at all times.



� Identification and marking of buried services and all cables by checking with local service providers, and safe digging methods, particularly when exposing cables and pipes, using spades and shovels instead of excavators. Damage to buried services should be reported immediately to the appropriate service provider.

� Positioning and routeing of vehicles, plant and equipment should be carefully considered to prevent objects falling into excavations.

Inspection Systems

No work in an excavation can start until it has been examined by a competent person. Additional inspections will be required after any event likely to have affected the strength or stability of the excavation, such as flooding or collapse. All inspections should be documented.



Exam-Style QuestionsShort Questions

1. Identify the primary hazards associated with the movement of people and vehicles. (8 marks)

2. Outline the main hazards that are foreseeable during the demolition of a five-storey building. (8 marks)

3. Outline the main hazards that are foreseeable during excavation work on a construction site. (8 marks)

4. (a) Give FOUR reasons why something may fall from a height, on a construction site. (4 marks)

(b) Describe FOUR control measures to prevent items falling from a height. (4 marks)

5. (a) Outline the main hazards associated with the use of ladders at work. (3 marks)

(b) Describe how the risks associated with the use of ladders may be eliminated or reduced. (5 marks)

6. Identify EIGHT safe practices to be followed when using a skip for the collection and removal of waste from a construction site. (8 marks)

7. Outline FOUR factors that may increase the risk of violence in the workplace. (8 marks)

Long Questions

8. Maintenance workers are replacing fluorescent tubes in the roof space of a busy warehouse using a mobile elevating working platform (MEWP)

(i) Identify the possible hazards associated with the task. (8 marks)

(ii) Outline measures to be taken to ensure the safety of the maintenance workers and others who may be affected by the work. (12 marks)



9. The corrugated roof of a single storey warehouse is to be replaced. Access onto the roof will be gained using a mobile tower scaffold.

(i) Identify the foreseeable hazards likely to be encountered during such work. (6 marks)

(ii) Outline the control measures needed to ensure safety during use of the mobile tower scaffold. (6 marks)

(iii) Outline other control measures that may be required to control the other hazards identified in part (i). (8 marks)

Model AnswersShort Questions

1. The primary hazards associated with the movement of people and vehicles are:

� Slips, trips and falls on the same level and from height.

� Collision with moving vehicles.

� Collision with or being struck by a falling object, e.g. part of a load.

� Striking against fixed or stationary objects.

� Environmental conditions.

2. The main hazards found during the demolition of a multi-storey building are:

� Falls from height.

� Falling debris and premature collapse of building.

� The use of explosives.

� Noise from equipment and heavy plant.

� Production of dust, possibly including asbestos.

� Hazardous materials from previous uses of the building.

� Cellars, vaults and voids affecting the stability of adjacent premises.

� The presence of services (not necessarily underground services), e.g. gas, electricity and water.



3. The main hazards associated with excavations are:

� Falls of persons/equipment/material into excavations.

� Contact with buried services.

� Vibration caused by machinery and vehicles nearby may lead to the collapse of the excavation.

� Loose or unstable earth around an excavation or at the bottom may collapse.

� Water ingress or flooding may occur.

� There may be contaminated ground at the site of excavation.

� Digging may uncover buried materials or contaminated toxic and asphyxiating atmospheres hazardous to health.

� Vehicles (e.g. mobile cranes, mobile plant) may fall into the excavations.

� Vehicles passing too close to an excavation may cause the sides to collapse.

4. (a) On a construction site, something may fall from a height due to:

� Deterioration of the structure.

� Inappropriate storage.

� Poor housekeeping.

� Gaps in the platform.

� Lack of edge protection.

� Incorrect methods for lifting or lowering.

(Only four are required.)

(b) Control measures to prevent items falling from a height are:

� Physical safeguards – barriers, close boarding, use of nets and toeboards.

� Supervision.

� Good housekeeping.

� Procedures and safe systems of work.



5. (a) The main hazards associated with the use of ladders at work are:

� Poor maintenance.

� Incorrect use of the ladder.

� Incorrect footing.

(b) Ladder hazards may be eliminated or reduced by:

� Correct inspection.

� Correct storage.

� Correct securing.

� The correct angle (1:4 or 75° to the horizontal).

� Correct section use.

� Training of operators.

� Tied to structure.

� Footed.

� Long enough.

6. Safe practices when using a skip to collect and remove waste from a construction site are:

� Making sure the skip is of sound construction.

� Locate skip on firm, level ground away from excavations.

� Clear access for filling the skip and its removal by a vehicle away from the site.

� Filling by means of a chute or mechanical means (unless done by hand).

� Controls to prevent over-filling.

� Controls to prevent tipping (disposal) of incompatible wastes.

� Use of netting or sheeting covers when skip is full.

� Fire safety procedures.

� Need to site away from buildings.

� Need to protect against arson.

(Only eight are required).



7. The risk of violence in the workplace may be increased by:

� The handling of cash.

� Contact with the public/customers where a request may be refused.

� Contact with an authority figure, e.g. a traffic warden.

� Contact with customers/clients under the influence of drink or drugs.

Long Questions

8. (i) The hazards associated with the task would include:

� Working at height with the possibility of falling.

� Coming into contact with electrical fittings.

� Trapping in the mechanism of the MEWP.

� Instability of the MEWP caused by sloping or uneven floors.

� Being struck by an overhead travelling crane.

� Collision between a vehicle and the MEWP.

� Materials and tools falling from a height.

� Contact with broken glass.

� Environmental hazards such as excess heat, insufficient lighting and dust exposure.

(ii) The control measures that should be taken to ensure the safety of the maintenance workers and the other employees:

� Choosing a time to carry out the work when the warehouse is less busy.

� Correct positioning of the MEWP.

� Avoiding slopes and uneven floors.

� Ensure outriggers are fully extended and locked in position and brakes applied before the platform is raised.

� Ensure that guardrails are fitted to the platform.

� Arrange for the isolation of the overhead cranes to prevent their movement.



� Make sure that the platform of the MEWP is lowered before moving to a new position.

� Use barriers and warning signs to prevent access of other people into the working area.

� Establish the competence of the MEWP driver and maintenance workers involved in replacing the fluorescent tubes.

(Note: Correct identification of the hazards in the first part of the answer gives a suitable scheme for outlining the control measures in the second part.)

9. (i) The hazards associated with working on the mobile tower scaffold would include:

� Working at height with the possibility of falling.

� Falls of material.

� Exposure to extreme weather conditions.

� Use of work equipment, including access equipment.

� Manual handling.

� Work on or near fragile roofing materials.

� Contact with hazardous substances, including asbestos.

(ii) The control measures needed to ensure safe use of the mobile tower scaffold include:

� Ensuring that the ratio of the height of the tower to its base dimension is correct.

� The provision of adequate diagonal bracing.

� A working platform which is fully boarded with toe boards and guardrails in place.

� A safe means of access to the platform.

� Means of locking the wheels of the tower when work is being carried out.

� The use of outriggers.

� Checking that the condition of the ground on which the tower is sited is suitable (i.e. level and firm).

� Only competent people erect and inspect the scaffold.



(iii) Further control measures required to control hazards encountered when replacing roofing sheets:

� Provision and use of roof ladders.

� Crawling boards.

� Protection of roof edges and voids.

� Harnesses.

� Provision of hoists, chutes and covered skips for the removal of old roof materials.

� Protection of those working below (e.g. barriers, netting, signs, safety harnesses).

� Isolation of overhead services (electricity) and ensuring safe distances.

� Use of low reduced voltage or RCDs for portable electric tools.

� Protection against extreme weather conditions.

� Suitable precautions if asbestos sheeting involved, (i.e. avoid breaking up asbestos sheeting, use of respiratory protection, overalls, damping down, ensuring safe disposal of waste).





Element 2: Transport Hazards and Risk Control

Hazards and Risks from Workplace Transport OperationsTypical Hazards Relating to Vehicle Movements

� Driving too fast – often associated with driver error. Loads may move or fall from vehicles, and braking may be ineffective.

� Reversing – limits a driver’s vision and puts the whole length of a vehicle in the direction of travel. The driver’s vision may be impaired, and pedestrians may not see or hear the approach of a reversing vehicle.

� Silent operation of machinery – vehicles and equipment may not be heard by pedestrians or other drivers.

� Poor visibility – especially around loads, wide or long vehicles, or while vehicles reverse – causes many collisions.

Typical Non-Movement-Related Hazards

� Loading/unloading – both manual and mechanical loading and unloading of vehicles can create risk (e.g. manual handling risk, risks created during tipping operations, etc.).

� Securing and sheeting – when workers have to climb onto a vehicle in order to secure the load.

� Coupling – when vehicles are attached to trailers or other towed equipment, there is potential for collision and crushing.

� Maintenance work – when mechanics have to access various parts of the vehicle and may have to work at height or under the vehicle.

Typical Risks Associated with Vehicle Operations

� Loss of control – due to driver error (driving too fast), mechanical failure (brakes fail) or environmental conditions (mud on the road).

� Overturning – tipping over onto the vehicle’s side or onto its front or back. Instability, particularly of high sided vehicles, may be due to speed of travel, steepness of slope, height and stability of the load, tyre pressure and road conditions.

� Collisions with other vehicles, pedestrians or fixed objects due to driver incompetence; adverse ground and weather conditions; poor lighting or site layout; congestion.



Control Measures for Safe Workplace Transport Operations

After a risk assessment has been carried out to determine the extent and types of controls needed, the necessary measures can be grouped in three main categories:

� Safe site (the workplace environment).

� Safe vehicle.

� Safe driver.

Safe Site (the Workplace Environment)

� Vehicle free zones and/or pedestrian free zones – eliminating the hazard.

� Good vehicle traffic route layout – keeping vehicles at a distance from pedestrian walkways and other vehicles; use of one-way systems.

� Segregation of vehicles and pedestrians – with separate walkways and possibly safe havens for pedestrians. Use of barriers or markings for walkways.

� Separate site and building entrances for vehicles and pedestrians.

� Enforced speed limits and traffic calming measures (e.g. speed bumps) where necessary.

� Ensure good visibility; eliminate any blind spots; provide vision aids such as mirrors.

� Use appropriate signage to warn drivers of hazards.

� Traffic route surface to be suitable for the vehicles using it and gradients avoided where possible.

All these control measures should be maintained in good order with routine inspection, cleaning and repair/replacement as necessary.

Safe Vehicle

Vehicles should be:

� Suitable for their intended use.

� Suitable for the environment and conditions in which they are used.

� Maintained in safe working order.

� Only driven by suitably trained, qualified staff.

� Inspected routinely before use.

Where necessary, vehicles should be fitted with a:

� Seat for the driver (and any passengers).

� Seat belt.

� Roll bar or roll cage to protect the driver in the event of overturn.



� Guard to protect the driver in the event of falling objects.

� Horn.

� Audible reversing alarm.

� Beacon or flashing light.

SafeDriver

The driver should be:

� Competent to drive the vehicle: proof of qualification may be required.

� Medically fit to drive.

� Provided with specific information, instruction and training appropriate to the workplace and site where they will be driving.

� Supervised: to ensure that they follow safe systems of work, obey site rules and do not lapse into bad practices.

There are usually legal standards and local codes of practice relating to these matters.

Management systems should be in place to ensure driver competence. They should also be introduced as formal arrangements to the health and safety policy or local codes of practice.

A properly trained banksman (reversing assistant) should be used to assist drivers with reversing and awkward manoeuvring operations.

Driving at WorkManaging Work-Related Road Safety

Road safety should be treated as another aspect of health and safety.

� Policy – should cover work-related driving and recognise the employer’s duty to manage the risk.

� Responsibility – top-level commitment to policy to ensure resources are available.

� Organisation – work-related driving will often involve different groups of workers, so policy should be developed with all of those groups in mind and often involves interested parties from across the organisation.

� Systems – arrangements must ensure that vehicles are maintained, inspected and tested and driver qualifications and fitness are checked. These management systems must be established and checked to ensure that they are adequate.

� Monitoring – various methods can be used.

� Legal responsibilities - individuals driving whilst at work are bound by the national laws governing road safety and road traffic offences.



Risk Assessment

Work-related driving should be risk assessed in the same way as other work-related activities. The standard five-step approach can be tailored to suit work-related driving.

Evaluating and Controlling the Risk

Evaluation of risks should look particularly at:

� The Driver

– Competency – drivers should hold the relevant driving licence for the vehicle to be driven. They might also be required to demonstrate relevant experience, skill and knowledge.

– Training – drivers may have to undertake specific training on safe driving. – Fitness and health – drivers may have to undergo a medical examination and

be passed as fit to drive. � The Vehicle

– Suitability – the vehicle must be suitable for its intended purpose. – Condition – the vehicle must be in a roadworthy condition. – Safety equipment – the vehicle should carry suitable safety equipment. – Safety critical information – certain information must be understood by the

driver. – Ergonomic – adjustability of seat position and driver posture to achieve

comfort. � The Journey

– Routes – route planning allows for hazards to be avoided and risks minimised. – Scheduling – scheduling journeys at the right time of day. – Time – allowing sufficient time for the journey. – Distance – travel distances must be reasonable. – Weather conditions – weather forecasts and adverse conditions must be

taken into account.




1. Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in areas where vehicles are in use. (8 marks)

2. Outline FOUR factors to take into account when selecting potential drivers for workplace vehicles. (8 marks)

3. Outline FOUR reasons why a forklift truck may overturn in the workplace. (8 marks)

4. Outline precautions that can be introduced to eliminate or reduce the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles within a workplace. (8 marks)

Long Question

5. Many fatal accidents involve workers being struck by vehicles.

Outline the range of precautions that can be introduced in a workplace to reduce risks of vehicle accidents. (20 marks)


1. To ensure the safety of pedestrians and vehicles and to prevent them coming into contact with each other, the following precautions should be used:

� Segregation of pedestrians and vehicles.

� Separate pedestrian and vehicle routes.

� Speed limits for vehicles.

� Signage; audio and/or visual alarms.

� Road marking.

� Training of drivers.

� Guarding and barriers.

� Maintenance of floor and traffic routes.

� Employee awareness.



2. When selecting potential drivers for workplace transport and equipment, the following factors should be taken into consideration:

� Competence.

� Training in use of any special features or requirements.

� Age – generally at least 17 years old.

� Reliable.

� Able to perform task in a responsible manner.

� Reasonable fitness.

� Reasonable intelligence.

(Only four factors are required.)

3. A forklift truck may overturn due to:

� Loss of control.

� Speed of travel.

� Steepness of a slope.

� Travelling with a raised load.

� Uneven tyre pressure.

� Poorly-maintained road surfaces.

� Environmental conditions.

� Wind.

(Only four reasons are required.)

4. Accidents from reversing vehicles can be reduced by:

� Avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse – one-way or drive through systems, turning circles, etc.

� Separation of vehicles and pedestrians – use of barriers and signs.

� Suitable vehicle and workplace design – audible alarms, mirrors on vehicles and at blind corners, refuges, adequate lighting, etc.

� Procedural measures – use of banksmen, good site rules, driver training, etc.



Long Question

5. The precautions which can be used to reduce the risk of vehicle accidents will include the following:

� Road systems clearly lit and one-way traffic clearly marked.

� Space for parking, reversing, loading and unloading.

� Use of crossings and white and yellow lines.

� Vehicles not allowed to reverse unless necessary and then only with a banksman and controls, like alarms.

� Avoiding sharp bends.

� Protection of vulnerable plant.

� Barriers.

� Segregation of pedestrians and vehicles.

� Parking areas.

� Maintenance of roadways.

� Speed limits and restrictors.

� Signage.





Element 3: Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control

Work-Related Upper Limb DisordersMusculoskeletal Disorders and Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders

Typical forms of ill-health associated with poor ergonomic design are:

� Back injuries and back pain – associated with repetitive manual handling or poor posture and movement whilst standing or sitting for long periods of time.

� Work-related upper limb disorders (WRULDs) – conditions that affect the arms and hands, e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome (inflammation of a nerve in the wrist that causes tingling sensations, pins and needles, numbness in the fingers and arm pain) and tenosynovitis (inflammation of the tendons in the forearm that makes finger movement difficult and painful).

� Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) – from a significant dose of vibration into the hands and arms.

Collectively these conditions can be referred to as musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).

High Risk Activities (Repetitive Operations)

Repetitive activities involve significant risk of musculoskeletal disorders, including:

� Display screen equipment (DSE) use.

� Factory assembly of small components.

� Bricklaying.

� Supermarket checkout operation.

Matching the Workplace to Individual Needs

The risk of musculoskeletal disorders can be reduced by matching the workplace to suit the individual needs of workers; an ergonomic approach.

This involves the interaction between people and:

� The tools, equipment or machinery that they are using (e.g. the ease of use of control panels).

� The workplace environment (e.g. suitability of lighting).

� Organisational factors (e.g. shift patterns, hours of work).



The Ill-Health Effects of Poor Task and Workstation Design

� Fatigue or strain on the eyes from excessive glare, poor lighting, screen flicker, etc.

� Headaches from excessive glare, noise or poor lighting.

� General fatigue.

� Aches, pains and muscle strains from making certain movements.

� Aches and pains from poor seating design and positioning

MSD Risk Factors

These will be due to:

� The physical requirements of the task – the way in which the worker sits and moves in order to perform particular actions involved in the task. Problems may arise from repetition, force, posture, twisting or rest.

� The environmental context – the way in which the worker is affected by the environment when undertaking the task activities.. This invloves lighting levels and other environmental parameters.

� The equipment – the way in which the worker is affected by the physical characteristics of the work equipment itself, (i.e. shape, adjustability).

Appropriate Control Measures

� DSE

– Carry out an assessment of the user’s workstation to ensure that: – The equipment and environment meet minimum standards. – The workstation can be adjusted to suit the user.

– Provide basic DSE workstation equipment that meets minimum standards. – Plan the user’s work routine so that they can take short, frequent breaks from

screen and keyboard use. – Provide DSE users with a free eye test. – Provide information and training to users on the potential health risks of DSE

use and the preventive measures. � Factory Assembly Line

– Carry out an ergonomic assessment of the workstation to ensure that it is appropriate and can be adjusted to suit the worker’s needs.

– Plan the worker’s work routine so that they can take recovery breaks. – Provide information and training to workers on potential MSD health risks

and the preventive measures.



Specific controls include:

– Automating the process to eliminate the MSD risk entirely. – Changing the layout of the workstation to allow comfortable posture and to

minimise overreaching, stooping, twisting, etc. – Provide seating (if it is not already available). – Provide comfortable shoes and floor mats to relieve foot pressure when

standing. – Allow short, frequent breaks from the production line or introduce job

rotation to prevent long duration on one task. – Ensure lighting is appropriate to the task. – Introduce ergonomically-designed hand tools.

Manual Handling Hazards, Risks and Control MeasuresCommon Types of Manual Handling Injury

� Back injuries – wear and tear to the intervertebral discs caused by twisting, lifting or pushing loads.

