Nepal is Venerable for Risk of Natural Disaster

Kishor Chandra Khanal (PhD)1

Nepalisvenerableplacefromtheaspectofnaturaldisaster.ThegeophysicalstructureofNepalisfrequentlyrecurrentdisaster.AccordingtothenaturaldisasterNepaliscomparativelyhighplacesthanotherso‐calledhighriskofnaturaldisastercountries.Overallpopulationgrowth inNepal istremendouslyhighandmigrationrate towardstourban isalso increaserapidly.All these factorsincrease vulnerability rate of natural disaster. The migration rate of Nepal is high than otherdevelopingcountries.Themigrationrateoflabortotheinternationaljobmarketis1500peopleaday(ImmigrationDepartment),whereasinternalmigrationisalsohighbutitisdifficultcalculate.Accordingtothepopulationcensus,2001,migrationbetweenvillage‐villagewas68.2%andvillageto urban was 25.5%, whereas according to the population census 2011, migration figure waschanged.

Housing,infrastructureandphysicalplanning

CurrentlyNepalhavetotalpublicinfrastructurewas1,50,000(NPC,2014)andresidentialhousesare 47, 67,000,where 54, 27,000 household are settled own. Among them, 85.26%people haveownhouseandrestpeople12.81%areliveonrentedhouse(Devekota,D.C,2015).Which,67%ofhousesarefacilitiesbyelectricline,47%housesarefacilitiesbydrinkingwaterlineand62%housearefacilitiesbytoilets.Amongthesehousealargenumberareconstructedbythematerialofmud,stone,bricksandstrawandthatch.

A largenumber of public building, cultural heritage and residential houses are structurally veryvulnerable. Most of houses, public building and cultural heritage were built without anyengineeringnormsandvalues.InNepaleseculturetheoldhouseswerenotrenovateorrestructuretilltheywerecollapsedbyanyreason.Oururbanandruralareasarenotscientificallysettled.Wedonotplanaboutopenspaces,drainage,drinkingwater, roadandChildrenParketc.Thehouseswerebuildwithoutanysoil test,groundstrengthen,whichare totallywrong idea forpermanentstructure.Anotherproblemseeninmanagementofoursettlementarenotmeetingcriteriawhichare fixed by the VDC and Municipality, using a low quality of material, constructing on fertileagricultural land, cluttered settlement in urban areas, increasing of squatter settlement in urbanareas invites serious health problems. These types of problem has invited serious problem ofencroachmentofpublicandgovernmentlandinrapidlyurbanizeareas.

Similarly,unmanagedsettlementandrapidlyurbanizedareashaslackedminimumrequirementofpublic facilities like road, drainage, drinking water etc. Lacking of drinking water and properdrainage has invited serious problem of natural pollution. The lack of integrated settlementdevelopmentwillbringunthinkableproblemandunmanageableprobleminnearfuture.

It isdifficult to integrateour scattered settlement.Theproblemwasnotonly inurbanarea,butalso in rural as were too scattered settlement. Most of the rural areas houses are built in the

KishorChandraKhanalisVisitingCo‐ResearcherinAichiPrefectureUniversity.Heiscurrentlyengagedindifferentresearchoffieldareas.ThispaperisbasedonhispresentationinAichiPrefectureUniversityaboutthetitleon“DifficultyofreconstructionandchangesinthecommunityofNepalafterearthquake2015”.

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agriculturefarmfieldbecauseitiseasytoaccesstofarmfieldsoon.Rapidincreaseofurbanareaswithout any proper policies about the structure of house and land uses has brought venerablesituationofnaturaldisaster.

