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7/17/2019 Neraca Massa Sekam
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7
8Reaktor
12
45°C 100oC
Neraca Massa
Selulosa
Hemiselulosa
Lignin
Abu
Air
Asam Sulfat
Air Steam 180oC
Kondensat 180oC
Selulosa
Hemiselulosa
Lignin
Abu
lukosa
!"losa
Asam Sulfat
Air
Neraca massa total
7/17/2019 Neraca Massa Sekam
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F12
= F8
+ F7
F8
= 1050 kg/jam
Alur 7
Berdasarkan lteratur ar !ang dtam"a#kan se"an!ak 50$ dar jumla# "a#an "aku
!ang masuk %No&tr' Amela dan Lst!an' 200()' maka
*2 , FA7
= 0'50 - F8
= 0'50 - 1050
= 525 kg/jam
Alur 12
.omoss ada alur 8 ,
F8
= 12 kg/jam
F*8 1 k /j
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N 6 s s= N
% *105)100 + 100 *2 100 *12
elulosa Ar lukosa
engan kon&ers reaks 7 $9 % Badger' 2002 )
N8
= 390
162 100= 0,024 /
NAr = 613
18= 34,055 /
n n
s s − N out %:eklats' 1(8)
N
8
6 =N
8
; N
12
N12
= N8
% 1 < 6 )
N12
= 0'023 % 1 ; 0'7 )
N
12
0 0057 k l/j
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= 2'3 kmol/jam -180
= 32 kmol/jam
F12
= N13
- BM selulosa
F12
= 0'0057 - 12 -100 = ('12 kg/jam
FA
12
= NA
11
- BM ar
FA12
= 1'55 - 18 = 5('7( kg/jam
dalam reaktor #drolsa "erlangsung reaks enguraan #emselulosa menjad
-!lose' dengan reaks se"aga "erkut,H2SO
4
% 5*83 )n + n *2 n 5*105
*emselulosa Ar 6!losa
dmana' n = 100 ; 200 %llman>s' 1(80)
d "l 100 k k j d
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N*12
= N*8
% 1 ; 6* )
N*12
= 0'0203 % 1 ; 0'( )
N*12
= 0'00203 kmol/jam
N*12
!ang "ereaks = 0'0203 ; 0'00203
N*12
!ang "ereaks = 0'018 kmol/jam
% 5*83 )100 + 100 *2 100 5*105
*emselulosa Ar 6!losa
Mula<mula , 0'0203 kmol 3'055 kmol <
:eaks , 0'0203 kmol 2'03 k mol 0'203 k mol
*asl , < 2'015 kmol 0'203 kmol
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A"u , FA"u12
= FA"u8
= 88 kg/jam
Ar , FA12
= 1 + %5('7( + 57'27)
= 175('0 kg/jam
*23 , F*2312
= 30 kg/jam
lukosa , F12
= 32 kmol/jam
6!lose , F612
= 0'0 kmol/jam
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7
Ar 88 525 175('0
*23 30 < 30
lukosa < < 32
6!lose < < 0'0
830 525 278'2
278'2 278'2
LA.6 FILTE !E"" I
Selulosa
HemiselulosaLignin
15
Abu
Ai
17
F#l$er !ress I
16
Selulosa
Hemiselulo
sa Lignin
Abu
!lu"os
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Ar = F
Ar
a a
a
F = F
Ar , F1
15Ar - 0'(0
F1
= 175('0- 0'(0 = 158'153 kg/jam
*23 , F *231
= F *2315
- 0'(0
F *231
= 30 - 0'(0 = kg/jam
6!lose , F6!lose1
= F6!lose15
- 0'(0
F6!lose1
= 0'0 - 0'(0 = 27'53 kg/jam
lukosa , Flukos1
= Flukos15
- 0'(0
Flukos1
= 32- 0'(0 = 88'80 kg/jam
Maka neraca massa total dalur 1 ,
1 1Ar + F *23
1+ F6!lose
1+ Flukosa
1
= 158'153 + + 27'53 + 88'80 = 205'3(3kg/jam
Alur 17
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*23 , F *2317
= F *2315
< F *231
= 30 ; = 3 kg/jam
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*2175('0 < 175('0
*2330 < 30
6!lose0'0 < 0'0
lukosa28'2 < 2'82
Fltrat
*2
< 175'(0 <
*23< <
6!lose< 27'53 <
glukosa< 88'80 <
To$al 278'2 205'3(3 278'2
278'2
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(
*2+*2+3
*2+*2+3
10
F<217
.arolaktam*2 *2+3
11
Neraca massa e&aorator
F(
= F10
+ F11
Asums ' e?sens e&aorator 80 $
F*2311
= F*23(
- 0'80
= 30 - 0'80 = 2 kg/jam
F*2310
= F*23(< F*23
11
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.omonen %kg/jam)
Alran ( Alran 10 Alran 11*23
30 8 2
*2 88 17' 70'3
4otal128 25' 102'3
128 128
LA.7 MI'E
Selulosa
Hemiselulosa
17Lignin
Abu
Ai
!lu"os
rea
18
M6B:
!lu"osa
19 #$losa
Ai
!$%su
m
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F *2317
= F *231(
= 3kg/jam
F17
= 278'2
.omoss d alur 18 ,
Berdasarkan lteratur rea !ang dtam"a#kan se"an!ak 0$ dar jumla# "a#an "aku!ang masuk9 Maka ,
Alur 18,
Frea18
= F17
- 0'0
= 278'2- 0'0
= 85'8( kg/jam
Asam sul?at !ang terssa dar emsa#an e&aoras akan "ereaks dengan a%*)2
meng#aslkan gsum %a3) dengan reaks se"aga "erkut,
* + %N* ) 2N* + 2*
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F17
urea = N17
F1(
Ar = %88 ; % - N1(
Asam)) kg/jamDDDD9%2)
Alur 1(
N17
sum = N17
Asam
F17
sum = N17
Asam - 1 kg/kmolDDDD9%)
N17
urea = N17
Asam
Asam - 73 kg/kmolDDDD9%3)
LA. 8 FEMET
H#$%4&'H4(2S%4
Saccharomyces
lukosa 21
22 24 25
*tanol
2+ Air
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4otal glukosa F2
= F21
+ lukosa #asl #drolsa
= %32+ 77'70) kg
= 78'1(2 kg
lukosa ada alur 21 se"an!ak 32 kg karena !ang terkon&ers (0$ ' maka,
Eang "ereaks se"an!ak , (0
- 32 kg =88'8 kg/jam100
lukosa ada alur 2'F2
= 0'1F21
= 0'1 - 32 kg = 3'2 kg/jam
lukosa !ang "ereaks ' N21
= 88'8<3'2 = 35' kmol
Berdasarkan stokometr 1'28 kmol glukosa ek&alen dengan 2'5 kmol etanol dan
ek&alen dengan 2'55 kmol 29
2
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sc
% N*3)23 = 0'3$ total su"strat % 9 um"ra sa>d' 1(83 )
*@3 = 0'3$ total su"strat
accarom!ces , F25
= 5 $ - total su"strat
= 0'05 - 520 kg = 2 kg/jam
% N*3)23 = 0'3$ total su"strat
= 0'3 $ - 520 kg
= 208 kg
*@3 = 0'3$ total su"strat
= 0'3 - 520 kg
= 208 kg
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LA. * FILTE !E"" II
*tanol
Air
lukosa
!"losa
27
)ilter ,ress2- *tanol
Air
Saccharomyces 28
Air
SaccharomycesGlukosa Xylosa
#arakan keseluru#an saccarom!ces tersarng dan tdak mengandung ar 10$9
Neraca massa glukosa
lukosa masuk alur 27 = glukosa keluar 28
F27
= F28
= 32 kg
F6!losa27
= F6!losa28
= '0 kg/jam
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Ar
F = F ; F
F Ar28
= 0'1 - F27
= 0'1 - 88 kg
= 8'8 kg
2(Ar
27Ar Ar
28= % 88 ; 8'8 ) kg
= 7('2 kg
4otal keluaran dar alur 2( adala# ,
tanol , F2(
= 118'0 kg
Ar , = 7('2 kg
Maka ,
F2(
= % 118'0 + 7('2 ) kg = 1(7'2 kg
ar total keluaran dar alur 20 d atas maka derole# ,
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LA.1+ MEAA ,I"TILA"I
#7#8
#-
*tanol#2
Air#4
*tanol
air
40
Air
##
#+
.omoss destlat adala# se"aga "erkut,
F31
t = 118'0 kg/jam N31
t = 2'5 kmol/jam
F31
Ar = 7('2 kg/jam N31
Ar = 5'5 kmol/jam
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Neraca massa total,
F = +
F - 0'02( = 8'0 - 0'18+ %F ; 8'0) - 0'81
F = 3'51(8 kmol/jam
= ; F = %8'0 < 3'51(8) kmol/jam = '532 kmol/jam
Alur 2
N2
tanol = 6F - F = 0'02( - 3'51(8 kmol/jam = 0'1387 kmol/jam
N2Ar = %1 ; 6F) - F = 3'71 kmol/jam
F2
tanol = 0'1387 kmol/jam - 3 kg/kmol = '8302 kg/jam
F2
Ar = 3'71 kmol/jam - 18 kg/kmol = 78'78 kg/jam
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@enentuan ttk gelem"u ng %bubble point ) uman ,
4ekanan a dtentukan dengan rumus ln @ %k@a) = A ; B / %4 + ) %k@a' .)
a9 Meng#tung temeratur jenu# masng masng komonen
Asums @sat
etanol = @sstem
= 70 mm*g = 101'25 k@a
@sat
ar = @sstem
= 70 mm*g = 101'25 k@a
4 = B
< A < ln @
4sat
ar = (85'33
+ 8'((73 = 7'302 . 1'52 < ln 101'25
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"
"=
sat @ 101'25@ "
=
6a9⟨ AB + 6"
=0'(719 0'3385 + 0'02(
= 217'102 k@a
e9 Meng#tung 4 dar @sat
dar ersamaan Antone
4sat
32'5
1'1(52 < ln 217'102+ 55'7152 = 72'2778 .
lang langka# c' d' dan e #ngga 4 kon&ergen9
ar #asl teras' ddaatkan "a#Ha #arga 4 = 72'2(5( . = (('135(o
@enentuan t tk g e le m " u ng %bubble p oint) b o ttom ,
a9 Meng#tung temeratur jenu# masng masng komonen
Asums @sat
etanol = @sstem
= 70 mm*g = 101'25 k@a
@sat
ar = @sstem
= 70 mm*g = 101'25 k@a
B
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"
"
"=
c9 Meng#tung #arga ⟨BA ada 4 rata<rata
Gat 4 @Ar %a)
tanol %")
7'3030
7'3030
101'171
225'18
@a⟨AB =
@"= 0'33(1
d9 Meng#tung @sat
sat @ 101'25@ "
=6a9⟨
AB+ 6"
= = 225'08 k@a0'((((9 0'33(1 + 0'0001
e9 Meng#tung 4 dar @sat
dar ersamaan Antone
4sat
32'5
1'1(52 < ln 225'08+ 55'7152 = 7'3027 .
lang langka# c' d' dan e #ngga 4 kon&ergen9
o
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Gat E 4
Ar %a)
tanol %")
0'0838
0'(152
7'302
51'38 "9 Meng#tung 4 rata<rata
@9E = 69 @sat
.arena dasumskan @ = @sat
' maka 6 = E
Gat E 4
Ar %a)
tanol %")
0'0838
0'(152
7'302
51'38
4 rata<rata = ∑ 6 9 4 = 5'2((8 .
c9 Meng#tung #arga ⟨AB ada 4 rata<rata
Gat 4 @
Ar %a) 5'2((8 37'2725
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4a"el LA919 ata kesetm"angan sstem etanol<ar ada tekanan 1 atm
No 6 E
1 0 0
2 0'020 0'1(2
0'050 0'77
3 0'100 0'5275 0'200 0'5
0'00 0'71
7 0'300 0'73
8 0'500 0'771
( 0'00 0'7(3
10 0'700 0'822
11 0'800 0'85812 0'(00 0'(12
1 0'(30 0'(32
13 0'(0 0'(5(
15 0'(80 0'(78
1 1'00 1'00
%eankols' 200)
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Y
ars oeras1 enrc#ng ada :m
0.-
0.8
0.7
0.+
0.5
0.4
0.#
E>
=0.
02
'2(5
/ line
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.# 0.4 0.5 0.+ 0.7 0.8 0.- 1
X6F = 0'02(
6 = 0'18 6 = 0'81
@er#tungan :e?lu- mnmum ,
:m=
6
< !I=
0'18 < 0'2(5= 0'080
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Y
1
0.-
0.8
21
3
5
0.7
0.+
)eed tra"
0.5
0.4
0.#E>= 0'2(5
0.27
0.1
80
0 0.1 0.2 0.# 0.4 0.5 0.+ 0.7 0.8 0.- 1
6F = 0'02( X
6 = 0'18 6 = 0'81
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F7
Ar = %1 ; 6) 9 Jn 9 Mr = 235'783( kg/jam
Alur
F
tanol = F2
"oetanol + F
"oetanol = 215'525 + 111'182 = 2'707kg/jam
F
Ar = F
2
Ar + F
Ar =78'78 + 20'22 = (( kg/jam
Alur 3
F3
tanol = F
"oetanol ; F
"oetanol = 2'707; 111'182 = 215'525 kg/jam
F
3
Ar = F
Ar ; F
Ar = (( ; 20'22 = 78'78 kg/jam
7/17/2019 Neraca Massa Sekam
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%K/mol9. )
1098(
* 795
1'32
N 18'73
%@err!' 1((7)
umus me$o4e urs$ 4an arr#son
n
= ∑ ⊆ i 9∆
Ei
i =1
mana ,
= .aastas anas adatan ada 2(8'15 . %K/mol9.)
n = Kumla# unsur atom !ang "er"eda dalam sen!aHa
N = Kumla# unsur atom dalam sen!aHa
∆ Ei
= Nla dar kontr"us unsur atom ada ta"el 2 < (
!er#$ungan panas penguapan
= n9 ∆*&" %mt# dan Jan Ness' 1(75)
o
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f 2(8
∆∩
f 2(8
∆
∆∩
∆∩
f 2(8
∆∩
∆
∆∩
= <802((8000 K/mol
Meng#$ung ∆∩ 0 em#selulosa ((%8<)1=+)
0
f 2(8 = 509% <*< ) + (09% <*< ) + 109% << )
= 509%<1'2() + (09%<3'8) + 109%<23'2)
= <8837(00 K/mol
Meng#$ung ∆∩ 0 glukosa
0 f 2(8 = 9%<*<) + 1%<*<) + 39 %<*<) + 19 %<*2<)
0 f 2(8 = 9%<3'8) + 19%<2('71) + 39%<1'2() + 19%<3'(3)
0 f 2(8 = <1270(2 K/mol
Meng#$ung ∆∩0
>:losa 0 f 2(8 = 39%<*<) + 1%<<) + 39 %<*<) + 19 %<*2<)
0 f 2(8 = 39%<3'8) + 19%<23'2) + 39%<1'2() + 19%<3'(3)
0 f 2(8 = <87((00 K/mol
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∑ i f 250
C produk ∑ i9 f 25
0C reak tan
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f 250C f 25
0C
) 0 2= [10009∆∩
0C
∩
12
O
]− [19∆∩0 (C
H
10O
5 1000+ 10009∆∩
0
f 25 C H O]
= [10009(− 1270(2)] J / mol − [19(− 802((8000) + 10009(− 23270)] J / mol
= <225203000 K/mol
:eaks , *12 Saccharomyces 22*5* + 22
∆*r25o =[ ⌠ 9∆∩0
] − [ ⌠ ∆∩0
]∑ i f 250
C produk ∑ i9 f 250
C reak tan
= [29∆∩0
C ∩ OH + 29∆∩0 CO ]− [19∆∩0
(C H O )] f 25
0C 2 5 f 25
0C 2 f 25
0C 12
= [29%−25703) + 2%−(5010)] J / mol − [19(− 1270(2)] J / mol
= (53 K/mol
:eaks J , *23 + %N*2)2 2N* + %3)
∆*r25o = [ ⌠ 9∆∩0 ] − [ ⌠ ∆∩
0 ]∑ i f 250
C produk ∑ i9 f 25
0C reak tan
0 0O
0H
0
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39 lukosa
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= 9%<*<) + 19%<=) + 39%<*<) + 19%<*2<)
*
= 9%10'7) + 19%12') + 39%3'3) + 19%7'2)
= 101'72 kal/mol9.
= 327'223 K/mol9.
59 tanol %2*5*)
l = 112'723 K/mol9. %:eklats' 1(8)
g = 5' K/mol9. %:eklats' 1(8)9 Ar %*2)
l = 73'8781 K/mol9. %:eklats' 1(8)
g = '5(33 K/mol9. %:eklats' 1(8)
79 Asam ul?at %*23)
= 0'3 kal/g0
%@err!' 1((7)= 1('(33 K/mol9.
89 A"u %a)
= 1('8 + 0'0118(94<07004<2
%@err!' 1((7)
= 1('75(3 kal/mol9.
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= 17'11(0 K/mol9.
139 Ammonum ul?at %%N*3)23)
= 51' kal/mol9. %@err!' 1((7)
= 21'72 K/mol9.
159 Saccharomyces
= 282 K/mol9.
#la# panas la$en penguapan/en$alp# penguapan (∆&l) un$uk komponen
19 tanol %2*5*)
∆*&l = 8577' K/mol %:eklats' 1(8)
29 Ar %*2)
∆*&l = 305'2 K/mol %:eklats' 1(8)
4a"el LB93 Berat Molekul dan 4tk d# .omonen
Berat molekul komonen %gr/mol) 4tk dd# %0)
lukosa 180 13
6!losa 150 15
Asam ul?at (8 30
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0 0 0
∫ d42(8
+ N*em ∫ d4
2(8
+ NLg ∫
2(8
0 0 0
1. Tangk# -erpenga4uk (MT5118)
Asam
Sulfat
o
Air $endingin
25oC
SelulosaSelulosa
Hemiselulosa #
5 40 C +
8
Hemiselulosa
LigninLignin
Abu Air
25o
C
angki45C Abu AsamSulfat Air
Air $endingin ekas 45oC
@anas masuk = Nel d4 +
NA"u ∫
2(8
d4 + NAr ∫
2(8
d4 + N5Asam ∫
2(8
d4
4a"el LB95 @er#tungan @anas Masuk ada :eaktor @encamur
Alur Komponen Massa (kg) -M (kg/kmol) (kmol) ?p 4T @(k/jam)
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@anas !ang dleaskan ,
c = out ; n
= %112(3'08; 07'721) kK/jam
= 8925'7 kK/jam4anda ost? %+)' "erart memerlukan anas se"esar 1020'355( .K/jam' maka untukmemenu# anas n' dgunakan saturated steam !ang masuk ada su#u 35 P ada
1 atm9e#ngga jumla# steam !ang d"utu#kan adala# ,
m = c
*%35°) − *%25°)
= 1020'355( kK/ jam
%188'35 − 103'8() kK/kg
= 8925'7
kg/jam8'5
= (8'807 kg/jam
2. eak$or #4rol#sa (5211)
Air Steam 180oC
Selulosa
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100
7
o o7 7
∆*r100 = ∆*r25 + C*12 ∫ 18
d4 + C%*105)1000 ∫ 18
d4 + C*2 ∫ 18
d4
∆*ro = <1(87(57'202 kK/kmol
r 2∆*r2 = <251381'332 kK/jam0
@anas Masuk :eaktor *drolsa = @anas .eluar tangk "erengaduk + N7Ar ∫
2(8
d4
= (1('31 kK/jam + 1108582'817 kK/jam
= 1805202'351 kK/jam
7
@anas keluar = N12el ∫
18
7
d4 + N12*em ∫
18
7
d4 + N12Lg ∫
18
d4 +
7
N12A"u ∫
18
7
d4 + N12lu ∫
18
7
d4 + N126!l ∫
18
7
d4 +N12Ar ∫
18
7
d4 + N12Asam ∫
18
d4
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Selulosa Selulosa
Hemiselulosa Hemiselulosa
Lignin Lignin
Abu 12 15 Abu
lukosa
!"losa100
oC #0
oC lukosa
!"losa
=35098(3'1 kK/jam
201'1 kK/kg
= 22'(80 kg/jam4a"el LB98 Neraca @anas :eaktor *drolsaKomponen Masuk (k/jam) Keluar (k/jam)
man 112(3'08 <
@roduk < 32188'((
@anas :eaks 17(7953 <
team <3839830 <
4otal 28973'((1 32188'((
=. Cooler (E5212)
Cooler
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11802'7000
Lgnn ( 1500 0'030 <11(000'00 <71'0000
A"u 88 100 0'8800 <580('271 <5112'1551
Ar 175('00 18 (7'725 <5231'3( <512223'(77Asam ul?at 30 (8 0'3082 <(7('0800 <((8'3000
lukosa 28'20 180 1'8230 <2((05'80 <53537'(0
6!losa 0'0 150 0'2030 <221'30 <351'773
To$al <5882('781
@anas !ang dleaskan ,
c = n ; out
= %32188'((<5882('781) kK/jam
= <129051'82 kK/jam
Ar endngn !ang derlukan adala# ,
4a"el LB910 Neraca @anas Cooler
Komponen Masuk (k/jam) Keluar (k/jam)man 32188'(( <
@roduk < <129051'82
Ar @endngn < <58892('781
4otal 32188'(( <329188'((
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0
@anas masuk = N17lu ∫
0
0
d4 + N176!l ∫
0
0
d4 + N17Asam ∫
0
d4 +
0
N17Ar ∫
0
0
d4 + N18rea ∫
0
d4
4a"el LB911 @er#tungan @anas Masuk ada Mixer
Alur Komponen Massa (kg) -M (kg/kmol) (kmol) ?p 4T @(k/jam)
17
lukosa 2'820 180 0'1823 0'0000 0
6!losa '000 150 0'0203 0'0000 0Asam ul?at 3 (8 0'0308 0'0000 0
Ar 175('0 18 (7'725 0'0000 0
18 rea 85'8( 73 11'2(5( 0'0000 0
To$al 0
0
@anas keluar = N1(lu ∫
0
0
d4 + N1(6!l
∫ 0
0
d4 + N1(Ar
∫ 0
d4 +
0
N1(sum ∫
0
d4
4a"el LB912 @er#tungan @anas .eluar ada Mixer
Alur Komponen Massa (kg) -M (kg/kmol) (kmol) ?p 4T @(k/jam)
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H#$%4 Sa6arom"es
&'H4(2S%4 Air $endingin 25oC
lukosa
!"losa
22 #0oC
21o
24 #0oC 25 #0
oC
)ermentor2+
*tanol
Air lukosa
Air #0 C #0oC
2# #0oC
!"losa
Sa6arom"es
C%2 Air $endingin ekas 45oC
:eaks , *12 2 2*5* + 2 2
r 1 = 11'8373 kmol/jam
∆*r25o = (53 kK/kmol
0
∆*r0o = ∆*r25
o + C2*5* ∫
2(8
∆*r0o = 8(01'23 kK/kmol
r 1∆*r1 = 10182'82 kK/jam
0
d4 + C2 ∫ 2(8
0
d4 + C*12 ∫ 2(8
d4
18
@anas masuk = N21lu ∫
0
18
d4 + N216!l ∫
0
18
d4 + N21Ar ∫
0
d4 +
18
N22*@3 ∫
18
d4+N23%N*3)23 ∫
18
d4+N25acc#arom!ces ∫ d4
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0
@anas keluar = N22 ∫
18
0
d4 + N2lu ∫
18
0
d4 + N26!l ∫
18
d4 +
0
N2Ar ∫
18
0
d4 + N2tanol ∫
18
d4
4a"el LB915 @er#tungan @anas .eluar ada Fermentor
Alur Komponen Massa (kg) -M (kg/kmol) (kmol) ?p 4T @(k/jam)
2 2 112'(02 332'50
<53'18 <1337'2(
2
lukosa 2892 180 1'8230 <308' <1188'83(
6!losa 9000 150 0'0203 <37(1'78 <(7'752
Ar 88 18 3'888( <738'781 <09705
tanol 11890 3 2'50 <1(0'83 <38'75
Saccharomyces 73'12 200 0'70 <320 <157'75
To$al <0(589850
@anas !ang dleaskan ,
c = n ; out + r 1∆*r1
= %%1011'2);%<0(58'850) + 10182'82)) kK/jam= 152'8kK/jam
Ar endngn !ang derlukan adala# ,
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Steam 180oC
*tanol #1Heater
#2 *tanol
Air #0oC -0
oC Air
Kondensat 180oC
@anas Masuk = N1tanol ∫
0
d4 + N1Ar ∫
0
d4
4a"el LB917 @er#tungan @anas Masuk ada Heater
Alur Komponen Massa (kg) -M (kg/kmol) (kmol) ?p 4T @(k/jam)
1tanol '8302 3 0'1387 7'3551 1005'7258
Ar 78'78 18 3'710 10(7'7830 37(8'31(
To$al 5803'1(
@anas .eluar = N2tanol ∫
0
l d4 + N2tanol 9 O*&l + N2
tanol ∫ 0
& d4 +
N2Ar d4
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= 0'53( kg/jam
4a"el LB91( Neraca @anas Heater
Komponen Masuk (k/jam) Keluar (k/jam)man 5803'1( <
@roduk < 881'081
Steam 0'53( <
4otal 5803'735 881'081
7. Kon4ensor 1 (E5<1%)
Air $endingin 25oC
*tanol
Air #7 #8
Kondensor -0
oC 80
oC
*tanol
Air
Air $endingin ekas 45oC
5
@anas Masuk = N7tanol ∫
5
l d4 + N7tanol 9 O*&l + N7
tanol ∫
& d4 +
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5
+N8Ar ∫
d4
4a"el LB921 @er#tungan @anas .eluar ada .ondensor 1
Alur Komponen Massa(kg)
-M (kmol) ?pl 4T ?p&4T
B&l @(k/jam)
8
tanol
152'((7
3
8'570 2253'385
112'5( 8577' 2888337'5(
Ar 235'783( 18 13'(881 13(7'51 22012'588(
To$al 108571'1855
@anas !ang dleaskan ,
c = n ; out
= %231170'12(1 ; %108571'1855)) kK/jam=<((00'0 kK/jam
Ar endngn !ang derlukan adala# ,
m = c
*%35°) − *%25°)
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##Reboiler
#4
-0oC 100
oC
#+ -0oC
Steam 180oC
*tanol
Air *tanol
Air
*tanol
Air Kondensat 180
oC
7
@anas Masuk = Ntanol ∫
7
l d4 + Ntanol 9 O*&l + Ntanol ∫
& d4 +
7
NAr ∫
d4
4a"el LB92 @er#tungan @anas Masuk ada eboiler
Alur Komponen Massa(kg) -M (kmol) ?pl 4T ?p&4T B&l @(k/jam)
tanol
2'707
3
7'1021127'232
5
5'2( 8577'
2855'830
Ar (( 18 5'5 738'780 3118'2(1
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= %287203'287; 2(0773'1571) kK/jam= <5('(183 kK/jam
Steam !ang d"utu#kan adala# ,
m =
* JL
< 5('(183 kK/ jam=
201'1 kK/kg
= <1'773 kg/jam
4a"el LB925 Neraca @anas eboiler
Komponen Masuk (k/jam) Keluar (k/jam)man 2(0773'1571 <
@roduk < 287203'287
Steam <1'773 <
4otal 2(077('83 287203'287
*. Evaporator (FE5217)
Steam 180oC
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4a"el LB9 0 @er#tungan @anas .eluar ada E!aporator 1
Alur Komponen Massa (kg) -M (kmol) ?p 4T ?p&,$
B&l @(k/jam)
10
Asamul?at
10 (80'1020 (7('0800
0((('
Ar 22 18 1'2222 5231'3( 0 30'27
13 Ar 88 18 3'888( 5231'3( 0 305'2 252'(37
To$al 00'7831
@anas !ang d"utu#kan ,
c = out ; n
= %00'7831; 702('183) kK/jam= <((8'( kK/jam
Steam !ang d"utu#kan adala# ,
m =
* JL
< ((8'(= kK/jam
201'1 kK/kg
= <1'(81 kg/jam
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LAM!IA
!EIT0A "!E"IFIKA"I !EALATA
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Laju alr massa' " = 1000 kg/jam
enstas jeram ad' % = 700 kg/m
% Anonm #
$%%& ) Lama enamungan = 1 "ulan
.e"utu#an jeram ad %m) = 1000k'
x0 hari
x23 (am
(am 1bulan 1har i
= 720000 kg
Jolume jeram ad %JBj) =m
⟩
=720000 k'
700 k' / m
