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NecropsyNecropsy
CRITICISMCRITICISM““Criticism, like rain, should Criticism, like rain, should be gentle enough to nourish be gentle enough to nourish
a man’s growth without a man’s growth without destroying his roots.”destroying his roots.”
-Franklin A. Clark-Franklin A. Clark
Necropsy – Fun at the Necropsy – Fun at the beachbeach
NecropsyNecropsy
Def: Examination of animal after it Def: Examination of animal after it died to determine the abnormal and died to determine the abnormal and disease-related changes that disease-related changes that occurred during its lifeoccurred during its life
DefinitionsDefinitions
Gross pathology – pathologic Gross pathology – pathologic changes seen with naked eyechanges seen with naked eye
Histopathology – clinical changes Histopathology – clinical changes seen with a microscopeseen with a microscope
Lesions – pathologic changesLesions – pathologic changes Pathogenesis – the sequence of Pathogenesis – the sequence of
events in the development of the events in the development of the diseasedisease
Reasons for necropsyReasons for necropsy
Determine cause of deathDetermine cause of death Determine accuracy of clinical diagnosisDetermine accuracy of clinical diagnosis Evaluate effects of therapyEvaluate effects of therapy In herds, 1 or more animals may be In herds, 1 or more animals may be
sacrificed to determine the cause of sacrificed to determine the cause of disease or toxicity disease or toxicity Contagious to other animals in herdContagious to other animals in herd InheritedInherited Toxins or environmental hazardsToxins or environmental hazards
Preliminary StepsPreliminary Steps
Obtain owner’s permissionObtain owner’s permission Correctly identify animal for Correctly identify animal for
necropsynecropsy Species, breed, sex, age, ID tags/tattoos Species, breed, sex, age, ID tags/tattoos
attached to record/formattached to record/form Perform necropsy ASAP after deathPerform necropsy ASAP after death
Refrigerate body if not performed Refrigerate body if not performed immediatelyimmediately
Do not freeze – destroys cells/tissueDo not freeze – destroys cells/tissue
Necropsy Report (working Necropsy Report (working report)report)
Generated during actual necropsyGenerated during actual necropsy Describe all abnormalitiesDescribe all abnormalities
Location of lesionsLocation of lesions Number of lesionsNumber of lesions Color Color ShapeShape DistributionDistribution ConsistencyConsistency Odor (sweet, sour, ammonia)Odor (sweet, sour, ammonia)
Final report – consistent tense (past vs Final report – consistent tense (past vs present)present)
FixativesFixatives
Stops autolysisStops autolysis Saves tissues for histopathologySaves tissues for histopathology 10% buffered formalin (carcinogen)10% buffered formalin (carcinogen) Sample thickness - 1 cm or lessSample thickness - 1 cm or less Ratio of fixative to sample = 10 to 1Ratio of fixative to sample = 10 to 1 Contact irritant and carcinogenContact irritant and carcinogen
Use gloves: keep containers closed, Use gloves: keep containers closed, handle in ventilated hoodshandle in ventilated hoods
Facilities and Facilities and InstrumentsInstruments
Well- lit, well-ventilated areaWell- lit, well-ventilated area Not surgical suite (contamination)Not surgical suite (contamination)
Prosector – person performing necropsyProsector – person performing necropsy Use caution when performing a Use caution when performing a
necropsy on site (farm) to prevent necropsy on site (farm) to prevent spread to other animalsspread to other animals
Wear protective clothingWear protective clothing Plastic apron, lab coat, scrubsPlastic apron, lab coat, scrubs Latex or plastic disposable glovesLatex or plastic disposable gloves Surgical mask if infectious/zoonotic disease Surgical mask if infectious/zoonotic disease
suspected (aerosolization)suspected (aerosolization) Protective footwearProtective footwear
Facilities and Facilities and InstrumentsInstruments
Protective ClothingProtective Clothing
InstrumentsInstruments
KnivesKnives ScissorsScissors Tissue forcepsTissue forceps Bone cutting Bone cutting
tools (pruning tools (pruning shears, shears, hacksaw)hacksaw)
CTVT pp 168-CTVT pp 168-169169
Miscellaneous ItemsMiscellaneous Items