� Tendon and ligament injuries – painful tears.

� Muscular problems – muscle tissue tears.

� Hernias – rupture of the musculature of the body cavity wall.

� Work-related upper limb disorders (WRULDs) – affect the soft tissues of the wrist, neck, shoulders and arms.

� Cuts, abrasions and bruising, burns and bone injuries.

Assessing Manual Handling Risks

Identifying hazards in manual handling operations involves four key factors:

� The task – the nature of the handling operation and identification of high risk activities.

� The load – the characteristics of the object(s) being handled.

� The working environment – the immediate physical surroundings within which the handling operation takes place. (Are the floors in good condition? Is the lighting adequate? Is movement restricted?)

� Individual capabilities – the physical characteristics of the persons doing the handling operation and their ability in terms of knowledge and skills.



Avoiding or Minimising Manual Handling RisksControl of manual handling risks can be achieved by using a simple hierarchy of controls:

� Eliminate the manual handling – by automation or mechanisation of the handling activity.

� Assess manual handling that cannot be eliminated – by looking at the four factors of: task, load, environment, and individual capabilities.

� Use handling aids – such as: trolleys, barrel lifts, gin wheels, trucks, hoists and lifts that require some manual effort to lift or support the load, but give the worker mechanical advantage.

� Modify the task, load or environment:

– The task: introduce rest breaks or job rotation to minimise time on repetitive handling; change the layout to eliminate stooping.

– The load: break a heavy load down into smaller parts; use several workers rather than one to handle a heavy load; attach handles to a load that is difficult to grasp.

– The environment: allow more space for the handling activity; level an uneven floor; provide additional lighting in a poorly lit location.

� Ensure individual capabilities are matched to the activity: train workers in any specific technique that is required.

Efficient Movement Principles

� Before lifting – check the weight; plan the lift; establish a firm grip.

� The lift – bend the knees; keep the spine as straight as possible; hold the load close to the body; avoid twisting and jerking.

� Setting down – same principles as lifting; maintain a good balance; set load down.

Manually Operated and Powered Load Handling EquipmentThere are two categories of mechanical handling devices:

� Manually operated devices – where the weight of the load is taken by the devices which are then pushed or pulled manually (e.g. trolley, sack truck, pallet truck) or where power for the device used to raise a load comes solely from the person operating it (e.g. pulley hoist).

� Powered devices – where the power to lift and/or move the load is provided by a motor or other mechanical means, possibly in conjunction with manual power (e.g. forklift truck, conveyor, crane).



Hazards and Controls for Manually Operated Load Handling Equipment

Hazards associated with this type of equipment include:

� Manual handling risk associated with pushing or pulling the truck.

� Instability of the load causing the load to fall.

� Moving up, down or across slopes causing loss of control.

� Poor parking of the truck causing obstruction in a traffic route.

� Other pedestrians may be struck during manoeuvring.

� Trapped feet under the wheels or when lowering the load.

Precautions for safe use include:

� Avoidance of uneven ground and slopes.

� Use of ramps over steps.

� Observing the safe working load limits of the truck.

� Securing the load if necessary.

� Using the brakes (if fitted) whenever the truck is stationary.

� Care when moving or lowering the load.

� Safe parking and storage to avoid obstruction.

� Routine inspection and maintenance.

� Use of safety shoes or boots to avoid crush injuries.

Powered Load Handling Equipment

Each type of equipment will present its own hazards (see table) but general hazards associated with powered lifting devices include:

� Mechanical failure.

� Overloading.

� Collision with pedestrians, other vehicles or structures.

� Falls of materials or persons.

� Noise.

� Contact with moving parts or crushing hazards.

� Smoke, dust, fumes from the exhaust gases.

� Fire and/or explosion when refuelling.



Device Hazards Control Measures

Forklift trucks � Overturn and striking of pedestrians.

� Unstable loads or driving with raised loads.

� Operator training.

� Daily checks and maintenance by a competent person.

� No overloading.

� Observing site rules.

Conveyors (belt, roller and screw)

� Trapping points at in-running nips.

� Entanglement and contact with moving parts such as in screw conveyors.

� The falling of materials from conveyors.

� Use of guards and training of operators.

Mobile and tower cranes

� Uneven ground and high winds causing crane to topple.

� Jib (arm) or load striking something whilst moving.

� Driving with a suspended load.

� Use of correct crane; trained and competent operators.

� Regular inspection and maintenance by a competent person.

� Use of fail-safe devices.

Requirements for Safe Lifting Operations

� Ensuring the crane or lifting device is of the correct type for the job and terrain.

� Ensuring that the load to be lifted is within the safe lifting capacity of the crane.

� Carefully siting the crane on even, stable ground in a safe position away from structures or overheads that might be struck.

� Using the outriggers correctly.

� Checking that the crane has been properly maintained.

� Restricting use of the crane to trained and competent operators only.

� Ensuring that each lift is planned and supervised by a competent person and that the driver and slinger are competent.

� Providing a banksman.

� Ensuring that safety devices are operational and are used correctly.

� Checking that there are no obstructionsin the vicinity of the lift.



� Checking weather conditions.

� Lifting the load as close to the ground as possible; never lifting the load directly over a person.

� Using PPE.

� Using signs to warn of the operations and exclusion of personnel from the area.

Requirements for Periodic Examination of Lifting Equipment

A thorough examination should be conducted by a competent person with the experience, knowledge and skills to assess the condition of the particular equipment.

In general, lifting equipment should be thoroughly examined:

� Before it is used for the first time (unless it has an in-date certificate of thorough examination from the manufacturer or previous owner).

� Before it is used for the first time where the way that it has been installed will make a difference to its strength and stability.

� Periodically.

� After an event that may have affected its strength and stability.

The frequency of “periodic” thorough examination will typically be:

� Every 12 months where it is not used to carry people.

� Every six months where it is used to carry people.

� Every six months for lifting accessories.




1. Outline FOUR specific types of injury that could foreseeably be caused by the manual handling of loads. (8 marks)

2. (a) Outline the main features of the good lifting technique that should be followed by a worker when lifting a load from the ground in order to avoid manual handling injury. (4 marks)

(b) Identify TWO ways that would allow a manual handling operation to be completely avoided. (4 marks)

3. Outline the key checks that should be made in preparation for the use of a crane for a lifting operation in order to demonstrate a safe system of work. (8 marks)

4. A worker in a factory store room is engaged in the manual handling of metal components in boxes onto and off of shelf units.

(a) Identify FOUR types of injury to which the worker may be at risk while engaged in the manual handling of these boxed components. (4 marks)

(b) Outline the factors, which specifically relate to the task, which might foreseeably affect the risk of injury. (4 marks)

5. (a) Explain the meaning of the word ‘ergonomics’ as used in occupational health and safety practice. (2 marks)

(b) Poorly designed workstations can cause a range of ill-health effects. Outline these ill-health effects. (6 marks)

6. Identify the range of factors that should be thought about during a DSE workstation assessment. (8 marks)

Long Question

7. (a) Identify the FOUR main factors to be considered when carrying out a manual handling assessment. (4 marks)

(b) Outline steps to reduce the risks from manual handling tasks and give an example in each case. (16 marks)




1. Specific types of injury caused by incorrect manual handling of loads are:

� Back injuries.

� Muscle strains and sprains.

� Hernias.

� Cuts, abrasions and bruises.

� Bone injuries, particularly to toes and fingers.

� WRULDs.

� Musculoskeletal disorders.


2. (a) The following are important to ensure a safe lifting technique:

� Stop and think.

� Assess the weight of the load.

� Bend the knees.

� Keep the back straight.

� Get a good grip on the load.

� Use of body weight.

� Keep the load close to the body.

� Don’t twist the body.

� Position the feet slightly apart.

� Keep the shoulders and hips in line (same direction).

� Lift steadily using the leg muscles to straighten up.

(b) The task can be avoided by mechanisation and use of:

� FLTs.

� Hoists.

� Cranes.

� Conveyors.

(Remember that the use of sack trucks and smaller loads does NOT avoid manual handling in the context of the question.)



3. The steps to be taken are:

� Planning the lift.

� Correct selection of crane.

� Correct selection of lifting tackle.

� Ensure the competence of the crane driver and slinger.

� Ensure there is a valid and current test certificate.

4. (a) Types of injury likely to be suffered:

� Back injuries and other muscular-skeletal disorders.

� Muscular problems – strains and sprains.

� Hernias.

� Cuts, abrasions and bruising to hands and toes.

� Bone injuries to hands and feet.

� Work-related upper limb disorder (WRULDs).

(b) Factors relating to THIS task are:

� Distance of the load from the body.

� Movements that include twisting, stooping or reaching upwards.

� Excessive lifting or lowering.

� Sudden or jerking movements.

� Excessive periods of physical effort.

� Length of rest periods doing other types of work.

� An imposed rate of doing work.

5. (a) “Ergonomics” means fitting the job to the person.

(b) Workstations that are poorly designed without considering ergonomics can cause the following ill-health effects:

� Physical stress due to poor posture.

� Visual problems due to excessive brightness.

� Mental stress due to excessive demands.

� WRULDs – tendonitis, tenosynovitis, carpal tunnel syndrome.



6. The following factors should be considered when assessing a DSE workstation:

� The seating is appropriate.

� There is space for the hands in front of the keyboard.

� The keyboard is separate from the screen.

� The screen is at the correct height.

� The environmental conditions are suitable – lighting, temperature and humidity.

� The cables are safely managed.

Long Question

7. (a) The four main factors to consider in a manual handling assessment are:

� The load, e.g. is it heavy?

� The individual, e.g. does the load require unusual strength?

� The task, e.g. how far is the load to be carried?

� The environment, e.g. is the floor even?

(b) The steps that should be taken to reduce the risks from manual handling tasks are as follows:

� Eliminate the need to carry out manual handling tasks, e.g. redesign the task to avoid manual handling altogether.

� If this is not possible, minimise the risk to as low as is reasonably practicable by using mechanical aids, e.g. a trolley to take the weight.

� Give information, instruction and training to employees, e.g. training in correct lifting technique.

� Look at environmental conditions, e.g. redesign the workstation to improve access to the load and any equipment used.





Element 4: Work Equipment Hazards and Risk Control

General Principles for Selection, Use and Maintenance“Work equipment” refers to a wide range of tools, machinery and equipment:

� Simple hand tools, e.g. a hammer, screwdriver or chisel.

� Hand-held power tools, e.g. a portable electric drill or circular saw.

� Access equipment such as ladders and stepladders.

� Single machines, e.g. bench mounted abrasive wheel, photocopier, lathe or compactor.

� Mobile work equipment and vehicles, e.g. a tractor or mobile crane.

� Machine assemblies, where several machines are linked together to form a more complex plant, such as a bottling plant.

Suitability

� All work equipment must be fit for purpose and for the work environment in which it is used.

� The location where work equipment is used must be assessed for likely risks, i.e. power tools used in damp or flammable atmospheres.

� Machinery must satisfy minimum health and safety requirements and comply with country specific standards. In the EU, the CE mark on machinery signifies that it conforms to all the relevant essential health and safety requirements.

Prevention of Access to Dangerous Parts of Machinery

The levels of protection (hierarchy of controls) are:

� Fixed enclosed guards.

� Other guards and protection devices (e.g. interlocked guards and pressure mats).

� Protection appliances (e.g. jigs, holders and push-sticks).

� Provision of information, instruction, training and supervision.

These safeguards use one of three distinct principles:

� Placing a physical barrier between a person and the dangerous part.

� Using devices that only allow access while the equipment is in a safe condition.

� Detecting a person’s presence and stopping the machine.



Other Significant Principles

� Restriction of use – use of work equipment presenting specific risks should be restricted to competent operators only.

� Information, instruction and training – all users of work equipment should be informed and trained; managers and supervisors should have adequate information and training to allow them to manage effectively.

� Routine checks and maintenance must be thorough and undertaken by competent people, according to any legal standards and manufacturers’ recommendations. Maintenance staff can be exposed to additional risks.

� Operation and emergency stop controls should be located on each item of machinery and when activated should override all other controls.

� Environmental conditions should ensure that equipment is stable and workstations are clear of obstructions, well lit, with clear signs warning against risks.

� Users of the machines must keep to proper procedures and act in a responsible manner.



Hand-Held Tools and Portable Power ToolsSimple hand tools can cause injury through user error, misuse or mechanical failure.Portable power tools present greater risks because of the severity of injury that might be caused and the additional hazards presented by each tool.

Category Type Hazards Injuries Safe use/control measures

Hand-held tools

Tools that are entirely powered manually, including axes to wrenches, hammers, chisels, saws, shovels, and picks.

Injuries often due to misuse or operator incompetence.

Mostly contact injuries, where a part of the body strikes, or is hit by, the tool itself.

Use of tools suitable for task and environment. Appropriate training of operatives and use of PPE. Regular pre-use checks and maintenance.

Portable power tools

Hand-held with an external power source (i.e. electricity, compressed air, liquid fuel, hydraulic and powder-actuated). Include electric screwdrivers, pneumatic drills, disc cutters or sanders.

Operator error, misuse and improper maintenance. Risk of fire due to fuel spillages, flammable vapours. Electricity, noise and vibration, dust emissions, trip hazards due to cables.

Injuries due to puncture wounds, splintering, entanglement in moving machinery and abrasions.

Appropriate for the task and environment. Proper training in the correct use of tools and use of PPE. Use of guards, clamps and safety switches. Routine and thorough inspections and maintenance. Proper storage, particularly for chainsaws and cutting instruments, power leads and hoses. Operator training and competence.



Machinery HazardsISO 12100 identifies two categories of hazards.

Mechanical Hazards

These hazards are caused by people interacting directly with the machines, particularly when they are in motion. Injuries include:

� Crushing – the body or part of the body is trapped between two moving parts of a machine or between moving and static objects such that they meet together, e.g. collapse of a hydraulic lift crushing a person underneath.

� Shearing – a part of the body (usually fingers) is trapped between two parts of the machine, one moving past the other with some speed. The effect is like a guillotine, shearing off the trapped body part.

� Cutting or severing – a sharp-edged part of the machinery comes in contact with the person, e.g. the blade of a bandsaw.

� Entanglement – usually an item of clothing gets caught on the rotating part.

� Drawing in or trapping – a part of the body is caught between two moving parts and drawn into the machine, e.g. at “in running nips” where two counter-rotating rollers meet.

� Impact – a powered part of a machine hits the person, e.g. the arm of a fast-moving industrial robot.

� Stabbing or puncture – a sharp part of the machine or part of the process (e.g. ejected swarf or broken tooling) penetrates the person, or from cartridge tools, e.g. a nail gun.

� Friction or abrasion – coming into contact with a fast moving surface, e.g. a belt sander.

� High pressure fluid injection – fluid at very high pressure is ejected from the machine and penetrates the skin (e.g. hydraulic fluid escaping from a burst hydraulic hose).

Other (Non-Mechanical) Hazards

These arise from the use of machinery and its effect on the immediate environment. The harm they cause is not necessarily through contact with the machinery and may affect people other than the operator him/herself. The injuries caused may be immediate and acute, but may also include longer-term damage caused by lengthy exposure to the hazard.

� Noise affects both users and those in the vicinity.

� Vibration can affect the functioning of various parts of the body. The effect may be localised, as from holding hand tools, or it may pass through the whole body.



� Electricity hazards are common with machines powered by electricity and can give rise to electric shock or burns.

� Temperature – people can be burnt by hot/cold surfaces or can be affected by working in hot/cold environments.

� Radiation – ionising radiation is more serious because it penetrates the body and breaks down body cells and causes cancer and reproductive disorders. Non-ionising radiation (i.e. sunlight and lasers) is less dangerous but affects workers outside. Electric arc welding can cause ‘arc-eye’, a form of conjunctivitis of the eye.

� Hazardous materials and substances can be found in machines but also on the work site (i.e. oils, dust and woodchip).

� Ergonomics refers to the way in which, under normal conditions, the operator works in relation to the machinery and includes such factors as reach distances required, working position, extent to which the operator can control the pace of work, etc.

Control Measures for Reducing Risks from Machinery Hazards � Fixed guards – physical barriers preventing access to the hazard. Include enclosing

guards which encase all parts of the hazard and distance guards which reduce access.

� Adjustable guards – are manually adjusted to give protection and should only be used if conditions make it impracticable to use another device and where conditions are suitable (i.e. good lighting). They can be easily overridden so operators need to be very careful.

� Self-adjusting guards – fixed or movable guards which adjust to the materials being used and are therefore not fully foolproof as blades are temporarily exposed.

� Interlocking guards – link the primary guard system to a secondary safety device to complete stoppage or prevent machine operation.

� Sensitive protective equipment (trip devices) – stop or reverse motion when a person enters the hazard area. Trip devices rely on contact being made with a sensor such as a mechanical/electronic trigger, a photo-electric guard or trip/switch mat.

� Two-hand controls – offer a limited means of protecting the hands of an operator where guarding is impracticable.

� Hold-to-run controls – require the operator to hold a control at all times while the equipment or machine is in operation.

� Emergency stop controls – an be buttons or pull-cords and should be positioned at easily reached positions on the machine and associated control panels.



� Protective appliances (jigs, pushsticks, holders, etc.) – hand-held tools or hand-controlled fixed devices which allow the operator some control of the work piece but offer less protection.

� Personal protective equipment and clothing – offers immediate and short-term protection but should not be seen as a substitute for guards.

� Employers must provide information, instruction, training and supervision.

Type of Guard Merits Weaknesses Means of Overriding

Fixed No moving parts.Cannot be interfered with by operator.Virtually maintenance-free.

Machine will still operate with guard removed.

Special tool for removal may be too widely available.

Interlocked Require some effort to defeat.

Can be bypassed so that machine can be operated with the guard open.

Connectors may be bent out of place.Spare magnets may be used.

Manual adjusting guard

Allows various sized work pieces to be used.

Relies on people using it properly.

Can be adjusted out of range.

Self-adjusting Allows variable sized work pieces.

Easily overridden. Can be adjusted out of range.

Sensitive protective equipment (trip devices)

Useful when approach by person required as part of job.

No physical barrier. Time delay in stopping machine may be too long.

Operators can avoid devices.

Two-handed control Keeps operator’s hands away from moving parts. Rapid manual movement of guard into place.

Protects only operator’s hands, not other parts of body or other people.

Two people can override the system by each holding one handle.

Hold-to-run control Releasing the control will disconnect power from the machine and it will cease to function.

Do not protect any parts of the operator’s body. Can be easily defeated by the operator.

Can be held or operated by a person other than the operator.



Basic Requirements for Guards and Safety Devices

� Suitable for the intended purpose.

� Meets relevant standards.

� Strong and robust - to withstand the forces it may be subjected to, e.g. ejection of parts.

� Compatible – must not interfere with machine operation.