Managementproblemonhousingandsettlement

ProblemofhousingandsettlementismustvenerableinNepal.Mostofthehousearescatteredinsamesettlement.MostoftheNepalesepeopleareengagedonagriculture.Theysettletheirhouseinnear to the agricultural field. People have not culture to make as the house as the norms ofagriculture.Villagepeopledonotuseperfectinfrastructurematerialslikecement,rodandcookedbrick.Theyjustusemud,stoneandripebrickwhichisnotperfectsize.Theydonottestofsoilandmeasurementofhouse.Withoutmeasurementofinfrastructure,cementandsoiltesthowcanfindearthquake preventive house. Other side, the government has perfect policies of infrastructuremade.Ourpublicrelatedbuilding,privatebuilding,bridge,roadandcannelallarewithoutperfectplanning.Ourdevelopmentbudget is alsoallocatedwithoutplanning. Itallocate trend ispoliticalaffluencemost. Our development budget did not follow neediness of people and preparation ofdevelopmentbudgetdoesnotbasedonsurveyofconsumerneedandfacilities.Mostofthebudgetarescatteredindifferentsubjectisalsoanotherproblemofdevelopmentandvenerableofdisaster.Smallquantityofbudgetondifferentsubjectisobstacletodevelopdisasterpreventiveproject.Ourdevelopmentprogramdonotsurveyorcalculateofearthquakerisk.Nepalesepeoplespendlotofmoneyforfurnishinganddecorationofinsideofhousebutpeopleshowsgreedtospendmoneyinfoundationofhouse.

Pictures: UnmanagablesettlementinKathmandu

Source:www.google.com/Kathmanduphotoimage

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Indeed,theNepalesegovernmenthasbigchallengingtoarrangementofhouseingoodfacilitiesofpublic services, affordable, and safe places to the low‐income people and village areas. Anothermajorchallengeistoapplycodeandconductofbuildinginurbanareas.Thepeoplehaveonlyoneobjectivetobuildownnamehouseinanycostbuttheydonotfocusthattheymustthinkaboutthedisasterproofhouses.

Whatisearthquake?

Shaking of earth surface is earthquake. It is called in Nepali language is “Bhukampa”. It wasdelivered from Sanskrit word “Bhu” means earth and “kampa” means shake. There are manynatural processes going in our earth, for example, snowfall, rain, landslide etc. similarly, asmentionedprocessesearthquakeisalsooneofgeographicalprocess.

Itwasproofthatearthquakeoccurredmanytimesbyourhumanexistenceintheearth.Ifweseethe effects brought by earthquake in past itwas only theprocess of nature. The earthquakehasmanytimesdemolishofman‐madestructure inpast.But thehumandidnot losetheirhopeanddevelopmentprocessofstructure.Thehumansocietydeeplystudiedabouttheearthquakeandfindouthowto safe from its risk.Fromthe researchdonebygeologistandseismologist, itknows itsrootcausesandtopreventitgeneratedrisk.Butitisstillnecessarypeopleshouldbeawareaboutthewaystominimizethedestructionthatmaybringearthquake.

Focusandepicenter

Thepoint fromwhich theplate cracks and fromwhere earthquake get stated is focus fromoneplaceandthis is thepoint fromwhichwavesofearthquakeraiseupwards iscalled“hypocenter”.Thepointjustabovefocusonthesurfaceoftheearthis“epicenter”.Thefocusofvibrationfromthe70K.Minsideofearth issaidtobemostdestructive.Ifthis focusofvibrationfromthe70K.Mto700K.Mislessdestructiveandifthefocusofvibrationfromthemorethan700K.Mislowchancestofeelorwedonotfeel.

Atthepointofepicenter,wefeelmoreshockofearthquake.Iftheepicenterisfarfromtheareasitspower is also low‐by‐low. So, the destruction of infrastructure or land is near by the epicentercomparedbythefarfromtheepicenter.Sometimes,itdoesnotanydifferenceofdestructionlevelnearandfarfromtheepicenter; itdependsonpopulationdensity,typesofsoil,structureofrock,waterlevelofunderground,natureofphysicalinfrastructureandstructureoflandsurfaceetc.

Thestrongestearthquake2072(2015)ofNepalwasBarpakvillageofGorkhaDistrict.Thisvillageisabout80K.MfarfromKathmanduvalley.Barpakvillageisverypopularforthosepeoplewhoarepre‐gorkahssoldierslived.

The second time earthquake 7.3 magnitudes occurred in 12th May 2015 in the border ofsindhupalchowkandDolkhadistrict. From this earthquakea largenumberofpeople andhousesweredamaged.Mostly from this earthquake, easternpart of area fromKathmanduwas affected.The dilapidated building from the earthquake of April 25th 2015 has totally collapsed from theshakeof12thMay.