Plastic containers of Plastic containers of formalin for samplesformalin for samples
Labeled sealable Labeled sealable plastic bagsplastic bags
Culture tubesCulture tubes
Sample CollectionSample Collection Contact diagnostic lab for directions on Contact diagnostic lab for directions on
collection, preservation and shipping of collection, preservation and shipping of specific samplesspecific samples
Possible microbiology samples-sterile Possible microbiology samples-sterile containerscontainers No preservativeNo preservative Do not freezeDo not freeze Primary disease site, LNPrimary disease site, LN Heart, blood, lung, liver, spleen stomach contents, Heart, blood, lung, liver, spleen stomach contents,
aborted fetuses, placenta, exudates, CSFaborted fetuses, placenta, exudates, CSF Tissue samples – 1x2x3 cm Tissue samples – 1x2x3 cm Fluid samples – 3-5 mlsFluid samples – 3-5 mls
Virus samples – call labVirus samples – call lab
Sample CollectionSample Collection
Toxicology samplesToxicology samples Blood – 10-20 mlsBlood – 10-20 mls Stomach contents and urine – 50-100 mlsStomach contents and urine – 50-100 mls Liver, fat, kidney and brain – 5x5x10 cm Liver, fat, kidney and brain – 5x5x10 cm
(200 g) – can be frozen(200 g) – can be frozen Rabies – head sent for testingRabies – head sent for testing
If suspected do not perform necropsy on rest If suspected do not perform necropsy on rest of body until proven negativeof body until proven negative
Cytology – smearsCytology – smears Blot surface gently, press tissue to surface of Blot surface gently, press tissue to surface of
slide, dryslide, dry
Tissue CollectionTissue Collection
Handle carefullyHandle carefully Do not stretch, squeeze or rinse with Do not stretch, squeeze or rinse with
waterwater Spread samples such as skin on Spread samples such as skin on
cardboard surface to retain shapecardboard surface to retain shape CLEAR IDENTIFICATION OF TISSUES CLEAR IDENTIFICATION OF TISSUES
– separate containers, labels, etc– separate containers, labels, etc
Preliminary DataPreliminary Data
Signalment – species, breed, sex, Signalment – species, breed, sex, color, age, weight, IDcolor, age, weight, ID
Clinical historyClinical history Available lab dataAvailable lab data Time of deathTime of death WeightWeight During necropsy, all organsDuring necropsy, all organs
External External ExamExam
Body conformationBody conformation Hair coatHair coat SkinSkin Any abnormal Any abnormal
findings in color or findings in color or appearanceappearance Bruises, Bruises,
lacerations, etclacerations, etc Also remove the eyes Also remove the eyes
at this pointat this point
Internal ExamInternal Exam Left lateral recumbencyLeft lateral recumbency Midline incision from right Midline incision from right
axilla to mandibular axilla to mandibular symphysissymphysis
Extend incision caudally to Extend incision caudally to perineumperineum Around prepuceAround prepuce Between mammaeBetween mammae
Reflect forelimb back with Reflect forelimb back with dissection between dissection between scapulae and ribsscapulae and ribs
Abdominal skin is Abdominal skin is reflectedreflected
Rear limbs are reflected Rear limbs are reflected by extending the incision by extending the incision into the coxofemoral jointsinto the coxofemoral joints
Internal ExamInternal Exam Now place in dorsal recumbencyNow place in dorsal recumbency Skin incision on cranial medial aspect of both Skin incision on cranial medial aspect of both
rear legs; reflect skinrear legs; reflect skin Collect samples ofCollect samples of
LN (mandibular, prescapular, axillary, inguinal, LN (mandibular, prescapular, axillary, inguinal, popliteal)popliteal)
Mammary glandsMammary glands TestesTestes skin skin
Examine several jointsExamine several joints Coxofemoral joint openedCoxofemoral joint opened Stifle jtStifle jt Scapulohumeral jtScapulohumeral jt
Internal ExamInternal Exam
Samples of sciatic nerve, synovium Samples of sciatic nerve, synovium with patella, skeletal musclewith patella, skeletal muscle
Bone marrow – upper midshaft Bone marrow – upper midshaft femurfemur
Internal Exam – Body Internal Exam – Body CavitiesCavities
AbdomenAbdomen Midline incision from sternum to symphysis Midline incision from sternum to symphysis
pubispubis Laterally from sternum along both costal Laterally from sternum along both costal
