Nellen W. 2016. Molecular methods for plant and animal

Nellen W. 2016. Molecular methods for plant and animal breeding;Future for feeding the world or ecological disaster? International

Conference on Biodiversity, Balikpapan, 14-16 January 2016 [Organizedby Society for Indonesian Biodiversity, University of Mulawarman

Samarinda & University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta]

Nellen W. 2016. Molecular methods for plant and animal breeding;Future for feeding the world or ecological disaster? International

Conference on Biodiversity, Balikpapan, 14-16 January 2016 [Organizedby Society for Indonesian Biodiversity, University of Mulawarman

Samarinda & University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta]

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Ahmad

Typewritten text

2016 ICB BALIKPAPAN

Universitas MulawarmanJan. 2016

Molecular Methods for Plant Breeding.The Future for Feeding the World or an Ecological Disaster?

Wolfgang Nellen

Molecular Methods for Plant Breeding.The Future for Feeding the World or an Ecological Disaster?

Wolfgang Nellen

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Introduction, affiliation, conflict of interest:

Prof. of Genetics at Kassel University (retired)Johann-Gottfried-Herder-Fellow at Brawijaya Univ., MalangTeaching, organisation of IGN-Bioscience

Affiliations:German Biologists Association (VBIO), former PresidentGerman Geneticists Association (GfG), former PresidentSociety for Molecular Biology and Biochemistry (GBM)Science Bridge, Science for Schools and the Public, ChairmanActivities for scientific literacy, against anti-science movements

Scientific Interests:Basic – not applied science in an epigenetic model system (RNAi, chromatin, DNA methylation)No expert in nutrition or agriculture - but long standing interest in plant biotechPrevious funding by DFG, EU, DAAD, Volkswagen-Foundation, Robert-Bosch-Foundation and others.No funding by industry or other interest groups


Prof. of Genetics at Kassel University (retired)Johann-Gottfried-Herder-Fellow at Brawijaya Univ., MalangTeaching, organisation of IGN-Bioscience


Scientific Interests:Basic – not applied science in an epigenetic model system (RNAi, chromatin, DNA methylation)No expert in nutrition or agriculture - but long standing interest in plant biotechPrevious funding by DFG, EU, DAAD, Volkswagen-Foundation, Robert-Bosch-Foundation and others.No funding by industry or other interest groups

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Scientific Interests:Basic – not applied science in an epigenetic model system (RNAi, chromatin, DNA methylation)

No expert in nutrition or agriculture - but long standing interest in plant biotech

Previous funding by DFG, EU, DAAD, Volkswagen-Foundation, Robert-Bosch-Foundation and others.No funding by industry or other interest groups







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Population growth in Indonesia

Rice production, import, consumptionIn 2007/2008 self-supply was achieved by• Newly developed high yield cultivars,• Pesticide and herbicide application• Training of farmers in new technologies• Government subsidies

Rice production, import, consumptionIn 2007/2008 self-supply was achieved by• Newly developed high yield cultivars,• Pesticide and herbicide application• Training of farmers in new technologies• Government subsidies

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Losses in agricultural products(cereals)

While in Europe and the US the majority of food is wasted bythe consumer,in Asia and Africa more than 60% of losses are on the farm leveland post harvest handling.

That is:Agriculture technologyPest and weed managementStorageSuboptimal crops

Improvement of agriculture can make a huge difference!


While in Europe and the US the majority of food is wasted bythe consumer,in Asia and Africa more than 60% of losses are on the farm leveland post harvest handling.


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Improvement of agriculture can make a huge difference!


Regional production – if possible.But not subsistance farming!(35 Mio people in Jakarta: bankers, lawyers,teachers, administrator have to be fed!)

InfrastructureStorage, transportation, roads, railway,food processing

These people maybe important –but they do not grow rice!

Improvement of infrastructuremakes food supply more reliableand efficient.