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Barpakvillage

Barpak is a village situated in the northern part of theGorkha districtofNepal, intheWarpakvillage development committee. It is inhabited byGhales,Gurungs,Sunwars, Pariyarsandothers.

Therearemorethan1,200housesinthevillage.Thereis24‐hourelectricity,internetfacility,basicmedical service, good hotels and the village can be reached by direct bus transportationfromKathmanduexcept in rainy season. Barpak is situated upon the hilltop about 1,900m(6,200ft)above sea levelof Gorkha and approximately 45km (28mi) away from Gorkha Bazar.ThereisagravelledroadfromAbuKhaireneyrunningonthebankofDarautiRivertoBarpakwhichextended to Laprak, Gumda and so on. Barpak has nearly 1200 households and nearly 15000residents(wikipedia).

SeismicWave

Thereare twotypesof seismicwave.Thesearebodywaveandsurfacewave.Bodywave is thatwavewhichmoves inside of the earth. The bodywave is also two types; primary (p‐wave) andsecondary(S‐wave).Thes‐wave is called shearwave.Thep‐wave ismovingdouble thans‐wave.According to the seismologist s‐wave ismore destructive than p‐wave. So, s‐wave has damagedbuilding,bridge,damandhighwayetc.

Inadditiontothebodywave,theepicenterhasproducedtwoanotherwaves,itiscalledRayleighandlove.Theydestructtheoutersurfaceofepicenter.TheRayleighwaveshaketheearthsurfacehorizontally where as love wave shake vertically in circular movement love wave is faster anddestructivethanRayleigh.

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Map:EpicenterEarthquake(Source:USGS,Nepalgovernment:2072)

Picture:SettlementofBarpakVillagebeforeearthquakePicture:Barpakvillageafterearthquake

Picture:Seismicwaveindifferenttypeoflandstructure(Source:Dr.T.N,p‐40:2015)

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Effectiveofearthquake

Sometimes, the surface of the earthmay crack due to the earthquake. In 1964, the earthquakeoccurredinAlaska,America;ithadcrackedthesurfaceoflandin1‐meterwideand10‐meterdepth.The landslideand floodwillbeoccurredat the timeof strongestearthquake. In1970, thestrongearthquakewaskilledmorethan18,000livesofpeople.Notonlythis,electricwirepiteachothermaybeoccurredfire.Itdamagesphysicalstructureofpeople.Thelargenumberofdestructionbytheearthquakewas firecaught.But recentearthquakeof thisyear inNepal, firecaughtdamagedwasminimal.Iftheepicenterwasmiddleoftheseaornearbyit,thetsunamicancausebigproblem.

If thebottom levelof the landwasmuddy, sandor clay,physical constructionof theseplaces isdanger.Physical construction inKathmanduwasdamagedmassivelywhichwereconstructivebythecement,rodandsand.BecauseofthisreasonwasbottomleveloflandofcoreKathmanduvalleyis clay, sandandblack clay.A largenumber ofworldheritagewerebuilt upmain core city.Thenumberofdamagedwaslargeontheseareasofthecity.Theboundarylevelofcitywasalsolargenumberofinfrastructuredamaged.Mostofthephysicalinfrastructuresweredamagedinthecoreof city and boundary level. On only inKathmandumetropolitan city but also popular for touristdestination and popular world heritage place named Bhaktapur Durbar square also was alsoserious destroyed property of human civilization. Comparatively, Patan Durbar squarewas safethanBhaktapurandKathmandu.Mostoftheworldheritageswerebuiltbythetraditionalmateriallikemudmixedwithoil,blackeyebeans,strawandbricks. Thesewereverystrongand friendlywiththeenvironment.

