Need of Nuclear Power-slides

8/2/2019 Need of Nuclear Power-slides

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AN OVERVIEW ON POWER

SCENARIO AND THE NEED OFNUCLEAR POWER IN INDIA

Prepared by: Mukesh Gupta 1


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ELECTRICAL POWER

ELECTRICAL POWER is a critical infrastructural component

for nation's economic development and basic human needs.

ELECTRICAL POWER based on consumption categorized as1. Industrial sector

2. Commercial sector

3. Agricultural sector

4. Residential sector

5. Transportation sector



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WORLD POWER SCENARIO

In 2010, world total of electricity production was 21248TWh. 17635TWh

(83%) of electric energy was consumed by final users, rest 17% was transmission

loss.

Developing countries have higher growth rate of electricity production than

developed countries.

At the world level, electricity consumption was cut down by 1.5% during

2009, for the first time since World War II.

Electricity demand scaled down by more than 4.5 % in both Europe and

north America while it shrank by above 7% in Japan.

Conversely, in China and India (22% of the world's consumption), electricity

consumption continued to rise at a strong pace (+6-7%) to meet energy needs

related to high economic growth



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Rank Country Year 2010 Electricity

consumption (TWh)

Population million Annual KWh per capita

World 21,248 6,784 3132

1 USA 4,365 307 14218

2 China 4,160 1,339 3107

3 Japan 1,065 127 8386

4 Russia 1,049 140 7493

5 India 918 1,166 787

6 Germany 625 82 7622

7 Canada 619 33 18757

8 France 572 64 8937

9 Brazil 495 199 2487

10 S. Korea 487 49 9939

PRESENT POWER SCENARIO IN THE WORLD

Rank Country Year 2010 Electricityconsumption (TWh)

Populationmillion

Annual KWhper capita

World 21,248 6,784 3132

1 USA 4,365 307 14218

2 China 4,160 1,339 3107

3 Japan 1,065 127 8386

4 Russia 1,049 140 7493

5 India 918 1,166 787

6 Germany 625 82 7622

7 Canada 619 33 18757

8 France 572 64 8937

9 Brazil 495 199 2487

10 S. Korea 487 49 9939



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PRESENT POWER SCENARIO IN THE INDIA

India is a nation intransition andconsidered an"EMERGINGECONOMY

world's 5th largestelectricity consumer

accounting for 4.0% ofglobal energy

consumption by morethan 17% of global

population

Indias energy demand

has grown an averageof 3.6% per annum

over the past 30 years

In August 2011, theinstalled capacity ofIndia 181.558 GW

In 2010 per capitaenergy consumption

stood at 787kWh



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c Category Target 2010-11(BU)

Actual 2010-11*(BU)

% of Target

Thermal 690.9 664.9 96.24

Nuclear 22.0 26.3 119.48

Hydro 111.4 114.3 102.64

Bhutan

Import

6.5 5.6 85.68

Total 830.8 811.1 97.63

During 2010-11 peak load the demand was for 122,287

MW against availability of 110,256 MW which is a shortage

of 12,031 MW i.e. 9.8%.

Power generation in India during the year 2010-11



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Energy resources availability in India

Energyresources

fossil fuels65.34%

Coal

Gas

oil

renewablesources31.95%

Hydroelectric21.53%

Others 10.42%

Wind power

Solar energy

Tidal energy

Geothermal

nuclearsources 2.7%

Fission 2.7%Nuclear power

plant

FusionPrepared by: Mukesh Gupta 9


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PROS AND CONS OF ENERGY RESOURCES



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FOSSIL FUEL

Fossil fuel is used in thermal power plants and presently it

contributes around 65.34% of power generation in India.

In India thermal power plants mainly run by coal of installed

capacity 93918.38MW, by natural gas 17706.35MW and by oil

1199.75MW.



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CHEAP AND EASILY

AVAILABLE

LOW INSTALLATIONCOST



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GREENHOUSE

GASES

GLOBAL

WARMING



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ACIDRAIN



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OIL SPILLAGE



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RENEWABLE ENERGY

Currently India has 18454.52MW installed capacity renewable

energy resources.