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Improvement of infrastructuremakes food supply more reliableand efficient.

Agricultural methods and technologyAdapted machines, tillage, mixed cultures,

Professional management for securing harvestsFertilisers, herbicides, pesticides, fungizides,

„romantic“ for Europeans, buthard labor and inefficient forIndonesians.

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Poisenous, dangerous when notapplied approprietly!

„Smart crops“Development, breeding, selection of locally adapted cultivars,by MAS, including GMOs.Random mutagenesis by radiation and mutagens is no longerstate-of-the-art!

2009: poster at Padang conference. Random gamma-ray mutagenesis to obtain resistance against banana wilt

„Smart crops“Development, breeding, selection of locally adapted cultivars,by MAS, including GMOs.Random mutagenesis by radiation and mutagens is no longerstate-of-the-art!

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Notes:In German Eco-Farming, mutagens and radiation mutagenesisare accepted, genetic engineering is not.

Google for „molecular plant breeding“ and „Indonesia“, picturesalways have European or Australian scientists – never Germans.

We cannot go back to “good old traditional agriculture”!

It does not feed farmer families (subsistance farming)It does not feed the growing population in the citiesIt is hard and inefficient labor for farmersIt has large pre- and post harvest lossesIt does not provide better qualityIt requires additional land use


Subsistance farming means to spend most of the time farming for subsistance!No time and money for education, culture, health, transportation, „luxury goods“.

Subsistance farming kills progress, development, economy, wealth.

We cannot go back to “good old traditional agriculture”!


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Subsistance farming means to spend most of the time farming for subsistance!No time and money for education, culture, health, transportation, „luxury goods“.

Subsistance farming kills progress, development, economy, wealth.

Political „incorrectness“ – a personal statement

Europe can promote low production agriculture (called “eco-farming”).We just import what we cannot produce – on the costs of developing and emerging countries.

Germany is the largest consumer in „Bio-products“, ecological agriculture is heavily subsidised, pricesfor „Bio-products“ are 30% to 60% higher than conventional, consumer needs are constantly increasing.Production is not increasing. On average, 70% of „Bio-products“ are imported.

2012:51% import2012:51% import

Europe can promote low production agriculture (called “eco-farming”).We just import what we cannot produce – on the costs of developing and emerging countries.

Germany is the largest consumer in „Bio-products“, ecological agriculture is heavily subsidised, pricesfor „Bio-products“ are 30% to 60% higher than conventional, consumer needs are constantly increasing.Production is not increasing. On average, 70% of „Bio-products“ are imported.

2012:93% import

For conventional as well as„organic“ meat production,93% of high protein animal feed,is imported (mostly GM).

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2012:93% import

For conventional as well as„organic“ meat production,93% of high protein animal feed,is imported (mostly GM).

Political „incorrectness“ – a personal statement

Germany just decided to be “GMO-free”, i.e. gene technology is prohibited in agriculture.But Germany imports large amounts of agricultural GMO products,most GMO enzymes for food processing and non-food products.

European politics and NGOs export “GMO-free ideology”:NGOs prevented Golden Rice cultivation in Asia for more than 15 years – continued with Brinjal.GMO cotton production by small hold farmers is heavily opposed by western pressure groups.GMO soy bean production in South America is opposed by Germany politicians.

Germany just decided to be “GMO-free”, i.e. gene technology is prohibited in agriculture.But Germany imports large amounts of agricultural GMO products,most GMO enzymes for food processing and non-food products.

European politics and NGOs export “GMO-free ideology”:NGOs prevented Golden Rice cultivation in Asia for more than 15 years – continued with Brinjal.GMO cotton production by small hold farmers is heavily opposed by western pressure groups.GMO soy bean production in South America is opposed by Germany politicians.

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There is not a single documented caseFor health hazards by GM cropsFor lower quality of GM cropsFor ecological hazards by GM crops



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“Chemical” vs “biological” pesticides/herbicidesIn Germany, the synthetic herbicide Glyphosate may be prohibited within the next years.Instead, “biological” herbicides will be used.