During themaintenance the cultural heritage ofNepalwereused cement, sand and brickwhichwerenotmeet combination between traditionalmaterials used foundation and cement. Itwas areasonbrokenofmanyculturalheritageofNepal.TheculturalheritagewhichwererecognizedbytheUNESCOwerenotfocusedtopropermaintenanceintimelywasalsomainreasonofdemolishedbytheshockofearthquake.ThestrongestearthquakeofNepalhasinfluencedthesourcesofgroundwater. A large number of well and tape which were built in long time ago (archeologicallyimportant)weredried

Map:Kathmandudamagedalargenumberofworldheritageareas

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GenesisofHimalayasandEarthquake

NepalisattheconversantboundaryofIndianandEurasianplates.Whentheseplatescollidewitheachother,theearthquakeoccursfrequently.Itcausedraisedthesurfaceoftheearthandpushedtoward south direction. Thisway the three geographical regions Himalayan, hilly and Terai hasformed.Therefore,HimalayanrangeformedfromMyanmartoAfghanistan,itwas2400K.Mlong.According to the Geologist, themountain started to formmore than 500million years ago (Dr.BhattraiT.N.,NepalmaBhukampakiyajokhim,P38:2015).ThenorthernsideHimalayasofNepalformed at the first of the history. According to the Geologist, Himalayas formed at first, thenMahabharata Parbat (middle range ofmountain) then chriya parbat (southern part ofmountainareas) of Nepal was younger mountain. During the formation of the hills many fault were alsoformed.Thefirstfaultwasformedsouthernpartofhighmountainrange.Itiscalledmainorcentralthrust or HFT. Two main faults were main boundary thrust formed on the southern part ofMahabharata parbat, it is called Himalayan thrust. This thrust has demarcated Tarai region andchuriyamountain(Nakata,1988).Thesefaultslengthentowardeast‐westdirectionandlie‐downatnortherndirection(Nakata,1988).

According to the Geologist, in present active fault isHimalayan fault. Anotherword, Australian‐IndianplateintrudesintochuriyaparbattowardstheHimalayanfrontalthrust.So,theAustralian‐Indian plate is pushing its northern part plate toward northern part. This kind of activities isactivatingnearthe20K.Mofdepthplacefromthe levelofearth.Therocksofplatearesuddenlybroke down. It produces earthquake. It means earthquake is occurring continuous all theHimalayanareaincludingNepal.

Map:MainFrontalthrustsareinsidethemapofNepal(Source:www.google.com)

StatusofearthquakeinNepal

Nepalhasnotgoodupdatedataabouttheearthquake.ItseemsthatNepalisdelayedonmeasuringtheearthquake.EvolutionofHimalayasbegantooccurearthquakeintheseareas.AccordingtothehistoryinB.S.1310(1367A.D)thenkingAvayaMallwasdiedcausedbyearthquake.Shortlythenafterearthquakeoccurredin1316B.S(1373A.D)hadlostlifemanypeople.ThebigearthquakehasoccurredmanytimesinNepalwhichisgivenbellowstable[Table1].

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PossibilitiesofrepeatingearthquakeinNepal

ThoughsmallearthquakeandaftershockoccurfrequentlyinHimalayanpartbutitisbigchallengeto knowwhen andwheremore than 6magnitude earthquakeswill occur. So, it is necessary toanalysis previous earthquake data and activities of fault. It seems that Australian‐Indian plate iscontinuouslymovedtothenorthbyusingsensordevicethroughthesatellites. Itcanbesaythatenergy continuously accumulated on these plates, so, in any time earthquake will be occur onnorthernmountainousareasofNepal.Perhaps, the factsalsoproved thatby theprevious strongearthquakeinHimalayanareas.Ifwelookatthewhole,theeasternpartfromtheKathmanduhasastrong earthquake at about 100 years once a time. But southern part from the Gorkha has notoccurredsuchtypeofstrongearthquake.Accordingtotheseismologist, it issaidthatearthquakewill be occur any time in theseplacehaving seismic gapbecause accumulated strain energyhasexceedtheenergytobeartheloadbytherocks.TheearthquakeoccurredinNepal25thApril2015,alsofulfillthesameconditionofseismic‐gapasmentionedbefore.But25thApril2015earthquakedidnotaffectedhuman lifeand infrastructure to thewesternpart fromPokhara. So, thewesternpart of Nepal is still in danger of destructive earthquake. After the 25th April 2015 destructiveearthquakehasminimized tooccurearthquakewhichepicenterwillbe inNepal in future.That’swhy, we do not worried for occurring earthquake because it is natural process but we mustcentralized tominimizedestructionof lifeofpeopleandmanmade infrastructureafteroccurringearthquake.