marginsmargins Reflect body wall laterallyReflect body wall laterally Puncture diaphragm – check for negative Puncture diaphragm – check for negative
partial pressure (hiss)partial pressure (hiss) Cut diaphragm from rib cageCut diaphragm from rib cage Cut ventral ribs away (utility scissors or Cut ventral ribs away (utility scissors or
pruning shears)pruning shears)
Internal Exam – Body Internal Exam – Body CavitiesCavities
Examine pleural surfacesExamine pleural surfaces Open pericaridal sacOpen pericaridal sac Examine exterior of heartExamine exterior of heart ID and remove thyroid, parathyroids, and ID and remove thyroid, parathyroids, and
thymusthymus ID and remove adrenal glands; sectionID and remove adrenal glands; section ExamineExamine
Salivary glands: mandibular, parotid, Salivary glands: mandibular, parotid, LN’sLN’s Jugular veinsJugular veins
Internal ExamInternal Exam Incise through intermandibular Incise through intermandibular
m. on inside of mandibles, m. on inside of mandibles, frenulum of tonguefrenulum of tongue
Reflect tongue caudally as the Reflect tongue caudally as the tongue , larynx, pharynx, trachea tongue , larynx, pharynx, trachea and esophagus, heart and lungs and esophagus, heart and lungs are removed as a unit – “pluck”are removed as a unit – “pluck” Includes aorta, vena cavaIncludes aorta, vena cava
Transect (cut) aorta, postcava Transect (cut) aorta, postcava and esophagus at diaphragm and and esophagus at diaphragm and remove as unitremove as unit
Open esophagus and trachea Open esophagus and trachea and examine and examine
Examine lungs; palpateExamine lungs; palpate
Internal ExamInternal Exam HeartHeart
Incise right auricle and atriumIncise right auricle and atrium Extend through right AV valve Extend through right AV valve
and along th interventricular and along th interventricular septum to apex of right septum to apex of right ventricleventricle
Examine surfacesExamine surfaces Incise into pulmonary arteries Incise into pulmonary arteries
into each lobe and examineinto each lobe and examine Squeeze sections of lung to Squeeze sections of lung to
assess fluid contentassess fluid content Remove heart and major Remove heart and major
vessels from lungsvessels from lungs Incise left auricle and into left Incise left auricle and into left
ventricleventricle Continue incision into aortal Continue incision into aortal Examine surfacesExamine surfaces
Internal ExamInternal Exam Abdominal CavityAbdominal Cavity
Remove intestines from cavityRemove intestines from cavity Strip mesentery from intestinesStrip mesentery from intestines Clamp and cut intestines distal to pancreas and Clamp and cut intestines distal to pancreas and
proximal to pelvic inletproximal to pelvic inlet Stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas and duodenum Stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas and duodenum
removedremoved Section spleenSection spleen Open stomach along greater curvatureOpen stomach along greater curvature Open duodenumOpen duodenum Squeeze gall bladder for patency of duct, then Squeeze gall bladder for patency of duct, then
openopen Separate liver and sectionSeparate liver and section
Abdominal CavityAbdominal Cavity Examine mesovarium, mesosalpinx and Examine mesovarium, mesosalpinx and
mesometrium if presentmesometrium if present Examine ovaries, oviducts and uterus if present Examine ovaries, oviducts and uterus if present
and reflect caudallyand reflect caudally Dissect left kidney freeDissect left kidney free
Slice longitudinally, peel capsuleSlice longitudinally, peel capsule Examine surface, cortex, medulla and pelvisExamine surface, cortex, medulla and pelvis
Examine ureters, palpateExamine ureters, palpate Open if dilatedOpen if dilated
Remove kidney, samples takenRemove kidney, samples taken Repeat for right kidneyRepeat for right kidney Open bladder and examineOpen bladder and examine Open urethraOpen urethra Examine prostateExamine prostate
Abdominal CavityAbdominal Cavity
IntestinesIntestines Examine by laying out on tableExamine by laying out on table Examine serosal surfaceExamine serosal surface Open from duodenum to colon with Open from duodenum to colon with
scissorsscissors Samples from each section, include Samples from each section, include
lesionslesions Handle mucosa carefully – easily Handle mucosa carefully – easily
damageddamaged