Indonesia is told that “biological” weed and pest control is better than “chemical”.This is dangerous misinformation!

„chemical“ „biological“ and „natural“

Potentially carcinogenicin high doses (debated!)

Poisonous to fishand humans

Pelargonic acidIrritating, poisenousto insects and humans

“Chemical” vs “biological” pesticides/herbicidesIn Germany, the synthetic herbicide Glyphosate may be prohibited within the next years.Instead, “biological” herbicides will be used.

Indonesia is told that “biological” weed and pest control is better than “chemical”.This is dangerous misinformation!

„biological“ and „natural“

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Pelargonic acidIrritating, poisenousto insects and humans

Not sufficiently analysedSerious side effects inhumans observed

Not degradable, soilcontamination,poisenous

We need smart and knowledge-based crop protection.

We need herbicides, fungizides, pesticides for crop protection.

We need educated and well trained farmers.

For healthy and sufficient food.For a clean environment.For safety of the farmers


We need smart and knowledge-based crop protection.

We need herbicides, fungizides, pesticides for crop protection.

We need educated and well trained farmers.


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What can modern biology do to improve yields? reduce losses? enhance quality? enhance quantity?

Plant breeding by MAS (marker assisted selection)

Mutagenesis

Plant breeding by MAS (marker assisted selection)

“conventional” agrobacterium gene technology – transgenetics (resistance genes, Bt-toxin, single genes)

“conventional” agrobacterium gene technology – cisgenetics (single genes from different cultivars of same species)

“advanced” gene technology, agrobact. or other – multiple genes to construct biochemical pathways

CRISPR/Cas9 technology – easy and rapid genomic changes, many genes (more than 60 so far)

What can modern biology do to improve yields? reduce losses? enhance quality? enhance quantity?

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“conventional” agrobacterium gene technology – transgenetics (resistance genes, Bt-toxin, single genes)

“conventional” agrobacterium gene technology – cisgenetics (single genes from different cultivars of same species)

“advanced” gene technology, agrobact. or other – multiple genes to construct biochemical pathways

CRISPR/Cas9 technology – easy and rapid genomic changes, many genes (more than 60 so far)

Mutagenesis1930 random mutagenesis was introduce in plant breeding.Seedlings are exposed to chemical mutagens or radiation to approx. 90% lethality.Surviving plants are back-crossed and tested for desired traits.

Several 1000 mutagenised crop plants and their offspring are on the market.Mutated genes are not characterised. Approx. 20 unidentified mutations persistin commercialised crop plants.

Random mutagenesis has considerably improved crop plants.It is still being done but the outcome of the shot-gun approach is unpredictable.It is time consuming/impossible to cross out all unidentified mutations.Several desired traits have been accidentally lost by mutation breeding.

Today, random mutagenesis is mostly replaced by precision methods ofgene technology – but these are not accepted in Europe.

1930 random mutagenesis was introduce in plant breeding.Seedlings are exposed to chemical mutagens or radiation to approx. 90% lethality.Surviving plants are back-crossed and tested for desired traits.

Several 1000 mutagenised crop plants and their offspring are on the market.Mutated genes are not characterised. Approx. 20 unidentified mutations persistin commercialised crop plants.

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Random mutagenesis has considerably improved crop plants.It is still being done but the outcome of the shot-gun approach is unpredictable.It is time consuming/impossible to cross out all unidentified mutations.Several desired traits have been accidentally lost by mutation breeding.

Today, random mutagenesis is mostly replaced by precision methods ofgene technology – but these are not accepted in Europe.

Examples for random mutagenesis

Eoearth.org Newsroom.ucr.edu

Different combinations ofcarotinoids and anthocyansin carrot mutants

Seedless oranges, bananas etc. are sterile gene orgenome mutants. They are clonally propagated andcan (almost) not be further improved by breeding.