= 1028'57 m
Faktor kelonggaran' f k = 20 $ %@err!' 1((()
J l %J) %1 f ) J
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= 2'5 h -2 h -h
= 5 h
* h =
+
5
123'283 m
=
5
= '215 m
maka'
) = 2'5 h
= 2'5 - '215 m
= 15'57 m
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Kens , Screw con!eyor
Ba#an .onstruks , carbon steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
4ekanan = 1 atm
Laju alr , 1000 kg/jam
Faktor kelonggaran , 20$
.aastas total con!eyor = 1'2 ⋅ Laju massa komonen
= 1'2 ⋅ 1000 kg/jam
= 1200 kg/jam = 235'52 l"m/jam
enstas Keram ad = 700 kg/m
= 3'88 l"m/?t
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S = :m con!eyor
= Laju alr &olumetrk %?t/jam)
G = tngg con!eyor %?t)
m = massa "a#an "aku %l"m/jam)
= 235'52 l"m/jam / 3'88 l"m/ ?t
= 0'55 ?t/jam
aka 1 unt con!eyor maka laju alr &olumetrk jeram ad !ang dangkut ole#
ta con!eyor = 0'55 ?t/jam / 1 = 0'55 ?t
/jam
S =
Jolume j eram ad - rm maksmal
.aastas maksmal
= 0'55 ?t/jam - 35 rm / (50 ?t
/jam
= 2'8 rm = rm
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.onds oeras , 0o U 1 atm
Laju alr "a#an "aku , 1000 kg/jam
Faktor kelonggaran , 20 $
Asums dameter aHal uman %jeram ad) = 100 mm = 100'000 m
ameter ak#r setela# roses = 0'1 mm = 100 m
.aastas alat = (1 + 0'2) x1000 k' / (am = 1200 kg/jam
ar #alaman 82( @err!' 1((7' dl# te rotary knife cutter dengan ses?kas ,
@anjang sau = 21 cm
Ba#an konstruks = Stainless steel
.eceatan utaran = (20 rm
@oHer = 5 *
Kumla# cutter = 5 "ua#
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Faktor kelonggaran % f k ) = 20 $ -.erry and +reen# /00&1
kuran artkel = 0'1 mm
.aastas % K ) = " 3
%1 + f k )
= 200 kg/jam %1 + 0'2)
= 230 kg/jam = 0'23 ton/jam
amater lu"ang a!akan % ) ) untuk artkel 0'1 mm'
) = 0'0030 n -.erry and +reen# /00&1
= 0'0030 n - 0'08 ?t/n
= 0'000 ?t
.aastas standart *ibratin' Screen %J)' s = ton/?t
-.erry and +reen# /00&1
L k %,)K
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@anjang a!akan % . ) = 2 2
= 2 - 2'38( m
= 3'(78 m
L.% Conveyor 2 (511%)
Fungs , mengangkut jeram ad menuju tangk "erengaduk
%M4<118)
Kens , Screw con!eyor
Ba#an .onstruks , carbon steel
Kumla# alat , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
4ekanan = 1 atm
Laju alr , 1000 kg/jam
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< @utaran Maksmal = 35 rm %alas'1((0)
< .aastas Maksmal = (50 ?t/jam
< ?sens da!a % Q ) = 85$
@er#tungan da!a,
@ = R% - S + 097 - - 0) - 100 + %0951 - G - m)T/10
%alas'1((0)
dengan , = bearin' factor = 50
S = :m con!eyor
= Laju alr &olumetrk %?t/jam)
G = tngg con!eyor %?t)
m = massa "a#an "aku %l"m/jam)
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@a %a!a aktual) = @ / Q = 27'03 * / 0'85 = 13'1 #
gunakan da!a standar 13 #9
L.6 Tangk# !en:#mpanan 2"< 7+C (T5116)
Fungs , men!man *23 70$ untuk ke"utu#an 0 #ar
Kens , lnder tegak dengan alas datar dan tutu ellsodal
Ba#an .onstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 grade
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds @en!manan , 4emeratur = 0P
4ekanan = 1 atm = 13'( sa
Laju massa *23 70$ = 50 kg/jam
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= 2'372 m
"9 ameter dan tngg 4angk
< Jolume shell tangk %Js) ,
Js =1
Vs2*s Asums, s , *s = 1,
3
Js=
Vs
3
< Jolume tutu tangk %Je)
Je=V
s2 Asums, s , *e = 3 ,
1
Je=V
s
23
d 4e"al shell tangk
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d9 4e"al shell tangk
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t =@
+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)
d mana,
t = te"al shell %n)
@ = tekanan desan %sa)
= dameter dalam tangk %n)
= allowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= (oint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= ?aktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
n = umur tangk = 10 ta#un
Jolume larutan = 1('5 m
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4e"al s#ell tangk,
t =@
+ n2%<0'@)
t =5'533 sa - 8'15 n
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 5'533 sa)
t = 0'12 n
Maka te"al shell !ang d"utu#kan = 0'12 n = 0'20 cm
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /3 n %BroHnell'1(5()
e9 4e"al tutu tangk
4utu atas tangk ter"uat dar "a#an !ang sama dengan shell 9
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /3 n %BroHnell'1(5()
J k * 2 0 0153 l" /?
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Jskostas *23 = 2 c = 0'0153 l"m/?t9s
Laju alr &olumetrk'
= 0'3875 m/jam = 0'00378?t
/s
esan oma,
'ot = %)0'
%⟩)0'18%alas' 1((0)
= %0'00378 ?t/s)
0'%113'871 l"m/?t
)0'18
= 0'20( n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , 1/3 n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , 0'3 n = 0'00 ?t = 0'00(2 m
ameter Luar %) , 0'53 n = 0'035 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'00072 ?t2
2 (0'5'%2'173)
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2 (0'5'%2'173)
1 5082 ?t l"?/l"
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= 1'5082 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2
2gc
= 1 %0'75)%'318'2
2 %2'173)
= 0'5131 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 &2
2gc
= 1 %2)%'318'2
2 %2'173)= 1'711 ?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3? OL 9&
2
92 9gc
= 3 %0'0108)0 %'318)
2
0'00 %2) %2'173)
= 28'(87 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- =
&1<
A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
= %1<0)%'318'2
2 (0'5'%2'173)
= 1'711 ?t9l"?/l"m
4otal friction loss , ∑ F = '7512 ?t9l"?/l"m
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/3 #9
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Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/3 #9
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L.8 Tangk# -erpenga4uk (MT5118)
Fungs , temat reteatment jeram ad
Kens , Continuous Stirred Tank eactor
Bentuk , lnder tegak dengan alas datar dan tutu ellsodal
Ba#an .onstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 grade
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 35P
4ekanan = 1 atm = 13'( sa
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
elulosa 12 1500092080
*emselulosa 21 11100 1(3
830 kg
- 2 jam
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l
830 - 2 jam
J = jam
0'750 kg/m
= 19500507512m
Faktor kelonggaran 20$
Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - 19500507512 mT
= 1'001015 m
"9 ameter dan tngg 4angk
< Jolume shell tangk %Js) ,
Js =1
Vs2*s Asums, s , *s = 1,
13
Js=1
Vs
3
l k % )
1
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4ngg #ead' *e =1
- = 1'20(2 m3
Kad total tngg tangk' *t = *s + *e = '03 m
d9 4e"al shell tangk
t =@
+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)
d mana,
t = te"al shell %n)
@ = tekanan desan %sa)
= dameter dalam tangk %n)
= allowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= (oint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= ?aktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
Faktor keamanan = 20 $
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Faktor keamanan 20 $
Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %22'113sa + 25 sa) = 5'2073 sa
4e"al shell tangk,
t =@
+ n2%<0'@)
t =5' 2073 sa - 1(0' 3( n
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 5'2073 sa)
t = 0'35 n
Maka te"al shell !ang d"utu#kan = 0'35 n = 1'10 cm
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /8 n %BroHnell'1(5()
e9 4e"al tutu tangk
t = dameter tangk
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g
a = ameter impeller
L = anjang blade ada tur"n
= le"ar blade ada tur"n
K = le"ar baffle
.eceatan engadukan' N = 0'5 utaran/detk
enstas camuran = 1300'87 kg/m
Jskost a s c a m uran Xc %ada 35o ),
Jskostas larutan ada 350 adala# 10'1(03 c
Jskostas slurry ada 35o ddekat melalu ersamaan "erkut
lnX
c 2' 5 s %@ 1((7)
Berdasarkan ?g 93<5 eankols %200)' untuk flat six blade turbine %kur&a
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g % )' f %
1) dan N:e = 101'(22' maka derole# N = 3
@ = 3 %0'5)9%1'12)59%1300'87)
= 7'3 = 10'25 #
?sens motor enggerak = 80$
a!a motor enggerak = 10'25 # / 0'8 = 12'7(57 #
Maka dl# da!a motor dengan tenaga 1 #9
g9 Meng#tung Kaket @endngn
Kumla# ar endngn %25o) = 25000'8132 kg/jam
enstas ar endngn = ((7'08 kg/m
Laju alr ar endngn %H) =25000'8132 kg/jam
= 25'073 m/jam
((7'08 kg/m
AV
(*2 2'V
%5 11022
3 8522) 1 (88
2
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A = (*2 + 2'
=
3
%5'11022 ; 3'852
2) = 1'(88 m
2
3
.eceatan ar endngn % & )
& = H
=25' 073 m / j am
A 1'(88 m2= 12'1 m/jam
4e"al dndng jaket % tj )
Ba#an Stainless Steel .late te A<30
@*drostats = W - g - #
= 5'1 kg/m - ('8 m/s2 - '03 m
= 0'05 k@a = 0'037 sa
@desgn = 1'2 - %0'037 sa + 13'( sa) = 17'877 sa
Kumla# , 1 unt
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.onds eras , 4emeratur = 35P
@Suction
@ 4ischar'e
=
=
23'5((2 sa
22'8107 sa
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
elulosa (0 1500 0'2
*emselulosa270
11100'232323
Lgnn120
1000'11207537
A"u110
000'18
Asam ul?at 50 1830 0 02717(1
lnX
c =( 033
2 ' 5 %0 '832)
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('0331 ; %1) %0'832)
Jskostas camuran = Xc
= 3'7(8 c@ = 0'0022 l"m / ?t 9s
Laju alr &olumetrk'
= 0'(78 m/jam = 0'00(1(( ?t
/s
esan oma,
'ot = %)0'
%⟩)0'18%alas' 1((0)
= %0'00(1(( ?t
/s)
0'
%0'000781 l"m/?t
)
0'18
= 1'1(1 n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , 1'5 n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , 1'1 n = 0'131 ?t = 0'0308 m
ameter Luar %) , 19( n = 0'158 ?t
A2&
A1
&2
2
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A1 2Ygc
2= 0'55 %1<0)
%0
' 0238'
2 (0 5'%2 173)
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% )2 (0'5'%2'173)
= 1'1(8 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2
2gc
= 1 %0'75)%0'0238'2
2 %2'173)= 8'172 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 &2
2gc
= 1 %2)%0'0238'2
2 %2'173)= 2'17( ?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 10 ?t, F? = 3? OL 9&
2
92 9gc
= 3 %0'00387)10 %0'0238)
2
0'131 %2) %2'173)
= 1'582( ?t9l"?/l"m
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- =
&1<
A2&A1&
2
2Ygc
= %1<0) %0'0238'2
2 (0'5'%2'173)
= 2'17( ?t9l"?/l"m
= 31'1013 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #
550 ?t9 l"?/s
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= 0'07372 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 0'073 #9
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L.1+ eak$or #4rol#s#s (5211)
Fungs , temat "erlangsungn!a #drolss jeram ad
Kens , Continuous Stirred Tank eactor
Bentuk , lnder tegak dengan alas datar dan tutu ellsodal
Ba#an .onstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 grade
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 100P
4ekanan = 1 atm = 13'( sa
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
@er#tungan ,
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l
a9 Jolume "a#an'
155'28 kg
- 1 jam
J = jam
108('25(8 kg/m
= 1'370 m
Faktor kelonggaran 20$
Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - 1'370 mT
= 1'7233 m
"9 ameter dan tngg 4angk
< Jolume shell tangk %Js) ,
Js =1
Vs2*s Asums, s , *s = 1,
*s = 2'557 m
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c9 ameter dan tngg tutu
ameter tutu = dameter tangk = 0'8852 m
4ngg #ead' *e =1
- = 0'221 m3
Kad total tngg tangk' *t = *s + *e = 2'557 m
d9 4e"al shell tangk
t =@
+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)
d mana,
t = te"al shell %n)
@ = tekanan desan %sa)
= dameter dalam tangk %n)
@*drostatk = W - g - #
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= 108('25(8 kg/m
- ('8 m/s2
- 2'21 m
= 223'023 k@a = '323 sa
Faktor keamanan = 20 $
Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %'323 sa + 25 sa) = 3'1117 sa
4e"al shell tangk,
t =@
+ n2%<0'@)
t =3' 1117 sa - 3' 851 n
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %128(2'0120 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 3'1117 sa)
a/t = 1/ U a = 1/ - 0'8852 m = 0'2(51 m
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L/a = 1/3 U L = 1/3 - 0'2(51 m = 0'078 m
/a = 1/5 U = 1/5 - 0'2(51 m= 0'05(0 m
K/t = 1/12 U K = 1/12 - 0'8852 m = 0'078 m
mana,
t = dameter tangk
a = ameter impeller
L = anjang blade ada tur"n
= le"ar blade ada tur"n
K = le"ar baffle
.eceatan engadukan' N = 0'1 utaran/detk
enstas camuran = 108('25(8 kg/m
Blangan :e!nold'
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N:e =W9N9%a)
2
Xc
108('25(89(0'1'9%0'2(51)2
=0'0007
= 2112'071
N:e ] 109000' maka er#tungan dengan engadukan menggunakan rumus,
@=N9N
9a59W %eankols' 200)
Berdasarkan ?g 93<5 eankols %200)' untuk flat six blade turbine %kur&a
1) dan N:e = (215('11' maka derole# N = 5
@ = 5 %0'1)9%0'2(51)
59%108('25(8)
= 0'013 = 0'01( #
?sens motor enggerak = 80$
a!a motor enggerak = 0'01( # / 0'8 = 0'0235 #
Maka dl# da!a motor dengan tenaga 1 #9
Asums te"al jaket = 1 n
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ameter luar jaket %) = 5'851 n + % 2 - 1 )n
= 7'851 n
= 0'(13 m
Luas !ang dlalu steam % A )
A =V
(*2 + 2'
=3
V%0'(13
2 ; 0'(10
2) = 0'0737 m
2
3
.eceatan superficial steam % & )
& = s
=5335'138 m / j am
A 0'0737 m2= 37378('(523 m/jam
4e"al dndng jaket % tj )
L.11 Cooler (E5212)
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Fungs , menurunkan temeratur #drolsat se"elum dalrkan
ke filter press %F@<213)
Kens , 1<2 s#ell and tu"e e-c#anger
aka , 11/2 n ' 4u"e 18 B' anjang = 0 ?t' ass
Kumla# , 1 unt
Fluda anas,
Laju alr uman masuk = 1550 kg/jam = 317'182( l"m/jam
4emeratur aHal %41) = 100P = 212PF
4emeratur ak#r %42) = 0P = 8 PF
12°F
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1
LM4 = ^t 2 − ^t1 = < (0 = 7'52( °Fln ^t 2
ln ( ^t ((
: = 4
1− 4
2 = 12
= '5t
2− t
1
= t
2− t
1 =
= 0'274
1− t 1 212 − 77
ar am"ar 18' .ern %1(5) derole# F4 = 0'(
Maka ∆t = F4 ⋅ LM4 = 0'( ⋅ 7'52( = '77( °F
%2) 4 dan t
am"l = 5 Btu/jam⋅ ?t2⋅ °F
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Luas ermukaan untuk ernda#an anas'
A =
= 03377'073 Btu/jam
= 123'80 ?t 2
⋅ ^t
5Btu
⋅ 7'5oF
jam ⋅ ?t 2
⋅
o F
Luas ermukaan luar %a″) = 0'(25 ?t2/?t %4a"el 10' .ern)
Kumla# tube' N A 123'80 ?t
2
= = = 7'735 "ua#tL ⋅ a
_31'0533?t ⋅ 0'(25 ?t
2 /?t
"9 ar 4a"el (' #al 832' .ern %1(5)' nla !ang terdekat adala# 283 tube
dengan shell ( n9
c9 .oreks
A = L ⋅ ⋅ a
_
=
%@ers9 %792)' .ern)t at
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at
t=
317'182(
0'502= 750'57
l"m
jam ⋅ ?t 2
%5) Blangan eynold
@ada 4c = 13(°F' ∝ = 5'27 c@ = 12'88 l"m/?t2
⋅ jam
ar 4a"el 10' .ern %1(5)' untuk 11/2 n ' 18 B' derole#,
= 1'3 n = 0'11 ?t
:e t =
⋅
t
X
%@ers9 %79)' .ern)
` t
0'11
0 2058
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0'2058
#o
` t
#=
` t⋅
= (('77 ⋅ 1'3
1 5= ('12
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a s = ?t2
133 ⋅ @4
%@ers9 %791)' .ern)
`
`t ` t
1'5
%() @ada &skostas = 12'88 l"m/?t2⋅ jam ' maka t = 0'(22
#o#o = ⋅ `t
t
#o = ('12 ⋅ 0'(22 = 85'(1
Flu#4a 4#ng#n shell ; a#r
%′ ) "low area shell
s ⋅ I⋅ B
%5′ ) Blangan eynold
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@ada tc = (5°F
∝ = 0'7228 c@ = 1'7385 l"m/?t2
⋅ jam %"r9 15' .ern)
ar am"ar 28' Kern %1(5)' untuk 11/2 n dan 1
7/8 trian'ular pitch'
derole# de = 1'08 n9
e = 1'08/12 = 0'0( ?t
:es =e ⋅ s
X%@ers9 %79)' .ern)
0'0( ⋅ 788' 31:e
s=
1'7385= 305'(3(
%′ ) 4aksr j* dar am"ar 28' Kern %1(5)' derole# j* = 130
%7′ ) @ada tc = (5°F
= #
o⋅ #
o = 85'(1 ⋅ (78'(8
= 78'(8 Btu/jam ⋅ ?t2
⋅ °F#
o+ #
o 85'(1 + (78'(8
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%@ers9 %98)' .ern)
%11) Faktor engotor' : d
:d=
=− =
==
⋅ =
7 8 '(8 − ' 33
78'(8 ⋅
'33
= 0'001 %@ers9 %91)' .ern)
: d #tung : d "atas' maka ses?kas cooler daat dterma9
Pressure drop
Flu#4a panas 3aan; tube
%1) ntuk :et = 1'088
^@r 3n J
2
= 9s 2gI
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= %3)9%)
90'02
1'2512= 0'8 sa
∆@4 = ∆@t + ∆@r
= 7'70 sa + 0'8 sa
= 8'08 sa
∆@t !ang der"ole#kan = 10 sa
Flu#4a 4#ng#n a#r; shell
%1′ ) ntuk :es = 305'(3(
2 2
( 0'0()(1)(1)= '8 sa
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∆@s !ang der"ole#kan = 10 sa
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L.12 !ompa = (!521=)
Fungs , memoma #drolsat dar cooler %<212) ke filter press
%F@<222)
Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an .onstruks , commercial steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
@Suction = 1 atm = 13'( sa
@ 4ischar'e = 1 atm = 13'( sa
Jskost a s c a m uran Xc %ada 0o ),
J k t l t d 00 d l # 808
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Jskostas larutan ada 00 adala# '808 c
Jskostas slurry ada 0o ddekat melalu ersamaan "erkut
lnX
c =X
2' 5 s
1 < s
%@err!'1((7)
= 1
s =J old
=J total
0'7( m
1'370 m= 0'555
lnX
c =('033
2 ' 5 %0 '555)
1 ; %1) %0'555)
Jskostas camuran = Xc = '117( c@ = 20'(507 l"m / ?t 9s
Laju alr &olumetrk'
= 1'(88 m/jam = 0'0171 ?t
/s
esan oma,
l"m ?t('877 - 0'131 - 0'0(37 ?t
=?t s
20'(50l"m/?t9s
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2
= 0'017
ntuk alran lamnar' ? = 1 / N:e %eankols' 200)' maka ? = 1/282 = 0'00387
"riction loss,
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c
=0'55&1<
A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
= 0'55 %1<0)%0' 0(37'
2 (0'5'%2'173)
= 0'000021 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2
2gc
= 1 %0'75)%0'0(37'2
2 %2'173)
= 0'0000181 ?t9l"?/l"m
ar ersamaan 7ernoulli,
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1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+
@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0
%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1
W
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dmana, &1 = &2
O@ = < 1'7885 sa
tngg emomaan ∆G = 10 ?t
maka, 0+2' 173
(10'+ 0 + 0'000177+s=02'173
s = <10'000177 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $s = < \
<10'000177 = <0'8 \
= 12'50 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma, @ = m \
= 0'(58( /s - 12'50 ?t9l"?/l"m
= 11'(82 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #
550 ?t9 l"?/s
= 0'021 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 0'021 #9
Ar 527'12 (58'8 0'5500
Asam sul?at 35 1830 0'0235
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lukosa 2(5'388 1530 0'1(1(
6!losa 27'53 1525 0'01805
Kumla# 8(5'151 0'7833
Laju alr ?ltrat = 8(5'151 kg/jam
Jolume ?ltrat = 0'7833 m
enstas ?ltrat =8(5' 151 kg/ j am
= 1131'1830 kg/m
0'7833 m/jam
2. Cake
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
elulosa('12 1500 0'022
*emselulosa237'52 1110 0'2228
Lgnn120 100 0'112
A"u110 00 0'18
A = luas en!arngan e?ekt? %m2)
b = orostas artkel %1< %10(2 5521 /1( (21)) = 0 182(
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b orostas artkel %1 %10(2'5521 /1('(21)) 0'182(
Wc = denstas cake %kg/m)
= ?raks massa cake dalam uman
J? = &olume ?ltrat #asl en!arngan %m)
W? = densats ?ltrat %kg/m)
rencanakan luas en!arngan e?ekt? filter press untuk Haktu roses 1 jam
=Laj u alr cake
=70' 12 kg/ j am
= 0'121(Laju alr uman 1550 kg/jam
4e"al cake ada frame dasumskan = cm = 0'0 m
Bla drencanakan seta plate memun!a luas 1m2
maka luas e?ekt?
