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EDVGMD
Hookworms
Necator americanus and Ancylostomaduodenale most common human hookworms
Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum
Soil-transmitted helminths
Adults of the human hookworms are blood-sucking nematodes.
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Morphology
N. americanus have a cervical curvature w/c appears like a HOOK
Females: 9 to 13 mm, with a blunt posterior end
Males: 7 to 11 mm, with expanded posterior end (fan-like bursa copulatrix)
Buccal capsule semi-lunar cutting plates
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Morphology
Ancylostoma duodenale body contour tends to follow the general curvature of the body (C).
Buccal capsule: two pairs of ventral teeth, similar in size
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Morphology
A. ceylanicum: two pairs of ventral teeth, the outer pair larger than inner
A. braziliense: two pairs of ventral teeth, a pair of small, very inconspicuous median teeth and a pair of larger outer teeth
A. caninum: has three pairs of ventral teeth
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Morphology
Hookworm eggs
56 to 60 by 34 to 40 m
are ovoidal, thin-shelled and colorless
4 to 8 celled stage
Differentiation of Necator egg from Ancylostoma egg is difficult and impractical
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Morphology
Rhabditiform larva Hatches within 24 to 48 hours
short and stout, with a long and narrow buccal chamber
They feed on bacteria and organic matter
Filariform larvaMouth is closed, the esophagus
elongates
Non feeding stage infective stage to man
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Pathology and Clinical Manifestations
Due to larva:
Ground itch
Creeping eruption or cutaneous larva migrans
Pulmonary lesions
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Pathology and Clinical Manifestations
Due to adult worm:
Anemia
Hypoalbuminemia
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Diagnosis
Recovery of eggs in the stool DFS or concentration techniques
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Strongyloides stercoralis
Threadworm
Fecally-transmitted and soil-transmitted helminth
Can survive in the human body for many years autoinfection
Course of strongyloidiasis is usually chronic with irregular periods of exacerbation
Cochin-china diarrhea
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Morphology
Parasitic female Delicate filiform worms, measuring up to
2 mm in length
Parthenogenetic
Free-living female Shorter but stouter than the parasitic
female
Double bulbed muscular esophageal pharynx
There is no parasitic male
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Morphology
Rhabditiform larva
Muscular elongated esophagus with a pyriform posterior bulb
Short buccal cavity
conspicuous genital premordium
Filariform larva
Long esophagus occupying half the length of the larva
Forked or notched tail
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Filaria
Debilitating tropical disease (lymphedema, elephantiasis, or hydrocoele)
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugiamalayi
Vector Aedes, Culex and Anopheles (bancrofti); Mansonia (malayi)
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Parasite Biology
Wuchereria
Male: 2 to 4 cm in length; Female: 8 to 10 cm
Microfilaria: 270 to 290 m, enclosed in a hyaline sheath which is much longer than the microfilaria
Two to three rows of distinctly conspicuous nuclei
Graceful curvatures
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Parasite Biology
Brugia
Male: 13 to 23 mm in length; Female: 43 to 55 mm
Microfilaria: 177 to 230 m in length
2 rows of indistinct nuclei
Angular with secondary kinks
2 nuclei at the tip of the tail
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Parasite Biology
Adult females of B. malayi and W.bancrofti are indistinguishable
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Diagnosis
Finding of characteristic microfilariae in thick blood smears taken between 8pm and 4am. nocturnal periodicity
Microfilariae may not be demonstrable during:
Low intensity infection
Dead worms
Obstructed lymphatics