Massivedestructionfromthe25thApril2015earthquake

Themassivedestructionofmanlife,privatepropertyandpublicpropertyisnotmaintainedshortperiod.Itistoomuchdifficulttocalculateinvalueofcivilizationdestructionwhichwasmadefromtheancestor.But itdidnotmadebythehuman; it isaprocessofnature.Peopledevelopedmanypolicies,goodsandfoodsecurityforprosperityandfacilitiesofpupil.Butitdidnotsuccesstowinnaturalcalamities’fromtheinnovationoftechnology.

According to thegovernmentdatanoofdeadpeoplewere8,856 (Table2).The largenumbersofdead people were in Sindhupalchok district. Only in Sindhupalchok were 50% percent of deadpeople in totalnumbers. Thenumbersof injurypeoplewere22,302,whereas,Kathmanduwaslargenumber7859andsecondlargestnumberwasLalitpurdistrict. Accordingtothepopulationnumber the injured people in Sindhupalchowk (1571) was also large number to compareKathmanduandLalitpur.Accordingtothedata,fullydamagedprivatehouseinNepalwas602,257andgovernmentbuildingswere2673.Earthquakedamagedalargelyeducationinstitution.Mostoftheschoolsarenotre‐openyet.Thebadlydamageschoolnumberswere8,308.

According to the government agency (UNRCO/GOV. of Nepal) 16,458 big livestock like cow, ox,buffalo,donkeyandhorsesweredied,36,884smalltypesoflivestocklikepig,goat,andsheepweredied.Morethan4,60,805smalltypesoflivestockchicken,andduckweredied.

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Picture:Sindhupalchowk Picture:Kathmandu(Source:phototakenbytheAuthor)

Pictures:LalitpurandBhaktapur(Source:phototakenbytheAuthor)

Geo‐hazardsituationfromearthquake

The international‐inter‐agency geo‐hazards team has mapped 545 landslides. As the monsoonapproaches,thecachesofadditionallandslideswillincrease,asintenserainandrunoff,combinedwith slopes that have been destabilized by the earthquake and subsequent, aftershocks, willincreasethechancesofthatsteepandfragilevalleyslopescouldfail.

Assistanceacceptancefromthedifferentcountriesandinternationalorganizations[Table3]

Aftertheearthquake,Nepalgovernmenthasappealedwiththe internationalorganizationfortheforeignassistanceforhumanitariancrisis.Nepalhasseriouslyhitbythenaturaldisasterwhere,theNepaleseeconomicwasseriouslydamagedfromso‐calledpeoplewarofradicalcommunistpartyfor13years.Indiahasfirstlytakenhumanitarianassistancelikeblanket,tent,fastfood,waterandso on. The international organization like Red Cross, UN, different NGOs and INGOs has takenhumanitarianassistancewhichhadsupportedtosurvivorpeople.Thefriends’countrieslikeUS,UK,Japan, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh had supported food, shelter, medical appliances and

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emergencyassistancetothevictimpeople.Itgavethemlightoffuture,theywerenotalone,everyhumanarewiththem.

Conclusion

It can be said that Nepal is hazardous place of earthquake. But the interval time of earthquakeoccurredwasverylong.So,thepeoplewereforgettinglastvenerabilityandmassivedestructionofhumanandlivestockfromtheearthquake.FromtheearthquakeofNepalshowsthehumanpowerofresilienceofNepalesepeople isveryimportant.Peoplewereacceptedthatthenaturaldisasteroccurs as the rebirth of nature. In Nepali language “Bhagawan ko lila”, it means everything isprogressiveofgod.Religiously,HinduandBuddhistpeople take this typeofnatural calamities ispositively.