en!arngan =
A = 27'71 m2
Kumla# plate %n) = 27 71 m2/ 1 m
2/"ua# = 27 71 "ua#
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Kumla# plate %n) 27'71 m / 1 m /"ua# 27'71 "ua#
Maka dam"l jumla# plate = 27'71 "ua#
Kumla# frame = jumla# plate = 27'71 "ua#
L.1< !ompa < (!521%)
Fungs , memoma #drolsat dar filter press %F@<213) menuju
m-er %M<21()
Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an .onstruks , commercial steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
Kumla# 70'12 101'8 0'87
Laju massa = 70'12 kg/jam = 310'2 l"m/s
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W am =
F 4ot
=
70' 12 kg/jam
4ot 0'87 m/jam= 1002'12 kg/m = 0'13 l"m/?t
Jskost a s c a m uran Xc %ada 0o ),
Jskostas larutan ada 00 adala# 1'17( c
Jskostas slurry ada 0o
ddekat melalu ersamaan "erkut
lnX
c =X
2' 5 s
1 < s
%@err!' 1((7)
= 1
s =J old
=J total
0'02 m
0'87 m= 0'03
lnX
c =1'17(
2 ' 5 %0'03)
1 ; %1) %0'03)
.eceatan lner' & =
=0' 0055 ?t /s
= 0'0188 ?t/s
Blangan eynold ,
A 0'373 ?t2
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N:e =W - & -
X
l"m - ?t2'533 0'131 - 0'0188 ?t
=?t s
20'(5 l"m/?t9s
= 0'0075
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 1(13'31 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m
0'153m= 0'0002(8
maka #arga ? = 0'007 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
1 Sh d t #A2& &2
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e-
=A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
= %1<0)%0'0188'2
2 (1'%2'173)
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&1<
= 5'3( -10<
?t9l"?/l"m
4otal friction loss , ∑ F = '577 - 10<5
?t9l"?/l"m
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f
ar ersamaan 7ernoulli,
1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+
@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0
%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1
W
dmana, &1 = &2
O@ = 0 sa
tngg emomaan ∆G = 20 ?t
maka, 0+2' 173
(20'+ 0 + 0'0000577+s=02'173
s = <20'0000577 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
<20'0000577 = <0'8 \
= 25'00003371 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma, @ = m \
@Suction = 1 atm = 13'( sa
@ 4ischar'e = 1 atm = 13'( sa
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Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m/jam)
*23 50 1830 0'02717
Ar 110 ((5'8 0'11377
Kumla# 10 1127'15 0'131(
Laju massa = 10 kg/jam = 0'0(7( l"m/s
W am =F 4ot
=10 kg/ jam
4ot 0'131( m/jam= 1127'15 kg/m = 70'37 l"m/?t
.omonen Laju alr $ "erat Jskostas %c@) 6 9 ln %&skostas)
%kg/jam) %-)
*23 50 0'125 '( 0'325
Ar 110 0'875 0'288 <0'85(
4otal 10 1 <0'3305
Jskostas camuran = e1'2225
= '(57 c@ = 0'00228 l"m/?t9s
.eceatan lner' & =
=0' 001( ?t /s
= 0'0030 ?t/s
Blangan eynold ,
A 0'373 ?t2
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N:e = W - & -
X
l"m - ?t70'37 0'0030 - 0'1281 ?t
=?t s
0'00228 l"m/?t9s
= 15'80
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 15'80 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m
0'1281m= 0'00058
maka #arga ? = 0'0051 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
1 Sh d t #A2& &2
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e-
=A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
= %1<0)%0'0030'2
2 (1'%2'173)
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&1<
= 2'38 - 10<7
?t9l"?/l"m
4otal friction loss , ∑ F = 15'373 - 10<7
?t9l"?/l"m
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ar ersamaan 7ernoulli,
1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+
@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0
%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1
W
dmana, &1 = &2
O@ = 0 sa
tngg emomaan ∆G = 20 ?t
maka, 0+2' 173
(20'+ 0 + 0'0000015373+s=02'173
s = <20'0000015373 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
<20'0000015373= <0'8 \
= 25'000001( ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma, @ = m \
Laju uman keluar = 128 kg/jam 4out = 100o = 212
oF
Laju enguaan ar = 2 kg/jam
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Laju steam masuk = 702('183 kg/jam
Laju anas %) = ((8'( kK/jam = 881309(8710 "tu/jam
@er#tungan luas ermukaan ernda#an anas,
A = 9 O4
%eankols'200)
mana,
A = Luas ermukaan %?t2)
= Laju anas %"tu/jam)
= .oe?sen ernda#an anas %"tu/jam ?t2 o
F)
^4 = 4out ; 4n %oF)
.onds @en!manan , 4emeratur = 0P
4ekanan = 1 atm = 13'( sa
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l
Laju massa urea = 201'08 kg/jam
enstas urea = 15 kg/m
.e"utu#an erancangan = 0 #ar
Faktor .eamanan = 20$
@er#tungan ,
a9 Jolume "a#an'
201'08 kg
- 23 jam
- 0 #ar
J =
jam # ar
15 kg/m
= 108'32 m
Faktor kelonggaran 20$
c9 4e"al shell tangk
t =@
+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)
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d mana,
t = te"al shell %n)
@ = tekanan desan %sa)
= dameter dalam tangk %n)
= allowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= (oint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= ?aktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
n = umur tangk = 10 ta#un
Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 17'73 sa) = 8'(22 sa
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4e"al shell tangk,
t =@
+ n2%<0'@)
t =8' (22 sa - 137'2 n
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 8'(22 sa)
t = 0'127 n
Maka te"al shell !ang d"utu#kan = 0'127 n = 0'2258 cm
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /3 n %BroHnell'1(5()
d9 4e"al tutu tangk
4utu atas tangk ter"uat dar "a#an !ang sama dengan shell 9
elulosa ('12 1500 0'022
*emselulosa 237'52 1110 0'2228
Lgnn 120 100 0'112
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g '
A"u 110 00 0'18
Ar 58'57 (58'8 0'011
Asam sul?at 5 1830 0'0027
lukosa 2'82 1530 0'021
6!losa '0 1525 0'0020rea 201'08 15 0'(5
Kumla# 871'13 1138'8 1'82
Laju massa = 871'13 kg/jam
W am =F 4ot
=871' 13 kg/ j am
4ot 1'82 m/jam= 50'(( kg/m
.e"utu#an erancangan = 1 jam
< Jolume shell tangk %Js) ,
Js =1
Vs2*s Asums, s , *s = 1,
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13
Js=1
Vs
3
< Jolume tutu tangk %Je)
Je=V
s2*e Asums, s , *e = 3 , 1
Je=V
s
23
< Jolume tangk %J)
Jt = Js + Je
Jt =7
Vs
23
t = te"al shell %n)
@ = tekanan desan %sa)
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= dameter dalam tangk %n)
= allowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= (oint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= ?aktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
n = umur tangk = 10 ta#un
Jolume larutan = 1'82 m
Jolume tangk = 1'05 m
4ngg larutan dalam tangk =1' 82 m
- 1'87 m = 1'51 meter 1'05 m
t =1('( sa - 32
'13 n+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un
2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 1('( sa)
t = 0'125 n
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Maka te"al shell !ang d"utu#kan = 0'125 n = 0'18cm
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /8 n %BroHnell'1(5()
e9 4e"al tutu tangk
4utu atas tangk ter"uat dar "a#an !ang sama dengan shell 9
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /8 n %BroHnell'1(5()
?9 @erancangan stem @engaduk
Kens engaduk , tur"n impeller daun enam
ntuk tur"n standar %eankols' 200)' derole# ,
a/t = 1/ U a = 1/ - 1 070 m = 0 5 m
enstas camuran = 50'(( kg/m
Jskost a s c a m uran Xc %ada 0o ),
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Jskostas larutan ada 0 0 adala# 0'2( c
Jskostas slurry ada 0o ddekat melalu ersamaan "erkut
lnX
c =X
2' 5 s
1 < s
%@err!'1((7)
= 1
s =J old
=J total
1'273 m
1'5 m= 0'(53
ln
Xc
=0'85
2' 5 %0'(53)
1 ; %1) %0'(53)
Xc = 0'2( c@ = 0'0002( kg/m s
Blangan :e!nold'
L.1* !ompa 6 (! D 22+ )
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Fungs , memoma #drolsat dar tangk encamur %M<21() ke
centrifu'e %FF<11)
Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an .onstruks , commercial steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
@Suction = 22'202 sa
@ 4ischar'e = 1 atm = 13'( sa
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m/jam)
elulosa ('12 1500 0'022
Jskost a s c a m uran Xc %ada 0o ),
Jskostas larutan ada 00 adala# 0'2( c
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Jskostas slurry ada 0o ddekat melalu ersamaan "erkut
lnX
c =X
2' 5 s
1 < s
%@err!'1((7)
= 1
s =J old
=J total
1'273 m
1'5 m= 0'(53
lnX
c =0'85
2' 5 %0'(53)
1 ; %1) %0'(53)
Xc = 0'2( c@ = 0'0002( kg/m s
Laju alr &olumetrk'
= 1'82 m/jam = 0'011 ?t
/s
N:e =W - & -
X
l"m - ?t30'2( 0'077 - 0'32 ?t
=?t s
0 0002 l"m/?t s
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2
0'0002 l"m/?t9s
= 107'12
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 107'12 dan ∑/ =0'00003 m
0'128m = 0'0005(
maka #arga ? = 0'0038 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c
=0'55&1<
A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
'
= %1<0)% 0 ' 077'2
2 (1'%2'173)
= 2'20 - 10<5
?t9l"?/l"m
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4otal friction loss , ∑ F = 10'3(5 - 10<5
?t9l"?/l"m
ar ersamaan 7ernoulli,
1 2 2 @2 < @1
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&&2
< &2
&+ g&Z <Z &+2 1
+ [ F + s =0%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1
W
dmana, &1 = &2
O@ = <7'5102 sa
tngg emomaan ∆G = 20 ?t
maka, 0+2' 173 (20'+
%<7' 5102 - 133)+ 0'0000103(5+s=0
2'173 30'2(
s = '18 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
'18 = <0'8 \ = 8'2725 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma, @ = m \
= 0'5 l"m / s - 8'2725 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 #
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m/jam)
elulosa ('12 1500 0'022
*emselulosa 237'52 1110 0'2228
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Lgnn 120 100 0'112
A"u 110 00 0'18
Ar 58'57 (58'8 0'011
Asam sul?at 5 1830 0'0027
lukosa 2'82 1530 0'021
6!losa '0 1525 0'0020
rea 201'08 15 0'(5
Kumla# 871'13 1138'8 1'82
W am =F 4ot
=871' 13 kg/jam
4ot 1'82m/jam= 50'(( kg/m = 30'2( l"m/?t
@ = 5'(83 9 10<10
9% 1'0(37)9 %1'82) 9%12009 0'810)2
= 0'000182 #
Maka dl# centrifu'e dengan da!a 1/1 #9
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L.21 !ompa 7 (!5=12)
Fungs , memoma #drolsat dar centrifu'e %FF<11) ke
tangk enamung 1 %4<1)
Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an .onstruks , commercial steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
@Suction = 1 atm = 13'( sa
@ 3 78
lnX
c =X
2
' 5
s
1 < s
%@err!'1((7)
= 1
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s =J old
=J total
0'02 m
0'18 m= 0'1731
lnX
c =0'8007
2 ' 5 %0'173 1 )
1 ; %1) %0'1731)
Xc = 1'52 c@ = 0'000(11 l"m / ?t s
Laju alr &olumetrk'
= 0'18 m/jam = 0'00112 ?t
/s
esan oma,
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1
%alas' 1((0)
= '( %0'00112 ?t/s)
0'35%8'050 l"m/?t
)0'1
= 0'30n
ar 4a"el A 5 1 eankols %200) dl# a dengan ses?kas,
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 118'2 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m
0'131 m= 0'000255
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2
maka #arga ? = 0'0038 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c
=0'55&1<
A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
= 0'55 %1<0)%0' 0077'
2 (1'%2'173)
= 1'213 - 10<7
?t9l"?/l"m
1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2
2gc
= 1 %0'75)%0'0077'2
2 %2'173)
7
1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+
@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0
%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1
W
dmana, &1 = &2
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O@ = 1('(808 sa
tngg emomaan ∆G = 20 ?t
maka, 0+2' 173
(20'+%1(
' (808 - 133)+0'00000010503+s=0
2'173 8'050
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s = <2'2811 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
<2'2811 = <0'8 \
= 77'851 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma, @ = m \
= 0'08( l"m / s - 77'851 ?t9l"?/l"m
= '(521 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #
550 ?t9 l"?/s
= 0'012 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor
1
/3 #9
L.22 Tangk# !enampung mpan Fermen$as# (T5=1=)
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
lukosa 2'82 1530 0'021
6!losa '0 1525 0'0020
A 110 (( 8 0 1103
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Ar 110 ((5'8 0'1103Kumla# 135'8(2 10(0'3 0'18
Laju massa = 135'8(2 kg/jam = 0'08( l"m/s
W am =F 4ot
=135' 8(2 kg/jam
4ot 0'18 m/jam= 10(0'3 kg/m = 8'050 l"m/?t
@er#tungan ,
a9 Jolume "a#an'
Jl = 0'18 m/jam - jam
= 0'3013 m
< Jolume tangk %J)
Jt = Js + Je
1(
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Jt = 1( Vs
23
0'3818 m =1(
Vs
23
s = 0'55 m = 1'(73 n
*s = 1'05 m = 31'(2(2 n
c9 ameter dan tngg tutu
ameter tutu = dameter tangk = 0'55 m
4ngg #ead' *e =1
- = 0'08875 m3
Kad total tngg tangk' *t = *s + *e = 1'1575 m
= (oint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= ?aktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
t k 10 t #
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n = umur tangk = 10 ta#un
Jolume larutan = 0'3013 m
Jolume tangk = 0'3818 m
4ngg larutan dalam tangk =0' 3013 m
0'3818 m - 1'1575 m = 0'(13 meter
4ekanan *drosatatk ,
@*drostatk = W - g - #
= 10(0'3 kg/m
- ('8 m/s2
- 0'(13 m
= 10272'878 k@a = 13'8(8 sa
4utu atas tangk ter"uat dar "a#an !ang sama dengan shell 9
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/2 n %BroHnell'1(5()
L.2= !ompa 8 (!5=1<)
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Fungs , memoma #drolsat dar tangk enamung %4<1) ke
?ermentor %:<1()
Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an .onstruks , commercial steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
@Suction = 3'78 sa
@ 4ischar'e = 25'757 sa
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
= 1
s =J old
=J total
0'02 m
0'18 m= 0'1731
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lnX
c =0'8007
2' 5 %0'173 1 )
1 ; %1) %0'1731)
Xc = 1'52 c@ = 0'000(11 l"m / ?t s
Laju alr &olumetrk'
= 0'18 m/jam = 0'00112 ?t/s
esan oma,
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( %0'00112 ?t/s)
0'35%8'050 l"m/?t
)0'1
= 0'30n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , 8 n
@ada N:e = 118'2 dan ∑/ =0'00003 m
0'131 m= 0'000255
maka #arga ? = 0'0038 %eankols' 200)
" i i l
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2
"riction loss,
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c
=0'55&1<
A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
= 0'55 %1<0)%0' 0077'
2 (1'%2'173)
= 1'213 - 10<7
?t9l"?/l"m
1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9
&2
2gc = 1 %0'75)
%0'0077'2
2 %2'173)
= 1'55 - 10<7
?t9l"?/l"m
2 %0 0077'2
dmana, &1 = &2
O@ = 1('(808 sa
tngg emomaan ∆G = 20 ?t
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maka, 0+2' 173
(20'+%1(
' (808 - 133)+0'00000010503+s=0
2'173 8'050
s = <2'2811 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
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s < \
<2'2811 = <0'8 \
= 77'851 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma, @ = m \
= 0'08( l"m / s - 77'851 ?t9l"?/l"m
= '(521 ?t9 l"?/s 9 1 #
550 ?t9 l"?/s
= 0'012 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor1/3 #9
L.2< Tangk# !en:#mpanan =!< (T5=1%)
Fungs , men!man *@3 untuk ke"utu#an 0 #ar
l
a9 Jolume "a#an'
kg jam22'808
- 23 - 0 #ar
J = jam # ar
171( kg/m
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= ('550 m
Faktor kelonggaran 20$
Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - ('550 mT
= 11'3 m
"9 ameter dan tngg 4angk
< Jolume shell tangk %Js) ,
Js =1
Vs2*s Asums, s , *s = 1,
3
c9 ameter dan tngg tutu
ameter tutu = dameter tangk = 8'33( m
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ameter tutu dameter tangk 8'33( m
4ngg #ead' *e =1
- = 2'112 m3
Kad total tngg tangk' *t = *s + *e = 27'510( m
d9 4e"al shell tangk
t =@
+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)
d mana,
t = te"al shell %n)
@ = tekanan desan %sa)
@*drostatk = W - g - #
= 171( kg/m
- ('8 m/s2
- 22'(2575 m
= 8211'7(7 k@a = 5'015 sa
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8211'7(7 k@a 5'015 sa
Faktor keamanan = 20 $
Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 5'015 sa) = 83'855 sa
4e"al s#ell tangk,
t =@
+ n2%<0'@)
t =83' 855 sa - ' 230 n
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 83'855 sa)
t = 0'130 n
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
@Suction = 31'533 sa
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'
@ 4ischar'e = 25'757 sa
Laju massa *@3 = 22'808 kg/jam = 0'01( l"m/s
enstas *@3 = 171( kg/m
= 107'285 l"m/?t
Jskostas *@3 = 1'5 c = 0'001007 l"m/?t9s
Laju alr &olumetrk'
= 0'012 m/jam = 0'00112 ?t
/s
esan oma,
'ot = '( %)0'35%⟩)0'1 %alas' 1((0)
= '( %0'00112 ?t/s)
0'35%107'285 l"m/?t
)0'1
= 0'13 n
= 1112'(73
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 1112'(73 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m = 0'0027
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2
' ∑0'018 m
0'0027
maka #arga ? = 0'011 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c
=0'55&1<
A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
= 0'55 %1<0)%0' 218'
2 (1'%2'173)
= 0'00 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n .? &2
= 1 %0 75)%0'218'2
= 0 0035 ?t l"?/l"m
dmana, &1 = &2
O@ = <15'8107 sa
tngg emomaan ∆G = 25 ?t
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maka, 0+2' 173
(25'+%<15
' 8107 - 133)+ 0'077+s=0
2'173 107'285
s = <'852 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
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<'852 = <0'8 \
= 3'815 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma, @ = m \
= 0'01( l"m / s - 3'815 ?t9l"?/l"m
= 0'0722 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #
550 ?t9 l"?/s
= 0'000122 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/3 #9
L.26 Tangk# !en:#mpanan ag# (T5=17)
Fungs , men!man :ag untuk ke"utu#an 0 #ar
l
a9 Jolume "a#an'
22'808kg
- 23 jam
- 0 #ar
J = jam #ar
1770 kg/m
= ( 277 m
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= ('277 m
Faktor kelonggaran 20$
Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - ('277 mT
= 11'123 m
"9 ameter dan tngg 4angk
< Jolume tangk %Jt) ,
Jt =1
Vt2
*. Asums, t , *t = 1,
3
= (oint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= ?aktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
n = umur tangk = 10 ta#un
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Jolume larutan = ('277 m
Jolume tangk = 11'123 m
4ngg larutan dalam tangk =(' 277 m
11'123 m - 1'875m = 2'152 meter
4ekanan *drosatatk ,
@*drostatk = W - g - #
= 1770 kg/m
- ('8 m/s2
- 2'152 m
= 3570'125 k@a = 5'803 sa
d9 4e"al tutu tangk
4utu atas tangk ter"uat dar "a#an !ang sama dengan shell 9
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/2 n %BroHnell'1(5()
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L.27 Tangk# !en:#mpanan Saccharomyces (T5=18)
Fungs , men!man S9 cere!iceae untuk ke"utu#an 0 #ar
Bentuk , lnder tegak dengan alas dan tutu datar
Ba#an .onstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 grade
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds @en!manan , 4emeratur = 0P
4ekanan = 1 atm = 13'( sa
Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - 12'2(17 mT
= 13'750 m
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"9 ameter dan tngg 4angk
< Jolume tangk %Jt) ,
Jt =1
Vt2 *. Asums, t , *t = 1,
3
Jt=
Vt
3
13'750 3 = Vt
3
t = 11'0(0 m = 3'133 n
Jolume larutan = 12'2(17 m
Jolume tangk = 13'750 m
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4ngg larutan dalam tangk =12' 2(17 m
- '27 m = 27'725 meter 13'750 m
4ekanan *drosatatk ,
@*drostatk = W - g - #
= 170 kg/m
- ('8 m/s2
- 27'725 m
= 35737'5 k@a = 5'810 sa
Faktor keamanan = 20 $
Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 5'810 sa) = ('072 sa
4e"al shell tangk,
L.28 Fermen$or (5=1*)
Fungs , 4emat terjad reaks ?ermentas glukosa menjad etanol
Bentuk , lnder tegak dengan alas datar dan tutu ellsodal
Ba#an .onstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 grade
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Ba#an .onstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 grade
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
4ekanan = 1 atm = 13'( sa
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
lukosa 28'2 1530 0'211(6!losa '0 1525 0'00201
Ar 110 ((5'8 0'11038
S9 cere!iceae 28'51 170 0'01707
= 1'10 m
Faktor kelonggaran 20$
Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - 1'10 m
T
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= 1'272 m
"9 ameter dan tngg 4angk
< Jolume shell tangk %Js) ,
Js =1
Vs2*s Asums, s , *s = 1,
13
Js=
1
Vs
3
< Jolume tutu tangk %Je)
V 2
4ngg #ead' *e =1
- = 0'317 m3
Kad total tngg tangk' *t = *s + *e = 3'3317 m
d9 4e"al shell tangk
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t =@
+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)
d mana,
t = te"al shell %n)
@ = tekanan desan %sa)
= dameter dalam tangk %n)
= allowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= (oint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= ?aktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
Faktor keamanan = 20 $
Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 7'518 sa) = 2'357 sa
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4e"al shell tangk,
t =@
+ n2%<0'@)
t = 2' 357 sa - 5' 811 n + 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 2'357 sa)
t = 0'125 n
Maka te"al shell !ang d"utu#kan = 0'125 n = 0'175 cm
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/2 n %BroHnell'1(5()
e9 4e"al tutu tangk
t = dameter tangk
a = ameter impeller
L = anjang blade ada tur"n
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= le"ar blade ada tur"n
K = le"ar baffle
.eceatan engadukan' N = 0'1 utaran/detk
enstas camuran = 1102'1 kg/m
Jskost a s c a m uran Xc %ada 0o ),
Jskostas larutan ada 0
0
adala# 0'813 c
Jskostas slurry ada 0o ddekat melalu ersamaan "erkut
lnX
c 2' 5 s %@ 1((7)
@=N9N
9a59W %eankols' 200)
Berdasarkan ?g 93<5 eankols %200)' untuk flat six blade turbine %kur&a
1) dan N:e = 18581'877 maka derole# N = 5'5
@ = 5'5 9%0'1)9%0'355)
59% 1(7'31()
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@ 5'5 9%0'1) 9%0'355) 9% 1(7'31()
= 0'1508 = 0'000202 #
?sens motor enggerak = 80$
a!a motor enggerak = 0'000202 # / 0'8 = 0'0002525 #
Maka dl# da!a motor dengan tenaga /3 #9
g9 Meng#tung Kaket @endngn
Kumla# ar endngn %25o) = 15157'7711 kg/jam
Kumla# ar endngn ta unt = 15157'7711 kg/jam /1 unt = (37' kg/jam
= 1'3 m
Luas !ang dlalu steam % A )
A =V
(*2 + 2'V
%1'3 2 ; 1'(22) = 0'772 m2
3
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=3
.eceatan ar endngn % & )
& = H
=0' (50 m /j am
A 0'772 m2= 1'20 m/jam
4e"al dndng jaket % tj )
Ba#an Stainless Steel .late te A<30
@*drostats = W - g - #
= ((7'08 kg/m
- ('8 m/s2
- 3'2 m
Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an .onstruks , commercial steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
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@Suction = 25'757 sa
@ 4ischar'e = 3'1(12 sa
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
lukosa 28'2 1530 0'211(
6!losa '0 1525 0'00201
Ar 110 ((5'8 0'11038
S9 cere!iceae 73'12 170 0'0333
Boetanol 118'0 78( 0'13(
Kumla# 25 532 0 51(
lnX
c =0'813
2
' 5 %0
'3(()
1 ; %1) %0'3(()
Xc = 0'707 c@ = 0'0050 kg/m s
Laju alr &olumetrk'
0 51(/j 0 0050 ?