� No rough or sharp edges.

� Not easy to defeat or bypass.

� Vision – must not interfere with any need to see in.

� Ventilation – must not interfere with any ventilation required.

� Ease of maintenance.

� Removal for maintenance – ideally the guard should not have to be removed to allow maintenance on the machine to take place.

� Does not increase overall risk to the operators.



Machinery Hazards and Protection – Specific Examples

Machinery Hazards Protection System

Office Machinery

Photocopiers Drawing in and entanglement, electricity, hot parts

Fixed and interlocked guards

Paper shredders Cutting and drawing in, electricity

Fixed and interlocked guards

Manufacturing and Maintenance Machinery

Bench-top grinders Abrasion, drawing in, puncture, entanglement, electricity

Fixed and adjustable guards, PPE (goggles, gloves and ear defenders)

Pedestal drills Entanglement, puncture, impact, drawing in, electricity

Fixed and adjustable guards, PPE (goggles)

Agricultural and Horticultural Machinery

Cylinder mowers Cutting, impact, entanglement, noise, vibration

Fixed guards, PPE (ear defenders)

Strimmers/brush cutters

Cutting, entanglement, puncture, noise, vibration

Fixed guards, PPE (masks, ear defenders)

Chainsaw Cutting, entanglement, drawing in, puncture, noise, vibration

Fixed and interlocked guards, PPE (gloves/gauntlets,chain-snagging jackets, hard hats, ear defenders)

Retail Machinery

Compactors Crushing, shearing, impact, electricity

Fixed perimeter guard, interlocked guard

Checkout conveyor systems

Drawing in, entanglement, friction, electricity

Fixed and interlocked guards; trip device

Construction Machinery

Cement mixers Entanglement, drawing in, crushing, fraction or abrasion

Fixed guards, PPE (gloves, goggles)

Bench-mounted circular saws

Cutting, entanglement, drawing in, electricity, noise

Fixed guards, adjustable guards, PPE (masks, ear defenders and gloves)

(Note: All machinery with electricity as a hazard would require routine inspection and portable appliance testing.)




1. Outline the factors that would ensure a piece of work equipment is suitable for use. (8 marks)

2. Outline precautions for the safe use of hand-held tools. (8 marks)

3. Identify, using an example in EACH case, FOUR mechanical hazards associated with machinery. (8 marks)

4. Outline FOUR non-mechanical hazards found in using machinery, and in EACH case give an example. (8 marks)

5. Outline FOUR guarding methods for machinery and, in EACH case give an example. (8 marks)

Long Question

6. A bench-mounted circular-saw is being used in a workshop to cut wood in the manufacture of wooden pallets.

(a) Identify FOUR risks to the health of the saw operators. (4 marks)

(b) Identify FOUR risks to the safety of the operators. (4 marks)

(c) Outline FIVE non-mechanical hazards associated with machinery, and in EACH case describe how the associated risks can be minimised. (12 marks)




1. To ensure that an item of work equipment is suitable for use, it must:

� Be capable of being maintained.

� Be provided with information and instructions for use.

� Have an appropriate control system with start, stop and emergency controls.

� In the EU it must meet requirements of EU standards and be CE marked.

� Have appropriate lighting.

� Have appropriate warning signs.

� Be stable.

2. A control strategy for the safe use of hand-held tools consists of:

� Appropriate training.

� Correct maintenance.

� Visual checks.

� Appropriate PPE.

3. Mechanical hazards associated with machinery are:

� Crushing, e.g. trapping a finger between moving parts when opening a photocopier.

� Shearing, e.g. trapping a finger while using an office guillotine.

� Cutting or severing, e.g. coming into contact with the blade of a bandsaw.

� Entanglement, e.g. a loose cuff getting caught in an abrasive wheel.

� Drawing-in, e.g. a finger being drawn in while using a document shredder.

� Impact, e.g. with a robot making unanticipated movements.

� Stabbing or puncture, e.g. by a sewing machine needle.

� Friction or abrasion, e.g. coming into contact with a sander.




4. Non-mechanical hazards associated with machinery are:

� Noise, e.g. from a cylinder mower, leading to temporary hearing loss.

� Vibration, e.g. from a chainsaw, leading to vascular disorders.

� Electricity, e.g. a faulty drill, causing electric shock or burns.

� Temperature, e.g. burns from a cutting torch.

� Radiation, e.g. from an X-ray machine, leading to the development of cancer.

� Substances, e.g. inhaling sawdust from the working process.

� Ergonomics, e.g. stress from the need to keep pace with a conveyor system.


5. The following are guarding methods for machinery:

� Fixed guard, e.g. to enclose a belt-drive mechanism.

� Distance guard, e.g. a fixed perimeter fence round a machine.

� Interlocking guard, e.g. to protect from the cutting operation of a lathe.

� Sensitive protective equipment (trip device), e.g. a trip bar guard fitted to a pillar drill.

� Adjustable guard, e.g. for the cutter on a milling machine.

� Self-adjusting guard, e.g. on a metal-cutting saw.

� Two-handed control, e.g. on a power press.


Long Question

6. (a) Risks to health would include:

� Hearing damage.

� Hand-arm vibration.

� Respiratory problems (e.g. asthma, nasal cancer, lung cancer).

� Dermatitis.



(b) Risks to safety (i.e. and resulting in injuries) would include:

� Injuries caused by entanglement on rotating parts such as the spindle of the blade and transmission (gear-driven parts).

� Flying particles of wood and ejection of wood (and any metal fragments of blade) causing injury.

� Manual handling injuries.

� Electrocution or electrical burns.

� Injuries due to slips, trips and falls.

(c) Five non-mechanical hazards would include:

� Noise.

� Electricity.

� Vibration.

� Dust from a process being worked.

� Musculo-skeletal disorders from manual handling during the process.

� Temperature.

� Radiation.

The risks from these non-mechanical hazards can be minimised by:

� Noise – use hearing protection where noise cannot be reduced.

� Electricity – carry out regular test and inspection of electrical equipment.

� Vibration – ensure machine maintained in good condition – use vibration-resistant gloves.

� Dust – contain and collect dust at source or use a dust mas.k

� Musculo-skeletal disorders – use safe lifting techniques and mechanical lifting aids wherever possible to handle materials on and off the machine.

� Temperature – wear heat-resistant clothing to minimise contact with hot parts.

� Radiation – isolate the machine within radiological protective area; use appropriate precautions such as PPE, shielding, film-badges, etc.



Element 5: Electrical Safety

Principles, Hazards and Risks Associated With the Use of Electricity at Work Electricity is energy created by the flow of electrons through a conductor, generally a metal wire. A switch can be used to complete or break the circuit.

� Voltage measures the flow of electricity between two terminals (volt/V).

� Current is the flow or speed power travels at along a conductor and it is measured in amperes (amp/I).

� Resistance is a measure of how much a circuit or components in a circuit restricts the flow of electrical current (ohm/R). Resistors are components designed to reduce the amount of current that travels through a particular part of a circuit.

These three parameters are linked by a simple relationship called Ohm’s law:

Voltage = Current x Resistance (or volts = amps x ohms, or V = I × R).

� Direct current (DC) is current flowing in one direction, e.g. a battery.

� Alternating current (AC) flow alters at regular intervals. The rate at which AC current switches backwards and forwards is called the frequency - the number of cycles per second (unit: hertz).

Hazards, Risks and Danger of ElectricityElectric Shock

When a person makes contact with a live conductor, the body acts as a temporary conductor for the current and provides an alternative path for the current to flow.

� Effects on the Body

An electric shock causes the body muscles to contract, often violently. At its most serious, current passing through the heart may interfere with the heart rate, causing fibrillation and/or cardiac arrest, or it may interfere with the muscles controlling breathing and cause respiratory failure. Both of these effects may be fatal.

� Factors Affecting Severity

The severity of the shock and type of injury caused will depend on the amount and nature of current passing through the body, and the parts of the body through which the current passes. Shock injury from DC is generally less severe than that from AC.



� First Aid Treatment

Medical treatment to electric shock victims should be prompt and be administered once contact between the victim and current has been broken. Artificial respiration should start immediately and medical advice sought to ensure that there are no internal injuries.

Electrical Burns

The heat given off by the current will cause direct burns at the point of contact. Indirect burns or arcing will occur where an uninsulated live conductor comes into contact with another earthed conductor. Arcing (where electricity jumps across an air gap) generates ultraviolet radiation which can burn the skin and retina of the eye (causing arc eye or eye flash).

Fire and Explosion

Electricity can cause fire and explosion in the following ways:

� Electrical equipment may be faulty and overheat.

� System may be overloaded.

� Equipment may be misused.

� Existence of a flammable atmosphere.

� Production of heat/sparks as part of equipment’s normal operation.

� Poor internal connections within equipment.

Arcing is the generation of electrical sparks or arcs between an uninsulated or poorly insulated conductor and another, earthed conductor.

Water being a good conductor of electricity, it is not possible to use it to extinguish electrical fires.

Static Electricity

Static electricity refers to the build up of potential difference (voltage) between surfaces as a result of friction between them. Little risk exists to a person unless flammable liquids or flammable atmospheres are present; there is then the risk that the static shock will ignite the liquid or atmosphere, causing fire or explosion.

Arcing

Arcing – where electricity jumps across an air gap – occurs in a very limited way inside some low voltage electrical equipment. The dangers increase at higher voltages. High voltage power lines can arc across distances of over 10 metres through air.



Portable Electrical Equipment

Many electric shock accidents involve portable electrical equipment (defined as having a flex and plug and movable from one location to another). Accidents are generally caused by:

� Misuse or using faulty or inappropriate equipment.

� Physical abuse of equipment.

� Lack of routine inspection, testing and maintenance.

Secondary Effects

Failure in an electrical circuit will cause all machines and systems linked to it to fail even temporarily, resulting in possible mechanical damage. Also electric shocks can cause workers to fall from a height or against dangerous objects.

Use of Poorly Maintained Electrical Equipment

Electrical quipment that is not maintained and inspected can easily fall into disrepair, resulting in increased risk of electric shock, fire, etc.

Work Near Overhead Power Lines

Most overhead power lines are uninsulated; any work carried out near to these power lines has a risk of electrical arcing. The distance that the arc can jump will depend on the voltage of the electrical system and environmental factors, such as air humidity.

Contact with Underground Power Cables

Striking buried power cables is a significant risk associated with excavation work. It can lead to electric arcing, shock and burns, and disruption to service users.

Work on Mains Electricity Supplies

Any work on or near exposed live mains supply conductors is inherently high risk because of the severity of injury that might result in the event of an accident.

Use of Electrical Equipment in Wet Environments

Water decreases the resistance of objects and environments to the passage of electricity, so any work using electrical equipment in wet environments increases the risk. Electric shock accidents more likely to happen in these conditions and the severity of injuries received can be greater.



Control MeasuresProtection of Conductors

Electrical conductors should be protected by insulation so that a person is not exposed to a live conductor. For example, cables should be insulated by an unbroken, undamaged sheath so that the live copper conductors are never exposed, and the casing on a drill should be intact so that the user cannot make contact with the live components within. It is essential that equipment is inspected and maintained to ensure that the insulation and protective layers are not damaged, and that where access may be possible, for example via an electrical panel or switchgear, the access doors are locked and controlled.

Strength and Capability of Equipment

Safe handling of electrical equipment in normal conditions depends on:

� Selecting equipment designed for the purpose and place it is to be used in. This will include considering the hazardous environments (i.e. extreme weather and temperature; natural hazards; contact with corrosive or flammable substances) equipment might be used in.

� Using the equipment according to manufacturers’ recommendations and not exceeding the electrical strength and capability of the equipment.

� Using suitable protective devices.

� Assessing any likely mechanical damage and carrying out effective inspection and maintenance routines, operated by competent people.

Advantages and Limitations of Protective Systems

Protective devices incorporated into electrical circuits or the equipment itself serve to cut off the electricity supply in the event of a fault and/or to reduce the strength of an electric shock should someone come into contact with the power supply.

� A fuse forms a weak link in a circuit by overheating and melting by design if the current exceeds the safe limit. They are cheap and reliable but very easy to bypass.

� A miniature circuit breaker (MCB) is a mechanical device in the form of a switch which automatically opens if the circuit is overloaded. They do not have to be removed in order to be reset and so they are more tamper-proof than fuses.

� Earthing the exposed metal parts which should not normally carry a current provides any fault current with a low impedance path to earth should it become live. The integrity of the earth conductor is vital because if it fails, the protection is removed.

� Isolation of supply involves physically separating equipment from any source of electric power and ensuring that it cannot be inadvertently re-energised, whereas switching off refers to depriving the equipment of electric power, but leaving it still connected.



� Double insulation is used to ensure that the live parts of any equipment are covered by two layers of insulating material. It relies on insulation rather than the electrical system itself for safety, but must be routinely visually inspected because there is no earth protection.

� Residual current devices (RCDs) or sensitive current-operated earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCBs) can compare the currents flowing in the live and neutral conductors and therefore detect a leakage current too small to operate a fuse, but large enough to deliver an electric shock or to start a fire. While they do not reduce current voltage or current flow, they do reduce the time the current actually flows and ensure that any shock is not lethal.

� Reduced or low voltage systems should be used where environmental conditions are harsh or wet, and there is a high risk of electric shocks, to reduce the effect of any shock. For hand-held portable tools and the smaller transportable units, the 110 volt, centre-tapped to earth (CTE) system is recommended, using a transformer to reduce the voltage from the public supply. The system relies on the mid-point of the transformer being earthed (centre-tapped).

Competent Persons

Where work on electrical systems creates danger or risk of personal injury then the employer must restrict that work to those people who have the necessary technical knowledge or experience to be able to carry out that work safely. In this context a competent person has:

� Knowledge of electricity.

� Experience of electrical work.

� An understanding of the system to be worked on.

� An understanding of the hazards and the precautions needed.

� The ability to recognise whether it is safe for work to continue.

The extent of personal knowledge and experience needed will have to be decided by the employer. It may be that these requirements can be relaxed provided an adequate level of supervision is being applied (e.g. an apprentice electrician can gain experience provided they are appropriately supervised).



Safe Systems of Work

Safe systems of work (SSW) must be developed when work on or near electrical systems creates risk. There are several issues that might be considered here:

� Work On or Near Live Electrical Systems

Work must not be carried out on or near live electrical systems except in very particular circumstances, and there may be national laws governing live work. Live work should be prohibited in most instances. Where live work is justified (because there is no alternative) then there must be a SSW in place to ensure that the live work can be carried out safely. This SSW is likely to make use of the following controls:

– Permit-to-work system. – Competent persons. – Insulating PPE (such as gauntlets and boots). – Insulated tools and equipment (such as screwdrivers). – Designated work areas (such as “earth-free zones”).

� Isolation

Most work on electrical systems should be carried out with the system dead. This requires that the system is isolated from its source of electrical power. As we noted earlier, this isolation usually requires:

– The breaking of the circuit. – Physical securing of the break in the circuit. – Some form of label (or tag).

So, for example, the isolator switch for an item of equipment might be switched to the off position, a padlock introduced to secure the isolation and a tag added to identify the worker and the nature of the work activity.

� Locating Buried Services

See Element 1.

� Contact with Overhead Power Lines

Prevention of accidents associated with proximity to live overhead power cables can be achieved by:

– Isolating the power supply when working near power lines. If power cannot be isolated, it may be possible to sleeve low voltage power lines.

– Using SSW and permit systems to control access into danger areas. – Using barriers, signage and goal-posts to keep plant and vehicles a safe

distance from power lines. – Using banksmen when plant is manoeuvring near power lines. – Using non-conducting equipment, such as fibreglass ladders.



Emergency Procedures Following an Electrical IncidentIf, in spite of all the available control measures being in place, an electrical incident occurs in the workplace, all workers should be aware of the following method for dealing with an electric shock casualty:

� Do not touch them.

� Call for help.

� Switch them off (turn off the power supply).

� Call for an ambulance.

� If they cannot be switched off then carefully push or pull them away from the live part using non-conducting material such as timber or dry clothing.

� Check breathing:

– If breathing, place in recovery position. – If not breathing, apply cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

� Treat any obvious burns.

� Treat for physiological shock.

� Make sure they get professional medical treatment (heart problems and internal burns may not be apparent to the casualty or first aider).

� Careful assessment of the situation when approaching the casualty is important for two reasons:

– The casualty may still be receiving an electric shock, in which case touching them will involve their potential helper in the shock as well.

– High voltage conductors can arc electric current through the air over large distances (over 10 metres).

Inspection and Maintenance StrategiesTo ensure safety when any electrical equipment is used, it is important that it is regularly inspected and maintained. This involves:

� Identifying which equipment has to be maintained and where/how it is to be used.

� Discouraging ‘unauthorised’ equipment in the workplace.

� Carrying out simple user checks for signs of damage, e.g. casing, plug pins and cable sheath.

� A competent person carrying out formal visual inspections routinely and periodic testing of the equipment.

� Following procedures for the reporting and replacement of defective equipment.

� Recording all maintenance and test results along with the inventory of equipment in use.



Deciding on the frequency of maintenance should be based on an assessment of risk and/or the legal requirements in force in your country. Factors to consider when making the assessment include:

� Type of equipment and whether or not it is hand-held.

� Manufacturer’s recommendations.

� Initial integrity, soundness and age of the equipment.

� Working environment in which the equipment is used (i.e. wet or dusty) or the likelihood of mechanical damage.

� Frequency of use and the duty cycle of the equipment.

� Analysis of previous records of maintenance, including both formal inspection and combined inspection and testing.

Advantages and Limitations of Portable Appliance Testing

It is important that portable electrical appliances are maintained in exactly the same way as fixed equipment (portable appliance testing).

Advantages:

� Detection of faults not visible to the eye.

� Early removal/repair of unsafe equipment.

� Demonstration of legal compliance.

� Trends or patterns of faults may be spotted.

Limitations:

� Provides proof of safety at one moment in time only.

� Does not ensure safe use or prevent misuse.

� Items may be missed and then remain untested.

� Cannot be applied to all equipment (e.g. computers).




1. Outline the first-aid treatment that it might be appropriate to give a worker who has received a significant electric shock at work. (8 marks)

2. Identify and describe FOUR protective systems that can be incorporated within an electrical circuit. (8 marks)

3. Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when using portable electrical tools on a construction site. (8 marks)

4. Outline FOUR control measures relating to the safety of electrical appliances. (8 marks)

5. (a) Describe the possible effects of electricity on the body. (4 marks)

(b) Outline FOUR factors that may affect the severity of injury resulting from contact with electricity. (4 marks)

Long Questions

6. A 30-year-old joiner received an electric shock from a hand-held 230V drill while fitting wooden floorboards in a new construction. The drill was five years old and had never been tested. The joiner was not seriously injured.