Sciencebridge.net islandbreath.blogspot.co.id

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Seedless oranges, bananas etc. are sterile gene orgenome mutants. They are clonally propagated andcan (almost) not be further improved by breeding.

Tomato mutant allegedlyproduced by fallout fromFukushima.

MAS (marker assisted selection)To combine desired traits from two plants (e.g. high yield and draught resistance) crossing i.e. mixing thecomplete genomes is required.Many traits are multigenic, i.e. “high yield” depends on a combination of several specific genes (alleles).Selection for the “good” and against the “bad” traits has to be done over many generations.

MAS is based on extensive genome mapping and association ofgenes with molecular markers.

Molecular analysis of the offspring immediately reveals whichrecombined plants have the desired genes and are good forfurther breeding.


MAS saves time (several generations of crossing and back crossing)and avoids accidental loss of desired genes.

To combine desired traits from two plants (e.g. high yield and draught resistance) crossing i.e. mixing thecomplete genomes is required.Many traits are multigenic, i.e. “high yield” depends on a combination of several specific genes (alleles).Selection for the “good” and against the “bad” traits has to be done over many generations.

MAS is based on extensive genome mapping and association ofgenes with molecular markers.


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MAS saves time (several generations of crossing and back crossing)and avoids accidental loss of desired genes.

Marker analysis of the offspring from a crossing experiment.

Only the right combination of all variants gives the desiredphenotype = plant with desired traits.

Each lane contains genetic material of a single offspring plant.

Each band represents a gene variant.

By MAS hundreds of gene variants can be examined –this is impossible by conventional breeding.


Marker analysis of the offspring from a crossing experiment.


Each lane contains genetic material of a single offspring plant.

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“Conventional” agrobacterium gene technology – transgenetics

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a natural gene transfer shuttle that inserts tumor genesinto plants.

From the bacterial DNA the natural tumor geneswere removed and any other gene of interest canbe inserted.Agrobacterium infection works in most plants.

The most common traits in transgenic crop plants are resistances againstvarious insect pests by cry genes from bacillus thuringiensis or by the EPSPSgene from agrobacterium tumefaciens which confers resistance to theherbicide Glyphosate.

Wikipedia

“Conventional” agrobacterium gene technology – transgenetics

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a natural gene transfer shuttle that inserts tumor genesinto plants.

Science Bridge 2009

From the bacterial DNA the natural tumor geneswere removed and any other gene of interest canbe inserted.Agrobacterium infection works in most plants.

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The most common traits in transgenic crop plants are resistances againstvarious insect pests by cry genes from bacillus thuringiensis or by the EPSPSgene from agrobacterium tumefaciens which confers resistance to theherbicide Glyphosate.

“Conventional” agrobacterium gene technology – cisgeneticsThe term cis-genetics is used when genes from the same species are being used ingene technology.

Examplesintroduction of Phytophthora resistance from wild potato into commercial cultivars.Introduction of resistance against the fungal disease apple scab from wild apples.Note: these are genes that have been lost during conventional breeding!

Gene “Knock-downs” may also be considered as cisgenetics: an endogeneconstruct is used to “knock-down” or “silence” a gene.

ExamplesArctic apple where the enzyme PPO has been knocked down,Sunflower with knocked down desaturase producing more unsaturated fatty acids.

“Conventional” agrobacterium gene technology – cisgeneticsThe term cis-genetics is used when genes from the same species are being used ingene technology.

Examplesintroduction of Phytophthora resistance from wild potato into commercial cultivars.Introduction of resistance against the fungal disease apple scab from wild apples.Note: these are genes that have been lost during conventional breeding! Plante-doktor.dk

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Gene “Knock-downs” may also be considered as cisgenetics: an endogeneconstruct is used to “knock-down” or “silence” a gene.