/
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= 0'51( m/jam = 0'0050 ?t
/s
esan oma,
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( %0'0050 ?t/s)
0'35%75'15 l"m/?t
)
0'1
= 0' n
ar 4a"el 1 %@eters et9al9' 1((1)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , 12 n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , 5'037 n = 0'32 ?t = 0'1218 m
ameter Luar %) , 5 5 n = 0 3 ?t = 0 131 m
"riction loss,
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c
=0'55&1<
A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
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2= 0'55 %1<0)
%0' 0027'
2 (1'%2'173)
= '0 - 10<7
?t9l"?/l"m
1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2
2gc
= 1 %0'75)%0'0027'2
2 %2'173)
= 3'58 - 10<7
?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9
&2
2gc = 1 %2)
%0'0027'2
2 %2'173)
= 12'21 - 10<7
?t9l"?/l"m
maka, 0+2' 173
(20'+%8' 375 - 133)
+0'0000000( +s=02'173 75'15
s = <'170 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
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s = < \
<'170 = <0'8 \
= 35'2125 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma, @ = m \
0 51( l" / 35 2125 ?t l"?/l"
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= 0'51( l"m / s - 35'2125 ?t9l"?/l"m
= 2'3(2 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #
550 ?t9 l"?/s
= 0'032 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor
1
/3 #9
L.=+ Tangk# !enampung (T5=21)
Fungs , menamung #asl ?ermentas dar ?ermentor %:<1()
Bentuk , slnder tegak dengan alas datar dan tutu ellsodal
Ba#an .onstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 grade
Boetanol 118'0 78( 0'13(
Kumla# 25'532 0'51(
Laju massa = 25'532 kg/jam = 0'82 l"m/s
W am = F 4ot = 25' 532 kg/
j am 4ot 0'51( m/jam
= 120'8( kg/m = 75'15 l"m/?t
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@er#tungan ,
a9 Jolume "a#an'
Jl = 25'532 kg/jam - jam
= 187'2 m
Faktor kelonggaran 20$
Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - 187'2 mT
= 2251'(512 m
7Vs
23
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2251,9512 m
=
7Vs
23
s = 218'8577 m = (12('32 n
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*s = (5'571 m = 27880'28 n
c9 ameter dan tngg tutu
ameter tutu = dameter tangk = 218'8577 m
4ngg #ead' *e =1
- = 57('71 m3
Kad total tngg tangk' *t = *s + *e = 75'28 m
d9 4e"al shell tangk
t =@
+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)
4ngg larutan dalam tangk =187' 2 m
- 75'28 m = 280'2 meter 2251'(512 m
4ekanan *drosatatk ,
@*drostatk = W - g - #
= 75 15 kg/m
- ( 8 m/s2
- 280 2 m
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75'15 kg/m - ('8 m/s - 280'2 m
= 32372'2k@a = 70'70( sa
Faktor keamanan = 20 $
Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 70'70( sa) = 822'38sa
4e"al shell tangk,
t =@
+ n2%<0'@)
822 38 (12( 32
%4<21) ke filter press %F@<2)
Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an .onstruks , commercial steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
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.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
@Suction = 3'1(12 sa
@ 4ischar'e = 1 atm = 13'( sa
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
lukosa 28'2 1530 0'211(
6!losa '0 1525 0'00201
Ar 110 ((5'8 0'11038
S cere!iceae 73 12 170 0 0333
lnX
c =0'813
2
' 5 %0
'3(()
1 ; %1) %0'3(()
Xc = 0'707 c@ = 0'0050 kg/m s
Laju alr &olumetrk'
= 0'51( m/jam = 0'0050 ?t
/s
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' j '
esan oma,
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( %0'0050 ?t/s)
0'35%75'15 l"m/?t
)
0'1
= 0' n
ar 4a"el 1 %@eters et9al9' 1((1)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , 12 n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , 5'037 n = 0'32 ?t = 0'1218 m
ameter Luar %) , 5 5 n = 0 3 ?t = 0 131 m
2
"riction loss,
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c
=0'55&1<
A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
%0 0027'
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= 0'55 %1<0)%0' 0027'
2 (1'%2'173)
= '0 - 10<7
?t9l"?/l"m
1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2
2gc
= 1 %0'75)%0'0027'2
2 %2'173)
= 3'58 - 10<7
?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 &2
2gc
= 1 %2)%0'0027'2
2 %2'173)
= 12'21 - 10<7
?t9l"?/l"m
maka, 0+2' 173
(20'+%8' 375 - 133)
+0'0000000( +s=02'173 75'15
s = <'170 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
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s = < \
<'170 = <0'8 \
= 35'2125 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma, @ = m \
= 0'51( l"m / s - 35'2125 ?t9l"?/l"m
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= 2'3(2 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #
550 ?t9 l"?/s
= 0'032 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor1/3 #9
L.=2 Filter Pressi II (F! D =2=)
Fungs , memsa#kan S9 cere!iceae dar #asl ?ermentas
Kens , plate and frame filter press
6!losa '0 1525 0'00201
Ar (( ((5'8 0'0((
Boetanol 118'0 78( 0'13(
Kumla# 538'31 0'38
Laju alr ?ltrat = 538'31 kg/jam
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W ?ltrat =F 4ot
=538' 31 kg/j am
4ot 0'38 m/jam= 1182'33 kg/m
2. Cake
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
S9 cere!iceae 73'12 170 0'033
Ar 11 ((5'8 0'011
Kumla# 0'055
Laju alr cake = 85'12 kg/jam
Jolume cake = 0'055 m
85 12 kg/jam
W? = densats ?ltrat %kg/m)
rencanakan luas en!arngan e?ekt? filter press untuk Haktu roses 1 jam
=
Laj u alr cake
=
1537
' 73 kg/j am
= 1'0Laju alr uman 1182,44 kg/jam
4e"al cake ada frame dasumskan = cm = 0 0 m
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4e"al cake ada frame dasumskan = cm = 0'0 m
Bla drencanakan seta plate memun!a luas 1m2
maka luas e?ekt?
en!arngan =
0'09A9%1+0'180)91537'73= 0'38 +%<0'18090'09A)1182'331'0/%1<1'0)
10('09A = 27'37 + 55'30 A
53'179A = 27'37
A = 3'87
Faktor keamanan = 10 $
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
4ekanan = 1 atm = 13'( sa
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
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S9 cere!iceae 73'12 170 0'033
Ar 11 ((5'8 0'0110
Kumla# 85'12 0'153
Laju alr = 85'12 kg/jam
enstas =85' 12 kg/ j am
= 551'( kg/m
0'153 m/jam
.e"utu#an erancangan = 1 #ar
Faktor .eamanan = 20$
@er#tungan ,
J l " #
0'1838 m3 =
Vt
3
t = 0'1( m = 5'37 n
*t = 0'317 m = 1'31 n
c9 4e"al shell tangk
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g
t =@
+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)
d mana,
t = te"al shell %n)
@ = tekanan desan %sa)
= dameter dalam tangk %n)
= allowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= (oint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= 1878'78 k@a = 0'2725 sa
Faktor keamanan = 20 $
Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa +0'2725 sa) = 17'(22 sa
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4e"al s#ell tangk,
t =@
+ n2%<0'@)
t =17' (22 sa - 5' 37 n
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 17'(22 sa)
t = 0'125 n
Maka te"al shell !ang d"utu#kan = 0'125 n = 0'175 cm
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/3 n %BroHnell'1(5()
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
@Suction = 27'( sa
@ 4ischar'e = 1 atm = 13'( sa
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Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
lukosa 28'2 1530 0'212
6!losa '0 1525 0'0020Ar (( ((5'8 0'0((3
Boetanol 118' 78( 0'1500
Kumla# 538'73 0'33
Laju massa = 538'73 kg/jam = 0'5( l"m/s
W am =F 4ot
=538' 73 kg/ jam
4ot 0'33 m/jam= 1181'10 kg/m = 7'71 l"m/?t
Jskost a s c a m uran Xc %ada 0o ),
esan oma,
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( %0'003557 ?t/s)
0'35%7'71 l"m/?t
)0'1
= 0'0 n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , n
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kuran nomnal , n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , '025 n = 0'5053 ?t = 0'153 m
ameter Luar %) , '25 n = 0'552 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'200 ?t2
.eceatan lner' & =
=0' 003557 ?t /s
= 0'02278 ?t/s
Blangan eynold ,
A 0'200 ?t2
2= 0'55 %1<0)
%0' 02278'
2 (1'%2'173)
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= 3'35 - 10<
?t9l"?/l"m
1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2
2gc
= 1 %0'75)%0'02278'2
2 %2'173)
= '038 - 10< ?t9l"?/l"m
1 h k l # .? &2
1 %2)%0'02278'2
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1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 &
2gc
= 1 %2)2 %2'173)
= 1'12 - 10<
?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 20 ?t, F? = 3? OL 9&
2
92 9gc
= 3 %0'0038)20 %0'02278)
2
0'5053 %2) %2'173)
= '127 - 10<
?t9l"?/l"m
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- =
&1<
A2
&A1
&2
2Ygc
= %1<0)%0'02278'2
2 (1'%2'173)
= '3(7 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma, @ = m \
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= 0'5( l"m / s - '3(7 ?t9l"?/l"m
= 2'181 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #
550 ?t9 l"?/s
= 0'00( #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/3 #9
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L.=% l$ra#l$ras# (F5=26)
Fungs , memsa#kan glukosa dan -!losa dar camuran
Kens , Spiral :ound Membrane
Ba#an konstruks , Carbon Steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
4ekanan = 1 atm
2. Cake
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
lukosa 28'2 1530 0'21
6!losa '0 1525 0'0020Kumla# 1'8 0'215
Luas en!arngan mnmal d#tung dengan menggunakan ersamaan,
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Luas en!arngan mnmal d#tung dengan menggunakan ersamaan,
A =
K - t
mana,
A = luas en!arngan %m2)
= laju alr cake %kg/jam)
K = ?luks = 0'1( m/m2 jam %#aHan' 200()
t = Haktu en!arngan %jam)
L.=6 Tangk# !enampung (T5=27)
Fungs , menamung camuran ar<etanol dar ultra?ltras
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%F<2)
Bentuk , slnder tegak dengan alas datar dan tutu ellsodal
Ba#an .onstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 grade
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P
4ekanan = 1 atm = 13'( sa
Laju Massa Masuk = 137'08 kg/jam
Faktor kelonggaran 20$
Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - 0'157 mT
= 0'1(88 m
"9 ameter dan tngg 4angk
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< Jolume shell tangk %Js) ,
Js =1
Vs2*s Asums, s , *s = 1,
3
Js=
Vs
3
< Jolume tutu tangk %Je)
Je=V
s2*e Asums, s , *e = 3 , 1
Kad total tngg tangk' *t = *s + *e = 0'3777 m
d9 4e"al shell tangk
t =@
+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)
d mana,
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t = te"al shell %n)
@ = tekanan desan %sa)
= dameter dalam tangk %n)
= allowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= (oint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= ?aktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
n = umur tangk = 10 ta#un
Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 0'502 sa) = 18'2( sa
4e"al shell tangk,
t =@
+ n2%<0'@)
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t =18' 2( sa - 5' 787 n
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 18'2( sa)
t = 0'125 n
Maka te"al shell !ang d"utu#kan = 0'125 n = 0'175 cm
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/8 n %BroHnell'1(5()
e9 4e"al tutu tangk
4utu atas tangk ter"uat dar "a#an !ang sama dengan shell 9
@ 4ischar'e = 1 atm = 13'( sa
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
tanol 8'302 78( 0'087
Ar 78'78 ((5'8 0'07(0Kumla# 137'08 0'157
W am =F 4ot
=137' 08 kg/jam
4 t 0 157 /j= 887'2 kg/m = 55'( l"m/?t
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W a 4ot 0'157 m/jam
' g '
Laju massa = 137'08 kg/jam = 0'(0 l"m/s
.omonen Laju alr $ "erat Jskostas %c@) 6 9 ln %&skostas)
%kg/jam) %-)
tanol 8'302 0'35 0'( <0'37(
Ar 8'302 0'53( 0'15 <0'153
4otal 137'08 1 <1'05
Jskostas camuran = e<0'2070
= 0'8157 c@ = 0'000538 l"m/?t9s
.eceatan lner' & =
=0' 0050( ?t /s
= 0'025 ?t/s
Blangan eynold ,
A 0' 200 ?t2
N:e =W - & -
X
55,39l" m -
0'025?t
- 0'5053
?t
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?t= ?t s
0'000538 l"m/?t9s
= 1277'10
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 1277'10 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m
0'0153 m= 0'0002(8
maka #arga ? = 0'0038 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
30 %0'025)2 0 ' 5053 %2) %2'173)
= 13'75 - 10<
?t9l"?/l"m
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1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- =
&1<
A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
= %1<0)%0'025'2
2 (1'%2'173)
= ('712 -10
<
?t9l"?/l"m
4otal friction loss , ∑ F = 5'503 - 10<
?t9l"?/l"m
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ar ersamaan 7ernoulli,
1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+
@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0
%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1
W
dmana, &1 = &2
O@ = <11'8122 sa
tngg emomaan ∆G = 28 ?t
maka, 0+2' 173
(28'+<11' 8122 - 133
+ 0'00005503+s=02'173 55'(
s = <2'708 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
Kumla# , 1 unt
Fluda anas,
Laju alr steam masuk = 881'081 kg/jam = 1515'(0 l"m/jam
4 l %4 ) 180P 5PF
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4emeratur aHal %41) = 180P = 5PF
4emeratur ak#r %42) = 180P = 5 PF
Fluda dngn,
Laju alr uman masuk = 5803'1( kg/jam = 127(2'2 l"m/jam
4emeratur aHal %t1) = 0P = 8PF
4emeratur ak#r %t2) = (0P = 1(3PF
@anas !ang dsera %) = 107'(32 kK/jam = 1020'7(8 Btu/jam
= t
2− t
1 = 108
= 0'34
1− t
1 5 − 8
ar am"ar 18' .ern %1(5) derole# F4 = 1
Maka ∆t = F4⋅
LM4 = 1⋅
211'32 = 211'32 °F
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%2) 4c dan tc
4 = 4
1 + 42 =
5 + 5= 5 °Fc
2 2
t = t
1+ t
2 = 8 + 1(3
= 130 °Fc2 2
alam erancangan n dgunakan heater dengan ses?kas,
< ameter luar tube %) = /3 n
Kumla# tube' N A 0'033 ?t
2
= = = 0'0157 "ua#tL ⋅ a
_15 ?t ⋅ 0'1( ?t
2/?t
"9 ar 4a"el (' #al 832' .ern %1(5)' nla !ang terdekat adala# 2(0 tube
dengan shell 21'25 n9
c9 .oreks
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A = L ⋅ N
t
⋅ a _
= 15 ?t⋅
0'0157 ⋅
0'1( ?t 2/?t
= 0'032 ?t 2
=
= 1020'7(81 Btu/jam
= 103'058 Btu
A ⋅ ^t 0'033 ?t
2⋅ 211'32
°F
jam ⋅ ?t2
⋅ °F
@ada 4c = 5°F' ∝ = 0'015 c@ = 0'02 l"m/?t2
⋅ jam
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ar 4a"el 10' .ern %1(5)' untuk /3 n ' 18 B' derole#,
= 0'52 n = 0'053 ?t
:e t =
⋅
t
X
%@ers9 %79)' .ern)
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:e t =
0'053 ⋅ 1385
0'02= 3(((73725
%) 4aksr j* dar am"ar 23' .ern %1(5)' derole# j* = 750
%7) @ada 4c = 5PF
c = 2'7 Btu/l"mPF
k = 0'025 Btu/jam9?tPF
t
#o = 371'1 ⋅ 1 = 371'1
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a s = ?t2
133 ⋅ @
4
%@ers9 %791)' .ern)
Flu#4a 4#ng#n shell ; 3aan
%′ ) "low area shell
s ⋅ I⋅ B
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s = ameter dalam shell = 21'25 n
B = 7affle spacin' = 5 n
@4 = Tube pitch = 15/1 n = 0'(75 n
′ = Clearance = @4 ;
= 0'(75 ; 0'75 = 0'1875 n
2 1 ' 25 ⋅ 0'1875 ⋅ 5 2a s = = 0'1375 ?t
e = 0'55/12 = 0'0358 ?t
:es =e ⋅ s
X%@ers9 %79)' .ern)
0'0358⋅
10281('1:e s = 1'15
= 307'5
%′ ) 4aksr j dar am"ar 28 K %1(5) derole# j 110
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% ) 4aksr j* dar am"ar 28' Kern %1(5)' derole# j* = 110
%7′ ) @ada tc = 130°F
c = 1'07 Btu/l"m⋅ °F
k = 0'57 Btu/jam9?t9oF
# o k1
c ⋅ X
%8′ ) = j* ⋅ ⋅ `s e k
%@ers9 %915)' .ern)
# 0 571
1 07 1 15
%11) Faktor engotor' : d
: d=
=− =
==
⋅ =
3 5 ' 37 − 10 '73
35'37 ⋅
10'73
= 0'0073 %@ers9 %91)' .ern)
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: d #tung : d "atas' maka ses?kas cooler daat dterma9
Pressure drop
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p
Flu#4a panas steam; tube
%1) ntuk :et = 85251'2
? = 0'00012 ?t2/n
2%"r9 2' .ern)
s = 1
t = 1
? 2
L
= 0'3( sa
∆@t !ang der"ole#kan = 2 sa
Flu#4a 4#ng#n 3aan; shell
%1′ ) ntuk :es = 8733'(5
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% ) s '
? = 0'0002 ?t2/n
2%"r9 2(' .ern)
s =1
s = 0'(83
%2′)
N + 1 = 12 ⋅LB
%@ers9 %793)' .ern)
N + 1 1215
Kens , Sie!e ; tray
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Bentuk , slnder &ertkal dengan alas dan tutu elsodal
Ba#an konstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 +rade
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = (0P
4ekanan = 1 atm = 13'( sa
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ar er#tungan neraca massa dan neraca anas derole# data,
6*F = 0'02( 6L = 0'(71
6LF = 0'0 = 8'0 kmol/jam
6L = 0'0001 = '532 kmol/jam
6* = 0'81 ⟨L = 0'3385
0 < a= e- &<&
X& %o#ert! dan
Malone' 2001)1 < a X
0
mana,
0 = e?sens olom destlas
a = 0'28
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X = &skostas camuran feed %c)
X0 = 1'25 c
< = &olatltas key komonen uman
0 < 0 ' 28
1 ; 0'28= e- &<&2'7819
0'2(13&
1'25
0 = 0'5
Kad' uman masuk ada rng ke<1 dar atas9
esan kol o m
rencanakan,
Tray spacin' %t) = 0'5 m
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Hole diameter %do)
Space between hole center %>)
=
=
3'5 mm
12 mm
%4re!"al' 1(81)
%4re!"al' 1(81)
:eir hei'ht %#H)
.itch
=
=
5 cm
n trian'ular
l/do = 0'3 %4re!"al' 1(81)
4a"el L911 .omoss Ba#an @ada Alur Jd .olom stlas %4<01)
Komponen
Boetanol
Alur 4 (kmol/jam)
0'1387
C mol
0'02
Mr
3
C mol Mr
1'51
Ar 3'71 0'(7 18 17'30
Mr a& 3'51(7 18'(1(
1 C
L
&
WL
&
0'5
=0' 0252
&87(
' 555&
0'5
= 1'15
WJ 3'55 1'32(
Y = 0'0733t + 0'0117 = 0'0733%0'5) + 0'0117 = 0'038( %4a"el 92 4re!"al' 1(81)
f = 0'003t + 0'05 = 0'003%0'5) + 0'015 = 0'002
F = &
log
0'5 + f& &0'2
& %@ers 90 4re!"al' 1(81)
W
% ) 0'02WJ
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W
J
= &0'038( log1
+ 0'002&
&0' 03&
0'2
= 0'0825
WL
<WJ
0'13
0'5
0'02
JF = F & &
J 0'5
= 0'0825&
87(' 555<1'32(&
1'32(
= 2'035 m/s
Asums 80$ keceatan floodin' %4re!"al' 1(81)
1
1
&e??
& = 0'(27(
# = 0' &
&
2/
&
e??
