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Biology & Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs Greg Yarrow Professor of Wildlife Ecology Clemson University Beaver & Feral Hog Management Workshop March 30, 2011

Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

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Page 1: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Biology & Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs

Greg YarrowProfessor of Wildlife Ecology

Clemson University

Beaver & Feral Hog Management Workshop

March 30, 2011

Page 2: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - HistoryScientific Pedigree

Wild Hog (or Pig or Swine)

Page 3: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - HistoryScientific Pedigree

Page 4: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - HistoryHistory in the Southeast

• Wild hogs have a long history in the Southeast

• Populations date back to the mid 1500s

• Derived from domestic swine that went wild (i.e., becoming feral hogs) 

• Feral hogs were widespread in the Southeast by the early 1900s

Page 5: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - HistoryHistory in the Southeast• Pure Eurasian wild boar introduced into NC in 1912

• Fenced hunting preserve on Hooper Bald

• Animals escaped enclosure • Hybridized with feral hogs in surrounding area

Page 6: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - HistoryHistory in the Southeast• In 1900, only three of the states in the SE did not have wild hogs

• By the 1970s, all states in SE had wild hogs

• Recent expansion seen in most states in SE

OK

WVAR

TX

LA

MSAL

SC

VA

NC

FLGA

KYTN

Page 7: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - EcologySize, Shape and Color

• Males are larger and heavier than females 

• Average adult weights:• Males – 200 lbs.

• Females – 175 lbs.

• Born at <2 pounds

• 30 inches at shoulder

• Total length is 5 to 6 feet

Page 8: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - Ecology Size, Shape and Color

“Half-Ton Hog Phenomenon”

Page 9: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - Ecology Size, Shape and Color

• Coat coloration is highly variable (e.g., solid, spotted, belted, etc.

• Most variation is due to the mixed ancestry of these animals (feral hog crossed with wild boar)

Page 10: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - Ecology Food Habits/Diet• Wild pigs are classified as 

opportunistic omnivores• “If it has a calorie in it, and 

they can get their mouth around it, wild pigs will eat it”

• Typical composition of diet:• 88% plant matter• 10% animal matter • 2% fungi• <1% misc. (e.g., soil, rocks, sticks, garbage)

Page 11: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - Ecology Habitat Requirements• Adaptable to a wide variety of habitats

• Need year‐round access to: • Food and water• Shade• Escape cover

• Recent increase of numbers in urban habitats

Page 12: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - Ecology Reproduction

• Very high reproductive potential

• Early sexual maturity (3‐6 months of age)

• Large litters 

• Average of 6

• Maximum of 16

• Breed year‐round

• Multiple litters per year

Page 13: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - Ecology Social Unit Organization• Basic unit ‐maternal or family group (i.e., sow with her litter of piglets)

• Mature males solitary

• Multiple family groups of related sows as pigs get close to being weaned

• Large groups (100+ animals) can occur around a localized attraction or resource

Page 14: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - Ecology Home Range

• Exhibit a “home range” behavior

• Average of 4 sq. mi. 

• Maximum of 50 sq. mi.

• Varies depending on spatial availability of food, water, shade and escape cover

• Home range composition:• Core areas

• Network of paths

Page 15: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - Ecology Daily Activity Pattern

• Difficult to regard them as either diurnal or nocturnal

• Varies by location• Intense hunting pressure and human activity will drive them to be nocturnal

• Seasonal variation

Page 16: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - Ecology Movement Pattern• Drifting or wandering movement pattern

• Move in relation to supporting resources

• Disturbance will cause them to move

• Capable of long‐range movement over the short‐term (up to 200 miles)

Page 17: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - Ecology MobilityWild pigs can:

• Run up to 30 mph

• Jump a 3‐ft fence

• Swim across 2 miles of open water

• Turn sharp corners while running

• Ascend very steep inclines

• Jump/climb over 5‐6’ corral trap walls

Page 18: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - Ecology Senses

• Smell ‐ Excellent• 5‐7 miles over surface• 25 feet below grade

• Sight ‐ Good• Field of vision is 260 to 275 degrees

• Some binocular vision• “See” threat over 1 mile away

• Hearing ‐ Fair• Highest role in thick cover

• Unknown sounds or noise may cause pigs to go into a “freeze” or alert posture

• “Touch” (Taste)• Done with the mouth• “Mouth” objects to evaluate them

The Nose Knows!