Theneedforstrongcooperationandcoordination,bothacrossNGOsandwiththegovernment,isaconsistentthemewithinhumanitarianaidliterature.Shortlyaftermonsoonscausedmassfloodingand landslides in mountainous district of Nepal. Government and other NGOs are necessary toestablish an emergency operation center in the post‐earthquake disaster, conduct situationalanalyses,andprovideimmediatereliefresourcestoruralvillages.Itisnecessarytofocusonbasicneeds of villages (e.g., food, water, sanitation, and hygiene). Most of earthquake disaster areaspeople are spending their life on open space and hut. So, they need emergency assistance forcomingcoldofwinterseason.Ifthegovernmentdoesnotprovidewarmshelter,clothesandfoodtothemontime,itwillinvitegreathumancrisis.

Due to the lackof strictbuilding code,Nepal ishigh‐riskarea forearthquakevenerable. So, it isnecessarytoimplementbuildingcodeandproperconstructionmateriallikerod,cementandbricks.Earthquakeisoneofthenaturalprocessesofearth,soitdoesnotnecessarytotakeunfortunateofown. It is necessary make strong heart, earthquake will occur at anytime and in anywhere.Earthquake gives chances to innovate new technology to make secure life for human. Manymanmade infrastructures likebridges,houses,damsandroadsareearthquakeproof thanbefore.We need to spend our lifemore comfortably, securely and lightly toowhich do not disturb ournormal life at the time of earthquake. Japan has made more secure houses and manmadeinfrastructurewhichisnecessarytolearntoourcountriesNepal.

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References

1. Gansser,A.,1964,GeologyofHimalaya,Intersciencepublisher

2. Keller,E.A.1999,Introductiontoenvironmentalgeology,Prentice‐Hall,Inc

3. Nakata, T., 1988. The uplifting of theHimalayas by active faults‐ An example of theNepalHimalayas‐. “HimalayanUpheaval” ed.Kizaki,K., Tsukiji‐Shokan, 129‐150. (inJapanese)

4. Pandey, M.R.; Tandukar, R.P.; Avouac, J.P.; Vergne, J.; Herritier, T. (1999),Seismotectonics of the Nepal Himalaya from a local seismic Network, In journal ofAsianEarthScience,17:703‐712.

5. Rajaoure, S., 2009. Possibilities and future prospective of Earthquake, Bulletins ofNepalGeologicalsociety,vol.26,pp.39‐44.

6. Nakarmi,M.,1997,HistoricalearthquakesandseismicriskreductioninNepal,bulletinofNepalGeologicalsociety,vol.14,pp.72‐79.

7. Pandey,M.,1999.EarthquakeriskinKathmanduValley,BulletinsofNepalGeologicalsociety,Vol.16,pp.66‐67.

8. GovernmentofNepal,NPC,2011,ClimateResiliencePlanning.

9. IDS(Nepal),PAC,GCAP,2014.EconomicImpactAssessmentofClimateChangeinKeySectorinNepal.

10. GovernmentofNepal,NPC,2066.NepalDevelopmentApproach:2030.

11. GovernmentofNepal(MinistryofHome),2039.NaturalDisasterAct,2039.

12. GovernmentofNepal(MinistryofHome),2066,NationalStrategyofNaturalDisasterManagement.

13. GovernmentofNepal,NPC,2072.PostDisasterNeedAssessment(PDNA),Kathmandu,Nepal

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Table1:SomestrongearthquakeoccurredinNepal

S.N YearofEarthquakeoccurred Yeardifferenceofearthquake Vibration

1. 1310B.S(1253A.D)

2. 1316B.S(1259A.D) 6years

3. 1464A.D(1404A.D) 148years

4. 1737A.D(1680A.D) 273years

5. 1738B.S(1681A.D) 1years

6. 1824B.S(1767A.D) 86years

7. 1866B.S(1809A.D) 42years

8. 1880B.S(1823A.D) 14years

9. 1890B.S(1833A.D) 10years

10. 1891B.S(1834A.D) 1year

11. 1990B.S(1933A.D) 99years 8.2Magnitude

12. 2072B.S(2015A.D) 82years 7.8Magnitude

Source:Dr.Bhattrai,T.N,2072:41

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Table2:Humancasualtiesandinfrastructuredestroyed

Source:MinistryofHome,DepartmentofDisasterReliefUNRCO/GOV.ofNepal

Region

District

Totalpopulation

Human casualties Infrastructure

Totalhousenumber

Dead Private

Central

KathmanduLalitpurBhaktapurSindhupalchokNuwakotDhadingRasuwaKavreDolkhaRamechhapMakawanpur