&
2/
2/
# = 0'
&0' 0252
&1'31
(09(27('2/
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#1 = 0'033 m
@er#tungan dulang dengan memaka nla #1 = 0'033 m #ngga nla #1 konstan
ada nla 0'033 m9
@er#tun g an .ressure 4 r op 4ry pressure drop
Ao = 0'1275 \ 1('1 = 0'00 m2
Jo = /Ao = 3'55/0'00 = 87'21 m/s
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Jo /Ao 3'55/0'00 87'21 m/s
o = 1'0( \ %do/l)0'25
= 1'0( \ %1/0'3)0'25
= 1'30 %@ers 97 4re!"al' 1(81)
Wg9 Jo9do Hole eynold number = X
g
=1' 32( kg/m - 87'21 m/s - 0'0035 m
0'0000125 kg/m9s
= 5528'1
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 5528'1dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m
0'0035 m= 0'0102
#: = (0'03'
87('555(0'0035'%('8)
= 0'0018 m
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2
Total 'as pressure drop
# = #d + #L + #: %@ers 95 4re!"al' 1(81)
# =0'7322 + 0'057 + 0'00018
# = 0'800 m
.ressure loss at li?uid entranceAda = 0'025 = 0'025%1'31) = 0'031 m
2
#2 =&
%@ers 93 4re!"al' 1(81)
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2
&2g Ada
#2 = 2%('8) &
0'0252
&0'031
= 0'08(
7ackup in downspout
# = # + #2 %@ers 933 4re!"al' 1(81)
# = 0'800 + 0'08(# = 0'88( m
Check on floodin'
# # #
Corossion allowance %) = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
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mur alat = 10 ta#un
4e"al shell tangk,
t =@
+ n2%<0'@)
t =13' (
sa - 7
' 727 n+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un
2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 13'(sa)
t = 0 1758 n
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t = 0'1758 n
Maka te"al shell !ang d"utu#kan = 0'1758 n = 0'335 cm
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/3 n %BroHnell'1(5()
L.<+ !ompa 1= (!5<1=)
Fungs , memoma roduk "ottom ke re"oler %<313)
W am =F 4ot
=137' 08 kg/jam
= 887'2 kg/m
= 55'( l"m/?t
4ot 0'157 m/jam
Laju massa = 137'08 kg/jam = 0'(0 l"m/s
.omonen Laju alr $ "erat Jskostas %c@) 6 9 ln %&skostas)
%kg/jam) %-)
tanol 8'302 0'35 0'( <0'37(
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tanol 8'302 0'35 0'( 0'37(
Ar 8'302 0'53( 0'15 <0'153
4otal 137'08 1 <1'05
Jskostas camuran = e<0'2070
= 0'8157 c@ = 0'000538 l"m/?t9s
Laju alr &olumetrk'
= 0'157 m/jam = 0'0050( ?t
/s
esan oma,
'ot = '( %)0'35%⟩)0'1 %alas' 1((0)
= '( %0'0050( ?t/s)
0'35%55'( l"m/?t
)
0'1
= 0'10 n
= 1277'10
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 1277'10 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m
0'0153 m= 0'0002(8
maka #arga ? = 0'0038 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
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2
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c
=0'55&1<
A2
&A1
&2
2Ygc
= 0'55 %1<0)%0' 025'
2 (1'%2'173)
= 5'32 - 10<
?t9l"?/l"m
1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n .? &2
= 1 %0 75)%0'025'2
4otal friction loss , ∑ F = 5'503 - 10<
?t9l"?/l"m
ar ersamaan 7ernoulli,
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1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+
@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0
%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1
W
dmana, &1 = &2
O@ = <11'8122 sa
tngg emomaan ∆G = 28 ?t
maka, 0+2' 173
(28'+<11
' 8122 - 133+ 0'00005503+s=0
2'173 55'(
s = <2'708 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma 80 $
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?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
<2'708 = <0'8 \
= '85 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma, @ = m \
= 0'(0 l"m / s - '85 ?t9l"?/l"m
= '035 ?t9 l"?/s 9
1 #
550 ?t9 l"?/s
= 0'00553 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 0'00553 #9
4emeratur aHal %41)
4emeratur ak#r %42)
Fluda dngn,
=
=
180P
180P
= 5PF
= 5 PF
Laju alr uman masuk = 287203'287 kg/jam
4emeratur aHal %t1) = (0P = 1(3PF
= 2((8'1321 l"m/jam
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4emeratur ak#r %t2) = 100P = 212PF
@anas !ang dsera %) = 5('(183 kK/jam = 8'80(1 Btu/jam
%1) ∆t = "eda su#u se"enarn!a
Flu#4a !anas Flu#4a 4#ng#n "el#s#
41 = 5°F 4emeratur !ang le"# tngg t2 = 212°F ∆t1 = 133°F
%2) 4c dan tc
4 = 4
1+ 4
2 = 5 + 5
= 5 °Fc2 2
t = t 1 + t 2 = 1(3 + 212 = 20 °Fc2 2
alam erancangan n dgunakan heater dengan ses?kas,
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< ameter luar tube %) = /3 n
< Kens tube = 18 B
< @tc# %@4)
< @anjang tube %L)
=
=
15/1 n trian'ular pitch
?t
a9 ar 4a"el 8' #al9 830' .ern %1(5)' heater untuk ?luda anas steam dan
?luda dngn li'ht or'anics' derole# = 100<200' ?aktor engotor %: d) =
0'009
am"l = 103 Btu/jam ?t2 °F
A = L ⋅ N
t
⋅ a_
= ?t ⋅ 0'17(( ⋅ 0'1( ?t2/?t
= 0'211?t2
=
= 8'80(1 Btu/jam
= 103'(3 Btu
A ⋅ ^t 0'211 ?t
2⋅ 152'82
°F
jam ⋅ ?t2
⋅ °F
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= t
a
Flu#4a panas steam; tube
%) "low area tube' at′ = 0'3 n2
%4a"el 10' .ern)
N t ⋅ a
I
t 133 ⋅ n%@ers9 %7938)' .ern)
X
%@ers9%79)'.ern)
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:e t=
0'053⋅
7351'3(
0'02
= 1115(('21
%) 4aksr j* dar am"ar 23' .ern %1(5)' derole# j* = 280
%7) @ada 4c = 5PF
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c = 2'7 Btu/l"mPF
k = 0'025 Btu/jam9?tPF
1
# k c ⋅ X
%8) = j*⋅
` t
⋅
k
%@ers9 %915)' .ern)
1
Flu#4a 4#ng#n shell ; 3aan
%′ ) "low area shell
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a s =
s
?t2
133 ⋅ @
4
= ameter dalam shell = 8 n
%@ers9 %791)' .ern)
B = 7affle spacin' = 2 n
@4 = Tube pitch = 15/1 n = 0'(75 n
′ = Clearance = @4 ;
s ⋅ I⋅ B
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Clearance @4
= 0'(75 ; 0'75 = 0'1875 n
8 ⋅ 0'1875 ⋅ 2 2a s = 133 ⋅ 0'(75
= 0'0222 ?t
%3′ ) .eceatan massa
= H
%@ers9 %792)' .ern)sas
%′ ) 4aksr j* dar am"ar 28' Kern %1(5)' derole# j* = 50
%7′ ) @ada tc = 20°F
c = 0'72 Btu/l"m⋅ °F
k = 0'071 Btu/jam9?t9oF
# o k1
c ⋅ X
%8′ ) = j* ⋅ ⋅
`s e k
%@ers9 %915)' .ern)
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`s e
# o = 50 ⋅ 0'071
1
⋅ 0 '72 ⋅ 0 '817
= 1118'2
`s 0'0358
0'071
%(′) .arena &skostas renda#' maka dam"l s = 1
# o =# o
⋅ s
Pressure drop
Flu#4a panas steam; tube
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%1) ntuk :et = 1115(('21
? = 0'00013 ?t2/n
2%"r9 2' .ern)
s = 1
t = 1
%2) ^@t
? ⋅ 2
⋅ L ⋅ n= t %@ers9 %795)' .ern)
5'22 ⋅ 1010 ⋅ ⋅ s ⋅ ` t
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t
^@t= (0'00013)(7351'3()2
%)(8)5'22 ⋅ 10
10
(0'053)(1)%1)
= 0'011 sa
%) ar ra?k 27' #al9 87' Kern %1(5)' ada derole# J
2
= 0'0012gI
2
? = 0'00013 ?t2/n
2%"r9 2(' .ern)
s =1
s = 0'825
%2′ ) N + 1 = 12 ⋅L
B
%@ers9 %793)' .ern)
N 1 12
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2
N + 1 = 12 ⋅ = 2
s = 8/12 = 0'7 ?t
%′ ) ^@s = ? ⋅ s ⋅ s ⋅ ( N +
1 )10
%@ers9 %7933)' .ern)
5'22 ⋅ 10 ⋅ e
⋅ s ⋅ s
^@s = (0'00013)(2133(1'1)2(0'7)()
10
Fluda anas,
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Laju alr uman masuk = 231170'12(1 kg/jam = 51520'(5 l"m/jam
4emeratur aHal %41) = (0P = 1(3PF
4emeratur ak#r %42) = 80P = 17 PF
Fluda dngn,
Laju alr ar endngn = 108571'1855 kg/jam = 8512(0'8( l"m/jam
4emeratur aHal %t1) = 25P = 77PF
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4emeratur ak#r %t2) = 35P = 11PF
@anas !ang dsera %) = ((00'0 kK/jam = 058'777 Btu/jam
%1) ∆t = "eda su#u se"enarn!a
Flu#4a !anas Flu#4a 4#ng#n "el#s#
41 = 1(3°F 4emeratur !ang le"# tngg t2 = 11°F ∆t1 = 81°F
%2) 4c dan tc
4 = 4
1+ 4
2 = 1(3 + 17
= 185 °Fc2 2
t = t
1+ t
2 = 77 + 11
= (5 °Fc2 2
alam erancangan n dgunakan cooler dengan ses?kas,
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alam erancangan n dgunakan cooler dengan ses?kas,
< ameter luar tube %) = 1 n
< Kens tube
< @tc# %@4)
=
=
18 B
11/3 n trian'ular pitch
< @anjang tube %L) = 12 ?t
a9 ar 4a"el 8' #al9 830' .ern %1(5)' cooler untuk ?luda anas li'ht or'anics
A = L⋅
N
t
⋅ a _
= 12 ?t ⋅ 2('8( ⋅ 0'218 ?t 2/?t
= ('(0 ?t 2
=
= 058'777 Btu/jam
= 80 Btu
A ⋅ ^t ('( ?t
2⋅ 87'(05
°F
jam ⋅ ?t2
⋅ °F
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= t
a
Flu#4a 4#ng#n a#r; tube
%) "low area tube' at′ = 0'( n2
%4a"el 10' .ern)
N t⋅
a I
t 133 ⋅ n%@ers9 %7938)' .ern)
X%@ers9%79)'.ern)
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:et=
0'0751⋅
1827'72
1'7385= 782'8(
%) 4aksr j* dar am"ar 23' .ern %1(5)' derole# j* = 100
%7) @ada 4c = (5PF
c = 1'1 Btu/l"mPF
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k = 0' Btu/jam9?tPF
1
# k c ⋅ X
%8) = j*⋅
` t
⋅
k
%@ers9 %915)' .ern)
1
#
1000'
1' 1 ⋅
87 28
Flu#4a panas shell ; 3aan
%′ ) "low area shell
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a s =
s
?t2
133 ⋅ @
4
= ameter dalam shell = 8 n
%@ers9 %791)' .ern)
B = 7affle spacin' = 5 n
@4 = Tube pitch = 1'25 n
′ = Clearance = @4 ;
s ⋅ I⋅ B
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= 1'25 ; 1 = 0'25 n
8 ⋅ 0'25 ⋅ 52 a s = 133 ⋅ 1'25
= 0'0555?t
%3′ ) .eceatan massa
= H
%@ers9 %792)' .ern)sas
0'03⋅
(257('52:es =
0'023= 233100'5
%′ ) 4aksr j* dar am"ar 28' Kern %1(5)' derole# j* = 1000
%7′ ) @ada tc = 185°F
c = 0'3 Btu/l"m⋅ °F
k = 0'0117 Btu/jam9?t9oF
1
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# o k1
c ⋅ X
%8′) = j
* ⋅
⋅
`s e k
%@ers9 %915)' .ern)
# o1
= 1000 ⋅ 0'0117
⋅ 0' 3
⋅ 0 '023
= 12'72(
`s 0'03
0'0117
: d #tung : d "atas' maka ses?kas cooler daat dterma9
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Pressure drop
Flu#4a 4#ng#n a#r; tube
%1) ntuk :et = 212'(7
? = 0'0001( ?t2/n2 %"r9 2' .ern)
s = 1
t = 1
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%2) ^@t
? ⋅ 2
⋅ L ⋅ n=
t%@ers9 %795)' .ern)
5'22 ⋅ 1010 ⋅ ⋅ s ⋅ ` t
^@t= (0'0001()(73727'23)
2%12)()
5'22 ⋅ 1010
(0'0751)(1)%1)
= 1'(3 sa
Flu#4a panas 3aan; shell
%1′ ) ntuk :es = 233100'5
? = 0'0001 ?t2/n
2%"r9 2(' .ern)
s =1
s = 0'7((
%2′ ) N + 1 = 12 ⋅ %@ers %7 3) .ern)
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2
%2 ) N + 1 12 L
B
%@ers9 %793)' .ern)
N + 1 = 12 ⋅ 12
= 28'85
s = 8/12 = 0'7 ?t
%′ ) ^@s = ? ⋅ s ⋅ s ⋅ ( N +
1)%@ers9 %7933)' .ern)
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 80P
4ekanan = 1 atm
Laju alr massa = 57(8'385 kg/jam
.e"utu#an erancangan = 1 jam
Faktor kelonggaran = 20$
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
tanol 152'7 78( '((5
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tanol 152'7 78( '((5
Ar 235'785 ((5'8 2'57
Kumla# 57(8'385 '52
W am =F 4ot
=57(8'385 kg/j am
4ot '52 m/jam= 871'( kg/m
@er#tungan,
a9 Jolume tangk
Maka' &olume tangk,
Jt = L9: 29% Y
57'<sn Y 9cos Y)
5'5(23 m
= 89: 29%
2' 1572<sn 2'1572 9cos 2'1572)
57'
: %radus) = 2'(872 m
%dameter) = 5'(733 m = 25'215( n
* % ) 3 30
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* %tngg caran) = 3'30 m
"9 4e"al shell tangk
t =@
+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)
d mana,
t = te"al shell %n)
Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 5'73( sa) = 23'858 sa
4e"al s#ell tangk,
t =@
+ n2%<0'@)
t =23' 858
sa - 25
' 215( n+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un
2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 23'858 sa)
t = 0'128 n
M k t " l h ll d" t #k 0 128 0 25
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Maka te"al shell !ang d"utu#kan = 0'128 n = 0'25 cm
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /8 n %BroHnell'1(5()
c9 4utu tangk
ameter tutu = dameter tangk = 5'(733 m
:ato a-s = L# , = 1, 3
Ba#an .onstruks , commercial steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 80 P
@Suction = 1('85 sa
@ 4ischar'e = 1 atm = 13'( sa
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Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m/jam)
tanol ('08 78( 0'03(
Ar 28'017 ((5'8 0'2(
Kumla# 7'10 0'78
Laju massa = 7'10 kg/jam = 0'2237 l"m/s
W am =F 4ot
=7' 10 kg/ j am
4ot 0'78 m/jam= (8'3 kg/m = 0'355 l"m/?t
ameter alam %) , '538 n = 0'2(5 ?t = 0'0(01 m
ameter Luar %) , 3 n = 0' ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'087 ?t2
.eceatan lner' & =
=0' 007 ?t /s
= 0'053 ?t/s
Blangan eynold ,
A 0'087 ?t2
N:e =W - & -
X
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X
l"m ?t0'007 - 0'053 - 0'2(5 ?t
=?t s
0'0001( l"m/?t9s
= 0'18
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10
<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 0'18 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m= 0'00051
%0'053'2
2 %2'173)
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= ('0 ?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 20 ?t, F? = 3? OL 9&
2
92 9gc
= 3 %0'0038)20 %0'053)
2
0'2(5 %2) %2'173)
= 111'(7 - 10<5
?t9l"?/l"m
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- =
&1<
A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
= %1<0)%0'053'2
2 (1'%2'173)
3 5 10<5
?t l"?/l"
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= 3'5 - 10 ?t9l"?/l"m
4otal friction loss , ∑ F = 11'33 - 10<5
?t9l"?/l"m
ar ersamaan 7ernoulli,
1&&
2< &
2&+ g&Z <Z &+@2 < @1
+ [ F + s =0
%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1
W
dmana, &1 = &2
Fungs , memoma destlat ke cooler %<31()
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Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an .onstruks , commercial steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds eras , 4emeratur = 80P
@Suction = 1('85 sa
@ 4ischar'e = 1 atm = 13'( sa
Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m
/jam)
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tanol 118'0 78( 0'13(
Ar (( ((5'8 0'0((
Kumla# 217'0 0'23(
Laju massa = 217'0kg/jam = 0'12 l"m/s
W am = F 4ot = 217' 0 kg/ j am 4ot 0'23( m/jam
= 871'520 kg/m = 53'( l"m/?t
kuran nomnal , 2 n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , 2'07 n = 0'1722 ?t = 0'0525 m
ameter Luar %) , 2'75 n = 0'1(7( ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'02 ?t2
.eceatan lner'
& =
=0
' 00233 ?t /s
A 0'02 ?t2 = 0'1038 ?t/s
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Blangan eynold ,
N:e =W - & -
X
l"m ?t53'( - 0'1038 - 0'1722 ?t
=?t s
0'0001( l"m/?t9s
= 207'(
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 &2
2gc
= 1 %2)%0'1038'2
2 %2'173)
= 3'1 - 10<5
?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 25 ?t, F? = 3? OL 9&
2
92 9gc
= 3 %0'00)25 %0'1038)
2
0'1722 %2) %2'173)
= 5('37 - 10<5
?t9l"?/l"m
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- =A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
= %1<0)%0'1038'2
2 (1'%2'173)
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&1<
= (('11 - 10<5
?t9l"?/l"m
4otal friction loss , ∑ F = 213'8( - 10<5
?t9l"?/l"m
ar ersamaan 7ernoulli,
1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+
@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0
L.<% ooler (E5<1*)
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Fungs , untuk mendngnkan "oetanol se"elum dalrkan ke
tangk en!manan "oetanol %4<321)
Kens , 2<3 s#ell and tu"e e-c#anger
aka , /3 n ' 4u"e 18 B' anjang = 5 ?t' 8 ass
Kumla# , 1 unt
Fluda anas,
Laju alr uman masuk = 231170'12(1 kg/jam = 51520'(5 l"m/jam
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j ' g j ' j
4emeratur aHal %41) = (0P = 1(3PF
4emeratur ak#r %42) = 80P = 17 PF
Fluda dngn,
Laju alr ar endngn = 108571'1855 kg/jam = 8512(0'8( l"m/jam
4emeratur aHal %t ) = 25P = 77PF
1
LM4 = ^t 2 − ^t 1 =
18= 8('(( °F
ln ^t 2 ln ((
^t 81
: = 4
1− 4
2 = 18
= 0'5t
2
− t1
= t
2− t
1 =
= 0'074
1− t
1 1(3 − 77
ar am"ar 18' .ern %1(5) derole# F4 = 0'(8
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Maka ∆t = F4 ⋅ LM4 = 0'(8 ⋅ 8('(( = 87'(05 °F
%2) 4c dan tc
4 = 4
1+ 4
2 = 1(3 + 17
= 185 °Fc2 2
A =
= 058'777 Btu/jam
= ('( ?t 2
= ⋅
^t80
Btu⋅ 87'(05
oF
jam ⋅ ?t 2
⋅o F
Luas ermukaan luar %a″) = 0'218 ?t2/?t %4a"el 10' .ern)
Kumla# tube' N A ('( ?t
2
= = = 2('8( "ua#tL ⋅ a
_12 ?t ⋅ 0'218 ?t
2/?t
"9 ar 4a"el (' #al 832' .ern %1(5)' nla !ang terdekat adala# 1 tube
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dengan shell 8 n9
c9 .oreks
A = L ⋅ N
t
⋅ a _
= 12 ?t⋅
2('8( ⋅
0'218 ?t 2
/?t
= ('(0 ?t 2
=
%@ers9 %792)' .ern)t at
= 3012'0(
= 1827'72 l" m
t 0'0022 jam ⋅ ?t2
%5) Blangan eynold
@ada 4c = (5°F' ∝ = 0'7228 c@ = 1'7385 l"m/?t2
⋅ jam
ar 4a"el 10' .ern %1(5)' untuk 1 n ' 18 B' derole#,
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= 0'(02n = 0'0751 ?t
:e t =
⋅
t
X
%@ers9 %79)' .ern)
:et=
0'0751 ⋅ 1827'72= 782'8(
`
t0'0751
0'
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`
# o
` t
#=
` t⋅
= 87'28 ⋅ 0'(02
1
= 755'215
%() .arena &skostas renda#' maka dam"l t = 1
#o#o = ⋅ `t
t
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#o = 755'215⋅
1 = 755'215
Flu#4a panas shell ; 3aan
%′ ) "low area shell
⋅ I⋅ B
513'13 l" m s = = (257('52
0'0555 jam ⋅ ?t 2
%5′ ) Blangan eynold
@ada tc = 185°F
∝ = 0'0100 c@ = 0'023 l"m/?t2
⋅ jam %"r9 15' .ern)
ar am"ar 28' Kern %1(5)' untuk 1 n dan 11/3 trian'ular pitch' derole#
de = 0'77 n9
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e = 0'77/12 = 0'03 ?t
:es =e ⋅ s
X%@ers9 %79)' .ern)
0'03⋅
(257('52:es = 0'023 = 233100'5
# o`s ⋅
s
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#o = 12'72(⋅
1 = 12'72(
%10) Clean O!erall coefficient '
= #
o⋅ #
o = 755' 215 ⋅ 12'72(
= 1'88 Btu/jam ⋅ ?t2
⋅ °F#
o+ #
o 755'215 + 12'72(
%@ers9 %98)' .ern)
%11) Faktor engotor' : d
d
−
1'88 − 7' 21
0 00 % % ) )
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: d = ⋅
= 1'88⋅7'21
= 0'005 %@ers9 %91)' .ern)
: d #tung : d "atas' maka ses?kas cooler daat dterma9
%) ar ra?k 27' #al9 87' Kern %1(5)' ada derole#J 2
= 0'0072gI
3n J2
^@r = 9s 2gI
=
%3)9%)
90'0071
= 0'18 sa
∆@4 = ∆@t + ∆@r
= 1'(3 sa + 0'18 sa
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= 2'113 sa
∆@t !ang der"ole#kan = 10 sa
Flu#4a panas 3aan; shell
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tanol 172(7'8 0'53 0'( <0'512
Ar 27'8 0'35 0'15 <0'523
4otal 17(25'23 1 <1'0
Jskostas camuran = e<0'87
= 0'317 c@ = 0'0001( l"m/?t9s
Laju alr &olumetrk'
= 0'23( m
/jam = 0'00233 ?t
/s
esan oma,
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( %0'00233 ?t/s)
0'35%53'( l"m/?t
)
0'1
0 70
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= 0'70 n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , 2 n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , 2'07 n = 0'1722 ?t = 0'0525 m
2
maka #arga ? = 0'00 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c
=0'55&1<
A2&
A1
&2
2Ygc
= 0'55 %1<0)%0
' 1038'
2 (1'%2'173)
= ('8 -10<5
?t9l"?/l"m
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1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2
2gc
= 1 %0'75)%0'1038'2
2 %2'173)
= 12'8 - 10<5
?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 &
2
2gc= 1 %2)
%0'1038'2
2 %2'173)
5
tngg emomaan ∆G = 20 ?t
maka, 0 +2' 173
(20' +<5
' 1705 - 133+ 0'00215+s=0
2'173 53'(
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s = <'1 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
<'1 = <0'8 \
= 7'8( ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma, @ = m \
= 0'12 l"m / s - 7'8( ?t9l"?/l"m
= 1'03 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #
550 ?t9 l"?/s
= 0'0018( #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 0'0018( #9
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L.<7 Tangk# !en:#mpanan -#oe$anol (T5<21)
Fungs , men!man "oetanol (('8$ selama 15 #ar
Bentuk , slnder tegak dengan alas datar dan tutu ellsodal
Ba#an .onstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 grade
= 5'85 m
Faktor kelonggaran 20$
Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - 5'85 mT
= 3'2 m
"9 ameter dan tngg 4angk
< Jolume shell tangk %Js) ,
Js = 1 Vs2*s Asums, s , *s = 1,
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Js = 1 Vs2*s Asums, s , *s = 1,
3
Js=
Vs
3
< Jolume tutu tangk %Je)
V 2
4ngg #ead' *e = 1 - = 11'( m3
Kad total tngg tangk' *t = *s + *e = 155'0( m
d9 4e"al shell tangk
t =@
+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)
d mana,
t = te"al shell %n)
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@ = tekanan desan %sa)
= dameter dalam tangk %n)
= allowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= (oint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
= ?aktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
Faktor keamanan = 20 $
Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 133'(5 sa) = 1(1'57 sa
4e"al shell tangk,
t =@
+ n2%<0'@)
t1(1'57 sa - 1878'(3 n
+ 10 t # 0 0125 /t #
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t =' '
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 1(1'57 sa)
t = 0'20n
Maka te"al shell !ang d"utu#kan = 0'20 n = 0'8128 cm
Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /8 n %BroHnell'1(5()
.EH5T@A+,A S.ES5"5K,S5 .E,2,T,A @T525T,S
,.1 Screening (")
Fungs , men!arng artkel<artkel adat !ang "esar
Kens , bar screen
Kumla# , 1 unt
Ba#an konstruks , stainless steel
.onds oeras,
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< 4emeratur = 0°
< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m
%@err!' 1((7)
< Laju alr massa %F) = 12858'071( kg/jam
Laju alr &olume %) =12858'071( kg/jam ⋅ 1 jam/00s
= 0 05( m/s
Msalkan' jumla# "ar = -
Maka'
20- + 20 %- + 1) = 2000
30- = 1(80
- = 3('5 ≈ 50 "ua#
Luas "ukaan %A2) = 20%50 + 1) %2000) = 290309000 mm2
= 2'03 m2
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2
2 A 2
% ) % ) % ) '
Asums' d = 0' dan 0$ screen tersum"at
Head loss %∆#) =
= %0'05() 2
2 g d 2
2 %('8) %0') 2
%2'03) 2
= 3'7(910<5
m dar ar
Ba#an konstruks , commercial steel
.onds oeras,
< 4emeratur = 00
< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m
= 2'131( l"m/?t
< Jskostas ar %∝) = 0'8007 c@ = 0'00058 l"m/?t⋅ jam
Laju alr massa %F) = 12858'071( kg/jam = 78'(8 l"m/detk
e"t ar/laju alr &olumetrk' = F=
78'(8 l" m
/s
W 2'131( l"m /?t
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= 1'2 ?t/s
esan o m a
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( \ %1'2 ?t/s)
0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t
)0'1
= 7'31( n
% 2'131( l"m / ?t
)%'352 ?t / s )% 0'5?t )
=0'00058 l"m/?t9s
= 28001'87
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 28001'87 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'2027 m = 0'00022(
maka #arga ? = 0'003 %eankols' 200)
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"riction loss,
, ! 2 '3522
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 5%1 − 0)
,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'2271 ?t9l"?/l"m
2 2
( )
1
(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) + @2 − @1 + ∑F + =
0
%eankols' 200)
2Y2 1 2 1
Ws
dmana , &1 = &2
@1 = @2
∆G = 50 ?t
2'173?t/s2
maka, 0 + 50 ?t + 0 + 1'38( ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173?t9l"m/l"?9s
2
s = ;51'3(2 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
s
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< 51'3(2 = < 0'8 \
= 3'185 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma , @ = m \
= 78'(8 l"m/s ⋅ 3'185 ?t9l"?/l"m
\
= ( 188 #
1 #
550?t9l"?/s
.eceatan engendaan 0'1 mm asr adala#,⌡
0= 1'57 ?t/mn = 8 mm/s %.aHamura' 1((1)
esan derkrakan menggunakan ses?kas,
.edalaman tangk = 15 ?t
Le"ar tangk = 3 ?t
75'(7( ?t /mn.eceatan alran = & = = = 1'2 ?t/mn = 0'003 m/sA
t15 ?t ⋅ 3 ?t
h esan anjang deal "ak , L = . & %.aHamura' 1((1)
⌡0
dengan , . = ?aktor keamanan = 1'5
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# = kedalaman ar e?ekt? %10<1 ?t)U dam"l 15 ?t9
Maka , = 1'5 \ %15/1'57) \ 1'2 = 18'13 ?t
am"l anjang "ak = 18'2 ?t = 5'515 m
j des a n
aktu retens %t) , t =Ja
= p ⋅ l ⋅ t
Fungs , memoma ar dar "ak engendaan ke Clarifier Kens , oma sentr?ugal
Kumla# , 1 unt
Ba#an konstruks , commercial steel
.onds oeras,
< 4emeratur = 00
< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m
= 2'131( l"m/?t
< Jskostas ar %∝) = 0'8007 c@ = 0'00058 l"m/?t⋅ jam
Laju alr massa %F) = 12858'071( kg/jam = 78'(8 l"m/detk
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e"t ar/laju alr &olumetrk' = F =
78'(8 l" m
/s
W 2'131( l" m /?t
= 1'2 ?t/s
esan o m a
% 2'131( l"m / ?t
)%'352 ?t / s )% 0'5?t )
=0'00058 l"m/?t9s
= 28001'87
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10
<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 28001'87 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'2027 m = 0'00022(
maka #arga ? = 0'003 %eankols' 200)
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"riction loss,
, ! 2 '3522
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 5%1 − 0)
,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'2271 ?t9l"?/l"m
2 2
( )
ar ersamaan Bernoull, 1
(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) +
@2− @
1 + ∑F + =
0
%eankols' 200)
2Y2 1 2 1
Ws
dmana , &1 = &2
@1 = @2
∆G = 0 ?t
2'173?t/s2
maka, 0 + 0 ?t + 0 + 1'3 ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173?t9l"m/l"?9s
2
s = ;1'3 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s
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s = < \
< 1'3 = < 0'8 \
= ('25 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma , @ = m \
= 78'(8 l"m/s⋅
('25 ?t9l"?/l"m
\
1 #550?t9l"?/s
@er#tungan,a9 kuran 4angk
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Jolume larutan' Jl = '32( kg/jam⋅
23 jam/#ar⋅
0 #ar0' ⋅ 1 kg/m
= 11'1 m
Jolume tangk' Jt = 1'2 ⋅ 11'1 m
= 1'57(( m
rencanakan er"andngan dameter dengan tngg tangk' , * = 1 , 1
J =
1
V
2
*3
1'57(( m =
1V
3
Maka, = 2'5858 m = 101'8057 nU * = 2'5858 m
4ngg caran dalam tangk =11'1
⋅ 2'5858 = 2'1538 m1'57((
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"9 4e"al ndng 4angk
4ekanan #drostatk, @ = ⟩ \ g \ #
= 1 kg/m
\ ('8 m/det2\ 2'1538 m
= 28'787 k@a
t = @ + n9c2 − 1'2@
= %1('5582 sa) ⋅ %101'8057 n)
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅1('5582 sa)
= 0'2105 n
4e"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/3 n %BroHnell'1(5()
c9 a!a engaduk
Kens engaduk , flat blade turbin impeller
Kumla# baffle , 3 "ua#
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Kumla# baffle , 3 "ua#
ntuk tur"n standar %eankols' 200)' derole#,
a/t = 1/ U a =1/ \ 2'5858 m = 0'81( m = 2'827( ?t
/a = 1 U = 0'81( m
.eceatan engadukan' N = 0'5 utaran/det
Jskostas Al2%3) 0% = '72⋅ 10<3
l"m/?t⋅ detk %t#mer' 1(7)
Blangan eynold '
W N ( a )2
N :e=
X%eankols' 200)
N :e
(85'0(2)(0'5)(2'827()2
= '72 ⋅ 10 −3 = 5017'(
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N:e ] 109000' maka er#tungan dengan engadukan menggunakan rumus,
. 9n9
5W
@ = 4 a
gc
%Mca"e' 1((()
.4 = ' %Mca"e' 1((()
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds oeras,
< 4emeratur = 0°
< enstas alum %⟩) = 1 kg/m
= 85'0(2 l"m/?t
%@err!' 1((7)
< Jskostas alum %∝) = '72⋅ 10<3
l"m/?t⋅ detk %t#mer' 1(7)
< Laju alr massa %F) = '32( kg/jam = 0'00(3 l"m/detk
Laju alr &olume' = F =
0 '00(3 l" m /detk = 3'2910 −5
?t /s
W 85 088( l" /?t
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W 85'088( l" m/?t
esan o m a ,
'ot = %)0'
%⟩)0'18%alas' 1((0)
= \ %0'000032 ?t
/s)
0'
\ %85'0(2 l"m/?t
)
0'18
= 0'0221 n
= 28'1
ntuk alran lamnar' ? = 1/N:e %eankols' 200)' maka ? = 1/28'1 = 0'0387
"riction loss,
, ! 2
0'1152
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'55 %1 − 0)
,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'00035 ?t9l"?/l"m
2 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9!