SOLAR POWER

TIDAL ENERGY WIND ENERGY

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY



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AVAILABLE IN PLENTY AND CLEANEST ENERGY ON PLANET



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CONS:

Solar and wind plants have relatively low capacity factors

Solar energy can be used during the day time and not during

night or rainy season

Wind energy needs strong wind availability

Needs extensive land use

Noise pollution (wind)

Windmills affect bird population



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HYDROELECTRIC

Energy harnessed by flowing water is utilized in Hydroelectric

power plants.

In India around 21.53% electricity is generated by

hydroelectric power plants.



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PROS:

RELIABLE and CONSISTENT than other renewable energy

counterparts.

LOW OPERATING COST and clean way to produce energy.

Water reused for agriculture, irrigation, civic water supply, etc.



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CONS:

Huge LAND REQUIREMENT, so relocation of population.

High construction COST.

Reservoir on river may lead to adverse ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS.

DROUGHTS can have a severely adverse impact onhydroelectric power generation.



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NUCLEAR POWER



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Nuclear power plants provide about 1314% of the world's

electricity

In October 2011 the IAEA reported 432 nuclear power reactors in

operation in 31 countries.

U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of

nuclear generated electricity. India has 4,780 MW installed capacity,

contributing 2.7% . Prepared by: Mukesh Gupta 30


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Global nuclear electricity generation in 2010 was 2630TWh

The energy availability factor of operating plants in 2010 was 81%,

up from 79.4% in 2009

2630TWh



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NUCLEAR ENERGY IS

GREEN ENERGY



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DEPLITING FOSSIL FUEL RESERVES

Thorium pellets at BARCURANIUM

PALLETS

India has estimated reserves of

about 175,000 tones of Uranium

India possesses 67% of global

reserves of monazite, thorium

ore, approximately 300,000 tones

to 650,000 tonesPrepared by: Mukesh Gupta 34

HIGH POWER DENSITY


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1Kg Coal = 3KWh

1Kg Oil = 4KWh

1Kg Uranium =

50,000KWh

To run 1000MW power plant for

1year needs

26,00,000 t Coal

To run 1000MW power plant for1year needs

20,00,000 t oil

To run 1000MW power plant for

1year needs

30 t Uranium

HIGH POWER DENSITY


LAND REQUIREMENT FOR 1000MW POWER GENERATION


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LAND REQUIREMENT FOR 1000MW POWER GENERATION

14 km

50150 km

2050 km



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The average availability up to 84%

Low operating costs

Low operating costs make nuclear electricity costs more stable

and less sensitive to swings in fuel prices. Doubling the cost of

nuclear fuel would increase the cost of electricity by only 2 to 4%.Doubling the cost of natural gas would increase the cost of

electricity by 60 to 70%.



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Heat generated by the decay of radioactive fission products in anuclear reactor after shutdown - termination of the chain reaction.

The residual heat in the first seconds after shutdown amounts to

about 5% of the power prior to shutdown. The residual heat in the

fuel elements is equal to approx. 2 kW per tone nuclear fuel.

RESIDUAL HEAT



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RADIATION

Radiation is the emission of energy from any source.



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Why to use NUCLEAR

POWER ?



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NUCLEAR POWER

IS

CLEAN, GREEN &

SAFE


DEFENCE IN DEPTH


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DEFENCE IN DEPTH

1. FUEL PELLET

2. FUEL

CLADDING

3. REACTOR

PRESSURE

VESSEL

4. PRIMARY

CONTAINMENT

WITH STEEL

LINER

5. SECONDARY

CONTAINMENT


SAFETY FEATURES


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SAFETY FEATURES

Reactor safety features are either intrinsic or engineered.

INTRINSIC SAFETY FEATURE

An abnormal rise in the chain reaction rate overheats the coolant

fluid, the resulting reduction in the coolant's density should cause

the chain reaction to stop.

ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURE

The emergency shutdown-control-rod system is regarded as an

engineered safety feature.

An Emergency Core Cooling System ensures that in the event of

an accident there is enough cooling water to cool the reactor and

remove RESIDUAL HEAT . There are normally multiple sources of

water to draw from.Prepared by: Mukesh Gupta 44


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MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT NUCLEAR ENERGY



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DEVESTATING START

1945 AUGUST 6, NUCLEAR ENERGY IS FIRST USED DISTRUCTIVE

PURPOSE AGAINST JAPAN IN WORLD WAR II

1951 DECEMBER 20, EXPERIMENTAL BREEDER REACTOR PRODUCED

THE FIRST ELECTRIC POWER FROM NUCLEAR ENERGYPrepared by: Mukesh Gupta 46


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RADIATION CAUSES CANCER AND GENETIC CHANGES

The radiation affects human but if the radiation level is below the

threshold limit no effect is noticed.