17,44,2404,68,1233,04,6512,87,7982,77,4713,36,06743,3003,81,9371,86,5572,02,6464,20,477

621671181497456340287129841616

6001072151943625393310189852317

7859305221011571105212187711179662135229

3697317,44418,90063,88557,94343,7417,04049,93348,88026,74315,012

27721702751149300285446

4363441,07,79768,63666,68859,21573,8519,7788072045,68843,91086,127

Western

Gorkha

2,71,061

213

230

952

44,382

228

66,506

M F

Injured Public

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Table3:Assistanceacceptancefromthedifferentcountriesandinternationalorganizations

Nameofcountry CashDonation HumanitarianAidandsupplies

OtherAid

InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties

$535,664.55emergencyfundactivated

Volunteers(first‐aid,search‐&‐rescue) Blood‐banksuppliestoareasinthecapital

MédecinsSansFrontières(DoctorsWithoutBorders)

Rapidinterventionsurgicalkitwith11‐memberteamleftKathmanduforGorkha(200kmnorth‐west)(61staffdeployed)

Waterandsanitation–makeshiftcamps–Tundikhel(Kathmandu),Bhaktapur(14kmeastofKathmandu),first‐aidmaterialtoBhaktapurhospital

EuropeanUnion $3.3million Aid,first‐responseteamsandcivil‐protectionexperts

Australia $15.86million

•$3,568,500totheUnitedNationsreliefeffort,$793,000totheWorldHealthOrganization,$793,000totheAustralianRedCross,$396,500totheRedRAustraliarelieforganization,$3.172millionforotherAustralianNGOs.

•2humanitarianexpertsandacrisis‐responseteaminitially.•70defensepersonnel,immigrationandotherfederalgovernmentofficialstodistributeaidandhelpwithevacuationefforts.

Bangladesh

•BAFLockheedC‐130Baircraftwith10tonesofreliefmaterials–tents,dryfood,water,blankets,etc.

A34‐memberteam(6militarymedicalteamsandforeignministryofficials).StrandedBangladeshisairlifted.

Canada

$4.16million;$832,000totheCanadianRedCross

ABoeingC‐17withsupplies–blankets,jerry‐cans,kitchensets,hygienekits,andtarps

150Canadiantroops;aDisasterAssistanceResponseTeam–30experts.

China $9.9millionTents,blankets,andgenerators;emergencyresponseforcitizens

ChinaInternationalSearchandRescueTeam(CISAR)–268members,26search‐&‐rescuedogs

CzechRepublic $791,378

A Boeing737 – blankets,medicalsupplies,waterandfood;andaspecialtraumateam.

36medicalworkersand13firefighters.Evacuated54Czechsand48EUcitizens.

Germany$68.34million(€60million),donatedbythepublic

Amobilemedicalcentre52reliefworkersteam–physicians,searchers,dogsquads.

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India

•8tonsofbabyfood•Over100tonsofmedicalsupplies

•75,000vialsofinsulin

•100,000bottlesofwatereverydayfromtheIndianRailways•43tonsofreliefmaterial•10tonsofblankets•Oxygenregenerators&cylinders•345tonsofreliefmaterial,dryfoodandessentialmedicinesfromthestategovernmentsofBiharandUttarPradesh

Rescueaid:•16NationalDisasterResponseForceteams,over1,000personnel,search‐&‐rescuedogs•ReliefsortiesbyIlyushinIl‐76,C‐130JHercules,C‐17Globemaster,AntonovAn‐32aircraft•UnmannedAerialVehicles(UAVs)•18membermedicalteam•3fieldhospitals•2mobileteamsofspecialistdoctors•41membermedicalteamfromthestateofRajasthan•IndianAirForcerapidactionmedicalteam•45bedhospitalatLagankhel•Lightvehicles•Earthmovingequipment•36+vehicles–ambulancesandwatertankers

Indonesia $2million2Boeing737‐400s belongingtotheIndonesianArmedForcesandGarudaIndonesia.