(a) Identify the factors that may have limited the severity of injury this time. (4 marks)

(b) Outline the physical effects on the body that the electrical contact could have caused under different circumstances. (4 marks)

(c) Describe the types of inspection and/or test that the drill should have had. Also, identify the features that should be checked by EACH type of inspection and the factor that might affect the frequency of examination/test. (12 marks)

7. When using hand-held electrical tools at 230V AC, such as in a factory workshop.

(a) Outline the foreseeable hazards associated with the use of such electrical equipment. (8 marks)

(b) Describe the preventive and protective measures that should be taken to control the risks associated with the use of such electrical equipment. (12 marks)




1. Action to be taken following a severe electric shock:

� Break any contact using non-conductive material or isolate the supply.

� Artificial respiration should commence immediately and continue until either the victim recovers or medical staff intervene.

� Emergency medical attention should always be sought, as there is a risk of internal injury.

2. The following protective systems can be incorporated within an electrical circuit:

� Fuse – acts as a weak link.

� Circuit breaker – acts as a weak link.

� Earthing – prevents current from being carried.

� Isolation – physically separates the electricity from the power source.

� Switching off – deprives the equipment of power whilst remaining connected to the supply.

� Low voltage using a transformer – reduces the effect of any shock.

� Residual current device.

� Double insulation – encloses the item from danger.




3. The following practical measures should be used to reduce the risk of injury when using portable electrical tools:

� Use of reduced voltage by means of a 110V centre tapped step-down transformer.

� Use of double-insulated (class II equipment) or battery operated (cordless) equipment.

� Use of tools with residual current devices which protect individuals by rapidly disconnecting the power in the event of a fault occurring.

� Ensuring earth continuity.

� Ensuring frequent and regular testing.

� Avoiding use in wet conditions/weather.

� Carrying out regular visual inspections and user checks.

(Note: The context given is in the use of the equipment on a construction site, but this could equally be in any other remote area where similar conditions apply.)



4. Control measures relating to the safety of electrical appliances are:

� Proper selection of suitable equipment.

� The use of protective devices.

� Effective inspection and maintenance by competent persons.

� Visual user checks.

5. (a) The following effects may be seen on the body on contact with electricity:

� Burns are the most likely effects with the main sites of damage being entry and exit points of electricity with possible damage to internal organs.

� Other effects could include interference with nerve and muscle action which leads to involuntary grip and cardio-vascular effects, leading to disruption of heart rhythm and possibly death.

(b) Factors affecting the severity of injury from contact with electricity include:

� The nature of the current (AC/DC).

� The frequency and level of the current.

� The length of time that the current flows through the body.

� The voltage involved.

� Individual body resistance due to age, sex, sweat on the skin surface and existing medical conditions.




Long Questions

6. (a) Factors leading to limitation of the current:

� High earth path resistance due to wooden floor or dry conditions.

� The age and health of the joiner.

� The length of contact time – possibly reduced by speed of action of fuse or contact breaker.

(b) Physical effects on the body:

� Burns – main sites of damage being entry and exit points of electricity with possible damage to internal organs.

� Interference with nerve and muscle action - results in spasm and/or involuntary grip, cardio-vascular effects, e.g. cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory arrest and possibly cardiac arrest and death in severe cases.

(c) Three types of inspection exist at differing levels of importance:

� First – carried out by the user (joiner).

� Visual check of general condition for damage or overheating, integrity of plug, socket and cable.

� Should be carried out at every use.

� Second – formal, periodic, visual inspection - weekly or monthly dependent on amount of use and conditions of use.

� Inspect equipment, connectors (plug, socket) and cable. Also check correct fuse rating.

� Third – carried out by competent person, at three monthly, six monthly or yearly intervals dependent on extent and conditions of use. Combined inspection and test (PAT).

� Checks that the equipment is working correctly and for potential faults, e.g. loss of earth integrity, deterioration of insulation and possibly contamination of internal and external surfaces.



7. (a) Possible hazards when using 230V, hand-held electrical tools are:

� Electric shock.

� Burns.

� Arcing.

� Explosion.

� Secondary effects, such as falls.

(b) The following precautions should be taken to control such hazards:

� Reduced voltage.

� Fuses.

� Residual current devices.

� Earthing.

� Double insulation.

� Testing.

� Visual inspection.

� Favourable environmental conditions.



Element 6: Fire Safety

Fire Initiation, Classification and SpreadPrinciples of Fire

Before a fire can start, the following three components must be present in sufficient quantity:

� Fuel – which includes any combustible material (i.e. paper, wood, dusts, gases, etc.).

� Oxygen – in minimum quantities, must be present to support a fire.

� Heat – a form of energy and the source of ignition – such as a flame or spark or the heat resulting from these processes.

Classification of Fires

Fires are usually classified by fuel types. Systems of classification may vary internationally, but in the UK, for example, the following system is used:

� Class A – solid, combustible material such as paper or wood.

� Class B – flammable liquids like petrol, oil, grease, fats and paint.

� Class C – gases (i.e. methane, propane and natural gas).

� Class D – metals (i.e. aluminium, sodium, potassium, magnesium).

� Class F – cooking fats such as chip pan fires.

Principles of Heat Transmissions and Fire Spread

Fire can be spread by:

� Direct burning where there is direct contact from one source to another.

� Convection where hot air rises then cools and falls, causing an air flow that spreads a fire rapidly.

� Conduction where heat is transferred through solid materials (conductors).

� Radiation where heat travels through the air from a source and may ignite any fabric or material.



Common Causes and Consequences of Fires in Workplaces

Causes:

� Electrical equipment – faulty wiring; misused and inappropriate equipment.

� Hot work, e.g. use of propane torch.

� Smoking.

� Cooking appliances, e.g. unattended fat pans.

� Heating appliances, e.g. unattended electric fan heaters.

� Unsafe use and storage of flammable liquids and gases, e.g. petrol, acetone.

� Mechanical heat.

� Chemical reactions.

Consequences:

� Financial and human losses.

� Disruption in business.

� Higher insurance premiums.

Fire Risk AssessmentThe three main reasons for assessing and managing fire risks are to:

� Prevent harm to people.

� Comply with the law.

� Minimise the cost of fire in the workplace.

Factors to be Considered in Fire Risk Assessment

An assessment should consider how the risk might be minimised by:

� Identifying all fire hazards such as sources of ignition and locations, types and quantities of fuel present; also the general and specific working practices (i.e. non-smoking policy; waste disposal routines) and the physical condition of the premises.

� Identifying people at risk, including any remote workers, personnel working alone and disabled people with special needs who use or may be present at the premises.



� Identifying the fire precautions that are required:

– Fire prevention. – Prevention of the spread of smoke and flames. – Fire detection and alarm. – Means of escape. – Fire-fighting equipment. – Emergency procedures. – Information, instruction and training.

� Implementing precautions and recording assessment findings and actions taken. Also recording inspections and maintenance regimes.

� Reviewing the assessment and specific working policies and practices:

– After significant changes that might affect fire safety. – After a fire emergency. – Periodically.

Temporary Workplaces

Fire safety must be provided for all workers at all times. If a workplace is temporary then a fire risk assessment should be carried out and fire precautions implemented. This is particularly the case on construction sites, where the nature of the work may mean rapid changes to the layout and nature of the workplace.

If an existing workplace is to be changed or modified in some way and this will affect fire safety then the fire risk assessment for those premises should be reviewed and revised as necessary. Depending upon national legislation it may also be necessary to inform the fire regulation authority of the changes.

Fire Prevention and Prevention of Fire SpreadThe best course of action to ensure fire safety is to prevent fires from starting. Fire prevention can be based on some simple ideas taken from the fire triangle:

� Control fuel sources.

� Control ignition sources.

� Control oxygen sources.

In particular, minimise these sources and keep them physically apart.



Control of Combustible and Flammable Materials

Substances that pose a risk of fire or explosion must be stored, transported and used appropriately. Storage of combustible/flammable substances should be in a place which is:

� Detached, secure, single storey, well ventilated, built of a non-combustible material and used for no other purpose.

� Separated and distanced from other parts of the premises.

� Accessible to fire-fighters.

� Large enough to allow free space around any stacked materials.

� Warning signs should be displayed.

Control of Ignition Sources

� Most industrial fires will be due to failure to control ignition sources and to adopt safe working practices and policies, such as a ‘no-smoking’ rule.

Systems of Work

Work with hot processes and equipment, poorly maintained machines that overheat or cause sparking, and electrical equipment and systems, should all be subject to safe systems of work to minimise the risk of fire. There should be:

� Appropriate positioning of equipment when in use and safe storage for equipment when not in use.

� Fire guards or lagging for equipment with hot surfaces (i.e. boilers; pipes).

� Fire watches during and after hot work.

Good Housekeeping

High standards of housekeeping will ensure that combustible materials and waste do not present a fire risk. Workstations and storage areas should be kept tidy to ensure combustible materials do not come into contact with ignition and heat sources.

Storage of Flammable Liquids in Workrooms and Other Locations

Correct storage and use of highly flammable liquids will prevent accidental ignition or explosion. Non-flammable substances should be used in preference wherever possible but where flammable liquids are used, these must be correctly labelled and used in a well ventilated area and in small quantities to reduce the risk of spillages.



Structural Measures for Preventing the Spread of Fire and SmokeThe layout of buildings and the structural materials used can significantly reduce the risk of fire starting or spreading.

Compartmentation

Buildings can consist of:

� Compartments or cells to contain fire.

� Compartments or cells to keep fire out.

Properties of Common Building Materials

Structure Linings and divisions Services/decoration

Bricks

Building blocks

Concrete

Stone

Steel

Timber

Timber

Building boards

Insulation

Glass

Plaster (lime)

Plastics (pipes, cables, coatings)

Paint

� Steel frames – very strong but will conduct heat and quickly lose their structural strength. Enclosing structural steel in concrete will minimise this risk. Timber is highly combustible but can be protected by plasterboard to minimise this risk. Thick timber is likely to fail slowly.

� Bricks – normally made in furnaces so they are able to withstand high temperatures.

� Building blocks and boards have a high fire resistance although some older boards may contain asbestos.

� Stone – used for cladding (granite, sandstone, limestone) may crack at high temperatures.

� Glass and double glazing - can shatter during a fire although fire-resistant glazing has been developed.

� Most paints contain flammable elements that can spread fire and smoke.

� Plastics may not fully combust but they give off smoke that may be toxic.

Most modern insulating materials are non-combustible, but in many older buildings combustible materials (such as sawdust) have been used and can help fire spread considerably.



Protection of Openings and Voids

Ceiling and floor voids, as well as openings around pipe-work and ventilation ducts, can allow air to feed and spread fire. Debris should not be allowed to accumulate in voids and openings should be bonded or fire-stopped with non-combustible material.

Typical characteristics of a fire door are:

� Rated to withstand fire for a minimum period of time (e.g. 30 minutes).

� Fitted with a self-closing device.

� Fitted with an intumescent strip.

� Contain a vision panel of fire-resistant glass.

� Clearly labelled (e.g. Fire Door – Keep Shut).

Electrical Equipment for Use in Flammable Atmospheres

� Electrical equipment sited in an explosive atmosphere could ignite that atmosphere if it is not built to the correct specification.

� Electrical equipment is categorised (1, 2 and 3) according to which types of atmosphere it is suitable for use in. Workplaces should be divided into Zones depending on the hazardous substance present in the atmosphere (Zone 0, 1 or 2 for gases vapours and mists and Zone 20, 21 or 22 for dusts).

The following table shows the types of electrical equipment which are suitable for each zone.

Electrical Equipment Zone

Category 1 Zone 0 or Zone 20



Fire Alarm Systems and Fire-Fighting Arrangements Appropriate fire detection and alarm systems should be used in a workplace:

� Simple – where there is low risk, a shouted alarm, then a hand-operated alarm such as a hand bell, whistle or air horn.

� Manually-operated fire alarm – manually activated at call points, which are usually buttons behind a clear plastic disc that, when hit, breaks, activating the system which will have sounders (and/or lights) at positions throughout the workplace.

� Interlinked smoke alarms – individual ceiling mounted units that both detect smoke from the fire and give the alarm sound, linked together so that when one sounder activates all of the sounders emit the alarm.



� Automatic fire alarm – automatic detectors and manual call points linked into a central control box linked in turn to sounders (and/or lights); commonly used to protect medium to high-risk workplaces, multi-storey buildings and workplaces where sleeping accommodation is provided (such as care homes).

� Smoke detectors are of two types:

– Ionisation devices detect particles of smoke but can also be set off inadvertently in dusty conditions.

– Optical devices detect changes in light levels. � Heat detectors (rate of rise and fixed temperature) detect the excess heat

generated by a fire.

Portable Fire-Fighting EquipmentFire Extinguishers

Type Use

Water Class A combustible fires

Chemical foam Class A and B fires

Powder All classes and live electrical equipment

Carbon dioxide Class A and B fires and electrical fires

Vaporising liquid Class A and B fires and live electrical equipment

� Siting – portable fire-fighting equipment should be readily visible and properly mounted along escape routes, at an appropriate distance from any potential fire risk. Normally there would be a minimum of two locations on any floor (determined by a risk assessment).

� Maintenance – regular inspections and examinations must be carried out by a suitably qualified technician.

� Training – it is very important that all personnel are familiar with the available fire-fighting equipment and are able to use it correctly.

Other Fire-Fighting Equipment

� Fire blankets – designed to smother a variety of different fires.

� Hose reels – very effective against Class A fires; they should be located near exits, stairways or lobbies. They can be easily operated and the control of water from the nozzle limits the amount of water damage.

� Automatic sprinklers – activated by automatic fire detectors and can help control if not extinguish a fire in a contained area.



Extinguishing Media

Extinguishing a fire is based on removing one or more sides of the fire triangle.

� Removing the fuel – starvation.

� Removing the oxygen – smothering.

� Removing the heat – cooling.

Fire Class Description Examples Extinguishing Agents

A Solid materialsusually of organic origin (containing carbon based compounds)

Wood, paper, fibres, rubber

Water

Foam

B Flammable liquids and liquefied solids

Those miscible with water(capable of being mixed)

Alcohol, acetone, methyl acetate

Dry powder

Specialist foam

CO2

Lightweight fire blankets for small fires

Those immiscible with water

Petrol, diesel, oil, fats and waxes

Dry powder

Foam

Lightweight fire blankets for small fires

C Gases and liquefied gases Natural gas, liquefied petroleum gases (butane, propane)

Turn off the supply Liquid spills may be controlled by dry powder

D Flammable metals Potassium, sodium, magnesium, titanium

Inert dry powder

Dry sand

Heavy duty fire blankets

F High temperature cooking oils

- Specialist ‘wet chemical’ Damp blanket (minor fire only)



Access for Fire and Rescue Services and Vehicles

� Fire-Fighting Vehicle Access

Fire engines need to be able to get close to the perimeter of a building so they can position and deploy high-rise equipment such as turntable ladders, hydraulic platforms and pump appliances with fire-hoses. In some countries and regions, regulations may place a duty on occupiers of premises to maintain such access.

� Access to Buildings for Fire-Fighting Personnel

For high-rise buildings, a protected fireman’s shaft may be needed which combines such facilities as a fire-fighting lift, fire-fighting stairs and fire-fighting lobbies. The requirements will depend on the size and design of the building and whether it has automatic sprinkler systems.

Fire-fighters require information relating to the contents of the building and any hazardous materials or processes and facilities that might create a risk to them while they carry out their duties. The emergency plan that the company has in place should include arrangements for nominated and competent persons to liaise with the fire service on their arrival.

Evacuation of a WorkplaceMeans of Escape

Generally, most workplaces should provide alternative means of escape so that people do not have to pass through hazardous areas to reach safety. An escape route provides the means by which occupants of a specified area can reach a place of safety – a protected area where there is no fire risk, or the risk is considerably reduced. This place of safety will be an assembly area under the evacuation procedure.

� One important characteristic of the means of escape is the travel distance that a person has to take from wherever they are in a room or area to the nearest available:

– Final exit (which takes the person outside the building to a place of total safety).

– Storey exit (which takes the person into a protected stairway). – Separate fire compartment (which contains a final exit).

� Stairs and passageways should be kept clear, well lit and appropriately marked.

� Doors on an escape route should open in the direction of travel and they should be maintained to ensure an effective smoke seal. There should be toughened glass vision panels in the doors.

� Emergency lighting, if provided, should be regularly tested and maintained and should be backed up by an emergency power supply.

� Exit and directional signs should clearly identify escape routes.

� Assembly points are safe refuge areas in a building or in the open air. They should be clearly marked and kept clear.



Emergency Evacuation Procedures

Emergency evacuation procedures should be written into the company health and safety policy and fire evacuation notices should be displayed. The evacuation plan should make provision for staff with hearing or other physical disabilities.

� All employees in a workplace should be provided with basic training and information about fire safety in general and the fire procedures in particular. This should be done at induction and might be repeated periodically or as the need arises.

� Fire marshals or designated persons should be appointed to take responsibility in a fire situation. Their duties would include:

– Checking that all areas in the premises have been evacuated. – Shutting windows and ventilation systems (i.e. air conditioning). – Switching off electrical appliances. – Passing the emergency plan to the fire services. – Conducting a roll call at the assembly point and giving emergency services

details of any missing persons.

� Fire drills are practice evacuations that should take place at least once a year and preferably more frequently in areas of high risk. All staff must be aware of, and be trained in using, the correct procedure to follow in the event of fire.

� The means of escape should be shown on the plans of a building. These plans usually constitute one of the records contained in the fire risk assessment.




1. (a) Explain the meaning and significance of the “fire triangle”. (4 marks)

(b) Identify TWO methods of heat transfer and explain how EACH method can cause fire to spread in the workplace. (4 marks)

2. Describe FOUR classes of fire and explain what they involve. (8 marks)

3. (a) Identify TWO ways in which an alarm can be raised in the event of a fire in a workplace. (2 marks)

(b) Outline the issues to consider in the selection and siting of portable fire extinguishers. (6 marks)

4. Outline the FOUR main methods of heat transfer that may be involved in the spread of fire, within a building. (8 marks)

5. (a) Identify FOUR types of ignition source that may lead to a fire in the workplace. (4 marks)

(b) Outline FOUR structural measures that can help to prevent the spread of fire and smoke. (4 marks)

Long Question

6. (a) Explain the methods of heat transfer which can cause the spread of fire in the workplace. (8 marks)

(b) Outline the main characteristics of a safe means of escape for fire evacuation from a building. (12 marks)




1. (a) Triangle to show three standard elements: fuel, oxygen and ignition.

(b) Methods of heat transfer include:

� Conduction (e.g. transfer through metal beams to adjacent area).

� Radiation (heat radiated through air affecting material at a distance).

� Convection (upward transfer of heat via gases, e.g. air).

� Contact/direct burning (heat sources are in direct contact with combustible material causing ignition).

2. Fires are classified as follows:

� Class A – combustible materials.

� Class B – fires involving liquids.