The associations between radiation exposure and the

development of cancer are mostly based on populations exposed to

relatively high levels of ionizing radiation 50,000 mrem (e.g.,Japanese atomic bomb survivors, and recipients of selected

diagnostic or therapeutic medical procedures).

No cancer cases are found below about 10,000 mrem.

No evidence of genetic effects has been observed among the

children born to atomic bomb survivors from Hiroshima and

NagasakiPrepared by: Mukesh Gupta 47


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In Karunagappally taluk in Kerala, is having low-level radiation

largely from the thorium deposited along coast. In certain

locations , it is as high as 70 mGy/year. There is no special case ofcancer or genetic changes are found in those areas.

Cancers are primarily an environmental disease with 90-95% of

cases due to environmental factors and 5-10% due to genetics.

Common environmental factors that contribute to cancer death

include tobacco (25-30%), diet and obesity (30-35%), infections

(15-20%), radiation (both ionizing and non-ionizing, up to 10%),

stress, lack of physical activity, and environmental pollutants.



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12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are

estimated to have occurred in 2008 worldwide, with 56% of

the cases and 64% of the deaths in the economically

developing world. Top 7 countries having cancer cases:

Rank Country Cases per 100,000 people

1 Denmark 326.1

2 Ireland 317.03 Australia 314.1

4 New Zealand 309.2

5 Belgium 306.8

6 France (Metropolitan) 300.4

7 USA 300.2

Top four countries Denmark, Ireland, Australia and New

Zealand do not have any nuclear power plants, still those

countries are suffering with highest cancer cases.Prepared by: Mukesh Gupta 49


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RADIATION

Radiation is the emission of energy from any source. There are different types of

radiation, and many of them are not linked to cancer.

Types of radiation

Radiation exists across a spectrum from very high-energy (high-frequency) radiation to

very low-energy (low-frequency) radiation. The main forms of radiation are:

Gamma rays

X-rays

Ultraviolet (UV) raysVisible light

Infrared rays

Microwaves

Radiofrequency (radio) waves

Extremely low-frequency (ELF) radiation


Cosmic


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Radiation

Ionizingradiation

Naturalbackground

rays

Radiationin earth

Radon

Medicalradiation

Imagingtest

Radiationtherapy

Man madesource

Nuclearfacility

Consumerproducts

Airportscanner

UV

Non-ionizing

radiation

Power lines

TV

Cell phone

RadiofrequencyPrepared by: Mukesh Gupta 51

Smoking tobacco Coal contains


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can account for

1300 mrem/year

if consumption is

1 pack/day.

Nuclear power

plant operations

account for less

than one-

hundredth

(1/100) of apercent of the

average

American's total

radiation

exposure (which

is

360mrem/year)

1ppm of U and

2ppm of Th,

which comes in

ash after burning

in Thermalpower plant, and

its 1% escape to

environment via

flue gases.

Estimated 50

year dosecommitments to

the whole body

is 1.9 millirems

per year

1000MW plant.

THERMALPOWER PLANTS

are also a

RADIATION

SOURCE.


SPENT FUEL


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SPENT FUEL

Spent fuel, is nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear

reactor and is no longer useful in sustaining a nuclear reaction.

Spent fuel is stored in a water-filled spent fuel pool for five years

or more in order to remove decay heat and provide shielding from its

radioactivity.

Radioactivity level of fission products in spent fuel also fade out

with time.

Spent fuel contains 96% of Uranium, mainly 238U and small amount

(0.83%) of235U, 3% Fission products and 1% Plutonium in the form of239Pu and 240Pu which is also Fissile material.

Spent fuel is not considered as waste, Fissile material can be reused

after reprocessing. Prepared by: Mukesh Gupta 53


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Radioactive wastes are usually by-products of nuclear power

generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear

technology, such as research and medicine

RADIOACTIVE WASTES


Types of RADIOACTIVE WASTE (RADWASTE)


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Types of RADIOACTIVE WASTE (RADWASTE)

Low-level Waste is generated from hospitals, laboratories and industry, as well as

the nuclear fuel cycle. It comprises paper, rags, tools, clothing, and filters etc.

