Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Need for High Quality Environmental Need for High Quality Environmental Data for Informing Public Data for Informing Public
Health ActionsHealth Actions
Vickie Boothe Environmental Engineer
Environmental Health Tracking Branch National Center for Environmental Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
I. Environmental Public Health Tracking (EPHT) Program
II. PHASE Project CollaborationI. Use of Models for Air Quality Exposure Assessments
II. Future Data & Model Improvement Needs
• Priority EPHT Data, Methods & Model Needs1. Air Toxics
2. Water Quality
a. Private Wells
b. Public Drinking Water Systems
National Environmental Public National Environmental Public Health Tracking ProgramHealth Tracking Program
Background
The Future of Public HealthThe Future of Public Health(IOM, 1988)(IOM, 1988)
“The removal of environmental health authority from public health agencies has led to fragmented responsibility, lack of coordination, and inadequate attention to the health dimensions of environmental problems.”
Pew Environmental Health Commission Pew Environmental Health Commission
Environmental Health Review 200Environmental Health Review 20011 Report Report Environmental health system was inadequate and Environmental health system was inadequate and
fragmentedfragmented
Responsibilities scattered among agenciesResponsibilities scattered among agencies
Unable to link environmental and health databasesUnable to link environmental and health databases
Recommended a “Nationwide Health Tracking Network for diseases and exposures”
Funded State/Local Funded State/Local ProgramsPrograms
CDC Defines Environmental Public Health Tracking as…
The ongoing collection, integration, analysis, and interpretation of data about the following factors:
– Environmental hazards
– Exposure to environmental hazards
– Health effects potentially related to exposure to environmental hazards
It includes dissemination of information.
Potential EPHT Data UsesPotential EPHT Data Uses(Public Health Actions)(Public Health Actions)
• Identify populations at risk;
• Respond to clusters, outbreaks, emerging threats;
• Identify potential associations;
• Guide & evaluate interventions;
• Reduce environmental risks;
• Develop & disseminate information.
Desirable Characteristics for EPHDesirable Characteristics for EPHT T DataData
• Ongoing, Systematic Collection
• Nationwide in Scope
• Std Collection/Reporting
• QA/QC Procedures
• Temporal & Spatial Variables
• Fine Resolution of Data
• Timely Availability
• Related to Hazard Exposure
Ozone & PM Air Monitoring DataOzone & PM Air Monitoring Data
• Desirable Characteristics
• On-going Collection• QA/QC• Std Collection/Reporting• Temporal & Spatial
Variables
• Significant Limitations• Spatial Gaps• Temporal Gap
PM 2.5 Monitors
Ozone Monitors
Health effects of ozoneHealth effects of ozone
http://science.howstuffworks.com/ozone-pollution2.htm
Ozone affects lungs
• increases asthma symptoms• reduced lung function• reduced exercise capacity• chest pain and coughing• very young and old affected
What Health Effects Are Associated with PMWhat Health Effects Are Associated with PM2.52.5??
• Particles may trigger or cause significant health problems:– coughing and difficult or
painful breathing– aggravated asthma,
bronchitis, emphysema – decreased lung function – weakening of the heart,
heart attacks– premature death
Source: Randy E. Mosier, MDE Air Pollution 101
Importance to EPHT- Criteria Air Pollutants, Asthma, Importance to EPHT- Criteria Air Pollutants, Asthma, & Other Associated Health Outcomes& Other Associated Health Outcomes
• Hospitalizations increase ~7 to 10 % for a .05 ppm increase in ozone levels (Ozkaynak et al 1996). – Eastern U.S. O3/Respiratory Events in one summer
• ~159,000 ED Visits• ~ 50,000 hospitalizations (Abt Associates 2000).
• Mortality increases ~2% to 6% for a 25µg/m3 increase in PM2.5
• ~ 60,000 annual sudden cardiac deaths attributed to particulate air pollution (Stone and Godleski 1999).
• Public Health Impact Comparison• ~16,371 AIDs related deaths 2002 (CDC 2002) • ~17,524 fatalities from alcohol-related traffic
crashes in 1997 (NHSTB 1997).
PM 2.5 Monitors
Ozone Monitors
Question: Best Method for Generating Air Data Useful for Question: Best Method for Generating Air Data Useful for
Assessing the Health Status of All Populations?Assessing the Health Status of All Populations?
?