� Class C – fires involving gases.

� Class D – metal fires, e.g. aluminium or sodium.

� Class F – fires fuelled by cooking fats, e.g. chip-pan fires.

(Only four classes of fire are required.)

3. (a) The two ways in which an alarm could be activated are:

� Automatic methods, e.g. smoke detectors.

� Manually operated, e.g. break glass alarms.



(b) The issues to consider would be:

� Selection:

– Type of extinguisher should relate to the type of fire. – Number provided would be relative to size of premises.

� Siting issues would include:

– Accessibility. – Visibility. – Proximity to exits and escape routes. – Travel distances from extinguisher to possible fire location. – Means of supporting equipment from ground and without

causing obstruction. – Need protection from weather. – Protect from other sources of damage.

4. The four main methods of heat transfer are:

� Direct burning: direct contact between the burning material and adjacent fuel sources.

� Conduction: where heat is transferred through a conducting material (e.g. metal), without the conductor itself burning.

� Convection: as the hot air and gases rise from the fire, cooler air is drawn in which, in turn, is heated and rises. The rising hot air gradually cools, spreads and descends. This continuous process of air being drawn in and heated, then rising, cooling and descending, forms circulating currents which enable the fire to spread.

� Radiation: heat energy from the fire, in the form of infrared radiation, is transmitted through the air and may be absorbed by other fuel sources causing them to heat up, possibly enough to cause ignition.



5. (a) Types of ignition source that may lead to a fire in the workplace:

� Electrical faults.

� Arson (malicious damage).

� Heating equipment (includes oil or gas equipment) and portable heaters.

� Welding or hot work such as use of soldering irons

� Mechanical heat (sparks and friction).

� Smoking materials.

(Only four are required).

(b) Structural measures that can help to prevent the spread of fire and smoke:

� Protection of structural steelwork.

� Treatment of structural timber with a fire retardant.

� Use of fire resistant materials in construction of walls, floors and doors.

� Use of fire resistant closures to stairways and lift shafts.

� Compartmentalisation of large areas.

� Self-closing fire doors and use of intumescent strips.

� Fire resistant partitions.

� Fire dampers or breaks in ducting.

� Automatic roof vents.

(Only four are required).



Long Question

6. (a) Fire can be spread in the workplace by four methods of heat transfer:

� Convection – hot air rises. Indoors as heat from a fire rises up it will encounter ceilings and will be trapped in rooms/compartments at high level. If objects in the hot gasses are heated up above their auto-ignition temperature, they will combust. It is possible for the hot gasses from the fire to escape from rooms/compartments and rise up inside stairwell and other internal spaces, so spreading the fire outside of its original compartment. Both indoors and outdoors hot convection currents can carry burning sparks and embers that may spread the fire by direct burning.

� Conduction – this is the process by which heat is carried through, or along, a physical object, such as through a wall or along a length of pipe. Some materials, such as metals, will conduct heat relatively efficiently. If a part of such a material is in, or near to, a fire, it will heat up, carry heat and may then heat up other objects that it is in contact with. In this way, those other materials may then be heated up above their auto-ignition temperature and they will combust.

� Radiation – this is the process by which infra-red radiation or heat-rays radiate away from a fire and are then absorbed by nearby materials. If this infra-red radiation is intense enough, it will heat the materials up above its auto-ignition temperature and combustion will result.

� Direct burning – this is the process by which a flame moves through, or along, a material, such as a flame moving across a piece of paper. Sparks and embers from a fire may be carried on hot gasses and then dropped onto combustible materials. These will then be ignited by the sparks/embers.

(b) The main characteristics of a safe means of escape for fire evacuation from a building would include:

� A properly identified route for all people to take that allows them to go from their location to a place of total safety outside the building.

� Multiple routes where the building is large and therefore individual escape routes are relatively long and may be compromised by fire, or where occupancy numbers are high and it is necessary to have multiple routes to allow fast evacuation.

� Fire-resistant walls, ceiling and floors so that fire is kept out of the means of escape for a suitable period of time to allow people to evacuate.



� Properly specified and fitted fire doors to keep fire and smoke out of the protected means of escape.

� Protected stairways that will allow people time to travel down (or up) to the ground floor before fire and smoke enter the means of escape.

� Short travel distances from wherever people happen to be, into the protected means of escape and short travel distances along the protected means of escape to storey exits and final building exits so that travel times are as short as possible.

� Appropriate emergency lighting so that in the event that the normal mains power supply fails in the building, people will be able to see the means of escape and any fire equipment that might be positioned along it.

� Appropriate fire evacuation signage that clearly and unambiguously directs people to the means of escape, and then along it to their final exit door.

� Correctly specified and constructed refuges that can be used as places of relative safety for vulnerable people to await further assistance from others.

� Good housekeeping so that the means of escape is free of all obstructions that may prevent its quick use.

� Doors that open in the direction of travel (except in circumstances where this is not necessary due to very infrequent or low occupancy numbers) so that people in the building are not trapped in rooms/corridors due to inward opening doors and people pushing from behind.

� A clearly identified safe assembly point out of the way of vehicle routes, other hazards and the emergency services.

� Suitable portable fire extinguishers or fire hoses positioned along, or adjacent to, the means of escape to allow fire-fighting if the means of escape itself might foreseeably become compromised.

� Fire call points situated within the means of escape, for example at storey exit doors or final exit doors, so that the fire alarm can be activated by people using the means of escape.



Element 7: Chemical and Biological Health Hazards and Risk Control

Hazardous Substances: Forms, Classification and Health Risks

� Solid – a solid block of material (e.g. a lead ingot).

� Dust – very small solid particles normally created by grinding, polishing, milling, blasting, etc. and capable of becoming airborne (e.g. flour dust, rock dust).

� Fume – very small metallic particles that have condensed from the gaseous state during work with molten metal (e.g. welding) to create an airborne cloud.

� Gas – a basic state of matter; expands to fill the space available (e.g. carbon dioxide (CO

2)).

� Mist – very small liquid droplets suspended in air, normally created by spraying (e.g. paint spraying).

� Vapour – the gaseous form of a substance that exists as a solid or liquid at normal temperature and pressure (e.g. vapour given off by acetone solvent).

� Liquid – a basic state of matter; free flowing fluid (e.g. water at 20°C).

Forms of Biological Agents

� Fungi (dry rot in buildings).

� Bacteria (Legionella, Anthrax, Brucellosis).

� Viruses (Hepatitis B, HIV, Weil’s disease).

Classification of Chemicals Hazardous to Health

� Toxic – small doses cause death or serious ill-health when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed via the skin (e.g. potassium cyanide (KCN)).

� Harmful – cause death or serious ill-health when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed via the skin in large doses.

� Corrosive – destroy living tissue on contact (e.g. concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH)).

� Irritant – cause inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes (e.g. eyes and lungs) through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact (e.g. ozone (O

3)).

� Carcinogenic – may cause cancer (abnormal growth of cells in the body) when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed via the skin (e.g. asbestos).



� Sensitising agents - capable of producing an allergic reaction that will gradually worsen on repeat exposures.

� Mutagens – may cause genetic mutations that can be inherited.

� Toxic to reproduction – may cause sterility or affect an unborn child.

Acute and Chronic Health Effects

� Acute health effects arise where the quantity of a toxic or harmful substance absorbed into the body produces harmful effects very quickly.

� Chronic health effects describe a condition where the harmful effects of a substance absorbed into the body take a very long time to appear – months or perhaps years.

Assessment of Health RisksRoutes of Entry into the Body

� Inhalation – entry is through the nose or mouth and along the respiratory passages to the lungs. The lung is the most vulnerable part of the body, as it can readily absorb gases, fumes, soluble dusts, mists and vapours. This is the main means of entry of biological agents.

� Ingestion – entry is by mouth and along the whole length of the gastrointestinal tract through the stomach and the intestines. Contamination may occur as a result of swallowing the agent directly, from eating/drinking contaminated foods or from eating with contaminated fingers. All forms of chemicals may be ingested, and some biological agents may also find their way into the body by this route.

� Absorption – entry is through the skin or the eyes, through direct contact and through contact with contaminated surfaces or clothing.

� Injection – entry is direct into the body by high pressure equipment or contaminated sharp objects piercing the skin.

� Aspiration – a process whereby liquids or solids go direct into the lungs, other than by inhalation.



Defence Mechanisms

� Respiratory Defences

The respiratory system is protected by the following defences:

– The sneeze reflex. – Filtration in the nasal cavity – very effective at removing large particles. – Ciliary escalator – small hairs lining the bronchioles, bronchi and trachea

gradually move mucus lining these passages out of the lungs; effective at removing all particles larger than 7 microns in diameter.

– Macrophages – white blood cells that attack and destroy particles that lodge in the alveoli (where there are no cilia to extract them).

– Inflammatory response – causes the walls of the alveoli to thicken and become fibrous; may be temporary or may result in permanent scarring (as with silicosis).

� Skin Defences

– A thick layer of dead cells at the surface of the epidermis that is constantly being replenished as they wear off.

– Sebum – an oily fluid secreted onto the surface of the skin that has biocidal properties.

When damaged, the skin shows an inflammatory response with inflammation and swelling; red and white blood cells collect at the site of the damage and fibrous cross-connections form and scar tissue may result.

Sources of Information

� Product Labels

Suppliers of substances and preparations must inform users of the name of the substance (or, in the case of a preparation, the hazardous constituents) and indicate the level of danger by means of symbols on the labels.

� Guidance Documents

Occupational exposure limits are limits on the airborne concentrations of substances that employees can be exposed to; they will be covered in more detail later in this element. Exposure limits vary from one country to another and often have different titles:

– In the UK, Workplace Exposure Limits are published by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in Guidance Note EH40.

– In the USA, Threshold Limit Values are published by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).

– In the EU, Indicative Limit Values are published by the EU Commission.



� Manufacturers’ Safety Data Sheets

Manufacturers and suppliers of hazardous substances must provide sufficient information about the toxic effects and exposure limits of chemicals to enable users to take appropriate safety precautions in the workplace in terms of use, transport and disposal. Safety data sheets and labels only provide general information about the product that does not allow for localised conditions which might affect the risk.

� Limitations of Information Available

– Contains general statements of the hazards and does not allow for the localised conditions in which the substances are to be used.

– Can be highly technical and meaningless to the non-specialist. – Does not allow for varying individual susceptibility to substances. – Provides information about the specific substance or preparation in isolation

and does not take into account the effects of mixed exposures. – Represents current scientific thinking and there may be hazards present that

are not currently understood.

Hazardous Substance MonitoringBasic Monitoring Methods

By diffusion or passive sampling using:

� Passive samplers – versatile and easy to use for spot and continuous samples, they do not give immediate readings.

� Smoke tubes – give general information about air flow or leaks in industrial equipment but can give unreliable readings and do not account for particle size of contaminants.

� By mechanical or active sampling using stain tube detectors – simple to use, they pump air into a tube and give a direct reading of the concentration of the contaminant to be measured.

� Dust lamps (e.g. Tyndall Beam Apparatus) monitor airborne dust in the workplace, which is not visible to the naked eye, by shining a strong beam of light through the area.

Sampling Techniques

Monitoring air quality involves:

� Collecting air samples either by a spot or grab method (i.e. single sample collected at a particular location) or by a continuous monitored method over a period of time.

� Identifying contaminants in the sample using qualitative (i.e. to determine constituents) or quantitative analysis (i.e. to determine levels of a particular agent).



Occupational Exposure LimitsOccupational exposure limits (OELs) are maximum concentrations of airborne contaminants, normally measured across a particular reference period of time, to which employees may be exposed, usually by inhalation.

Unfortunately there are no harmonised global standards for OELs and the terms used to describe them vary between countries, definitions vary, methods for calculating exposures vary, and the legal status of the limits varies as well.

It is therefore important to select the correct OEL for the country you are working in and use the correct codes of practice in interpretation.

However, the intention of all OELs is similar – to put a ceiling in place so that employees will not be exposed to high concentrations of airborne substances (either for short durations of time or for long periods of the working day) where scientific evidence suggests that this would cause a risk to health.

Long-Term and Short-Term Exposure Limits

� Long-Term Exposure Limit

Level of airborne contaminant allowable over an 8-hour period, used for substances producing chronic effects.

� Short-Term Exposure Limit

Level of airborne contaminant allowable over a 15-minute period, used for substances producing acute effects.

Significance of Time-Weighted Averages

A worker can be exposed to different levels of inhalation of a hazardous substance throughout the working day. In many cases it will not be practical to measure an individual’s exposure for all of the working period.

A time-weighted average is equal to the sum of the part of each time period which is multiplied by the exposure level of the contaminant in that time period. It is then divided by the hours in the working day (usually eight hours) and the level indicated as a time-weighted average . This can be significant where the concentration of the chemical changes through the day or the time exposure varies.

Limitations of Exposure Limits

OELs provide a general basis on which to assess what may be a safe level of concentration of airborne contamination but take no account of individual susceptibility or synergistic effects of mixtures of substances, and do not provide a definition between ‘safe’ and ‘dangerous’ conditions.



Comparison of International Standards

Different measurements are applied in different regions of the world. In the USA alone, several different groups recommend what occupational exposure limits should be.

The safe levels of exposure set out may vary due to different time measuring periods; different measuring criteria (equipment used); different expected airborne concentrations, and various other criteria determining the toxicity of a substance.

Control MeasuresPrevention of Exposure

Preventing exposure to hazardous substances is the most effective way of controlling the health risk that they represent. Where exposure cannot be prevented then it should be adequately controlled.

Compliance with Occupational Exposure Limits

In many countries the relevant OELs have legal status and any breach of the limits might result in enforcement action or be treated as a criminal offence. Where these limit values have no legal status but represent good practice, it is still important to avoid over-exposure.

Principles of Good Practice

The following principles of good practice exist with regards to controlling exposure to hazardous substances:

� Minimisation of emission, release and spread.

� Accounting for relevant routes of entry.

� Exposure control which is proportional to health risk.

� Effectiveness and reliability of control options that minimise the escape and spread of hazardous substances.

� Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in combination with other control measures if adequate control cannot otherwise be achieved.

� Regular checks and review of the control measures that are in place to ensure that they remain effective.

� Provision of information and training..

� Ensuring that any control measures implemented do not increase the overall risks to health and safety.



Common Measures Used to Implement Principles of Good Practice

Only a risk assessment will determine the precautions necessary to control chemical and biological hazards. Analysis and critical evaluation of the information will then suggest the best course of action:

� Eliminate, or substitute the hazard by using a less hazardous agent.

� Change the process, i.e. vacuum instead of brush.

� Reduce the time of exposure by providing regular breaks.

� Use physical or engineering controls to reduce the risk at source and provide general protection (segregation, enclosure, ventilation).

� Manage the task or person by job design and provide (as a last resort) personal protective equipment.

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

LEV is the standard control measure for dealing with dusts, vapours and fumes generated at a particular point. Enclosure may be total (glove boxes); partial (fume cupboards); movable (captor hoods) or directional (receptor hoods). LEV must be located close to the source of the contamination and secure ducting must safely carry contaminants away to an exhaust outlet. Inspections of hoods and ducting must be carried out regularly using visual checks and pressure gauges (manometers).

Dilution Ventilation

Dilution ventilation simply operates by changing the air and diluting the contaminant concentration using extraction fans. Limitations include:

� Not suitable for control of substances with high toxicity.

� Does not cope well with the sudden release of large quantities of contaminant.

� Does not work well for dust or where the contaminant is released at a point source.

� Dead areas may exist where high concentrations of the contaminant are allowed to accumulate.



Respiratory Protective Equipment

The first aim is always to control hazards at source – safe place strategy. If not practical or entirely effective, a second aim would be to use personal protective equipment (PPE) – safe person strategy. This involves using systems that are worn by individuals to reduce the possibility of contamination and harm.

The use of respiratory protective equipment will depend on the type of hazard (i.e. dust, corrosive or toxic substances or oxygen deficiency), the concentration levels and the wearer’s acceptability. Equipment includes:

� Respirators – designed to purify air by inhaling it through a filter which removes contaminants. Choice of type will depend on the nature of the substance and medium (i.e. filtration for dusts; absorption for gases or vapours) and on the level of protection needed (i.e. orinasal; half-mask; full-face; canister; powered clean-air or powered visor respirators).

� Breathing apparatus – fresh air hose apparatus; compressed airline apparatus; self-contained apparatus.

Limitations of RPE:

� Protection factor.

� Fit of the equipment.

� Uncomfortable for operators.

� Condition – maintenance and correct storage required.

Other Personal Protective Equipment

� Gloves and gauntlets for use with chemical, biological and physical agents.

� Overalls.

� Eye protection (spectacles, goggles, face visors).

Personal Hygiene and Protection Regimes

Good basic welfare facilities, even showers for more hazardous environments, and not preparing or eating food in workrooms will help protect workers from contamination. Vaccinations may also be required.

Health Surveillance

Surveillance and regular health checks help detect adverse changes in workers where there has been possible exposure to hazardous substances.



Further Control of Carcinogens, Mutagens and Asthmagens

Additional measures may be required, such as:

� Total enclosure.

� Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in potentially contaminated areas.

� Regular cleaning of all surfaces.

� Designation of possibly contaminated areas using suitable and sufficient warning signs.

� Safe storage, handling and disposal of carcinogens.

Specific Agents

Agent Source materials Route of entry Main health effects

Ammonia Colourless gas, readily water soluble and found in petrol refining, water purification and manufacture of fertilisers and drugs.

In liquid form, may be splashed on skin. Can also be inhaled as a vapour.

Severe irritant that leads to severe or fatal burns and ulceration when on skin or in the eyes. May cause blindness. Vapour can cause pulmonary oedema.

Chlorine Gas with low solubility in water. Used in swimming pools in low concentrations. Also in cleaning agents (i.e. bleach). Gas has been used in warfare.

Inhalation. Can damage lung tissue and cause choking.

Organic Solvents

Corrosive chemicals found in paints (butanol), varnishes, solvents (toluene, xylene), pesticides, etc.

Absorption or inhalation of vapours.

Skin and eye irritation and inflammation; also dermatitis, burns, drowsiness and nausea.

Carbon Dioxide(CO

2)

Smoke from incinerators; also in its solid form (freezing point).

Inhalation. Asphyxia; breathlessness and loss of consciousness.

Carbon Monoxide(CO)

Colourless, tasteless gas found in coal gas, car exhaust, blast furnace gas.

Inhalation. Loss of consciousness and death over time.

Isocyanates Adhesives, synthetic rubber, polyurethane paints and lacquers.

Inhalation of vapours.

Inflammation of nose and throat membranes. Chronic asthma.



Lead – inorganic and organic compounds

Lead/acid car batteries and pigments; building processes (plumbing; welding).

Inhalation of lead dust or by inhalation and skin contact for organic lead compounds.