66personnelofSARandMedicalteam

Israel

Three IAF Hercules andtwoElAlBoeing747‐400jetscarryingajointIDFandMFAsearch‐&‐rescueteamand95tonsofequipmentincludingafieldhospital.

264personsearch‐&‐rescueteam,includingphysicians.

Netherlands

$4.45millionbythegovernmentand$25.394.275,18raisedbyGIRO555Action.

5tonsofreliefsupplies 62‐manand8‐dogteam;severalphysicians,nurses,andengineers

Norway$63million(asof25.05.2015).

SearchandRescueteam,consistingofsearchdogs,emergencymedicalpersonnelandfirefightersandequipment

Pakistan

Four LockheedC‐130 planeswitha30‐bedhospital,2,000militarymeals,600blankets,200tents,andotherassortedreliefitems

Militaryemergencypersonnelincludingarmydoctors,medicalstaff,andthecombinedERRA‐NDMA'sspecialsearchandrescueteamswithsnifferdogs

Qatar

2aircraftwith60tonsofreliefmaterials,suchasfood,medicines,powergenerators,andtents;2additionalaircraftwith120tonsofreliefmaterials,

Aidoperations

Russia Two IlyushinIl‐76 airplaneswith'ateamof90rescuersandrescueequipment.

50highlyskilledrescueworkers

Singapore $100,000 60membersoftheSingaporeCivilDefenseForce.

SouthKorea $1million

Sindhupalchokarea•1000tents•Foodpackagesfor230families

42searchandrescueworkersincluding15medicsandtwoassistants.Twosnifferdogs.

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Spain 30tonsofhumanitarianaid,includingmorethan3,200blankets,1680awnings.

47soldiersoftheMilitaryEmergenciesUnitandsevenagentsoftheCivilGuard,with60tonsofmaterial.

SriLanka

SLAFC‐130HerculesflightandSriLankanAirlinesAirbusA330flightwith17tonsofmedicine.

Groupsofspecialistphysicians,othermedicalstaff,andmedicine;44SriLankaArmedForcespersonneland4medicalconsultants;ateamof156persons,including11airmen,4medicalconsultants,and14sailors;97servicepersonnel:72SriLankaArmypersonnel.

Switzerland $26.7million(fundraising) 38tonsofreliefsupplies Experts,includingaphysician,abuilding

surveyor,andawaterqualitytechnician

Thailand

$200,000bygovernment$302,000bytheking$5.56millionbythepublic

Medicsandrescuestaff

UnitedKingdom

$130million(£83million),ofwhich$51million(£33million)wasdonatedbythegovernmentand$79million(£50million)wasdonatedbythepublic

30tonsofhumanitarianaidand8tonsofequipment

Around100searchandrescueresponders,medicalexperts,anddisasterandrescueexpertsdeployedbytheDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment;engineersfromtheBritishArmy'sBrigadeofGurkhas;threeChinookhelicopters(returnedunusedbytheNepalesegovernment)

UnitedStates

$10millionbygovernment,thepublicdonatesseparatelythroughseveralagencies

AdisasterresponseteamfromUSAID;UrbanSearchandRescueVirginiaTaskForce1fromFairfaxCounty,ArmyGreenBeretsoldiers;100Marines;twohelicoptersandfourV‐22OspreyVTOLaircraft

Indonesia $2million

2Boeing737‐400s belongingtotheIndonesianArmedForcesandGarudaIndonesia,flewwith6tonsofreliefsupplies–blankets,bodybags,food,waterhospitalandsleepingtents,medicalequipment:andmedicines

66personnelofSARandMedicalteam

Israel

Three IAF Hercules andtwoElAlBoeing747‐400jetscarryingajointIDFandMFAsearch‐&‐rescueteamand95tonsofequipmentincludingafieldhospital.

264personsearch‐&‐rescueteam,includingphysicians.

Japan $8.4million EmergencyreliefsuppliesworthUS$210,000

70experts– ForeignMinistry,theNationalPoliceAgency,andJICA,alongwithrescuers,search‐&‐rescuedoghandlers,communicationspecialists,physicians,andfieldcoordinators

Malaysia 20doctors– MercyMalaysia;30‐manrescueteam–SpecialMalaysiaDisasterAssistanceandRescueTeam

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