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Neo-Confucianism. Tuesday: Neo-Confucianism and Jinhua Thursday: Transforming the State from Below? Transforming Society from Above?. The Confucian Perspective. On Politics On Society On Culture On the Economy. Early Imperial Confucianism. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Neo-Confucianism
Tuesday: Neo-Confucianism and Jinhua
Thursday: Transforming the State from Below? Transforming Society from Above?
The Confucian Perspective
• On Politics
• On Society
• On Culture
• On the Economy
Early Imperial Confucianism
• Figures: Confucius and his followers (Mencius, Xunzi, etc.)
• Texts: the Five Classics
• Justifications for Empire and Imperial Rule– heaven-and-earth – antiquity
• Political Values: Ritual and Music versus Institutions and Punishments
• Outside-in and top-down
The “Neo-Confucians”
• The Northern Song questions and Neo-Confucian answers
• The Southern Song
– Zhu Xi 朱熹 and Lü Zuqian 呂祖謙• Reflections on Things at Hand (Jin si lu 近思錄 )• The Four Books 四書
– Great Learning 大學– Doctrine of the Mean 中庸– Analects of Confucius 論語– Mencius 孟子
What Made Neo-Confucianism Different?
• Philosophy– The concept of li 理 (principle, coherence)
and qi 氣 (energy-matter, material force)– Ritual is li 理 – The Way is li 理 – Human nature is li 理
Wang Yangming 1472-1529
• mind is principle” 心即理• turning to qing 情 emotional
response/feeling
Neo-Confucianism:
• As a position
• As an identity
• As a social movement
Neo-Confucianism as a totalizing ideology
– The political – zhengshi 政事– The sociomoral – dexing 德行– The cultural – wenxue 文學
The Audience for Neo-Confucianism
• Local Society– Literati communities in local society– The literati problem
• Neo-Confucianism as philosophy for local literati elites?
The “True Unity of the Way” 道統 in Jinhua
• Lü Zuqian 呂 祖 謙 1131-1187
• He Ji 何 基 1188-1268
• Wang Bo 王 柏 1197-1274
• Jin Lüxiang 金 履 祥 1232-1303
• Xu Qian 許 謙 1270-1337
• Zhang Mou 章 懋 1437-1522
Transforming the State from Below? Transforming Society from Above?
• The grounds for values in Neo-Confucianism
• The existence of principle/coherence (li 理 ) in the self (=human nature)
• Learning as the means to cultivate awareness of principle/coherence in oneself
• The superiority and authority of those who do
• Action as the means to realize what one has learned
Neo-Confucianism and Literati “volunteerism” in Jinhua (aka “righteous” 義 activities)
• Private academies
• Relief granaries
• Equitable labor service
• Community compacts
• Neo-Confucian shrines
• Local tax reform
• Local defense militias
The Ming Dynasty1368-1644
the Hongwu Reign Period 1368-1398
Ming Taizu
(Zhu Yuanzhang)
The synthesis
Early Ming Social Policy
• Village/Community tithing system (li jia 里甲 ) system
• One village/community (li) = 110 households
• Composed of 10 groups of ten (jia), led by the 10 wealthiest households in the community
The Elders ( 老人 ) system,
• Several elders in each rural community
• juridical powers
• Right to report on conduct of county officials and staff to higher authority
• Right to bypass county officials and appeal to higher authority
The community school ( 社學 ) system
• Each village to have a community school for the moral education of males
The Tax Captain ( 量長 ) system
• The wealthiest households in an area with tax of ten thousand bushels of grain are responsible for transporting the grain to its destination.
Moral Education
• Pavilions for Exhibiting the Bad and the Good
• The Community Altars
• The Grand Injunctions
• The Placard of Instructions to the People
• Community Wine Drinking Ceremony
Legislated leadership versus volunteerism
• The cycle:– State imposed systems– Local voluntary leadership
The Emergent Sociopolitical Order of Later Imperial China
• Local literati elite communities
• Education and examinations
• Neo-Confucianism
• Statecraft
• Lineage formation
• Creating local history