Nausea, vomiting and headaches; disorders of the blood and nervous system (weakness and insomnia).

Asbestos As a heat and electricity insulator (lagging and roofing).

Inhalation of fibres. Respiratory diseases and lung cancers (i.e. asbestosis; mesothelioma).

Silica Sandstone, quartz and slate.

Inhalation of dust. Chest and respiratory diseases, (i.e. silicosis).

Leptospirosis Rats. Absorption through skin.

Weil’s disease – fever; liver disease.

Auto-immune disease (HIV)

Contamination through exposure to body fluids.

Through inoculation or contamination of cuts.

Attacks a person’s immune system and lowers resistance to disease.

Legionellosis Water, sludge or organic materials in cooling towers and condensers/humidifiers.

Inhalation. Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever.

Hepatitis Other sick people. Injection or ingestion.

Fever, jaundice, enlargement of the liver, haemorrhages.



Safe Handling and Storage of WastePollution is the contamination of, or damage to, the environment caused when substances are released which, as a result of their quantity or nature, cannot be absorbed by the environment.

Waste Disposal

This takes into account a hierarchy of waste management options:

� Reduce – the primary emphasis should be on not producing waste in the first place, by process change and optimising process efficiency.

� Re-use – e.g. returnable glass bottles.

� Recovery/recycle – such as glass, metal and paper, composting and incineration with energy recovery.

� Disposal – generally to landfill.

The duty of care applies to all involved in the generation, importation, handling, transporting and disposal of waste to ensure that waste:

� Is managed legally.

� Does not escape from control.

� Is transferred only to an authorised person.

� Is adequately described.

� Is accompanied by appropriate documentation, e.g. a Waste Transfer Note.

Hazardous waste can be defined as “waste which may be so dangerous or difficult to treat, keep or dispose of that special provision is required for dealing with it”.

Non-hazardous waste includes household waste, paper, wood and other biodegradable materials.

Safe Handling and Storage

Aside from detailed environmental legislation issues, it is important to consider the health and safety issues associated with the management of waste in a workplace.

Spill containment procedures are important wherever liquid pollutants are present. Measures which could be taken include:

� Provision of spill kits containing booms to contain the spillage and absorbent granules or pads to soak up the spill (ready for safe disposal).

� Drain covers which can be used to seal surface water drains.

� Training of operators in the use of the spill kits.




1. List EIGHT possible physical forms of hazardous substances that workers might potentially encounter at work. (8 marks)

2. Legionellosis (Legionnaires’ disease) is a disease caused by legionella bacteria entering water supplies. Describe FOUR workplace sources where people could be exposed to legionella bacteria that have entered a water supply. (8 marks)

3. An engineering company has noticed a recent increase in ill-health amongst workers who use a degreasing solvent. An occupational exposure limit (OEL) has been given for the solvent.

(a) Explain the meaning of the term “occupational exposure limit” (OEL). (2 marks)

(b) Identify possible reasons for the increase in work-related ill-health amongst the workers. (6 marks)

4. Identify the information that a manufacturer must include on a safety data sheet supplied with a hazardous substance. (8 marks)

Long Questions

5. (a) Explain, with examples, the routes of entry into the body that a hazardous substance may take. (8 marks)

(b) Describe the categories of hazardous substance generally adopted internationally, and give an example in each case. (12 marks)

6. (a) Identify the possible observations that might indicate that there is a dust problem in the workplace. (4 marks)

(b) Describe how the respiratory system of the human body defends itself against airborne dust. (6 marks)

(c) Outline the range of control measures that can be used to reduce levels of dust in a work environment. Give practical examples where appropriate. (10 marks)




1. The physical states of a hazardous substance are:

� Liquid.

� Gas.

� Vapour.

� Mist.

� Fume.

� Dust.

� Aerosol.

� Solid.

� Granules.

(Only eight are required.)

2. Legionella could occur in the following workplace situations:

� Cooling towers.

� Evaporative condensers.

� Hot/cold water services where people are susceptible, e.g. health care.

� Humidifiers and air washers.

� Spa baths and pools.


3. (a) Occupational exposure limits for substances hazardous to health are published by governments and organisations to help control airborne contamination at work. They define standards for air quality in terms of the amount of a particular substance which is acceptable in the atmosphere.

Occupational exposure limits are maximum concentrations of an airborne contaminant, averaged over a particular period of time to which employees may be exposed by inhalation under any circumstance.



(b) Possible reasons include:

� The original risk assessment may have been inadequate – there may have been an increase in frequency and duration of exposure to employees compared to the original assessment; the degreasing solvent currently used may be different from the one used when the original assessment was conducted.

� New employees – failure to carry out health screening and to give training on hazards and precautions, etc.

� Occupational exposure limit exceeded – poor maintenance of the LEV and failure to carry out monitoring to ensure that the OEL is not exceeded.

4. A safety datasheet should contain the following items of information:

� Substance identification.

� Supplier.

� Composition.

� Identification of hazards.

� Risk phrases.

� Safety phrases – toxicological information.

� First-aid measures – ecological information.

� Fire-fighting measures – disposal information.

� Transport information – spillage measures.

� Handling and storage.

� PPE requirements.

� Stability.




Long Questions

5. (a) A hazardous substance may enter the body by the following routes:

� Injection, e.g. a contaminated needle.

� Inhalation, e.g. of fumes.

� Ingestion, e.g. due to poor personal hygiene.

� Absorption, e.g. of a chemical liquid.

(b) The categories of hazardous substance customarily quoted by many governmental authorities are:

� Harmful, e.g. solvents in paint.

� Irritant, e.g. ammonia.

� Corrosive, e.g. sulphuric acid, sodium or potassium hydroxide.

� Toxic, e.g. carbon monoxide.

� Very toxic, e.g. chlorine.

� Sensitising, e.g. isocyanates.

� Carcinogenic, e.g. asbestos.

(Note: These generally fit into three categories of physico-chemical effects, health effects and environmental effects.)

6. (a) The possible indications of a dust problem in the workplace are:

� Fine deposits on surfaces and people (particularly noticeable clinging to clothing).

� Dust particles visible in the air.

� Blocked filters in equipment.

� Visible dust concentrated in extraction fans and in cowlings.

� Staff complaints of discomfort and irritation.

� Reported cases of respiratory ill-health and detected by health surveillance.



(b) The defence mechanisms that the body employs against the harmful effects of airborne dust (hazardous particles) are:

� Airway filtration:

– Large particles (>10µ) are trapped by hairs and mucus secreted in the nasal passages and then sneezed out or swallowed.

– Remaining smaller particles (7µ to 10µ) reaching the trachea are trapped in the mucus (mucus raft) lining the airway. The hair-like structures (cilia) push the dust and mucus towards the epiglottis where they are coughed out or swallowed.

� Biochemical clearing (phagocytosis):

– Fine dust particles (<7µ) reaching the alveoli can create inflammation and stimulate the bloodstream to bring white blood cells (leucocytes) to the area which then engulf the hazardous particles and digest them. The dead white cells may then be absorbed or coughed up. Prolonged inflammation may also lead to scar tissue production.

(c) Control measures used to reduce dust levels in a working environment are:

� Avoidance, i.e. adoption of an alternative process, e.g. cleaning of a local environment using a vacuum cleaner rather than sweeping or brushing-up.

� Elimination, e.g. introduction of pre-formed components or out-sourcing dusty operations.

� Substitution, e.g. using granules, liquid or paste rather than powder.

� Isolation, e.g. separation of the process geographically to another room or area.

� Enclosure, e.g. enclose the procedure in a glove-box or in a fume cupboard.

� Provision of LEV, i.e. local exhaust ventilation.

� Suppression, e.g. damping-down.



Element 8: Physical and Psychological Health Hazards and Risk Control

NoiseEffects of Exposure to Noise

� Physical effects:

– Temporary reduction in hearing sensitivity and ringing in the ears as a result of short duration exposure to excessively loud noise.

– Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) – permanent loss of hearing as a result of repeated exposure to excessively loud noise.

– Tinnitus – persistent ringing in the ears as a result of repeated exposure to excessively loud noise.

– Stress effects caused by irritating nuisance/background noise. – Inability to hear hazards, alarms and warning sirens, conversation and spoken

instructions, as a result of background noise. – Difficulty concentrating and an increase in errors caused by nuisance/

background noise.

� Psychological effects:

– Stress – caused by irritating nuisance/background noise. – Difficulty concentrating and an increase in errors – caused by nuisance/

background noise.

Terminology

� Sound pressure level – the intensity of the pressure wave moving through the air (expressed using the decibel (dB) scale).

� Decibel (dB) – the unit of sound pressure level.

� Frequency – the number of pressure waves that pass a fixed point in one second (the hertz (Hz)).

� A-weighting – applied to the decibel scale to give a sound pressure level expressed as dB(A); this converts the decibel value to take into account the sensitivity of the human ear across a range of frequencies.

� C-weighting – during noise assessment, C-weighting may be applied to the decibel scale to give a sound pressure level expressed as dB(C). This C-weighting gives a more accurate reading for impulse noise – single loud bangs that would not be properly recorded using the dB(A) scale



Assessment of ExposureNoise Exposure Limits

The dose of the noise to which a person may be exposed over the course of a working day (8 hours), and its equivalents for shorter periods of time, is specified by regulatory frameworks. As an example, the European system uses Exposure Action Values.

� Lower Exposure Action Value – where the LEP,d is at 80 dB(A) Daily Personal Noise Exposure, the employer must:

– Carry out a noise assessment. – Provide information, instruction and training to employees. – Make hearing protection available.

� Upper Exposure Action Value – where the LEP,d is at 85 dB(A) Daily Personal Noise Exposure, the employer must:

– Carry out a noise assessment. – Reduce noise exposure to the lowest level reasonably practicable.

If noise levels are still above 85 dB(A) the employer must:

– Establish mandatory hearing protection zones. – Provide information, instruction and training to employees. – Provide hearing protection and enforce its use. – Provide health surveillance.

Noise Exposure Control

� Noise reduction at source – by elimination or substitution of the process or equipment producing the noise.

� Interrupt the pathway from source to receiver (attenuation in transmission) using engineering controls which limit the amount of noise transmitted (i.e. isolation or segregation encloses the noise source; absorption or insulation reduces reverberation of noise; damping or silencing reduces vibration and sound).

� Personal protection – ear protection should be used only if neither of the first two approaches results in a satisfactory solution.

Hearing Protection

� Ear muffs or defenders fit completely over the ears. They are not easy to use with other PPE such as hard hats or glasses.

� Ear plugs fit in the ear canal but are not easy to clean and can be uncomfortable.

Employees may need to be encouraged/supervised to ensure that they wear hearing protection.



Role of Health Surveillance

Health surveillance – in the form of audiometry – is appropriate for workers exposed to high noise levels.

Though statutory requirements vary, audiometry (a medical test that quantifies the sensitivity of a person’s hearing across a range of frequencies) should usually be carried out on all workers potentially exposed at or above the 85dB(A) exposure limit.

Occupations at Risk

The following occupations may be at risk from excessive noise exposure:

� Construction workers – as a result of plant and machinery operation such as concrete breakers.

� Uniformed services – such as army personnel exposed to noise from small arms and artillery fire.

� Entertainment sector workers – such as night club staff exposed to loud music.

� Manufacturing sector workers – exposed to industrial machinery noise.

� Call centre staff – exposed to loud nose and acoustic shock from the use of headsets.

VibrationHand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)

� Vibration transmitted from work processes into workers’ hands and arms.

� Sources include:

– Operating hand-held power tools, e.g. road breakers, chainsaws, sanders, pneumatic chisels, etc.

– Operating hand-guided equipment, e.g. powered lawnmowers. – Holding materials being processed by machines, such as pedestal grinders.

Symptoms of hand-arm vibration include:

� Vibration white finger (VWF) – the blood supply to the fingers shuts down and the fingers turn white (known as blanching). The blood supply returns after a time and the fingers become red and painful.

� Nerve damage – the nerves from the fingers stop working properly resulting in a loss of pressure, heat and pain sensitivity.

� Muscle weakening – grip strength and manual dexterity reduce.

� Joint damage – abnormal bone growth at the finger joints can occur.



Whole-Body Vibration

� Shaking or jolting of the human body through a supporting surface (usually a seat or the floor).

� The most significant health effect is damage to the soft tissues of the spine (intervertebral discs), though other effects, such as vertigo, have been reported.

Assessment of Exposure

The “dose” of vibration absorbed is determined by:

� The vibration magnitude (measured in m.s-2).

� The duration of exposure (in hours and minutes).

A vibration assessment should estimate a worker’s actual exposure to vibration (which will fluctuate) and then calculate what the equivalent 8 hour exposure will be. An assessment might measure vibration exposure directly using a meter (accelerometer) or use manufacturer’s data.

The European regulatory regime recognises two types of vibration exposure:

Daily Exposure Action Value = 2.5 m.s-2 hand-arm vibration

0.5 m.s-2 whole-body vibration

The employer must:

� Carry out a vibration assessment.

� Reduce vibration exposure to the lowest level reasonably practicable.

� Provide information, instruction and training to employees.

� Carry out health surveillance.

Daily Exposure Limit Value = 5.0 m.s-2 hand-arm vibration

1.15 m.s-2 whole-body vibration

The employer must:

� Carry out a vibration assessment.

� Immediately reduce exposure below the exposure limit value (ELV).

Basic Vibration Control Measures

� Reduce the vibration at source:

– Eliminate the source (mechanise the use of tools). – Substitute the source (change the type of equipment). – Change work techniques. – Maintenance.



� Interrupt the pathway from source to receiver – isolate vibrating parts from the user by means of anti-vibration mountings.

� Limit the duration of exposure:

– Calculate the time for which a particular tool can be used before the action or limit value is reached.

– Job rotation/changing work schedules.

Role of Health Surveillance

The employer should provide health surveillance for employees who, despite application of other controls, are likely to be regularly exposed to nationally determined levels of vibration, or are considered to be at risk for any other reason.

The key reasons are:

� Identification of workers with:

– Pre-existing damage. – New damage (which may be work-related).

� Removal/exclusion of such workers from vibration sources (protecting them from further injury).

� Investigation of vibration controls to identify and rectify problems (protecting others in the same work).

Radiation � Ionising radiation comes from alpha, beta, X-rays, gamma rays and neutrons.

Exposure to this type of radiation can cause cancer or other cell destruction.

� Non-ionising radiation can take the form of:

– Ultraviolet radiation which can redden skin (sunburn) or cause eye inflammation (arc eye). Construction workers working outside are particularly at risk.

– Visible radiation which comes from high intensity beams such as lasers and can cause serious burns to exposed skin tissue. It is particularly dangerous to the eyes, e.g. printers, photocopiers in site offices.

– Infra-red radiation which is emitted from any hot material and can cause reddening of the skin, burns and cataracts in the eyes, e.g. molten glass, foundries, catering establishments.

– Microwave radiation which can affect eyes and cause deep-seated burns. – Radio frequency radiation which can cause excessive heating of exposed tissues

near high-powered radar transmitter aerials, overhead power lines and mobile phone base stations.



� Radon gas is a naturally occurring gas. Outside and in well-ventilated workplaces the radon levels are unlikely to cause concern but where radon levels are naturally high and in poorly ventilated, enclosed workplaces radon levels can become high enough to represent a significant risk to health. The principal ill-health effect associated with radon gas exposure is an increased risk of lung cancer.

Occupational Sources of Radiation

� Ionising radiation:

– Alpha particles – smoke detectors and science labs. – Beta particles – science labs and thickness gauges. – X-rays – medical radiography and baggage security scanners. – Gamma-rays – industrial radiography. – Neutrons – nuclear power stations.

� Non-ionising radiation:

– UV – sunlight; arc-welding. – IR – red-hot steel in a rolling mill; glass manufacture. – Visible light – laser levelling device; laser pointer. – Microwaves – industrial microwave oven in a food factory;

telecommunications equipment (e.g. a mobile phone antenna). – Radiowaves – radio, TV or radar antennae.

� Radon:

– Geological tasks, e.g. in mining and quarries. – Construction and demolition of properties. – Farming and outdoor work.

Controlling Exposure to Radiation

� Ionising radiation:

Three simple principles:

– Time – minimise the duration of exposure. – Distance – the greater the distance from the radiation source to the exposed

worker, the lower the dose of radiation received. – Shielding – the type required will be determined by the type of radiation

(thin shields for alpha and beta particle radiation; X- and gamma-rays require thicker, denser material such as lead).



� Non-ionising radiation:

– UV – cover exposed skin; protect the eyes. – IR – cover exposed skin; protect the eyes. – Microwaves and radiowaves:

– Maintain a safe distance from the source of the radiation. – Isolate (disconnect the power) and lock-off the source if workers have to

approach inside safe distances (using SSW and permit-to-work systems). – Lasers – degree of protection depends on the class of laser. Little needs to be

done for a low-class laser; for high-class lasers: eye protection, shielding, use of non-reflective surfaces.

Exposure Limits

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has set out the limits on exposure to ionising radiation:

� The general public not to be exposed to more than 1 mSv per year.

� Occupational exposure not to exceed 20 mSv per year.

These dose limits have been translated into statutory limits in most countries.

Role of Monitoring and Health Surveillance

Circumstances requiring health surveillance may include:

� Before an individual begins working as a classified worker (i.e. someone who is exposed to radiation over a specified national limit).

� During periodic health reviews, e.g. annually.

� Special surveillance if a dose limit has been exceeded.

� After an individual ceases work as a classified worker.

Special consideration may also be required for classified workers who are pregnant or breastfeeding.



Physiologcial StressWork-related stress is defined as “the adverse reaction that people have to excessive pressure or other demands placed on them”.

Causes of Stress

� Demands – high and conflicting job demands as well as the nature of the job.

� Control – lack of control over what is to be done, how it is to be done, priorities, etc.

� Support – lack of training and support.

� Relationships – poor working relationships with supervisors, managers and peers, and harassment.

� Role – lack of clarity regarding role, responsibilities and authority.

� Change – the threat of change and the change process itself.

Effects of Stress

� Psychological – anxiety, low self-esteem, depression.

� Physical – sweating, fast heart beat, high blood pressure, skin rashes, muscle tension, headache, dizziness.

� Behavioural – sleeplessness, inability to concentrate, poor decision-making ability, mood swings, irritability, increased alcohol consumption, drug misuse, increased absence from the workplace.

Prolonged questions can lead to job loss, divorce, alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.

Stress Control Measures

These will include clear lines of responsibility, and a supportive and consultative working environment.




1. Other than those associated with the physical environment, outline EIGHT possible causes of increased stress levels amongst employees. (8 marks)

2. Identify the ill-health effects associated with exposure to:

(i) Ionising radiation. (4 marks)

(ii) Non-ionising radiation. (4 marks)

3. (i) Identify THREE occupations that may be at risk from excessive noise exposure at work. (3 marks)

(ii) Outline THREE ways in which noise exposure can be controlled. (3 marks)

(iii) Identify TWO types of noise meter that can be used to undertake noise measurements. (2 marks)

Long Questions

4. A number of workers have been using vibrating hand-held tools for lengthy periods during a shift. They have reported discomfort in their fingers and hands. A medical examination shows that the workers concerned could be showing early symptoms of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVs).