2
29 ' c
= 2%0'75)
0'115 2
2%2'173) = 0'0001 ?t9l"?/l"m
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1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 1%2)0'115
2
2%2'173)= 0'00031 ?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!
2
4929 ' c
= 3%0'0387) (0)9(0'115)
2
(0'0223)929(2'173)
2'173?t9l"m/l"?9s2
85'0(2 l"m/?t s
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s = ;25'223 ?t9l"?/l"m?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
< 25'223 = < 0'8 \
= 1'503 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma , @ = m \
= 0'00( l"m/s ⋅ 1'503 ?t9l"?/l"m
\
= 0'000225 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/3 #9
1 #
550?t9l"?/s
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,.7 Tangk# !elaru$an "o4a A3u (a2=) (T!5+2) Fungs
, mem"uat larutan soda a"u %Na2) Bentuk ,
lnder tegak dengan alas dan tutu datar Ba#an konstruks ,
Carbon Steel A;285 grade
Kumla# , 1 unt
J = 1 V 2 *3
7'52 m =
1V
3
Maka, = 2'123 m = 8'358 nU * = 2'123 m
4ngg caran dalam tangk =' 277
⋅
2'1237'52
= 1'7705 m
"9 4e"al ndng 4angk
4ekanan #drostatk, @ = ⟩ \ g \ #
= 127 kg/m
\ ('8 m/det2\ 1'7705 m
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= 2'0237 k@a
4ekanan total = 2'0237 k@a + 101'25 k@a = 10'572 k@a = 17'802 sa
Faktor kelonggaran = 5$
c9 a!a engaduk
Kens engaduk , flat blade turbin impeller
Kumla# baffle , 3 "ua#
ntuk tur"n standar %eankols' 200)' derole#,
a/t = 1/ U a =1/ \ 2'123 m = 0'7082 m = 2'23 ?t
/a = 1 U = 0'7082 m
L/a = 1/3 U L =1/3 \ 0'7082 m = 0'177 m
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/a = 1/5 U =1/5 \ 0'7082 m = 0'131 m
K/t = 1/12 U K =1/12 \ 2'123 m = 0'177 m
dengan,
W N ( a )2
N :e = X
%eankols' 200)
N:e
(85'835)(0'5)(2'23)2
='( ⋅ 10
−3 = 001'3(
N:e ] 109000' maka er#tungan dengan engadukan menggunakan rumus,
. 9n9
5W
@ = 4 a
gc
%Mca"e' 1((()
. 4 = ' %Mca"e' 1((()
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5
@ = ' %0'5 ut/det) ⋅ % 2'23 ?t) ⋅ %85'835 l"m/?t )
⋅ 1 #
= 0'23( #
2'173 l"m9?t/l"?9det2
550 ?t l"?/det
?sens motor enggerak = 80 %
0 23(
< Jskostas soda a"u %∝) = '(⋅10
<3
l"m/?t⋅detk %t#mer' 1(7)
< Laju alr massa %F) = '3705 kg/jam = 0'00212 l"m/detk
Laju alr &olume' = F=
0
'00212
l" m
/detk= 2'5 ⋅ 10
−5?t
/s
W 82'835 l" m/?t
esan o m a ,
'ot = %)0'
%⟩)0'18%alas' 1((0)
= \ %0'000025 ?t/s)
0'\ %85'835 l"m/?t
)0'18
= 0'01 n
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ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , 1/8 n
Schedule number , 30
, ! 2
0'03121 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 −
2 = 0'55 %1 − 0) ,
1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'00013 ?t9l"?/l"m
2 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 !
2
29 ' c
= 2%0'75)
0'0312
2%2'173) = 0'0000( ?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 1%2)0'031
2
2%2'173)= 0'00012 ?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!
2
4 2= 3%0'03(558)
(0)9(0'031)2
(0 0223) 2 (2 173)
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4929 ' c
(0'0223)929(2'173)
= 0'01(5 ?t9l"?/l"m
2
, ! 22 0'0312
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)
,2
29⟨9 '
c2(1)(2'173)
< 2'75( = < 0'8 \
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= '33(1 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma , @ = m \
= 0'00212 l"m/s ⋅ '33(1 ?t9l"?/l"m
\
= 0'00012( #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/3 #9
1 #
550 ?t9l"?/s
,.* Clariier (L)
Fungs , memsa#kan endaan %?lok<?lok) !ang ter"entuk karena
enam"a#an alum dan soda a"u
4e , External Solid ecirculation Clarifier
Bentuk , Circular desan
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Bentuk , Circular desan
Ba#an konstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 rade
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds oeras , 4emeratur = 00
4ekanan = 1 atm = 13'( sa
enstas larutan' W = (128537'(()
12858'071(+
' 32(+
' 3705
= ((5'7278 kg/m
((5'8 2710 25
Jolume caran' J =128537'(( kg/jam ⋅ 1 jam
= 12('0((5 m
((5'7278
J = 1/3
2
*
⋅ 1/2
= % 3J
)1/2 =
3 12('0((5 = 5'77 m
V* '13 ⋅ 5
Maka' dameter clarifier = 5'77 m = 225'777 n
4ngg clarifier = 1'5 = 8'00 m
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4e"al nd ng 4angk
4ekanan #drostatk, @ = ⟩ \ g \ #
= ((5'7278 kg/m
\ ('8 m/det2\ 5 m
t = @
+ n9c2 − 1'2@
= %22'751 sa) ⋅ %225'777 n)
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅ 22'751 sa)
= 0'35( n
4e"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /8 n %BroHnell'1(5()
a!a Clari
fi er
@ = 0'00 2
%lrc# # 1(83)
dmana,
@ = da!a !ang d"utu#kan %k)
e#ngga'
@ = 0 00 %5 77)2
= 0 1(72 k = 0 235 #
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@ = 0'00 ⋅ %5'77) = 0'1(72 k = 0'235 #
,.1+ !ompa Clariier (!5+%)
Fungs , memoma ar dar clarifier ke sand filter
Kens , oma sentr?ugal
Kumla# , 1 unt
esan o m a
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( \ %1'2 ?t/s)
0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t
)0'1
= 7'31( n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , 8 n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , 7'(81 n = 0'5 ?t = 0'2027 m
ameter Luar %) , 8'25 n = 0'718 ?t
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5nside sectional area , 0'373 ?t2
.eceatan lner, & = 1'2 ?t
/s
=
= '352 ?t/s
A 0'373 ?t 2
W &
= 0'2271 ?t9l"?/l"m
2 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= %0'75)'352
2
2%2'173)= 0'0(7 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9!
2
29 ' c
= 1%2)
'352 2
2%2'173) = 0'312( ?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 50 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!
2
4929 ' c
= 3%0'003) (50)9('352)
2
(0'55)929(2'173)
= 0'238 ?t9l"?/l"m
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2
, ! 2
2 '352 2
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)
,2
29⟨9 '
c2(1)(2'173)
= 0'203 ?t9l"?/l"m
4 t l f i ti l ∑ F 1 3033 ?t l"?/l"
= 78'(8 l"m/s⋅
'22 ?t9l"?/l"m\
= ('38 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor ('5 #9
1 #
550?t9l"?/s
,.11 Sand Filter ("F)Fungs , men!arng artkel<artkel !ang mas# ter"aHa dalam ar
!ang keluar dar clarifier
Bentuk , slnder tegak dengan alas dan tutu ellsodal
Ba#an konstruks , Carbon steel A<285 grade
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds en!arngan , 4emeratur = 0°
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4ekanan = 1 atm = 101'25 k@a
Laju massa ar = 12858'071( kg/jam
enstas ar = ((5'8 kg/m
Faktor keamanan = 20%
Sand filter drancang untuk enamungan1/3 jam oeras
ameter tutu = dameter tangk = '7 m
rencanakan er"andngan dameter dengan tngg tutu , * = 3 , 1
4ngg tutu J1⋅ '7 = 0'(17 m
3
4ngg tangk total = 3'88(3 + 2%0'(17) = '7228 md9 4e"al shell dan tutu tangk
4ngg en!arng =1⋅ 3'88(3 = 1'222 m
3
4ngg caran dalam tangk =
@#dro = ⟩ \ g \ #
2'27( m
⋅ 3'88(3 m = '0558 m51'8 m
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g
= ((5'8 kg/m
\ ('8 m/det2
\ '0558 m
= 2('818 k@a
@ = ⟩ \ g \ l
t =
@
+ n9c2 − 1'2@
= %2'37 sa) ⋅ %133'723 n)
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅ 2'37 sa)
= 0'27 n
4e"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /8 n %BroHnell'1(5()
4utu ter"uat dar "a#an !ang sama dengan dndng tangk dan dtetakan te"al
tutu /8 n9
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,.12 !ompa F#l$ras# (!5+6)
Fungs , memoma ar dar clarifier ke tangk utltas 1
Kens , oma sentr?ugal
= 7'31( n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , 8 n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , 7'(81 n = 0'5 ?t = 0'2027 m
ameter Luar %) , 8'25 n = 0'718 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'373 ?t2
.eceatan lner, & = 1'2 ?t
/s=
= '352 ?t/s
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=A 0'373 ?t
2
⋅ ⋅Blangan eynold , N:e =W &
X
% 2'131( l"m / ?t)%'352 ?t / s )% 0'5?t)
= 0'2271 ?t9l"?/l"m
elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= %0'75)'352
2
2%2'173)= 0'33 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 1%2)'352
2
2%2'173)= 0'312( ?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!
2
4929 ' c
= 3%0'003) (0)9('352)
2
(0'55)929(2'173)
= 0'13( ?t9l"?/l"m
2
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2
, ! 2
2 '352 2
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)
,2
29⟨9 '
c2(1)(2'173)
= 0'203 ?t9l"?/l"m
4 t l f i ti l ∑ F 1 3 ?t l"?/l"
= 78'(8 l"m/s⋅
52'2387 ?t9l"?/l"m\
= 7'3757 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 7'5 #9
1 #
550?t9l"?/s
,.1= Tangk# $#l#$as 1 (T5+1)Fungs , menamung ar sementara dar Sand "ilter %F)
Bentuk , lnder tegak dengan alas dan tutu datar
Ba#an konstruks , Carbon steel A<285 grade
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds oeras, 4emeratur = 00
4ekanan = 1 atm = 101'25 k@a
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Laju massa ar = 12858'071( kg/jam
enstas ar = ((5'8 kg/m
.e"utu#an erancangan = jam
Faktor keamanan = 20%
esan 4angk
4ekanan #drostatk, @ = ⟩ \ g \ #
= ((5'8 kg/m
\ ('8 m/det2
\ 8'8137 m
= 8'01 k@a
@ total = 8'01 k@a + 101'25 k@a = 187'5 k@a = 2'81(7 sa
Faktor kelonggaran = 5$
Maka' @desgn = 1'05 \ 2'81(7 sa = 28'107 sa
,llowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)
Joint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
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Faktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
mur tangk = 10 ta#un
4e"al shell tangk ,
< 4emeratur = 00
< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m
= 2'131( l"m/?t
< Jskostas ar %∝) = 0'8007 c@ = 0'00058 l"m/?t⋅ jam
Laju alr massa %F) = 1252'23(3 kg/jam = 7'52 l"m/detk
e"t ar/laju alr &olumetrk' = F=
7'52 l" m
/s
W 2'131( l"m /?t
= 0'121 ?t/s
esan o m a
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
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'
= '( \ %0'121 ?t/s)
0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t
)0'1
= 2'5853 n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
k l
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 7003('8 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'077( m = 0'0005(
maka #arga ? = 0'0052 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
, ! 2 2'7132
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 5%1 − 0)
,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'0(1 ?t9l"?/l"m
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elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= %0'75)2'713
2
2%2'173)= 0'1( ?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
2 '
= 1%2)2'713 2
2%2'173)= 0'1737 ?t9l"?/l"m
( )
@1 = 2'81(7 sa U @2 = 15'5713 sa
∆G = 0 ?t
2'173?t/s2
< 11'238 - 133maka, 0 + 0 ?t + + 0'(( ?t9l"?/l"m + = 0
2'173?t9l"m/l"?9s2
s = ;3'13 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
< 3'13 = < 0'8 \
= 5'78( ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma , @ = m \
2'131(s
1 #
= 7'52 l"m/s⋅
5'78( ?t9l"?/l"m\ 550?t9l"?/s
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= 0'07( #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/3 #9
,.1% Tangk# !elaru$an Asam "ula$ (2"<) (T!5+=)
J =
1
V 2
*3
3'88 m =
1V
3
Maka, = '821 m = 150'5157 n
* = '821 m
"9 4e"al ndng 4angk
4ngg larutan *23 dalam tangk ='571 m
⋅ '821 m = '185( m
4ekanan #drostatk, @#d = ⟩ \ g \ #
3'88 m
= 101'7 kg/m
\ ('8 m/det2
\ '185( m
= '1383 k@a
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@ total = '1383 k@a + 101'25 k@a = 13'373 k@a = 1('2517 sa
Faktor kelonggaran = 5$
Maka' @desgn = 1'05 \ 1('2517 sa = 20'213 sa
. ,a:a !enga4uk
Kens engaduk
Kumla# baffle
, flat B blade tur"n impeller
, 3 "ua#
ntuk tur"n standar %eankols' 200)' derole#,
a/t = 1/ U a =1/ \ '821 m = 1'273 m = 3'180( ?t
/a = 1 U = 1'273 m
L/a = 1/3 U L =1/3 \ 1'273 m = 0'18 m
/a = 1/5 U =1/5 \ 1'273 m = 0'2538 m
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K/t = 1/12 U K =1/12 \ '821 m = 0'18 m
.eceatan engadukan' N = 0'5 utaran/det
Jskostas *23 5% = 0'012 l"m/?t⋅ detk %t#mer' 1(7)
?sens motor enggerak = 80 %
a!a motor enggerak =2'((07
= '783 #0'8
Maka da!a motor !ang dl# /3 #9
,.16 !ompa 2"< (!51+)
Fungs , memoma larutan asam sul?at dar tangk elarutan asam
sul?at ke enukar katon %cation exchan'er )
Kens , oma njeks
Ba#an konstruks , commercial steel
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Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds oeras,
< 4emeratur = 0°
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , 0'2( n = 0'0223 ?t = 0'008 m
ameter Luar %) , 0'305 n = 0'07 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'0003 ?t2
.eceatan lner, & = 0'000023 ( ?t
/s=
A 0'0003 ?t 2
= 0'022 ?t/s
W
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⋅ ⋅Blangan eynold , N:e =W &
X
% 2' 2822 l"m / ?t )%0'022 ?t / s )% 0'0223?t )
=0'012 l"m/?t9s
(0)9(0'022)2
(0'0223)929(2'173)
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2
2
= 0'( ?t9l"?/l"m
2
, ! 2
2 0'022 2
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)
,2
29⟨9 '
c2(1)(2'173)
= 0'00012 ?t9l"?/l"m
4otal friction loss, ∑ F = 0'(8 ?t9l"?/l"m
ar ersamaan Bernoull,
1
(&− &
)+ g(Z − Z ) +
@2
− @1 + ∑F + =
0
%eankols' 200)
2Y2 1 2 1
Ws
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( )
dmana , &1 = &2
@1 = 1('2517 saU @2 = 15'5713 sa
∆G = 20 ?t
2'173?t/s2
< '80 - 133maka, 0 + 20 ?t + + 0'(8 ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02 s
.onds oeras , 4emeratur = 0o
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4ekana
Laju massa ar
n =
=
1 atm
1252'23(3 kg/jam
enstas ar
enstas resn
=
=
((5'8 kg/m
28 kg/?t
= 0'7(2( kg/m %Nalco' 1(88)
.e"utu#an erancangan = 1 jam
Faktor keamanan = 20$
kuran Cat ion Exchan'er
ar 4a"el 1293' The Aalco :ater Handbook ' derole#,
< ameter enukar katon = '5 ?t = 1'08 m = 32 n
< Luas enamang enukar katon = ('2 ?t2
4ngg resn dalam cation exchan'er = 2'5 ?t = 0'72 m
4ngg slnder = %1 + 0'2)⋅
2'5 ?t = ?t = 0'(133 m
ameter tutu = dameter tangk = 1'08 m
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:aso a-s = 2 , 1
4ngg tutu = 1 1'08 = 0'27 m %BroHnell' 1(5()
Maka' @desan = 1'05 - 108'7 k@a = 113'203 k@a = 1'3(( sa
,llowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)
Joint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
Faktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
mur tangk = 10 ta#un
4e"al shell tangk,
t =
@
+ n9c2 − 1'2@
= %1'3(( sa) ⋅ %32 n)
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅ %1'3(( sa)
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= 0'1535 n
4e"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/3 n %BroHnell' 1(5()
4utu ter"uat dar "a#an !ang sama dengan dndng tangk dan dtetakan te"al tutu
e"t ar/laju alr &olumetrk' =
F
=
7'52 l" m
/s
W 2'131( l" m /?t
= 0'121 ?t/s
esan o m a
'ot = '( %)
0'35
%⟩)0'1
%alas' 1((0)= '( \ %0'121 ?t
/s)
0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t
)0'1
= 2'5853 n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , n
Schedule number , 30
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ameter alam %) , '08 n = 0'255 ?t = 0'077( m
ameter Luar %) , '5 n = 0'2(1 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0 051 ?t2
"riction loss,
, ! 2 2'7132
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 5%1 − 0)
,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'0(1 ?t9l"?/l"m
2 2 7132
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elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= %0'75)2'713
2%2'173)= 0'1( ?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
= 1%2)2'713 2
2%2 173)= 0'1737 ?t9l"?/l"m
dmana , &1 = &2
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( )
@1 = @2
∆G = 20 ?t
2'173?t/s2
maka, 0 + 20 ?t + 0 + 0'(( ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173?t9l"m/l"?9s
2
s = ;20'(( ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
< 20'(( = < 0'8 \
= 25'8711 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma , @ = m \
= 7'52 l"m/s ⋅ 25'8711
s
1 #
550?t l"?/s
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?t9l"?/l"m \
= 0'557 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/2 #9
550?t9l"?/s
rencanakan er"andngan dameter dengan tngg slnder tangk' , * = 1 , 19
J = 1
V 2*
3
105'783 m =
1V
3
Maka, = 5'12 m = 201'812 n
* = 5'12 m
"9 4e"al ndng 4angk
4ngg larutan Na* dalam tangk =88'157 m
⋅ 5'12 m105'783 m
= 3'271 m
4ekanan #drostatk, @#d = ⟩ \ g \ #
= 1518 kg/m
\ ('8 m/det2\ 3'271 m
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g ' '
= '5373 k@a
@ total = '5373 k@a + 101'25 k@a = 13'8723 k@a = 2'07 sa
4e"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /8 n %BroHnell'1(5()
. ,a:a !enga4uk
Kens engaduk
Kumla# baffle
, flat B blade tur"n impeller
, 3 "ua#
ntuk tur"n standar %eankols' 200)' derole#,
a/t = 1/ U a =1/ \ 5'12 m = 1'708 m = 5'058 ?t
/a = 1 U = 1'708 m
L/a = 1/3 U L =1/3 \ 1'708 m = 0'3271 m
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/ a / U /3 1'708 m 0'3271 m
/a = 1/5 U =1/5 \ 1'708 m = 0'317 m
K/t = 1/12 U K =1/12 \ 5'12 m = 0'3271 m
. 4 = ' %Mca"e' 1((()
5
@ = '9%0'2 ut/det) 9%5'058 ?t) %(3'7(1 l"m/?t )
⋅ 1#
= 1'3(32
#
2'173 l"m9?t/l"?9det2
550 ?t9l"?/det
?sens motor enggerak = 80 %
a!a motor enggerak =1'3(32
= 1'878 #0'8
Maka da!a motor !ang dl# 2 #9
,.2+ !ompa a (!512)
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Fungs , memoma larutan Na* dar tangk elarutan Na* ke
enukar anon %anion exchan'er )
Kens , oma njeks
Ba#an konstruks , commercial steel
= \ %0'000038 ?t/s)
0'\ %(3'7(1 l"m/?t
)0'18
= 0'0207 n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , 1/8 n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , 0'2( n = 0'0223 ?t = 0'008 m
ameter Luar %) , 0'305 n = 0'07 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'0003 ?t2
.eceatan lner, & = 0'00003 8 ?t
/s=
2
= 0'12 ?t/s
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A 0'0003 ?t 2
⋅ ⋅Blangan eynold , N:e =W &
X
@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3?