Page 19: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - EcologyWild Pig Tracks• Typical cloven‐hoofed print

• Resembles a rounded “W”

• Lateral or dewclaw prints often present

• Deer tracks – toe print are pointed

Page 20: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - EcologyWallowing and Rubs• Wallow to cool themselves

• Can be almost any wet depression

• Use rubs for comfort and mud removal

• Rubs are not always associated with wallows

Page 21: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - EcologyNests and Beds• Build two types of unique structures: • Farrowing nests 

• Resting or loafing beds

• Somewhat similar in appearance

• Can be simple to very complex

Page 22: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hogs - EcologyAggressive Behavior• Wild pigs can be very aggressive

• Typically when cornered or threatened

• 5‐10 people killed annually due to wild pig attacks

• Do not “like” dogs

Page 23: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Negative Impacts of Wild Hogs

• Ecological Damage

• Economic Losses– Agriculture Damage

– Livestock Depredation

– Reforestation Failure

– Damage in Suburban Communities

• Disease Threats Photo Credit: Chris Jaworowski in West et al. (2009)Managing Wild Pigs: A Technical Guide

Page 24: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Ecological Damage

• Impact of Rooting

• Damage to plant & animal communities

• Increase in exotic plants

• Increase in soil erosion

• Decreased water quality

• Affects on other wildlifePhoto Credit: Chris Jaworowski inWest et al. (2009)Managing Wild Pigs: A Technical Guide

Page 25: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Ecological Damage

• Impact of rooting

• Besides man, greatest vertebrate modifier of natural communities

Page 26: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Ecological Damage• Damage to Native Plant Communities

• Direct & indirect effects

• Rooting, trampling, soil compaction, water  infiltration

• Disruption of nutrient cycle• Effects most pronounced in wetland areas• Documented declines in NP communities in FL      & HI

Page 27: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Ecological Damage• Damage to Sensitive Plant & Animal Species

• Destruction of rare & endangered plant communities in SC Heritage Preserves

• Depredation to threatened loggerhead sea turtle nests on North Island, Winyah Bay, SC

• FL endangered turtles nests destroyed

Page 28: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Ecological Damage

• Increase in Exotic & Less Desirable Plants

• Frequent rooting disturbance favors competitive non‐native plants

• Out compete native plants

Page 29: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Ecological Damage

• Increase in Soil Erosion

• Loss of soil fertility, plant growth, plant diversity

• Effects on water quality from siltation

Photo Credit:Eddie Parham in West et al. (2009)Managing Wild Pigs: A Technical Guide

Page 30: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Ecological Damage• Decreased Water Quality

• Soil runoff & bacterial contamination

• Impacts aquatic flora & fauna

• Freshwater mussels & insects impacted 

• Fecal coliforms in some streams exceeds human health standards

Page 31: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Ecological Damage

• Effects on Other Wildlife

• Damage to habitat

• Direct predation

• Significant predators of   ground nesting bird nests

• Competition for resources, especially soft & hard mast (fruit)

• Spread of diseases & parasites

Page 32: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Economic Losses• Agricultural Damage

• $ 1.5 billion lost annually in U.S.

• Consume & trample crops,  damage pastures by rooting & digging

• Hay, small grains, corn, peanuts, vegetables, watermelons, soybeans, cotton, tree fruits & others

• Damage to fences, roads, dikes

Page 33: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Economic Losses

• Livestock Depredation

• Prey on lambs, goats, newborn cattle, poultry, & exotic game

• Predation on young animals usually occurs  on calving or lambing grounds, may be attracted to afterbirth

Page 34: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Pattern of Wild Pig Predation• Difficult to verify, entire carcass is usually consumed, leaving little evidence.

• Also scavenge carcasses killed by other animals.

• Kill prey by biting & crushing skull or neck; carcass skinned & stomach contents consumed.

Page 35: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Economic Losses• Forestry/Reforestation Challenges

• Regeneration of hardwoods from seed may be difficult

• Hardwood & pine                                                  seedlings (especially longleaf) are very           susceptible to pig damage through consumption,  rooting, & trampling

Photo Credit: Steve Gulledge inWest et al. (2009)Managing Wild Pigs: A Technical Guide

Page 36: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Economic Losses

• Damage in Suburban   Communities

• Yard, landscape & ornamental plant damage

• Garden damage

• Golf course damage

Photo Credit: Billy Higginbotham inWest et al. (2009)Managing Wild Pigs: A Technical Guide

Page 37: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Economic Losses

• Management for Game Species

• Destruction of wildlife plantings & food plots

• Consumption of corn & other supplemental foods at feeders

• Damage to habitats Photo Credit: Chris Jaworowski inWest et al. (2009)Managing Wild Pigs: A Technical Guide

Page 38: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University
Page 39: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Disease Threats• Carry disease that affect humans, livestock, & wildlife

• Humans ‐ brucellosis, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis, sarcoptic mange,  E. coli, & trichinosis

• Livestock & Wildlife ‐pseudorabies, swine brucellosis, tuberculosis, vesicular stomatis, & classical swine fever

• Serve as a reservoirs & amplifier for other diseases             (e.g. foot & mouth disease)

Page 40: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Positive Impacts of Wild Hogs ?

• Increased hunting opportunities

• Increase revenue from hunts

• Rooting may stimulate production of native plants that require disturbance

Page 41: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Wild Hog Efforts in SCChange in regulation last year

2 past research projects (Congaree NP)

Two workshops in August 2009

Other workshops scheduled• March 30th in Lexington, SC

• May 12th Brosnan Forest

• June 9th, Sandhills REC

Cost‐sharing in 2 counties by Conservation Districts

Formation of SC Wild Hog Task Force

Page 42: Negative Impacts of Feral Hogs - Clemson University

Questions ?