(i) Identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected individuals. (4 marks)

(ii) Outline factors to consider when assessing the risk of HAVs developing among the workers. (8 marks)

(iii) Outline the precautions that may be used to minimise the risk of workers developing the condition. (8 marks)

5. Workers in a factory are exposed to excessively high levels of noise in their workplace.

(i) Outline the possible ill-health effects that these workers might suffer from as a result of their excessive noise exposure. (6 marks)

(ii) Hearing protection is to be used as an interim measure to reduce worker exposure to noise. Describe the issues that must be taken into account when selecting suitable hearing protection. (6 marks)

(iii) Outline the engineering methods by which noise levels in the factory might be reduced. Give practical examples where possible. (8 marks)




1. Possible causes of increased stress levels are:

� Shift work and unsocial hours.

� Repetitive or monotonous work.

� Lack of control over the job.

� Workload too high or low.

� Task or person mismatch.

� Harassment, bullying and discrimination.

� Fear of violence.

� Poor relationships with colleagues.

� Financial worries.


2. (i) Typical symptoms of exposure to ionising radiation are likely to be:

� Reddening of the skin, blistering and ulceration.

� Cataracts.

� Loss of hair.

� Sterility.

� Radiation sickness (nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea).

� Cell damage (including genetic mutation).

� Cancers of the skin, other body organs and white blood cells (leukaemia).




(ii) Typical symptoms of exposure to non-ionising radiation are likely to be:

� Cataracts (infra-red exposure).

� Reddening and burns to the skin (IR exposure).

� Heat exhaustion (IR exposure).

� Arc eye or snow blindness (ultra violet exposure).

� Skin burns, sunburn on acute exposure (UV exposure).

� Skin cancer (melanoma) on long-term exposure (UV exposure).


3. (i) Occupations that may be at risk from excessive noise exposure include:

� Construction workers.

� Uniformed services, e.g. army personnel.

� Entertainment sector workers e.g. night club staff.

� Manufacturing sector workers.

� Call centre staff.

(Only three are required.)

(ii) Noise exposure can be controlled in three ways:

� Reduce the noise at source

� Interrupt the pathway from source to receiver

� Protect the receiver

(iii) Types of noise meter that can be used to undertake noise measurement include:

� Simple sound level meter

� Integrating sound level meter

� Dosimeters

(Only two are required.)



Long Questions

4. (i) Typical symptoms of exposure to vibration that might be identified:

� Tingling and numbness of the fingers.

� Reduced sensory perception and inability to feel (parasthesia).

� Swollen and painful joints.

� Reduction in dexterity and strength.

� Fingers blanching and becoming red and painful on recovery (especially when cold and wet; fingers tips most likely to be affected first).

(ii) Factors to consider during assessment are:

� The sources of vibration, e.g. types of tools and equipment.

� Information from manufacturers.

� Information on the characteristics of the vibration, i.e. frequency, magnitude and direction of vibration.

� Contact time or period of use.

� Environmental factors, e.g. exposure to cold conditions.

� Use of force to hold tool against material being processed.

� Personal factors, e.g. any previous circulation problems.

� An assessment of the current control measures (precautions) being used.



(iii) Control measures used to minimise the risk of adverse health effects:

� Elimination by use of alternative work methods, mechanisation and automation.

� Substitute tools with those producing lower vibration.

� Adjusting work schedules to reduce time of exposure of the workers.

� Regular breaks with job rotation.

� Introduce a programme of planned preventative maintenance for the tools.

� Introduce a defect reporting system.

� Provide appropriate PPE, e.g. gloves to keep the hands warm during work.

� Carry out the work in a warmer environment.

� Give information and instruction to workers on the correct working method.

(Note: Beware that answer to part (iii) is not included in your part (ii) response.)



5. (i) The possible effects on health from exposure to high noise levels would include:

� Temporary or permanent threshold shift.

� Noise induced hearing loss.

� Tinnitus.

� Occupational deafness.

� Secondary effects such as stress, headaches and loss of concentration.

(ii) Factors to consider when selecting suitable, interim hearing protection would include:

� Compatibility of hearing protection with other PPE worn.

� Comfort.

� CE or quality marking.

� Adequacy of hearing protection for the level and frequency of noise levels encountered.

� Choice of earplugs or ear defenders.

(iii) Engineering measures that can be used to reduce noise levels are:

� Elimination or reduction by replacing noisy equipment with that having lower noise emissions.

� Replacing steel moving parts with alloys or nylon gears rather than replacing the whole item of equipment.

� Replacing metal chain drives with rubber belts.

� Making sure that rotating parts are properly balanced.

� Fitting silencers to exhaust outlets, high-pressure gas outlets and compressed air venting.

� Regular planned maintenance should be carried out with proper lubrication and replacement of worn parts.

(Note: While noise can be reduced by means of the hierarchy: elimination, substitution, isolation, absorption and insulation, damping, silencing, not all of these control measures are strictly engineering measures for reducing noise levels. Engineering measures are those that involve measures of a technical nature. Note that all the above measures are of a technical nature and are therefore strictly engineering measures.)


Revision Guide Unit GC3: Practical Application

Introduction to Unit GC3: Health and Safety Practical ApplicationThe second section of your Revision Guide will focus on what’s required for the Practical Application and the steps you need to take to ensure success.

This assessment is your chance to prove you understand the content from Units IGC1 and GC2 and can apply it in a practical workplace environment. You will carry out an inspection of your chosen workplace, spotting hazards and completing the inspection record sheets. It’s important that you choose a workplace with enough hazards to demonstrate the breadth of your knowledge. You will then write a report of your findings for management; this should be around 700-1000 words in length and should be based on the information in your inspection record sheets.



Preparing Effectively

IntroductionThis section of the Revision Guide will help you to understand the form of the Health and Safety Practical Application and how to prepare for and do well in this assessment.

There are other sources of information available on the GC3 Practical Application. NEBOSH publish guidance on the Practical Application on their website (www.nebosh.org.uk), including a marking scheme for the assessment. If you haven’t already downloaded a copy of this guidance, we strongly advise you to do so. Course providers also publish information and guidance on the GC3 Practical Application.

This Revision Guide doesn’t replicate these other sources of guidance; it is actually intended to complement them and give detailed practical guidance and advice on completing the assessment. We recommend that you check all of your course materials for any other sources of information that might supplement this revision aid.

A Note from the AuthorStudents taking the NEBOSH International General Certificate qualification are often very concerned about the assessments that they have to pass at the end of the whole study process.

NEBOSH qualifications are not easy to achieve and each person who passes a qualification does so on their own merits. In some ways this should be very rewarding and reassuring. It represents one of the times in life when there are no shortcuts.

But, when you are preparing for the end of course assessments, revision and preparation can take up so much of your time and exam nerves can take over.

Students often spend a lot of time and effort preparing for the two written exams. This is only natural as these two written exams are the harder elements of the assessment process (at least this is what the published pass rates show). Unfortunately, in their efforts to do well in the written exams, students often push the practical assessment to the back of their thoughts. This can mean that students are poorly prepared to undertake the practical assessment. In some cases students fail to achieve the 60% minimum pass mark required by NEBOSH for the Practical Application. This is a great shame as a little preparation can ensure a good performance in this part of the assessment process.

The Practical Application is not easy! You can’t assume that you will get a pass without putting in the effort, but with a little preparation and thought there is no reason why you shouldn’t do well in it. The following guidance sets out practical guidelines and hints and tips that I have picked up over the last 12 years of teaching on NEBOSH Certificate courses. I hope that you find it useful!



The Practical Application

An Overview of What Will HappenThere are two parts to the Practical Application:

� Carry out an unaided inspection of a workplace.

� Write a management report on your findings.

The Inspection

You will need:

A watch.

A clipboard.

A pen.

A set of blank NEBOSH Practical Application candidate’s observation sheets.



You should already have arranged a suitable workplace in which to carry out an inspection. You need to ensure that your workplace is large enough to provide a sufficient range of hazards but not so large that you cannot cover everything in the 45 minutes or so in which you should complete your observations. If your workplace is very large, consider limiting your inspection area.

You should have a clipboard and pen and a set of NEBOSH Practical Application blank observation sheets. When the assessment starts you can walk around the workplace jotting down observations on your blank pro-forma record sheets. You may talk to workers in the workplace but remember that this is an assessment so if any of your colleagues are taking the assessment at the same time, you mustn’t talk to them.

Once you have finished your observations, you should move to a quiet location for the second part of the assessment process.



The Management Report

You will need:

A watch.

A pad of A4 lined paper.

A pen.

Your completed observation sheets.

Your course material and/or reference books to refer to when writing your report



You can choose whether to write the report up in your own handwriting or in word-processed form.

You should aim to complete the management report in around one hour and it should be around 700-1000 words in length.

Your completed observation sheets should be your main source of reference but you are also able to refer to your course notes and reference books as you complete your report (but note that plagiarism will be treated as malpractice). Your report should not include any photographs, printed text or extraneous material.



The Inspection

What to DoBefore you start your assessment, read through any resources that you have that might provide information on the practical assessment. NEBOSH publish information on the practical assessment, including the marking scheme, in their online guidance. If you have not already done so, you should consider downloading this guidance from NEBOSH. Your course materials may also provide additional guidance.

When you begin your inspection, decide how much time you intend to spend in each part of the workplace to be inspected. You must ensure that you manage your time effectively so that you inspect all of the workplace available to you – otherwise you may miss parts of the workplace where significant observations might be made.

At the start of your inspection simply stand back and observe. Don’t rush to start and focus too narrowly on one issue. Take in as much of the workplace as you can. Use all of your senses. Consider the workplace environment; temperature, light, noise, etc. Consider the welfare provision. Consider the activities that you can see (if any). Consider the traffic and pedestrian routes and escape routes.

When you start to walk around the workplace making your observations, make sure that you write a full and complete set of notes on the observation sheets. Don’t write rough notes in the belief that you can write up a full set of observations later on – you won’t have time.



There are two possible ways of recording your observations on the observation sheets as you walk around:

� One option is to label separate candidate’s observation sheets with different topic headings and then to flick to the relevant headed sheet for each observation that is made. i.e. label the candidate’s observation sheets with topic headings such as “Fire Safety”, “Electrical Safety”, “Chemical Safety”, “Environmental and Welfare”, etc., and then write each observation on the appropriately labelled page.

� The other option is simply to write observations on the candidate’s observation sheet as they come to mind.

The second option is perfectly acceptable. The first one is time-consuming and whilst it may sound more ordered and will give a set of structured observation sheets, it’s very difficult to do effectively in the time allowed.

Keep an eye on your watch.

And make sure that your handwriting is legible! Your observation sheets will be submitted alongside your management report. If an examiner can’t read your work then they can’t mark your work.

As you walk around make sure that you consider a broad range of health and safety topics. As a general rule, you should be looking to include a minimum of 20 (but no more than 30) separate hazards and their consequences. Do not focus too narrowly on just one or two safety topics. You are expected to identify different types of hazards such as hazardous substances, fire, electrical, work equipment, ergonomics, housekeeping, noise, vibration, transport, manual handling and health hazards and should also consider if there are any welfare and environmental problems. At least five different types of hazard must be included for maximum marks.

You might not spot hazards across this entire range, but you should have a good spread from many of these topic areas by the end of your inspection.

Remember that in order to identify hazards you may need to look under, behind, inside and on top of objects and equipment in the workplace.

Don’t expose yourself to danger. If you don’t know whether something is safe, then leave it alone. Stay alert to the fact that you are in a real workplace. NEBOSH recommend that you consult with the management of the workplace to ensure you can carry out the assessment without endangering yourself.



What to WriteThe observation sheets should be completed by:

� Identifying, in the left-hand column, any hazards and their consequences, unsafe work practices and examples of good practice observed during the inspection.

� Commenting, in the next column, on the adequacy of existing controls and identifying any immediate, medium-term and long-term remedial actions needed.

� Stating, in the right-hand column, a reasonable timescale for the actions identified.

In the first column of the candidate’s observation sheet (titled “Observations – Hazards and Consequences”) you should write a brief note on one hazard and its consequences that you’ve observed in the workplace. The hazard needs to be described in enough detail so that the examiner can understand what you observed, where it was and what type of risk it created. So, instead of simply writing “trip hazard” write “trailing electrical flex to inside of main entrance – significant trip hazard”. Then the reader can fully appreciate what you observed, where it was and what you are worried about.

Remember that a hazard is something with the potential to cause harm. It does not need to be a poorly controlled hazard. It is quite acceptable (and indeed expected!) that you will make some observations about hazards that are well controlled. For example, it’s quite acceptable to make a comment such as “Workplace temperatures were comfortable at the time of the inspection”, or “Housekeeping was very good throughout the office”. However, the majority of your observations should be on hazards that are poorly controlled.

The sorts of issues that you might make observations on in this column could include (but would not be restricted to) inadequate lighting creating a trip hazard; poor ventilation causing a health risk; manual handling of loads creating a risk of muscle strains; inadequate welfare facilities (e.g. unsanitary WCs, no access to drinking water, no rest areas, unhygienic food preparation areas, failure to provide hand wash facilities); inadequate first-aid provision (e.g. poorly stocked first-aid boxes, contaminated eye wash bottles); inadequate fire precautions (e.g. out-of-date signage, obstructed fire extinguishers, obstructed call points, blocked escape route and locked fire exit doors); poor storage of materials (e.g. flammable gases or liquids left in inappropriate places, chemicals in unlabelled containers or bulk materials stored unsafely); poor design of pedestrian walkways; guards missing from machinery; a failure of workers to wear appropriate PPE; etc.



Below are five examples of observations – hazards and consequences.

Observations Hazards and Consequences

1. Defective external light just outside reception door. Risk of slips, trips and falls on external steps.

2. Build-up of food residue inside microwave oven. Risk of food poisoning.

3. Fire exit route at rear of archive room partially obstructed by build-up of heavy boxes. Risk of entrapment in the event of fire.

4. Unlabelled glass jar of chemical on workbench in welding area. Risk of ill-health and possible fire risk if HFL.

5. Failure to carry out DSE workstation assessment for DSE user. Risk of Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders.

You should write at least twenty separate observations. A good target to aim for might be twenty-five observations made up of twenty negatives and five positives. Or perhaps thirty observations made up of twenty-four negatives and six positives. Don’t be too concerned about precise numbers given here, consider the general principle. Don’t write an excessive number of observations – thirty should be quite enough to score well.

If you’re making too many observations then you’re probably repeating a lot of your hazards, e.g. making a lot of comments about poor housekeeping when one or two comments would be enough. If you’re making too many observations then you’re probably not writing enough detail on each observation as you walk around. It’s the quality of your observations that is assessed here, not the quantity. Thirty detailed observations are much better than fifty one-line scribbles. Pace yourself accordingly – if you have written ten observations in the first five minutes then you’re going too fast.

Number each observation on your candidate’s observation sheets. That way you can refer back to each item easily when you are writing your management report.



Control Measures

For every observation that you make you must complete the “Control Measures – Immediate and Longer-Term Actions” column. As a minimum, you must indicate one action that is appropriate for the observation. Most observations will have more than one appropriate action; there will be a short-term action to make the workplace safe and then there will be one or more longer-term actions to keep it safe and sort out the underlying cause of the problem.

For example, if you found an unlabelled bottle of chemicals on an workbench, the immediate actions might be to identify the contents, put a label on the bottle and put it in appropriate storage. This takes care of the immediate problem, but the underlying problem is still there. So, a longer-term action would be to train staff on the safe labelling and storage of chemicals in the workplace so that the same situation does not arise again. We could also introduce routine inspections so that future non-compliance can be identified and corrected quickly. You do not need to spell this out in such a lengthy manner on your observation sheet, but you do need to identify the actions, such as: “identify, label and store chemicals safely; train staff on safe storage; introduce routine inspections”.

Many observations will have a short-term safety action, a medium-term remedial action and a long-term solution.

If your observation is a positive one (you have identified a good practice) it’s still appropriate to make a comment in this action column, such as “monitor” or “ensure this good standard is maintained”.

Your actions must be practical and realistic – inappropriate or unrealistic actions won’t gain you points. If your recommendation does not solve the problem then it’s not appropriate. PAT testing the cable that is trailing across the walkway does not address the trip hazard. If your recommendation is excessively costly or difficult in proportion to the risk then it is not reasonably practicable. Buying a robot to automate the paper handling in the stationery cupboard is not realistic.

Timescale

For every action that you recommend you must complete the “Timescale” column. Indicate whether an action needs to be carried out immediately, within 24 hours, 2 days, 1 week, 3 months, etc. You can recommend any timescale that you feel is appropriate. Do not write “ASAP” – that is not a timescale. Do not write “Immediate” for every action – that is unrealistic. Make sure that your timescales match your actions and that they match the observation you have indicated. The trailing cable in the thoroughfare must be moved immediately. The housekeeping inspection regime must be introduced within 1 month. The DSE chair must be supplied within 2 weeks. These are all appropriate. The purchase of a robot cannot take place immediately.

Some of your recommended action will be “ongoing”. If your recommendation is to monitor the situation then this is an appropriate comment to make.



Below are five examples of recommended actions and timescales appropriate to the issues used as examples previously.

ObservationsHazards and Consequences

Control Measures Immediate and Longer-Term Actions

Timescale

Defective external light just outside reception door. Risk of slips, trips and falls on external steps.

Arrange for contractor to repair light.

Introduce defect reporting system so staff can report this or similar defects.

Monitor routinely to spot recurrence.

2 days

1 month

Ongoing

Build-up of food residue inside microwave oven. Risk of food poisoning.

Clean microwave.

Put up notice and issue reminder to staff on hygiene.

Monitor routinely.

Immediate

1 week

Ongoing

Fire exit route at rear of archive room partially obstructed by build-up of heavy boxes. Risk of entrapment in the event of fire.

Move boxes.

Issue reminder to staff about blocking fire exit routes.

Introduce formal monthly fire safety inspection to prevent repeat of this and other issues.

Immediate

1 week

1 month

Unlabelled glass jar of chemical on workbench in welding area. Risk of ill-health and possible fire risk if HFL.

Identify chemical, label and/or change container and move to safe storage area (or dispose of safely).

Carry out formal staff briefing on safe use and storage of chemicals.

Monitor.

Immediate

1 month

Ongoing

Failure to carry out DSE workstation assessment for five DSE users. Risk of work-related upper limb disorders.

Train staff on self-assessment.

Arrange for self-assessments to be carried out and recorded.

Address any issues arising.Introduce DSE self assessment training into induction training programme.