ExamplesArctic apple where the enzyme PPO has been knocked down,Sunflower with knocked down desaturase producing more unsaturated fatty acids. http://www.seattleweekly.com

“Advanced” gene technology, multiple genes to construct biochemical pathways

Biochemical pathways towards a desired endproduct frequently require several enzymatic steps.

Researchers in Zurich and Geneva have generated a cassava plant with twogenes from Arabidopsis that produces several times as much Vitamin B6as conventional plants. Especially in subsaharan Africa, Vitamin B6deficiency is prevalent.

The best known example is Golden Rice where genes from a soil bacteriaand from daffodil were introduced into the rice genome. The transgenicrice produces sufficient beta-carotine to prevent Vitamin A deficiency.

“Advanced” gene technology, multiple genes to construct biochemical pathways

Biochemical pathways towards a desired endproduct frequently require several enzymatic steps.

Researchers in Zurich and Geneva have generated a cassava plant with twogenes from Arabidopsis that produces several times as much Vitamin B6as conventional plants. Especially in subsaharan Africa, Vitamin B6deficiency is prevalent.

Theguardian.com

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Theguardian.com

The best known example is Golden Rice where genes from a soil bacteriaand from daffodil were introduced into the rice genome. The transgenicrice produces sufficient beta-carotine to prevent Vitamin A deficiency.

http://daniellelevynutrition.com/2013/03/11/golden-rice-a-genetically-modified-food/

The UK based company Ecover, togetherwith the Californian biotech companySolazyme, have genetically engineeredalgae to produce palm oil-like fatty acids.To reconstruct complete biochemicalpathways in an organism in order toproduce e.g. other fatty acids, is called“synthetic biology”.

Production and further development was stopped in 2014 after powerfulcampaigns by 23 NGOs against the “extreme biotechnology” employed bySolazyme.

A serious (?) suggestion by “Friends of the Earth” was to usecoconut oil instead of palm oil.

http://uk.ecover.com

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Production and further development was stopped in 2014 after powerfulcampaigns by 23 NGOs against the “extreme biotechnology” employed bySolazyme.

A serious (?) suggestion by “Friends of the Earth” was to usecoconut oil instead of palm oil.

Solazyme, Nov. 2015Solazyme, Nov. 2015

Microalgae from selection breeding or genetic engineering allow for up to 80% oil yield(average normal oil yield 8% to 10%).

Currently, microalgae are mostly fed with sugar from sugar cane. Using sugars fromcellulose is under development.

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Microalgae from selection breeding or genetic engineering allow for up to 80% oil yield(average normal oil yield 8% to 10%).

Currently, microalgae are mostly fed with sugar from sugar cane. Using sugars fromcellulose is under development.

For CO2 emission and water consumption, algae oil is optimal.For land use (tons of oil/hectar), algae oil is similar topalm oil.Land use is calculated for sugar cane plantations (algaefeed).Solazyme and partners are working on solutions to makesugars from cellulose and biological wastes available for algaeto reduce land use.Data from Solazyme webpage, Nov. 2015.

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For CO2 emission and water consumption, algae oil is optimal.For land use (tons of oil/hectar), algae oil is similar topalm oil.Land use is calculated for sugar cane plantations (algaefeed).Solazyme and partners are working on solutions to makesugars from cellulose and biological wastes available for algaeto reduce land use.Data from Solazyme webpage, Nov. 2015.

Algae oil is ecologically superior to other oils.By genetic engineering, purification of oils for specific needs is simplified.All rules, regulations and safety tests by law have been metafter years of research and development.

Application of algae oil has been stopped by the „concerns“ of the NGOs.

FoE and others have not invested a cent in alternative solutions(but millions into protests and public relations).They directly support the slash-and-burn palm oil industry.They dress up in orang-utan costumes and receive an awardfor an „ethical campaign“.

Meanwhile, the forest fires keep on burning.People suffer from smoke pollution.The orang-utan population is declining.