EPA PARTICIPATION IN PHASEEPA PARTICIPATION IN PHASE
EPA & NOAA Air Quality Characterization MethodsEPA & NOAA Air Quality Characterization Methods
HB Combined Data SurfaceEPA (ORD), OAQPS, NOAA
Kriged SurfaceEPA (OAQPS)
Air Quality MonitoringEPA (OAQPS)
CMAQ ModelEPA, NOAA
Do different air quality characterization Do different air quality characterization methods improve capabilities for methods improve capabilities for
environmental public health tracking?environmental public health tracking?
?
CDC/EPA/State Multi-Disciplinary Collaboration
• EPHT States Needed• Owners Asthma Data
• Responsible PH Actions
NYS WI ME
PHASE ProjectPHASE Project
Public Health Air Surveillance Evaluation Public Health Air Surveillance Evaluation (PHASE) Project Overview(PHASE) Project Overview
EPA Develops/evaluates air quality characterization methods & data.
States link/analyze daily 2001 Ozone & PM2.5 data with Asthma Data and PM2.5 data with data on Myocardial Infarctions.
Compare results among methods & with scientific literature results.
Evaluation Matrix Evaluate ease of use of the data Temporal Resolution Spatial Coverage Observe differences between geographic scales Results Comparison (did more complex method improve PH utility?)
PHASE ResultsPHASE Results• HB Combined Monitoring & CMAQ Data Set Only AQ
Characterization Method adequate for all analyses.
Kriged Data Over-smoothed for PM
Monitor Kriged
CMAQ Data Over-smoothed for PM
Kriged CMAQ HB Monitor
• Routinely Available Air Characterization Data– Ozone & Particulate Matter– Compatible w/Hosp. Disc. & ED
Data • Asthma• Cardiovascular Disease
• How to Guide (Cookbook)• Case Definitions• Other Risk Factors• Confounders/Covariates• Analysis Software
• Lessons Learned • Scientific & Technical• Multi-Agency, Multi-Disciplined
Collaboration
VISION – Data & Results Comparable
PHASE Final Products
Partnerships in Characterizing New Air Quality DataPartnerships in Characterizing New Air Quality Data
Monitoring SatelliteModeling
PHASE Next Steps: Improving Air Quality PHASE Next Steps: Improving Air Quality Characterization DataCharacterization Data
Incorporation of NASA Satellite DataIncorporation of NASA Satellite DataAdvantagesAdvantages
• Captures Natural Event/Disaster Data• Wildfires• Volcanoes• Dust Storms
• ID Source of Large PM Events
• Indicator of Exposure Duration
• Assess Rural Population Exposures
• Additional Validation Data Points• CMAQ Predictions Feedback• Improve HB Methodology
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 15.5 40.5 65.5 150.5
Aerosol Optical Depth Cloud Optical Thickness PM2.5 (ug/m3)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 15.5 40.5 65.5 150.5
Aerosol Optical Depth Cloud Optical Thickness PM2.5 (ug/m3)
6 July 2002-High aerosol optical depth (>1) from MODIS (Terra) captures the southward transport of pollution generated from the boreal fires in Quebec in early July. Hourly PM2.5 surface monitors (bars) show readings above an AQI of 150 in NY City MSA.
NASA-LaRC/USEPA Air QualityApplications Group
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 15.5 40.5 65.5 150.5
Aerosol Optical Depth Cloud Optical Thickness PM2.5 (ug/m3)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 15.5 40.5 65.5 150.5
Aerosol Optical Depth Cloud Optical Thickness PM2.5 (ug/m3)
6 July 2002-High aerosol optical depth (>1) from MODIS (Terra) captures the southward transport of pollution generated from the boreal fires in Quebec in early July. Hourly PM2.5 surface monitors (bars) show readings above an AQI of 150 in NY City MSA.
NASA-LaRC/USEPA Air QualityApplications Group
Future Priority Data & Model Validation Future Priority Data & Model Validation Needs --- Air Toxics Needs --- Air Toxics
• National Air Toxics Assessment– Modeled Census Tract Conc.
– Modeled Risk Calculations
• Example Primary Risk Drivers• Benzene
• Arsenic
• Diesel
• Formaldehyde
• Acrolein
• Associated Health Effects• Childhood Cancer
• Adverse Birth Outcomes
Data & Model Improvement Needs - Data & Model Improvement Needs - Urban Hot SpotsUrban Hot Spots
Distribution/Concentration of Pollutants – Populations at Risk
In Summary, EPHT Partners Have In Summary, EPHT Partners Have Made Much Progress, But...Made Much Progress, But...
• Many Challenges Ahead– Quality Hazard Data
• Air Toxics
– Exposure Assessment Methods• New/Improved Exposure Models
• ID Hotspots – At Risk Populations
– Data Linkage/Analysis Methods