∆ 29! 2
4929 ' c
= 3%0'02()
(0)9(0'12)2
(0'0223)929(2'173)
= 0'02 ?t9l"?/l"m
2
, ! 2
2 0'12 2
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)
,2
29⟨9 '
c2(1)(2'173)
= 0'00033 ?t9l"?/l"m
4otal friction loss, ∑ F = 0'032 ?t9l"?/l"m
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2 2
ar ersamaan Bernoull,
1
(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) +
@2− @
1 + ∑ F + =
0
%eankols' 200)
2Y2 1 2 1
Ws
Fungs , Mengkat anon !ang terdaat dalam ar uman ketel
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Bentuk , lnder tegak dengan alas dan tutu elsodal
Ba#an konstruks , Carbon steel A<285 rade
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds oeras , 4emeratur = 0o
4ekanan = 1 atm
Laju massa ar = 1252'23(3 kg/jam
enstas ar = ((5'8 kg/m
enstas resn = 28 kg/?t
= 0'7(2( kg/m %Nalco' 1(88)
.e"utu#an erancangan = 1 jam
Faktor keamanan
kuran Cat ion Exchan'er
= 20$
ar 4a"el 1293' The Aalco :ater Handbook ' derole#,
< ameter enukar anon = '5 ?t = 1'(812 m = 78 n
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< Luas enamang enukar anon = '2 ?t2
4ngg resn dalam anion exchan'er = 2'5 ?t = 0'72 m
4ngg slnder = %1 + 0'2)⋅
2'5 ?t = ?t = 0'(133 m
4ekanan oeras = 1 atm = 101'25 k@a
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@4 = 7'353 k@a + 101'25 k@a + 0'005( k@a = 108'7 k@a = 15'5713 sa
Faktor kelonggaran = 5$
Maka' @desan = 1'05 - 108'7 k@a = 113'203 k@a = 1'3(( sa
,llowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)
Joint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
Faktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
mur tangk = 10 ta#un
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4e"al shell tangk,
@
< 4emeratur = 00
< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m = 2'131( l"m/?t
< Jskostas ar %∝) = 0'8007 c@ = 0'00058 l"m/?t⋅ jam
Laju alr massa %F) = 1252'23(3 kg/jam = 7'52 l"m/detk
e"t ar/laju alr &olumetrk' = F =
7'52 l" m
/s
W 2'131( l" m /?t
= 0'121 ?t/s
esan o m a
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( \ %0'121 ?t/s)
0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t
)0'1
= 2'5853 n
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ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , n
Schedule number , 30
@ada N:e = 7003('8 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'077( m = 0'0005(
maka #arga ? = 0'0052 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
, ! 2 2'713 2
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 5%1 − 0)
,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'0(1 ?t9l"?/l"m
elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= %0'75)2'713
2
2%2'173)= 0'1( ?t9l"?/l"m
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1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 1%2)2'713
2
2%2'173)= 0'1737 ?t9l"?/l"m
∆G = 20 ?t
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( ) 2'173?t/s 2 10'32 - 133
maka, 0 + 20 ?t + + 0'(( ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173?t9l"m/l"?9s2
s = ;33'858( ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
< 33'858( = < 0'8 \
2'131(s
= 5'07 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma , @ = m \
= 7'52 l"m/s ⋅ 5'07 ?t9l"?/l"m
\
= 0'770( #Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1 #9
1 #
550?t9l"?/s
, 2= "eaerator (,E)
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,.2= "eaerator (,E)
Fungs , Meng#langkan gas<gas !ang terlarut dalam ar uman ketel
Bentuk , lnder #orZontal dengan tutu elsodalBa#an konstruks , Carbon Steel S,;$D +rade C
J = 1
V2*
3
8'517 m = 1 V 2
3 2
8'517 m =
V
8
Maka, = '788 m = 27'255 n
* = 10'1823 m
4ngg caran dalam tangk =
a9 ameter dan tngg tutu
07'0(8⋅
8'51710'1823 = 8'385 m
ameter tutu = dameter tangk = '788 m
rencanakan er"andngan dameter dengan tngg tutu' , * = 3 , 1
4ngg tutu =1
788 m 1 (7 %BroHnell 1(5()
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4ngg tutu = ⋅ '788 m = 1'(7
m3
%BroHnell'1(5()
4ngg tangk total = 10 1823 + 2%1 (7) = 1 573 m
Faktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
mur tangk = 10 ta#un
4e"al shell tangk,
t = @ + n9c2 − 1'2@
= %27'2(7( sa) ⋅ %27'255 n)
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅ %27'2(7( sa)
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= 0'38 n
4e"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/2 n %BroHnell' 1(5()
Laju alr massa %F) = 1252'23(3 kg/jam = 7'52 l"m/detk
e"t ar/laju alr &olumetrk' = F =
7'52 l" m
/s
W 2'131( l" m /?t
= 0'121 ?t/s
esan o m a
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( \ %0'121 ?t/s)
0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t
)0'1
= 2'5853 n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , n
Schedule number , 30
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ameter alam %) , '08 n = 0'255 ?t = 0'077( m
ameter Luar %) , 5 n = 0 2(1 ?t
"riction loss,
, ! 2 2'7132
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 5%1 − 0)
,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'0(1 ?t9l"?/l"m
elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= %0'75)2'713
2
2%2'173)= 0'1( ?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 1%2) 2'713 2
2%2'173)= 0'1737 ?t9l"?/l"m
∆22 (0) (2 713)
2
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@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!
2
4929 ' c
= 3%0'0052) (0)9(2'713)(0'255)929(2'173)
= 0 213 ?t l"?/l"m
2'131(
s
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?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
< 3'5788 = < 0'8 \
= 5'72 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma , @ = m \
= 7'52 l"m/s ⋅ 5'72 ?t9l"?/l"m
\
= 0'078 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/3 #9
1 #
550?t9l"?/s
,.2% Ke$el ap (K)Fungs , Men!edakan ua untuk keerluan roses
Kens , :ater tube boiler
Ba#an konstruks , Carbon steel
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.onds oeras ,a jenu# !ang dgunakan "ersu#u 180
0 dan tekanan 1002'7 k@a "ar9
< @anjang tube = 0 ?t
< ameter tube = n
< Luas ermukaan a' a>
= 0'(17 ft $ 3 ft %.ern' 1(5)
e#ngga jumla# tube,
Nt = ,
= 2 ⋅ a
I
%7030'5 ft2)
0 ft ⋅ 0'(17 ft2
/
ft
Nt = 255'(
Nt = 25 "ua#
, 26 !ompa ke Menara !en4#ng#n A#r (! +8)
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,.26 !ompa ke Menara !en4#ng#n A#r (!5+8)
Fungs , Memoma ar dar 4angk tltas 1 %4<01) ke Menara
@endngn %4)
= 2'352 n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , '08 n = 0'255 ?t = 0'077( m
ameter Luar %) , '5 n = 0'2(1 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'051 ?t2
.eceatan lner, & = 0'1085 ?t
/s=
A 0'051 ?t2
= 2'112 ?t/s
⋅ ⋅Blangan eynold , N:e =W &
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Blangan eynold , N:eX
% 2'131( l "m / ?t )% 2'112 ?t / s )%0 255?t)
2 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 2%0'75)2'112
2
2%2'173)
= 0'1033 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 1%2)2'112
2
2%2'173)= 0'1(2 ?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 50 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29! 2
4929 ' c
= 3%0'0053) (50)9(2'112)2
(0'255)929(2'173)
= 0'2(3 ?t9l"?/l"m
2
, !
2
2 2'112 2
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0) ,
2
29⟨9 '
c2(1)(2'173)
= 0'0( ?t9l"?/l"m
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4otal friction loss, ∑ F = 0'87 ?t9l"?/l"m
#
1 #
550?t9l"?/s
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Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/3 #9
,.27 Menara Pendingin $ir #%ater Cooling &o'er (%C&)
Fungs , Mendngnkan ar endngn "ekas dar temeratur 35o
menjad 25o
Kens , Mechanical 4raft Coolin' Tower
Ba#an konstruks , Carbon Steel S,;D +rade 7
.onds oeras,
u#u ar masuk menara %4L2) = 350 = 11
0F
u#u ar keluar menara %4L1) = 250 = 77
0F
u#u udara %41) = 250 = 77
0F
ar am"ar 12<13' @err! %1((() derole# su#u "ola "asa#' 4H = 72'50F9
k k l " " d l # * 0 018 k /k d k
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ar kur&a kelem"a"an' derole# * = 0'018 kg ua ar/kg udara kerng9
%eankols' 200)
ar am"ar 12<13' @err! %1((() derole# konsentras ar = 2'1 gal/?t2⋅ ment
E n t a l p i ( x 1 0 - 3 )
*!1 = %1'005 + 1'88 \ 0'018)910
%25 ; 0) + 2'5013910
%0'018)
= 70(('2 K/kgar @ers9 1095<2' eankols %200) derole#,
%*!2 ; *!1) = L 9 cL 9 %4L2 ; 4L1)
0'303 %*!2 ; 70(('2) = 0'587 %3'187910) %35<25)
*!2 = 130'0038 K/kg
500
450
400
#50
#00
250
200
aris Kesetimbangan
aris %,erasi
150
100
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100
50
0
10 15 20 25 #0 #5 40 45 50 55 +0 +5 70
1 / ( H y - H y ) x 1 0 3
0.1+
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.0+
0.04
0.02
0
+0 80 100 120 140 1+0
Hy x10-3
am"ar 9 .ur&a *! ter#ada 1/%*!;*!)
Luasan daera# d "aHa# kur&a dar *! = 70'((2 sama 130' ada am"ar 9
Hy2
adala# ∫ Hy
dHy
Hy − HyJ '5
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Hy1y y
stmas k 9a = 1'207910<7
kg9mol /s9m
%eankols' 1((7)9
Maka ketnggan menara ' Z =0' 303
⋅
'5−7 −5
< enstas ar %⟩) = ((7'08 kg/m
= 2'22(2 l"m/?t
< Jskostas ar %∝) = 0'8(7 c@ = 0'000 l"m/?t⋅ jam
Laju alr massa %F) = 1101('712 kg/jam = '733 l"m/detk
e"t ar/laju alr &olumetrk' = F =
'733 l" m
/s
W 2'22(2 l" m /?t
= 0'1083 ?t/s
esan o m a
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( \ %0'1083 ?t/s)
0'35\ %2'22(2 l"m/?t
)0'1
= 2'3551 n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , n
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kuran nomnal , n
Schedule number , 30
maka #arga ? = 0'0053 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
, ! 2 2'112
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 5%1 − 0)
,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'07 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 1%0'75)2'11
2
2%2'173)= 0'052 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 1%2)2'11
2
2%2'173)= 0'188 ?t9l"?/l"m
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@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!
2
4929 ' c
= 3%0'0053) (0)9(2'11)
2
(0'255)929(2'173)
2'173?t9l"m/l"?9s2 s
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s = ;0'5125 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
< 0'5125 = < 0'8 \
= 8'130 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma , @ = m \
= '733 l"m/s⋅
8'130 ?t9l"?/l"m
\
= 0'378 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/2 #9
1 #
550?t9l"?/s
,.2* !ompa ke Tangk# $#l#$as 2 (!5+*)
Fungs , Memoma ar dar 4angk tltas 1 %4<01) ke 4angk
tlt 2 %@ 0()
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tltas 2 %@<0()
Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an konstruks, Commercial steel
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , 1 n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , 1'03( n = 0'0873 ?t = 0'02 m
ameter Luar %) , 1'15 n = 0'10(5 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'00 ?t2
.eceatan lner, & = 0'0078 ?t
/s=
A 0'00 ?t
2
= 1'1 ?t/s
⋅ ⋅Blangan eynold , N:e =W &
X
%2 131( l"m / ?t )%1 1 ?t / s)
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% 2'131( l"m / ?t )%1'1 ?t / s )% 0'0873?t )
=
0'00058 l"m/?t9s
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 1%2)1'1
2
2%2'173)
= 0'05 ?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 20 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!
2
4929 ' c
= 3%0'007) (20)9(2'112)
2
(0'0873)929(2'173)
= 0'1717 ?t9l"?/l"m
2
, ! 2
2 1'1 2
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)
,2
29⟨9 '
c2(1)(2'173)
= 0'028 ?t9l"?/l"m
4otal friction loss, ∑ F = 0'017 ?t9l"?/l"m
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2 2
ar ersamaan Bernoull,
1 − & )+ g(Z − Z ) + @2 − @1 + ∑ F + = %eankols' 200)
,.=+ Tangk# !elaru$an Kapor#$ Ha(l)2 (T!5+%)
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Fungs , Mem"uat larutan kaort untuk klornas ar domestk
Bentuk , lnder tegak dengan alas dan tutu datar Ba#an konstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 rade
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds elarutan , 4emeratur = 0°
, 4ekanan = 1 atm
.aort !ang dgunakan = 2 m
.aort !ang dgunakan "erua larutan 70$ %$ "erat)
Laju massa kaort = 0'002 kg/jam
enstas larutan kaort 70$ = 1272 kg/m
= 7('3112 l"m/?t
%@err!' 1((7)
.e"utu#an erancangan = (0 #ar
Faktor keamanan = 20$@er#tungan,
a9 kuran 4angk
Jolume larutan' Jl =
0'002 kg/jam ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ (0 #ar
0 7 1272 k /= 0'00557 m
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0'7 ⋅ 1272 kg/m
Jolume tangk' Jt = 1'2 0'00557 m
= 0'00( m
Maka' @desgn = 1'05 \ 13'80( sa
= 15'55 sa
,llowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)
Joint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)
Faktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)
mur tangk = 10 ta#un
4e"al shell tangk,
t = @
+ n9c
2 − 1'2@
= %15'55 sa) ⋅ %8'032 n)
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅15'55 sa)
= 0'10 n
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4e"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/3 n %BroHnell'1(5()
dengan,
t = dameter tangk
a = dameter impeller
= tngg tur"n dar dasar tangk
L = anjang blade ada tur"n
= le"ar blade ada tur"n
K = le"ar baffle
.eceatan engadukan' N = 1 utaran/det
J k t k t 0 0007 l" /?t d tk %t# 1(7)
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Jskostas kaort = 0'0007 l"m/?t⋅ detk %t#mer' 1(7)
Blangan eynold'
a!a motor enggerak =0'000012
= 0'000015 #0'8
Maka' dgunakan motor dengan da!a 1/3 #9
,.=1 !ompa Kapor#$ (!51<)
Fungs , memoma larutan kaort dar 4angk @elarutan .aort
%4@<05) ke 4angk tltas 2 %4<02)
Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an konstruks , Commercial Steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds oeras,
< 4emeratur = 0°
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< enstas kaort %⟩) = 1272 kg/m
= 7('3112 l"m/?t
%@err!' 1((7)
< Jskostas kaort %∝) = 0 0007 l" /?t⋅ detk % t#mer 1(7)
5nside sectional area , 0'0003 ?t2
<8
.eceatan lner, & =
=1'779 10 ?t /s
= 3'39 10<5
?t/sA 0'0003 ?t
2
⋅ ⋅Blangan eynold , N:e =W &
X
<5
=% 7(' 3112 l"m / ?t )% 3' 39 10 ?t / s )% 0'0223 ?t)
0'0007 l"m/?t9s
= 0'1127
ntuk alran lamnar' ? = 1/N:e %eankols' 200)' maka ? = 1/0'1127 = 131'(28
"riction loss,
, ! 2 %3'3910<5
) 2
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'55 %1 −
0) , 2⟨ 2%1)%2 173)
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,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 71 10<11
?t l"?/l"m
2 2
( ) <5
4otal friction loss, ∑ F = 1'539 10<5
?t9l"?/l"m
ar ersamaan Bernoull,
1
(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) +
@2− @
1 + ∑F + =
0
%eankols' 200)
2Y2 1 2 1
Ws
dmana , &1 = &2
@1 = 13'80( saU @2 = 18'1015 sa
∆G = 20 ?t
maka,
2'173?t/s
2
'2(25 - 1330 + 20 ?t +
+ 1'53910 ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173 ?t9 l"m/l"?9s2
7('3112 l"m/?t s
s = ;25'(7 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
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s
< 25'(7 = < 0'8 \ 2 3 ?t l"?/l"
esan 4an g k
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a9 Jolume tangk
Jolume ar' Ja = 800 kg/jam⋅
23 jam((5'8 kg/m
= 1('28 m
Jolume tangk' Jt = 1'2 ⋅ 1('28 m
= 2'1(( m
"9 ameter tangk
rencanakan er"andngan dameter dengan tngg slnder' , * = 1 , 1
* = 1 4
2
H 3
2'1((m =
1V
3
Maka' = '088 m = 121'5(82 n
* = '088 m
c9 4e"al tangk
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1('28 m
4ngg ar dalam tangk =⋅
'088 m = 2'578 m2'1(( m
4e"al shell tangk ,
t = @
+ n9c2 − 1'2@
= %1('00 sa) ⋅ %121'5(82 n)
+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅ %1('00 sa)
= 0'223 n
4e"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/3 n %BroHnell'1(5()
,.== !ompa ,omes$#k (!51%)
Fungs , memoma ar dar 4angk tltas 2 %4<02) ke ke"utu#an
domestk
Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an konstruks , Commercial Steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
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.onds oeras,
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , 1'03( n = 0'0873 ?t = 0'02 m
ameter Luar %) , 1'15 n = 0'10(5 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'00 ?t2
.eceatan lner, & = 0'0078 ?t
/s=
A 0'00 ?t2
= 1'1 ?t/s
⋅ ⋅Blangan eynold , N:e =W &
X
% 2'131( l"m / ?t )%1'1 ?t / s )% 0'0873?t )
=0'00058 l"m/?t9s
= 122'77
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122'77
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3 - 10<5
%eankols 200)
2 2
@a lurus 30 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!
2
4929 ' c
= 3%0'007) (30)9(2'112)
2
(0'0873)929(2'173)
= 0'35 ?t9l"?/l"m
2
, ! 2
2 1'1 2
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)
,2
29⟨9 '
c2(1)(2'173)
= 0'028 ?t9l"?/l"m
4otal friction loss, ∑ F = 0'375 ?t9l"?/l"m
ar ersamaan Bernoull,
1
(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) +
@2− @
1 + ∑F + =
0
%eankols' 200)
2Y2 1 2 1
Ws
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dmana , &1
= &2
@ @
Ba#an konstruks , Commercial Steel
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Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds oeras,
< 4emeratur = 00
< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m
= 2'131( l"m/?t
< Jskostas ar %∝) = 0'8007 c@ = 0'00058 l"m/?t⋅ jam
Laju alr massa %F) = 103'151 kg/jam = '8(52 l"m/detk
e"t ar/laju alr &olumetrk' = F=
'8(52 l" m
/s
W 2'131( l"m /?t
= 1'2082 ?t/s
esan o m a
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( \ %1'2082 ?t/s)
0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t
)0'1
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= '7552 n
= 2275'5
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 2275'5 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'2027 m = 0'00022(
maka #arga ? = 0'003 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
, ! 2 2'(5(72
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 5%1 − 0)
,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'13(7 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
2 '
= 1%0'75)2'(5(7
2
2%2'173)= 0'1021 ?t9l"?/l"m
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29 ' c
% ' )
( )
dmana , &1 = &2
@1
= @2
∆G = 20 ?t
2'173?t/s2
maka, 0 + 20 ?t + 0 + 0'88( ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173?t9l"m/l"?9s
2
s = ;20'88(5 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $s = < \
< 20'88(5 = < 0'8 \
= 2'1118 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma , @ = m \
= '8(52 l"m/s⋅
2'1118 ?t9l"?/l"m
\
= '05 #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/3 #9
s
1 #550?t9l"?/s
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n#$ !engolaan L#m3a
< anjang "ak %) = \ le"ar "ak %l)
< tngg "ak %t) = le"ar "ak %l)
Maka,
Jolume "ak = \ l \ t
8052 m
= l \ l \ l
le"ar = 1'8(7 m
Kad' anjang "ak = 31'(1 m
le"ar "ak = 1'8(7 m
tngg "ak = 1'8(7 m
Luas "ak = 57('8 m2
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,.=6 !ompa -ak !enampung (!L5+1)
= 0'5(2 ?t/s
esan o m a
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( \ %0'5(2 ?t/s)
0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t
)0'1
= 5'27 n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , '05 n = 0'5053 ?t = 0'153 m
ameter Luar %) , '25 n = 0'552 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'200 ?t2
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.eceatan lner, & = 0'5(2 ?t
/s = 2'(52( ?t/s
, ! 2 2'(52(2
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 %1 − 0)
,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'13( ?t9l"?/l"m
2 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 2%0'75)2'(52(
2
2%2'173)= 0'202 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 1%2)2'(52(
2
2%2'173)= 0'271 ?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 20 ?t, F? = 3?
∆ 29! 2
4929 ' c
= 3%0'0033)
(20)9(2'(52()2
(0'5053)929(2'173)
= 0'0(3 ?t9l"?/l"m
2
, !2
2 2 (52(2
1
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! 2 2'(52( 1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = n 1 −
1 = 1 (1 − 0) ,2 29⟨9 ' c 2(1)(2'173)
= 17'15 ?t9l"?/l"m
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a!a oma , @ = m \
= '8103 l"m/s⋅
17'15 ?t9l"?/l"m\
= 1'158( #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 11/3 #9
1 #550?t9l"?/s
,.=7 -ak "e4#men$as# A9al (-"A)Fungs , Meng#langkan adatan dengan cara engendaan9
Ba#an konstruks , Beton keda ar
Kumla# , 1 unt
Laju &olumetrk ar "uangan = 0'( m/jam
aktu tnggal ar = 5 jam %@err!' 1((7)
Jolume "ak %J) = 0'( m/jam \ 5 jam = 01'(5 m
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Bak ters (0 % maka &olume "ak = 01'(55 5
le"ar "ak = 5'51 m
tngg "ak = 5'51 m
Luas "ak = 0'85 m2
,.=8 !ompa -ak !engen4apan A9al (!L5+2)
Fungs , Memoma lm"a# dar "ak engendaan aHal ke "ak
netralsas
Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an konstruks , Commercial steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds oeras,
< 4emeratur = 00
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< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m = 2'131( l"m/?t
ameter alam %) , '05 n = 0'5053 ?t = 0'153 m
ameter Luar %) , '25 n = 0'552 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'200 ?t2
.eceatan lner, & = 0'5(2 ?t
/s=
A 0'200 ?t 2
= 2'(52( ?t/s
⋅ ⋅Blangan eynold , N:e =W &
X
% 2'131( l"m / ?t )% 2'(52(?t / s )% 0'5053?t)
= 0'00058 l"m/?t9s
= 17278'01
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
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@ada N:e = 17278'01 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'153 m = 0'0002(8
(20)9(2'(52()2
(0'5053)929(2'173)
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2 2
( )
= 0'0(3 ?t9l"?/l"m
2
, ! 2
2 2'(52( 2
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
,2
29⟨9 '
c2(1)(2'173)
= 0'155 ?t9l"?/l"m
4otal friction loss, ∑ F = 0'85 ?t9l"?/l"m
ar ersamaan Bernoull,
1
(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) +
@2− @
1 + ∑F + =
0
%eankols' 200)
2Y2 1 2 1
Ws
dmana , &1 = &2
@1 = @2
∆G = 20 ?t
2'173?t/s2
maka, 0 + 20 ?t + 0 + 0'85 ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02 173?t l" /l"?
2 s
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2'173?t9l"m/l"?9s2
.e"utu#an Na2 untuk menetralkan * ar lm"a# adala# 0'15 mg Na2/ 0
ml ar lm"a# %La"9 Analsa FM@A ' 1((()9
Kumla# ar "uangan = 0'( m/jam = 0(0 lter/jam
.e"utu#an Na2,
= %0(0 lter/jam) \ %0'15 mg/0'0 lter) \ %1 kg/10
mg)
= 0'01(5 kg/jam
Laju &olumetrk ar "uangan = 0'3208 m/jam
rencanakan Haktu enamungan ar "uangan selama 1 #ar9
J l " 0 (/ j \ 1 # \ 23 j /1 # 133(
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Jolume ar "uangan = 0'( m / jam \ 1 #ar \ 23 jam/1 #ar = 133(' m
le"ar "ak = ('0 m
tngg "ak = ('0 m
Luas "ak = 17'0( m2
,.<+ !ompa -ak e$ral#sas# (!L5+=)
Fungs , Memoma lm"a# dar "ak netralsas ke tangk aeras
Kens , @oma sentr?ugal
Ba#an konstruks , Commercial steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds oeras,
< 4emeratur = 00
< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m
= 2'131( l"m/?t
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< Jskostas ar %∝) = 0 8007 c@ = 0 00058 l" /?t⋅ jam
ameter alam %) , '05 n = 0'5053 ?t = 0'153 m
ameter Luar %) , '25 n = 0'552 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'200 ?t2
.eceatan lner, & = 0'5(2 ?t
/s=
A 0'200 ?t 2
= 2'(52( ?t/s
⋅ ⋅Blangan eynold , N:e =W &
X
% 2'131( l"m / ?t )% 2'(52(?t / s )% 0'5053?t)
= 0'00058 l"m/?t9s
= 17278'01
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
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@ada N:e = 17278 01 dan ∑/5 = 0 00003 m /0 153 m = 0 0002(8
(20)9(2'(52()2
(0'5053)929(2'173)
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2 2
( )
= 0'0(3 ?t9l"?/l"m
2
, ! 2
2 2'(52( 2
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
,2
29⟨9 '
c2(1)(2'173)
= 0'155 ?t9l"?/l"m
4otal friction loss, ∑ F = 0'85 ?t9l"?/l"m
ar ersamaan Bernoull,
1
(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) +
@2− @
1 + ∑F + =
0
%eankols' 200)
2Y2 1 2 1
Ws
dmana , &1 = &2
@1 = @2
∆G = 22 ?t
2'173?t/s2
maka, 0 + 22 ?t + 0 + 0'85 ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02 173?t l"m/l"? s
2 s
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2'173?t9l"m/l"?9s
se#ngga akan dresrkulas kem"al ke tangk aeras9
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ata,
Laju &olumetrk %) = 0'( m/jam = 133('7(7 m/#ar
ar .etrochemical Manufacturin' %2003) derole# data se"aga "erkut,
< B5 %o) = 100 mg/lter
< Mixed 2i?uor *olatile Suspended Solid %6) = 200 mg/lter
ar Metcal? h dd! %1((1) derole# data untuk unt acti!ated slud'e,
< .oe?sen cell yield %E) = 0'3 mg J/mg B5
< .oe?sen endo'enous decay %. d) = 0'12 #ar<1
rencanakan,
aktu tnggal sel % c) = 10 #ar
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29 @enentuan Jolume Aerator %Jr)
Jr = i
c99E%
o
− ) 6%1 + kd
9ic)
%Metcal? h dd!' 1((1)
%10 #ar)%133('7(7m /#ar)%0'3)%100 − 35) mg/l=
%200 mg/l)%1 + 0'12 ⋅10)
= 723'8(( m
9 @enentuan kuran .olam Aeras
rencanakan ,
4ngg caran dalam aerator = '5 m
rencanakan er"andngan le"ar dan tngg caran = 3 , 1
Kad' le"ar = 3 \ '5 m = 13 m
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J l t
39 @enentuan Kumla# Flok !ang resrkulas %r)
Bak @enamung
dan @engendaan4angk
aeras
+ r
6
4angk e
sedmentas 6e
r
6r
Asums,
e = = 0'( m/jam = 82882'7 gal/#ar
H
HI
6r
6e = 0'001 6 = 0'001 \ 200 mg/l = 0'2 mg/lter
6r = 0'((( 6 = 0'((( \ 200 mg/l = 1(('8 mg/lter
@- = H \ 6r %Metcal? h dd!' 1((1)
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= 6%1 < 0'001) + @
-r
6
= %82882'7)%200)%1 < 0'001) + 82882'5200
= 3013'( gal/#ar
59 @enentuan aktu 4nggal d Aerator % )
Jr 723'8(( m
i = = = 0'5 #ar 0'( m
hari
9 @enentuan a!a !ang "utu#kan
4!e aerator !ang dgunakan adala# surface aerator 9 .edalaman ar = 3 m' dar
4a"el 10<11' Metcal? h dd! %1((1) derole# da!a aeratorn!a 20 #9
,.<2 !ompa Tangk# Aeras# (!L5+<)
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'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
= '( \ %0'5(2 ?t/s)
0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t
)0'1
= 5'27 n
ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,
kuran nomnal , n
Schedule number , 30
ameter alam %) , '05 n = 0'5053 ?t = 0'153 m
ameter Luar %) , '25 n = 0'552 ?t
5nside sectional area , 0'200 ?t2
.eceatan lner, & = 0'5(2 ?t
/s=
A 0'200 ?t 2
= 2'(52( ?t/s
⋅ ⋅Blangan eynold , N:e =W &
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X
, ! 2 2'(52(2
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 %1 − 0)
,
1
2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'13( ?t9l"?/l"m
2 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 2%0'75)2'(52(
2
2%2'173)= 0'202 ?t9l"?/l"m
1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2
29 ' c
= 1%2)2'(52(
2
2%2'173)= 0'271 ?t9l"?/l"m
@a lurus 20 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!