2 weeks

1 month

If needed1 month



Scoring High MarksAlmost a third of the Practical Application marks are available for completing these observation sheets; 30% in total. So it’s worth doing a good job here and writing a decent set of comments.

The marking scheme clearly indicates where the marks are going. You can find this marking scheme in the NEBOSH syllabus guide and may also be provided by your course provider. If you do not already have a copy of this syllabus guide then you should consider buying it.

To highlight the key points:

� Range and number of hazards/good practice – 15%

If you only identify a few of the various hazards that were present in the workplace then the examiner can’t award you good marks under this section. But if you present at least twenty poorly-controlled hazards and identify some well-controlled hazards as well then you stand a good chance of picking up these marks. Don’t be too concerned with technical hazards; there will be plenty of observations to make. To gain all of the marks here you must identify the consequences of each hazard (i.e. you must explain the risk that it presents).

If you talk about fire safety, fire safety and more fire safety you will score 0 or 1 point under this section heading. But if your observations are across a range of relevant health and safety issues such as machinery safety, chemical safety, fire safety, noise, work at height, pedestrian movement, vehicle movements, welfare issues, working environment issues, etc. then you will score the marks here.

� Identification of suitable control measures and timescales – 15%

To score well in this section you must clearly identify the immediate, medium-term and longer-term action that must be taken to resolve each of the problems you’ve identified. The immediate solution must make the workplace safe. The medium-term action must keep it safe and the longer-term action must fix the cause of the problem or at least be likely to stop it happening again. And all of these recommendations must be practical and realistic.



Dos and Don’tsDos

Do take a watch.

Do take a clipboard.

Do note down the finish time.

Do pace yourself.

Do look around before diving in.

Do use all your senses.

Do look for the simple stuff.

Do look over, under, inside and behind.

Do note down the good as well as the bad.

Do remember it’s about quality, not just quantity.

Do number each observation.

Do make a conscious effort to prioritise.

Do make several recommendations for most issues.

Do identify realistic timescales.

Do write enough detail for each observation.

Do look after yourself.



Don’ts

Don’t waste time making trivial observations.

Don’t repeat the same type of observation repeatedly.

Don’t lose track of the time.

Don’t make hundreds of observations.

Don’t make every observation high priority.

Don’t recommend only one action for every hazard.

Don’t recommend every action is carried out immediately.

Don’t endanger yourself.

Don’t talk to other candidates.



The Management Report

What to DoBefore you start your Practical Application, read through any resources that you have that might provide information on the assessment. NEBOSH publish information on the Practical Application, including the marking scheme, in their online guidance. If you haven’t already done so, consider downloading this guidance from NEBOSH. Your course materials may also provide additional guidance.

Look through all of the candidate’s observation sheets that you have written and pick out a selection of the bigger issues that you intend to write about in your management report. There’s no need to pick out more than five or six issues. You can make notes on a sheet of paper to assist in this planning process.

Prioritise the issues that you intend to write about in the report so that you have the highest priority issue at the top of your list and the lowest priority issue at the bottom.

Draw up a short outline plan for your management report so that you have a rough idea of the section headings and content.

Start your management report.

Write each of the sections of the management report. As you write each section make sure that you go back to your outline plan to check that you’re staying on track. Tick each section off your plan as it is achieved.

If you choose to hand-write the report, make sure that your handwriting is legible. If an examiner can’t read your work then they can’t mark your work! Ideally, your report should be word-processed.

What to WriteIt may seem obvious, but your management report must look like a management report, so it must be formatted in an appropriate style.

Give your report a title. For example:

Report on Health and Safety Inspection of Workshop Number Two

Underline this title to make it obvious. This title should appear at the top of the first page of the report.



Your report must be broken up into a series of sections. Each section should have its own section title. Typical sections might include:

Introduction

Executive Summary

Main Findings

Conclusions

Recommendations

You can number each section for presentation purposes; e.g. 1.0 Introduction; 2.0 Executive Summary; 3.0 Main Findings; 4.0 Conclusions.

You must give your report an Introduction. This section should have its own title. This might be presented at the left of the page just below the main title.

Your Introduction can be quite short. It should briefly state what the report is about, when it was written, why it was written and who it was written by. It should also outline the nature of the work area inspected and include information about the activities carried out and the number of workers. This Introduction should be presented as a paragraph of text made up of just four or five sentences.

For example:

1.0 Introduction

This report follows a health and safety inspection of Workshop Number 2 carried out by J. Bloggs at 9:30 am on 25 April 2009. The workshop contains a range of woodworking machinery (both bench and hand-held) used to produce custom-made joinery such as kitchen units which are later installed on luxury yachts elsewhere in the factory. Five joiners and one labourer work here under the supervision of the Senior Joiner who has an office at one end of the workshop. A timber store is sited at the opposite end. Welfare, etc. facilities were in a room off the main workshop. The purpose of the report is to bring to management’s attention the key health, safety and welfare issues of concern in the workshop together with recommendations for improvement.



Your report should have an Executive Summary. This section should also have a title.

In the Executive Summary you should summarise the key areas of concern that are going to be addressed by the report. You might want to make some general comments about health and safety standards in the workplace. You should also make reference to the fact that the management report is not a comprehensive report on all of the issues identified by the inspection, but instead selectively picks out key issues of concern. You could also draw attention to the candidate’s observation sheets (which are attached to the report as an appendix) as these will include all of the issues identified in the inspection, not just the ones written up in your report.

This Executive Summary might be presented as a couple of paragraphs, each made up of several sentences. Your key areas of concern might be presented as a bullet point list in order of priority.

For example:

2.0 Executive Summary

Overall, Workshop Number 2 is in a good state of repair. The working environment and provision of welfare facilities are good. There are some examples of good health and safety standards in place. However, there are also some major areas of concern. These largely arise from unsafe practices being carried out by workshop staff.

This report focuses specifically on five main issues identified during the workshop inspection:

� The use of workshop machinery without correct guards in place.

� Fire safety.

� Unsafe storage of hazardous chemicals.

� Non-compliance with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) rules.

� Electrical safety.

Many other issues were identified during the inspection that also require attention. These observations, along with their corrective actions, are attached to this report as an appendix.



Your report should have a section for Main Findings. This section should have a title.

Your Main Findings section is likely to be further sub-divided into sections on each of the key findings that you want to discuss. It makes sense then to split your main findings up into a series of sub-sections, each with their own sub-section title. If you have used section numbers then you should number these subsections: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, etc.

Your Main Findings section is where you should selectively discuss the major issues that you want to bring to the managers attention – it’s not for trivia or for a complete repetition of all of the issues identified during the inspection. Select a number of key topics to discuss in this section; you might do this by picking out just one of the issues from your inspection sheets that is quite major in its own right. Or you might pick out a series of observations which is not a big issue when they’re looked at individually, but all together add up to an important issue.

For example, if you saw one worker using a piece of industrial machinery without the correct guards in place you’d be quite right in identifying that one breach as an important issue that is worth discussing in the management report. If you saw one fire extinguisher in an office off its hook and standing on the floor that would not be a significant enough issue to mention in the report. However, if you saw six fire safety issues, such as misuse of fire extinguishers, obstructed equipment, obstructed exit routes and poor housekeeping, then you would be quite entitled to combine these all under “fire safety” for discussion as one of the key findings in your report.

When discussing your main findings it’s acceptable to refer to the observation sheets and acceptable to refer to specific issues by making use of the relevant reference numbers. For example, “I found three significant fire safety issues during the inspection (see items 6, 14 and 22 on the inspection sheets).”

For each of the key findings of your report you should write several short paragraphs under a sub-section title. Under each sub-section title you should describe the nature of the issue found during the inspection; the particular legal standards relevant to the issue; the action or actions that you believe are appropriate; the costs associated with these actions; some justification as to why these costs are worth incurring. In short: this is the problem, this is the relevant law, this is what you need to do about it, this is how much it will cost you, this is why you want to spend that money.



For example:

3.0 Main Findings

3.1 Use of Unguarded Machinery

During my inspection I observed one worker on site using a hand held circular saw. There was no guard fitted to the blade of the circular saw. The blade was exposed for its entire circumference. This presents a high risk of severe injury including amputation of body parts and even fatal lacerations. This also represents a clear breach of Article 10(a) of R164.

I recommend that this piece of machinery be taken out of use with immediate effect. The guards must be reinstated on this machine before it is put back into use. If no guards can be found then this piece of equipment must be disposed of in such a way that it cannot be put back into use. Total cost of these actions will be negligible. Should a new item of equipment have to be purchased then this will cost in the range of £100.

To prevent this situation from arising again I also recommend that a series of toolbox talks or briefings to workers are carried out on the safe use of this type of equipment and other similar tools. These briefings should be formally recorded. These briefings can be resourced and provided internally at the cost of perhaps half a day’s labour for one site supervisor. I would further recommend that the site supervisors are given a written memo about the importance of maintaining vigilance and challenging unsafe acts when they see them. This may have been a one-off matter, but it may indicate a more deep-rooted apathy to safety management by site staff. Needless to say, if an enforcement officer had observed this unsafe practice they would have issued a Prohibition Notice on the spot and they might well have considered prosecuting the company, site managers and the worker himself.

3.2 Fire Safety…

3.3 Unsafe Storage of Hazardous Chemicals…

3.4 Non-compliance with PPE Rules…

3.5 Electrical Safety…



You should write about a minimum of three main findings, i.e. there should be three sub-sections under your main findings title. Ideally, you would write about five it’s probably not sensible to include more than six).

Once you have presented your main findings you should write a short conclusions section. This section should have a section title.

Your Conclusions section should complete your report. You should make reference to the general standards of health and safety found in the workplace and the specific issues of concern. You should summarise the recommendations made and the key reasons for the manager to act on these recommendations.

For example:

4.0 Conclusions

Overall, this is a well maintained workshop. There are, however, a number of important health and safety failings that do require your urgent attention:

� The use of workshop machinery without correct guards in place.

� Fire safety.

� Unsafe storage of hazardous chemicals.

� Non-compliance with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) rules.

� Electrical safety.

Each of these issues represents a possible breach of ILO Convention C155, and the more specific obligations on employers found in ILO Recommendation R164.

As such, they might incur enforcement action from an enforcement officer. They might even result in prosecution of the company under national law, which could result in a fine. Needless to say, the damage done to the company’s reputation might be severe and could make a difference to its financial success.

Please note that other issues discussed in the report do require action and these have been included in the full set of observation sheets attached to this report.



You should complete your report by summarising the recommendations made and the key reasons for the manager to act on these recommendations. Your recommendations must appear in the form of a table laid down by NEBOSH:

Recommendation Likely Resource Implications

Priority Target Date

An example might be:

5.0 Recommendations

Recommendation Likely Resource Implications

Priority Target Date

Hand-held circular saw should be taken out of use with immediate effect. The guards must be reinstated on this machine before it is put back into use (or the machine disposed of if the guards cannot be located).

Negligible. Should a new saw have to be purchased, this will cost in the range of £100.

Immediate 48 hours

Hold a series of toolbox talks on the safe use of saws and other similar tools.

These can be run internally at the cost of perhaps half a day’s labour for one site supervisor.

High 1 week



Provide site supervisors with a written memo about the importance of maintaining vigilance and challenging unsafe acts when they see them.

Developed internally at the cost of half an hour’s labour for one site supervisor.

High 1 week

Etc.

Use appropriate language when writing your management report. Remember to avoid using slang, sweeping generalisations and avoid repetition.

Your management report must hit the right tone, which means it must be short, concise and supported by reasoned arguments. It must not be strident, heavily opinionated or biased. It’s not an enforcement order. It must not be long, unfocused, rambling and dull. If a real manager were to read it in a real workplace they should find the report compelling. One way to hit the right tone is to think of yourself as the company Safety Officer. You have no authority over the manager you are writing this report for, so can’t force them to do what you are suggesting. Instead, you have to persuade them by the power of your argument.

You can make this part of the assessment process easier by preparing your introduction and conclusion paragraphs before the assessment takes place and then committing these section to memory the night before.

Scoring High MarksJust over two-thirds of the Practical Application marks are available for the management report – 70% in total.

The marking scheme clearly indicates where the marks are going. This marking scheme is presented in the NEBOSH syllabus guide.

To highlight the key points:

� Introduction providing an overview of the chosen area – 5%

If your introduction includes a clear and appropriate description of the chosen area and the activities taking place there, you will score well here.

� Executive summary – 5%

If you provide a clear summary of the issues identified during the inspection in this section, you will score well.



� Main findings – Quality of interpretation of findings and clear references to strengths and weaknesses – 15%

In this section, you need to show a logical progression from the observation sheets to your findings. This means that you shouldn’t raise any new issues in your report that have not been mentioned in your observation sheets. You need to show the examiner that you have discussed appropriately the key issues identified in your inspection and provided clear references to the strengths and weaknesses you found.

� Main findings – identification of possible breaches of international standards – 5%

Here you have to show the examiner that you can apply what you have found back to legislative requirements. To score well, you should aim to supply appropriate references to five possible breaches of international standards and demonstrate a clear understanding of the reasons for the breaches. You will not score well in this section if you provide a list of legislation with no explanation of how it was breached or how it related to the hazards, unsafe conditions or work practices selected.

Keep in mind that you are allowed to reference your course notes and reference books when completing the report so your examiner will expect the titles and years of all legislation to be accurate!

� Persuasiveness/conciseness/technical content – 10%

To score well here you need to provide clear moral, legal and financial arguments that will convince management to take action. You will also gain marks in this section for structuring your report well. You will not score well if you simply duplicate what you have written on your observation sheets!

� Clear and concise conclusions which are clearly related to report findings and are effective in convincing management to take action – 15%

To score well here you need to summarise the findings you outlined in your report clearly and concisely. You will not score well here if you introduce new issues that you haven’t previously discussed.

� Recommendations which present realistic actions to improve health and safety in the chosen area – 15%

If your recommendations relate back to your conclusions, you will score well here. Your recommendations should be realistic and prioritised appropriately. You will also need to attempt to quantify the costs associated with most of your recommendations. Your report does not need to list the precise costs in currency terms. Simply reflecting on the approximate costs is sufficient. This might be done in terms of hours of labour, management time, or by making reference to internal and external costs.



Dos and Don’tsDos

Do take a watch.

Do take some time to collect your thoughts before starting to write.

Do jot down a plan for your report.

Do focus on the bigger issues.

Do give it a title.

Do write an introduction.

Do write in short concise sentences.

Do discuss three to six key findings.

Do cross-reference to the inspection reports.

Do mention the relevant law/standards.

Do mention costs.

Do justify your recommendations.

Do write a conclusions section.

Do use objective language.

Do make use of the moral, legal and economic arguments.

Do manage your time.



Don’ts

Don’t begin without prioritising the issues.

Don’t start without a plan.

Don’t threaten.

Don’t focus on just one issue.

Don’t discuss every single finding from your inspection.

Don’t cost actions out to two decimal places including tax.

Don’t list every set of regulations under the sun that you can think of that might be relevant in the hope that some of it might apply.

Don’t write long rambling sentences.

Don’t write a very long report.

Don’t make sweeping generalisations.

Don’t get personal.



Submitting your Practical ApplicationOnce completed, your assessment should include the following:

� Your completed observation sheets showing between twenty and thirty examples of hazards (and their consequences), unsafe practice or good practice. Remember that these should cover a wide variety of different types of hazard (multiple examples of the same type of hazard will only be marked once).

� Your completed management report, following the structure laid down by NEBOSH earlier in this guidance. Look at the marking schemes provided to check that you have given yourself the best chance of getting the highest grade possible.

� Your signed declaration confirming to NEBOSH that this assessment is all your own work. Don’t forget to include this – NEBOSH will not accept your assessment without it!



Final Reminders

Workplace Inspection Report to Management

Start by taking a good look at your surroundings. Try to get a feel for the sorts of hazards and unsafe practices you should be looking for.

Keep in mind that the report to management has to successfully persuade management to take appropriate action.

Identify between 20 and 30 examples of hazards and consequences, unsafe practices and good practices and explain them in enough detail.

The report should be around 700-1000 words in length, which is equivalent to three or four sides of A4 paper.

Ensure you include hazards under a range of different topics (at least 4 or 5). Two separate examples of a trailing lead will only get you 1 mark!

The report needs to be structured appropriately with:

� A title.

� An introduction.

� An executive summary.

� Main findings.

� Conclusions.

� Recommendations.

� Date and signature.

The report should be written in concise, formal language and be broken down into distinct sections.

Remember the definitions of high, medium and low priority and don’t describe everything as high priority – you need to show you can differentiate between them.

The report should clearly identify what the main findings of the inspection were, with sufficient detail to allow the Examiner to understand what was observed, what the risks were and what breaches have occurred.

When explaining what action is required to eliminate or control each hazard or unsafe working practice, be concise but give the Examiner enough detail.

The report should clearly identify what corrective actions must be taken, with an indication of cost implications and some explanation of why this corrective action is necessary.



Give more than one recommended action for each hazard – an immediate action to make the hazard safe and another longer-term action that fixes the underlying problem.

Keep in mind the areas that the Examiner is going to be looking at when marking your report:

– Introduction – 0-5 marks. – Executive summary – 0-5 marks. – Interpretation of findings/strengths

and weaknesses – 0-15 marks. – Identification of breaches of

legislation – 0-5 marks. – Persuasiveness/conciseness/

technical content – 0-10 marks. – Conclusions – 0-15 marks. – Recommendations – 0-15 marks.

You need to score well in each of these areas to pass.

Keep in mind the areas that the Examiner is going to be looking at when marking your inspection:

– Range and number of issues identified – 0-15 marks.

– Identification of suitable control measures – 0-15 marks.

You need to score well in each of these areas to pass.

Remember to include everything when you submit the practical assessment to us for marking, including:

– Your completed observation sheets. – Your completed report (laid out in the required structure). – A signed declaration that the submission is your own work (remember that if

this is missing, your result may be declared void!).

150 © RRC

And Finally...Hopefully, this Revision Guide has provided you with relevant practice questions and some ideas for handling them in the exam, as well as some useful guidance for tackling your NEBOSH Practical Application.

It should have shown you that the exam questions are straightforward, but that it is vital that you READ THE QUESTION and answer the question that is written (not the one that you want it to be!).

In order to do well in the assessment, it is really important to understand what is expected of you, and one of the best ways to achieve this is to practise as much as possible. Why not take the time to do a practice inspection and report before the real assessment? You can then check your report and inspection sheets against your course materials to ensure you noted all of the hazards and gave the best possible advice in your report. You could even do a practice assessment in your own home – remember the hazards present may be well managed, but they will exist! The more familiar you are with the structure of a workplace inspection and report to management, the more comfortable you will be when your assessment date arrives.

Lastly, don’t panic, but do ensure that you are prepared – you want to make sure that all your hard work will be rewarded.

Good luck!

Revision Guide And Finally...