Usually they are compacted and stored. Worldwide it comprises 90% of the volumebut only 1% of the radioactivity of all radwaste.

Intermediate-level Waste contains higher amounts of radioactivity and may require

special shielding. It typically comprises resins, chemical sludge and reactor

components, as well as contaminated materials from reactor decommissioning. It

may be solidified in concrete or bitumen for stored. Worldwide it makes up 7% of

the volume and has 4% of the radioactivity of all radwaste.

High-level Waste is the principal waste separated from reprocessing the spent fuel.

While only 3% of the volume of all radwaste, it holds 95% of the radioactivity. It

contains the highly-radioactive fission products and some heavy elements with long-lived radioactivity. The separated waste is vitrified by incorporating it into

borosilicate (Pyrex) glass which is sealed inside stainless steel canisters for eventual

disposal deep underground.

Generally, from nuclear power plants, only low and intermediate level wastes are

generated. Prepared by: Mukesh Gupta 55

C i f D h/TW h f


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Rank Country Year 2010 Electricity

consumption (TWh)

Population million Annual KWh per capita

World 21,248 6,784 3132

1 USA 4,365 307 14218

2 China 4,160 1,339 3107

3 Japan 1,065 127 8386

4 Russia 1,049 140 7493

5 India 918 1,166 787

6 Germany 625 82 7622

7 Canada 619 33 18757

8 France 572 64 8937

9 Brazil 495 199 2487

10 S. Korea 487 49 9939

Energy Source Death Rate (deaths per TWh)

Coal world average 161 (26% of world energy, 50% of electricity)

Coal China 278

Coal USA 15

Oil 36 (36% of world energy)

Natural Gas 4 (21% of world energy)

Biomass 12

Peat 12

Solar (rooftop) 0.44 (less than 0.1% of world energy)

Wind 0.15 (less than 1% of world energy)Hydro 0.10 (europe death rate, 2.2% of world energy)

Hydro-world (including

Banqiao)

1.4 (about 2500 TWh/yr and 171,000 Banqiao

dead)

Nuclear 0.04 (5.9% of world energy)

Comparison of Death/TW-h for energy sources


Why some countries are phasing out nuclear power plant?


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Why some countries are phasing out nuclear power plant?

Electricity consumption was cut down by 1.5% during 2009 in the

world, for the first time since World War II. Electricity demand scaled

down by more than 4.5 % in both Europe and North America.

Western Europe and North America, where electricity demand is

growing relatively slowly and alternatives have been plentiful.

New nuclear plants are expensive and cost three times more to

build than fossil-fueled plants. They are large, take longer to build

than fossil fuel plants, and face regulatory hurdles .

Four Western European nations Germany, Belgium, Netherlands

and Sweden have nuclear power phase-out policies. Whereas Swiss

electorate rejected a phase-out referendum and France may replace

"nuclear with nuclear" as plants reach retirement age.



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China and India (22% of the world's consumption), electricity

consumption continued to rise at a strong pace (+6-7%) to meet

energy needs related to high economic growth. They have 33 new

nuclear power plants are under construction. Both countries have

also stressed the low air pollution and low greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions by having more nuclear power.

Japan and South Korea, where alternatives are far fewer, havestarted 4 new nuclear power plants in the last 3 years, and

already have 3 more under construction. Because these countries

are especially vulnerable to disruptions in imports of natural gas

and oil.


CONCLUSION


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CONCLUSION

Need to cope up the ENERGY DEMAND of country.

All the available energy resources need to be utilized.

All the energy resources has their PROS and CONS.

Countrys power generation needs to be methodically diverse.

India has vast thorium resources which are capable of feeding 500

years of nuclear power generation.

Nuclear energy is a GREEN and SAFE energy.


l l d d d h


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Nuclear power plants are constructed and operated with

stringent quality control and it is under the continuous review of

Regulatory Body.

Multi tier safety systems, even for a hypothetical accident

conditions are built in nuclear plants which is not the case with

other industries.

The operation of nuclear plants does not threaten birds or

wildlife and does not alter ecosystems.

Nuclear power generation costs fewer human lives than

virtually any other source of power in history.

Nuclear power can reduce a country's reliance on foreign oil,

gas and other energy sources.



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Need of Nuclear Power-slides