Algae oil is ecologically superior to other oils.By genetic engineering, purification of oils for specific needs is simplified.All rules, regulations and safety tests by law have been metafter years of research and development.

Application of algae oil has been stopped by the „concerns“ of the NGOs.


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CRISPR/Cas9 technology – easy genomic changes of many genes

CRISPR/Cas9 allows for precise changes in a genome.Genes can be changed at exact sites.Genes can be added or deleted at exact sites.

The „editing“ is indistinguishable from naturally occuring mutations.

CRISPR/Cas9 is a new technology recently adapted from bacteria.

The „editing“ is indistinguishable from naturally occuring mutations.

So far more than 60 genes have been changed in a single organism (pig for xenotransplantation).

Side effects by unwanted changes can be largely excluded.

CRISPR/Cas9 technology – easy genomic changes of many genes

Vimeo.comThe „editing“ is indistinguishable from naturally occuring mutations.

CRISPR/Cas9 is a new technology recently adapted from bacteria.

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Vimeo.comThe „editing“ is indistinguishable from naturally occuring mutations.

So far more than 60 genes have been changed in a single organism (pig for xenotransplantation).

Side effects by unwanted changes can be largely excluded.

CRISPR/Cas9 is applied in many areas of biosciences.It has been successfully applied in single cell organisms, in invertebrates (insects),in plants, animals, and even human embryos. Applications are endless.

Univ. Iowa Mouse Univ. Georgia Poplar Istock/knorreUniv. Iowa Mouse Univ. Georgia Poplar Istock/knorre

News.sciencemag.org YeastNews.sciencemag.org Rice

CRISPR/Cas9 is applied in many areas of biosciences.It has been successfully applied in single cell organisms, in invertebrates (insects),in plants, animals, and even human embryos. Applications are endless.

Istock/knorre Human

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Istock/knorre Human

Yeast Liangxue Lai Pig Igtrcn.org Aedes

Instead of random mutagenesis by radiation, targeted mutagenesis has become possible.

Since genomes and many gene functions are known for many crop plants,knowledge-based changes can be introduced to improve crop traits.

Entirely new products can be made in plants to improve nutritional value.

Mis-use will never be completely excluded.But we cannot ignore a technology that provides so many chances!

Instead of random mutagenesis by radiation, targeted mutagenesis has become possible.

Since genomes and many gene functions are known for many crop plants,knowledge-based changes can be introduced to improve crop traits.

Entirely new products can be made in plants to improve nutritional value.

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Mis-use will never be completely excluded.But we cannot ignore a technology that provides so many chances!

Disadvantages and advantages of GM cropsGMOs support monocultures.

Monocultures invite to extensive use of herbicides and pesticides.Indonesia has a huge problem with inappropriate use of plant protection.Most GM plants reduce the amount of herbicides and pesticides.Better training and safety measures for farmers are required.

But monocultures explode in Indonesia without GMOs

Indonesia has a huge problem with inappropriate use of plant protection.Most GM plants reduce the amount of herbicides and pesticides.Better training and safety measures for farmers are required.

True. Because they out-perform the local varients in yield.Is biodiversity more important than feeding people?But: we need professional seed banks, germ plasm gardens toconserve diversity.

GM crops reduce diversity of local crops.

Disadvantages and advantages of GM crops

Monocultures invite to extensive use of herbicides and pesticides.Indonesia has a huge problem with inappropriate use of plant protection.Most GM plants reduce the amount of herbicides and pesticides.Better training and safety measures for farmers are required.

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Indonesia has a huge problem with inappropriate use of plant protection.Most GM plants reduce the amount of herbicides and pesticides.Better training and safety measures for farmers are required.

True. Because they out-perform the local varients in yield.Is biodiversity more important than feeding people?But: we need professional seed banks, germ plasm gardens toconserve diversity. Science Bridge 2015

GMOs promote resistance in pest insects and resistance to herbicides.

Resistances always evolve. Against herbicides, pesticides, antibiotics, immunisation,drugs against HIV, Dengue, Malaria.

Resistance management is easier with GM crops:targeted spraying management for herbicides, refuge zones for insect pests.

GM crops reduce crop rotation for economical reasons.

Crop rotation conserves soil qualityand reduces pests.Crop rotation conserves soil qualityand reduces pests.

Crop rotation requires specific infrastructure(machines, storage, cattle) for different crops.This is expensive.

GM crops and chemical fertilisers makeagriculture easier and more profitable.

GMOs promote resistance in pest insects and resistance to herbicides.

Resistances always evolve. Against herbicides, pesticides, antibiotics, immunisation,drugs against HIV, Dengue, Malaria.

Resistance management is easier with GM crops:targeted spraying management for herbicides, refuge zones for insect pests.

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GM crops reduce secondary hazards

Infestation by the corn borer leads to secondary infections by fungiresulting in an increased content of poisenous mycotoxins.

To go without pesticides results in weeds some of which are hazardousto human and animal health.

In Europe and the US so-called „organic products“ have caused serious health problems.

In 25 years of GM crops there is not a single confirmed case of adverse health effects.


Accidental contamination ofrucola with Senecio jacobae.

Infestation by the corn borer leads to secondary infections by fungiresulting in an increased content of poisenous mycotoxins.

To go without pesticides results in weeds some of which are hazardousto human and animal health.


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In 25 years of GM crops there is not a single confirmed case of adverse health effects.


GM crops have advantages and disadvantages.They should be considered as just another way of plant breeding.

There should be no competition between „ecological farming“ and „GMO farming“ –they should rather complement each other:• Spraying less pesticides is ecological• Draught resistant crops are ecological• Increasing nutritional value is ecological• Using less space for more yield is ecological• Plants growing on poor soil are ecological


Careful evaluation for safety and ecological effects is absolutely necessary.For GM crops as well as for conventional breeding.

A clever combination of GMOs and conventional/traditional cultivars will help solving(part of) the problems to feed the world.

They should be considered as just another way of plant breeding.


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Careful evaluation for safety and ecological effects is absolutely necessary.For GM crops as well as for conventional breeding.

A clever combination of GMOs and conventional/traditional cultivars will help solving(part of) the problems to feed the world.

Germany was leading in the development of plant genetic engineering.The inventor of CRISPR/Cas9 is a Max-Planck director in Germany.

But applications of these technologies are now prohibited in Germany.

Industry using these technologies is moving out of Germany.

Many researchers in applied plant genetic engineering are moving out of Germany.

But Germany is still a high technology country.It still has a good infrastucture for molecular plant researchIt is still innovative and highly advanced in plant molecular biology.It is still a good place for training in modern plant sciences!

Germany was leading in the development of plant genetic engineering.The inventor of CRISPR/Cas9 is a Max-Planck director in Germany.

But applications of these technologies are now prohibited in Germany.

Industry using these technologies is moving out of Germany.

Many researchers in applied plant genetic engineering are moving out of Germany.

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But Germany is still a high technology country.It still has a good infrastucture for molecular plant researchIt is still innovative and highly advanced in plant molecular biology.It is still a good place for training in modern plant sciences!

Fred Kogel, Univ. Gießen,Christian Jung, Univ. Kiel,Traud Winkelmann, MH Hannover,Jens Boch, MH Hannover,Bern Müller-Röber, Max-Planck-Inst. Potsdam,Ralf Bock, Mac-Planck-Inst. GolmUwe Sonnewald, Univ. ErlangenIPK Gatersleben

Curriculum "International Horticulture" in Hannover withMajor in Plant Biotechechnology

A few names and institutions (not complete!)that still provide good training in plant molecular biology:





A few names and institutions (not complete!)that still provide good training in plant molecular biology:

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Terima kasih!Terima kasih!

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Documents

Nellen W. 2016. Molecular methods for plant and animal