2
4929 ' c
= 3%0'0033) (20)9(2'(52()
2
(0'5053)929(2'173)
= 0'0(3 ?t9l"?/l"m
2
, ! 2
2 2'(52( 2
1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
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,2 2 ⟨ ' c 2(1)(2 173)
= 1'55 ?t9l"?/l"m
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a!a oma , @ = m \
= '8103 l"m/s⋅
1'55 ?t9l"?/l"m\
= 0'(07( #
Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1 #9
,.<= Tangk# "e4#men$as#
1 #
550?t9l"?/s
Fungs , mengendakan ?lok "ologs dar tangk aeras dan se"agan dresrkulas
kem"al ke tangk aeras9
Laju &olumetrk ar "uangan = %82882'7 + 3013'() gal/#ar
= 78352' gal/#ar = 2(('77 m/#ar
k k k fl k
/2
# %@ 1((7)
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erkrakan keceatan o!erflow maksmum = m /m #ar %@err! 1((7)
Ba#an konstruks , Commercial steel
Kumla# , 1 unt
.onds oeras,
< 4emeratur = 00
< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m
= 2'131( l"m/?t
< Jskostas ar %∝) = 0'8007 c@ = 0'00058 l"m/?t⋅ jam
Laju alr massa %F) = 0125'(188 kg/jam = '8103 l"m/detk
e"t ar/laju alr &olumetrk' = F =
'8103 l" m
/s
W 2'131( l" m /?t
= 0'5(2 ?t/s
esan o m a
'ot = '( %)0'35
%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)
( %0 5(2 ?t
/ )
0'35
%2 131( l" /?t
)
0'1
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= ( \ %0 5(2 ?t /s) \ %2 131( l"m/?t )
% 2'131( l"m / ?t )% 2'(52(?t / s )% 0'5053?t)
=
0'00058 l"m/?t9s
= 17278'01
ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5
%eankols' 200)
@ada N:e = 17278'01 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'153 m = 0'0002(8
maka #arga ? = 0'0033 %eankols' 200)
"riction loss,
, ! 2 2'(52(2
1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 %1 −
0) ,
1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)
= 0'13( ?t9l"?/l"m
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2 2
( )
1
(&
− & )+ g(Z − Z ) + @
2− @
1 + ∑F + =
0
%eankols' 200)
2Y 2 1 2 1 W s
dmana , &1 = &2
@1 = @2
∆G = 22 ?t
2'173?t/s2
maka, 0 + 22 ?t + 0 + 0'85 ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173?t9l"m/l"?9s2
s = ;22'852 ?t9l"?/l"m
?sens oma' = 80 $
s = < \
< 22'852 = < 0'8 \
= 28'55 ?t9l"?/l"m
a!a oma , @ = m \
= '8103 l"m/s ⋅ 28'55 ?t9l"?/l"m
\
1 (11( #
s
1 #
550?t9l"?/s
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@a"rk "eroeras selama 0 #ar dalam seta#un9
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.aastas maksmum adala# 1059000 kL/ta#un9
@er#tungan ddasarkan ada #arga eralatan t"a d a"rk atau purchased8
e?uipment deli!ered %@eters et9 al9' 2003)9
*arga alat dsesuakan dengan "ass 10 No&em"er 200(' dmana nla tukar dollar
ter#ada rua# adala# 1 = : (9300'< %*aran Analsa' 10 No&em"er 200()9
1. Mo4al In&es$as# Te$ap (Fixed Capital *nvestment )1.1 Mo4al In&es$as# Te$ap Langsung (MITL)
1.1.1 -#a:a Tana Lokas# !a3r#k
Menurut keterangan mas!arakat setemat' "a!a tana# ada lokas a"rk "erksar
: 2509000/m29
Luas tana# seluru#n!a = 239000 m2
*arga tana# seluru#n!a = 239000 m2⋅ : 2509000/m
2= : 900090009000'<
Ba!a erataan tana# derkrakan 5% dar #arga tana# seluru#n!a %@eters et9 al9'
2003)
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8 @erkantoran 00 290009000 0090009000
( La"oratorum 100 295009000 25090009000
10 @olklnk 0 292509000 1590009000
11 .antn 100 195009000 15090009000
12 :uang "ada# 80 290009000 1090009000
1 udang @eralatan 70 195009000 10590009000
13 Bengkel 80 195009000 12090009000
15 @erustakaan 100 290009000 20090009000
1 nt @emadam .e"akaran 100 290009000 20090009000
17 nt @engola#an Ar 1300 292009000 908090009000
18 @em"angkt Lstrk 300 198009000 72090009000
1( @em"angkt a 200 293009000 38090009000
20 @engola#an Lm"a# 3000 295009000 10900090009000
21 Area @erluasan 000 009000 (0090009000
22 @eruma#an .ar!aHan 2000 295009000 5900090009000
2 Kalan 1000 190009000 1900090009000
23 A A t B 2850 00 000 855 000 000
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! = #arga alat ada ta#un dan kaastas !ang terseda
61 = kaastas alat !ang terseda
62 = kaastas alat !ang dngnkan
- = ndeks #arga ada ta#un 200(
! = ndeks #arga ada ta#un !ang terseda
m = ?aktor eksonensal untuk kaastas %tergantung jens alat)
ntuk menentukan ndeks #arga ada ta#un 200( dgunakan metode regres
koe?sen korelas ,
[n ⋅ [6 ⋅ E − [6 ⋅ [E ] r =
(n ⋅ [62− ([6 )2 )⋅ (n ⋅ [E
2− ([E )2 )
%Montgomer!' 1((2)
4a"el L92 *arga ndeks Marshall dan Swift
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27*=7 1<18< 28=+7**6 %%7<8%11 1<<=6786To$al
um"er, 4a"el <2' @eters et9 al9' 2003
ata, n = 13 6 = 27(7 E = 13183
6E = 2807(( 6 = 55738511 E = 13378
engan memasukkan #arga<#arga ada 4a"el L<2' maka derole# #arga
koe?sen korelas,
r = %13) 9 %2807(() ; %27(7)%13183)
%13)9 %55738511) ; %27(7) \ %13)%13378) ; %13183)
0'(8 1
*arga koe?sen !ang mendekat +1 men!atakan "a#Ha terdaat #u"ungan
lner antar &ara"el 6 dan E' se#ngga ersamaan regres !ang mendekat adala#
ersamaan regres lner9
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" =%13)% 2807(() − % 27(7 )%13183)
= 55
= 1'8088%13)%55738511) − %27(7) 2
185
a =%13183)%55738511) − % 27(7 )% 2807(()
= − 1003228
= −2528'8%13)%55738511) − %27(7)
2 185
e#ngga ersamaan regres lnern!a adala# ,
E = a + " ⋅ 6
E = 1'80886 ; 2528'8
engan demkan' #arga ndeks ada ta#un 200( adala#,
E = 1'8088%200() ; 2528'8
E = 1230'07(2 E sama dengan -
@er#tungan #arga eralatan menggunakan adala# #arga ?aktor eksonsal %m)
Marshall F Swift 9 *arga ?aktor eksonen n "eracuan ada 4a"el <3' @eters et9 al9'
2003 t k l t td k t d ? kt k l d 0 %@ t t
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$82
M#>#ng $ank 9#$ ag#$a$or
=+< "$a#nless s$ell
ar3on s$eel
! u r E 2 a s e 4
E o s $ ;
4 o l l a r
1+6 1+2
apa#$:; gal1+= 1+< 1+%
1+%
1+<
=1+ k!a (=+ ps#g) ar3on5s$eel $ank (sper#Eal)
1+=Aan;2++2
1+51 1 1+ 1+2 1+=
apa#$:; m=
am"ar L91 *arga @eralatan untuk 4angk @en!manan %Stora'e) dan 4angk@elarutan9%@eters et9 al99' 2003)
ndeks #arga ta#un 200( %-) adala# 1230'07(29 Maka estmas #arga tangk untuk
%6 ) 5727 0718 d l #
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-'kolom = : 389897('</unt
q #eI__ %/ G # ?t
... 9:8
r(i;!,o'
A99L ll__I_ 199 K999oooIa &7;<=:1 1.1 )1%MsHd = tt
I09000 99_ tl9<9uo '''111 99..+ 9=fkk=.t>or ?=;l9L# a90%% # I 9& )KI@a I39I)j' I /9/!"C#$01h u.8oo..... 99
..t.@@... ? :8 <<.<99'<<9 .
q9q< <q8?... 3<9<s<88 99 <
~ ;;: _r:=;.:.~'-,
q
ABta.C.9:: : : <> :99:99 :l++2
1 10 10=
Jettall.K#l 01D;;;;=? m
am"ar L92 *arga @eralatan untuk .olom stlas9 *arga 4dak 4ermasuk Trays'
.ackin' ' atau am"ungan9 %@eters et9 al9' 2003)
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15)2unn c9unctn<'m
am"ar L9 *arga 4a Tray dalam .olom stlas9 *arga 4ermasuk 4anggul'
@ermukaan aluran Lma#' aluran a' dan Bagan truktur Lann!a
%@eters et9 al9' 2003)
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4otal = 3 %
ntuk #arga alat non mor sama d lokas a"rk dtam"a#kan "a!a se"aga
"erkut,
< @@n = 10 % %:usjd' 2003)
< @@# = 10 % %:usjd' 2003)
< 4ransortas lokal = 0'5 %< Ba!a tak terduga = 0'5 %
< 4otal = 21 %
4a"el L9 stmas *arga @eralatan @roses
o. Ko4e n#$ Ke$) arga / n#$ (p) arga To$al (p)
1 44<12 1 192092879(27 192092879(27
2 M<20 1 5859100971 5859100971
44<22 1 (09(9083 (09(9083
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20 <2 1 19339751 19339751
21 <1 1 359559837 359559837
22 <50 1 2(8979788 2(8979788
2 F@<222 1 782903931 782903931
23 F@<1 1 51091(3981 51091(3981
25 <111 1 2(909178 2(909178
2 <121 198927( (((982(975
27 :<110 1 589533971( 5(89533971(
28 F<230 1 197029(9852 197029(9852
2( F<250 1 19((7922917 19((7922917
0 F<220 2 92095219(5 93079039(0
1 FF<20 1 29(819573 29(819573
2 F<10 1 5(929(51 5(929(51
@J<30 1 1(931(9100918 1(931(9100918
3 KB<51 1 80978(93 80978(93
5 J<32 1 (8917988 (8917988
"u3$o$al Impor 2*=.8*+.+62.<1*
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52 K<23 1 N 5982908 5982908
5 K<25 1 N (925092( (925092(
53 K<31 1 N 9(23901 9(23901
55 K<1 1 N 988890 988890
"u3$o$al on5Impor 2<7.21%.%%%
arga To$al 2*<.1=7.277.*7<
4a"el L93 stmas *arga @eralatan tltas dan @engola#an Lm"a#
o. Ko4e n#$ Ke$) arga / n#$ (p) arga To$al (p)
1 1 1(97229(77 1(97229(77
2 L 1 192(9(53910 192(9(53910 F 1 35902923 35902923
3 1 10595809055 10595809055
5 A 1 17(9509783 17(9509783
4 1 7090790 7090790
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22 @<03 1 N 2(09370 2(09370
2 @<05 1 N 109281920 109281920
23 @<0 1 N 109281920 109281920
25 @<07 1 N 5911953 5911953
2 @<08 1 N 39519801 39519801
27 @<0( 1 N 195119108 195119108
28 @<10 1 N 1298 1298
2( @<11 1 N 5911953 5911953
0 @<12 1 N 8892( 8892(
1 @<1 1 N 5911953 5911953
2 @<13 1 N 209738 209738
@<15 1 N 195119108 195119108
3 @<1 1 N 19192(( 19192((
5 @<17 1 N 8988980 8988980
@<18 1 N (950918 (950918
7 B@ 1 N 3090009000 3090009000
8 BA 1 N 1590009000 1590009000
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= 1'3 \ %: 2(98(0902931('< + : 9057955893('<) +
1'21 \ %: 23792159555'< N : 952938897('<)
= : 37598897309101'<
Ba!a emasangan derkrakan 37% dar total #arga eralatan %@eters et9 al9' 2003)9
Ba!a emasangan = 0'37 ⋅ : 37598897309101'<
= : 2959579837'<
*arga eralatan + "a!a emasangan %) ,
= : 37598897309101'< + : 2959579837'<
= : ((953(90(79(38'<
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/9/9B 7iaya 5nstalasi 2istrik
erkrakan "a!a nstalas lstrk 15% dar total #arga eralatan %@eters et9 al9'
2003)9
Ba!a nstalas lstrk %F) = 0'15 ⋅ : 37598897309101'<
= : 719829519015'<
/9/9& 7iaya 5nsulasi
erkrakan "a!a nsulas 12% dar total #arga eralatan %@eters et9 al9'
2003)9
Ba!a nsulas %) = 0'12 ⋅ : 37598897309101'<
= : 5791090389812'<
/9/9 7iaya 5n!entaris Kantor
erkrakan "a!a n&entars kantor 5% dar total #arga eralatan %@eters et9
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o. en#s Ken4araan n#$ T#pe
arga/ n#$
(p)
arga To$al
(p)
1 eHan .omsars 1 orolla Alts : 2090009000 : 2090009000
2 rektur 1 Fortuner : 090009000 : 090009000
Manajer 3 .jang nno&a : 20090009000 : 80090009000
3 Bus .ar!aHan Bus : 28090009000 : 83090009000
5 4ruk 4ruk : 35090009000 : 195090009000
Mo"l @emasaran A&anZa : 1090009000 : (090009000
7Mo"l @emadam
.e"akaran2 4ruk : 35090009000 : (0090009000
To$al () p <.*6+.+++.+++
4otal M4L = A + B + + + + F + + * + + K
= : 19238939187952'<
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1.2.< -#a:a Kon$rak$orerkrakan 22% dar total #arga eralatan %@eters et9 al9' 2003)9
Ba!a .ontraktor %) = 0'22 ⋅ : 37598897309101'< = : 1039(393229822'<
1.2.% -#a:a Tak Ter4uga
erkrakan 33% dar total #arga eralatan %@eters et9 al9' 2003)9
Ba!a 4ak 4erduga %) = 0'33 ⋅ : 37598897309101'< = : 20(9889835933'<
4otal M44L = A + B + + + = : 3(39(1(908(9703'<
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2.1 !erse4#aan -aan -aku
2.1.1 -aan -aku !roses
19 4andan .osong .elaa aHt
.e"utu#an = 589(('(25 kg/jam
*arga 4.. = : 500'</kg
*arga total = 0 #ar⋅
23 jam/#ar⋅
589(('(25 kg/jam \ : 500'<
= : 219279819000'<
29 Asam ul?at %*23)
.e"utu#an = 17(3'0158 kg/jam
*arga = : 159000'</lter %@49 Bratac#em' 200()
*arga total = 0 #ar ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ 17(3'0158 kg
\
: 159000'< /lter
1'83 kg/lter
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59 Ammonum ul?at %%N*3)23)
.e"utu#an = 88'7(2 kg/jam
*arga = : 9700'< / kg %@49 Bratac#em' 200()
*arga total = 0 #ar ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ 88'7(2 kg \ : 9700'<
= : 19839(359085'<
9 Saccharomyces Cere!isiae
.e"utu#an = 80('(138 kg/jam
*arga = : 129000 kg %HHH9"sns"a l9com' 200()
*arga total = 0 #ar ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ 80('(138 kg \ : 129000'<
= : 7398(99872'<
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= : 5597209080'<
9 .aort.e"utu#an = 0'002 kg/jam
*arga = : 159000'</kg %@49 Bratac#em' 200()
*arga total = 0 #ar ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ 0'002 kg/jam ⋅ : 159000'</kg
= : 239830'<
39 Asam ul?at %*23)
.e"utu#an = 7'1385 kg/#ar
*arga = : 159000'</lter %@49 Bratac#em' 200()
*arga total = 0 #ar ⋅ 23 jam/#ar - 7'1385 kg/#ar
⋅
: 159000'< /lter
1'83 kg/lter
= : 319(589587'<
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4otal "a!a ersedaan "a#an "aku roses dan utltas selama 1 "ulan %0 #ar) adala#
: 191(197109(37'<
2.2 Kas
2.2.1 0aj# !ega9a#
4a"el L9 @erncan aj @egaHa
a3a$an umla
0aj#/3ulan
(p)
umla gaj#/3ulan
(p)
eHan .omsars 1 2090009000 2090009000
+eneral Mana'er 1 1590009000 1590009000
ta? A#l 2 1090009000 2090009000
ekretars 2 290009000 390009000
Manajer @roduks 1 90009000 90009000
Manajer 4eknk 1 90009000 90009000
Manajer mum dan .euangan 1 90009000 90009000
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.eala eks @enjualan 1 90009000 90009000
.ar!aHan @roduks 35 195009000 795009000
.ar!aHan 4eknk 17 195009000 2595009000
.ar!aHan mum dan .euangan 15 195009000 2295009000
.ar!aHan @em"elan dan @emasaran 15 195009000 2295009000
okter 1 90009000 90009000
@eraHat 2 195009000 90009000
@etugas .eamanan 15 190009000 1590009000
@etugas .e"ers#an 10 8009000 890009000
ur 3 190009000 390009000
umla 1%+ =+7.+++.+++
4otal gaj egaHa selama 1 "ulan = : 0790009000'<
2.2.2 -#a:a A4m#n#s$ras# mum
erkrakan 15% dar gaj egaHa = 0'15 ⋅ : 0790009000'< %@eters et9 al9' 2003)
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= 0'08 ⋅ : 1973952927795'<
= : 1(93891829188'<
2.< !#u$ang ,agang
@ = @⋅
*@412
dmana, @ = utang dagang
@ = jangka Haktu kredt !ang d"erkan % "ulan)
*@4 = #asl enjualan ta#unan
@enjualan ,
19 *arga jual "oetanol = :9 129500'</lter
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@roduks -!losa = 17871'770 kg/jam
*asl enjualan -!losa ta#unan !atu ,
= 17871'770 kg/jam ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ 0 #ar/ta#un \ : (9000'<
= : 192798((980898'<
39 *arga jual Saccharomyces "ekas = : 29000'</kg %@49 Mtra Feed eja#tera' 200()
@roduks Saccharomyces "ekas = (9(87'5012 kg/jam
*asl enjualan Saccharomyces "ekas ta#unan !atu ,
= (9(87'5012 kg/jam ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ 0 #ar/ta#un \ : 29000'<
= : 1589202901(9008'<
*asl enjualan total ta#unan = : 90219159779150'<
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= : 1973952927795'< + : (9((19298(2'<
= : 29130939019238'<
Modal n "erasal dar ,
< Modal sendr = 0% dar total modal n&estas
= 0' ⋅ : 29130939019238'<
= : 19283920910973('<
< @njaman dar Bank = 30% dar total modal n&estas
=
=
0'3 \ : 29130939019238'<
: 85917933093(('<
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=.1.= ,epres#as# 4an Amor$#sas#
@engeluaran untuk memerole# #arta "erHujud !ang memun!a masa
man?aat le"# dar 1%satu) ta#un #arus d"e"ankan se"aga "a!a untuk mendaatkan'
menag#' dan memel#ara eng#aslan melalu en!usutan %:usdj' 2003)9 @ada
erancangan a"rk n' daka metode gars lurus atau strai'ht line method 9 asar
en!usutan menggunakan masa man?aat dan tar? en!usutan sesua dengan ndang<
undang :eu"lk ndonesa No917 4a#un 2000 @asal 11 a!at daat dl#at ada
ta"el L9(9
4a"el L9( Aturan deresas sesua :eu"lk ndonesa No9 17 4a#un 2000
Kelompok ar$a
-er9uju4
Masa
($aun)
Tar#
(C)
-e3erapa en#s ar$a
9Bukan Bangunan
19.elomok 1 3 25 Mesn kantor' erlengkaan' alat
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@ = #arga aHal eralatan
L = #arga ak#r eralatan
n = umur eralatan %ta#un)
4a"el L910 @er#tungan Ba!a eresas sesua : No9 17 4a#un 2000
Komponen -#a:a (p)
mur
($aun)
,epres#as# (p)
Bangunan 32970590009000 20 291592509000
@eralatan roses dan utltas ((953(90(79(38 1 392719818922
nstrumentras dan engendalan roses 3795889739010 3 1198(790(950
@eraan 2859509233900 3 719829519015
nstalas lstrk 719829519015 3 1798359309253
nsulas 5791090389812 3 139279512920
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= : 12972(9772932'<
4otal Ba!a eresas dan Amortsas
= : 1709209831903('< + : 12972(9772932'<
= : 2(9(919375'<
=.1.< -#a:a Te$ap !era9a$an
Ba!a teta eraHatan ter"ag menjad,
19 @eraHatan mesn dan alat<alat roses
@eraHatan mesn dan eralatan dalam ndustr roses "erksar 2 sama 20$'
dam"l 8$ dar #arga eralatan terasang d a"rk %@eters et9al9' 2003)9
Ba!a eraHatan mesn = 0'08 ⋅ : ((953(90(79(38'<
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= 0'08 ⋅ : 3795889739010'<
= : 980790(9(21'<
59 @eraHatan eraan
erkrakan 8% dar #arga eraan %@eters et9al9' 2003)9
= 0'08 ⋅ : 2859509233900'<
= : 229832931(9525'<
9 @eraHatan nstalas lstrk
erkrakan 8% dar #arga nstalas lstrk %@eters et9al9' 2003)9
= 0'08⋅
: 719829519015'<
= : 597109039881'<
79 @eraHatan nsulas
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4otal Ba!a @eraHatan = : ((9709559012'<
=.1.% -#a:a Tam3aan In4us$r# ( Plant -verhead Cost )
Ba!a tam"a#an ndustr n derkrakan 10% dar modal n&estas teta %@eters et9
al9' 2003)9
.lant O!erhead Cost = 0'1 \ : 1973952927795'<
= : 17395922797'<
=.1.6 -#a:a A4m#n#s$ras# mumBa!a admnstras umum selama 1 "ulan adala# : 390509000'<
Ba!a admnstras umum selama 1 ta#un = 12 ⋅ : 390509000'<
= : 5529009000'<
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= 0'05 \ : 17395922797'<
= : 8971971987'<
=.1.* ak !a$en 4an o:al$#
erkrakan 1$ dar modal n&estas teta %@eters et9 al9' 2003)9
= 0'01 \ : 1973952927795'<
= : 179395229773'<
=.1.1+ -#a:a Asurans#
19 Ba!a asurans a"rk adala# '1 erml dar modal n&estas teta langsung
%Asosas Asurans KHa ndonesa<AAK' 200()9
= 0'001 ⋅ : 19238939187952'<
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Eang menjad o"jek ajak adala# erole#an #ak atas tana# dan atas "angunan
%@asal 2 a!at 1 No920/00)9
asar engenaan ajak adala# Nla @erole#an "jek @ajak %@asal a!at 1
No920/00)9
4ar? ajak dtetakan se"esar 5$ %@asal 5 No921/(7)9
Nla @erole#an "jek @ajak 4dak .ena @ajak dtetakan se"esar :9
090009000'< %@asal 7 a!at 1 No921/(7)9
Besarn!a ajak !ang terutang d#tung dengan cara mengalkkan tar? ajak
dengan Nla @erole#an "jek .ena @ajak %@asal 8 a!at 2 No921/(7)9
Maka "erdasarkan enjelasan d atas' er#tungan @BB dtetakan se"aga "erkut,
Oaj#3 !ajak !a3r#k !em3ua$an -#oe$anol
Nla @erole#an "jek @ajak
< 4ana# : 900090009000'<
< Bangunan : 8938795009000'<
4otal NK@ : 33938795009000'<
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4otal "a!a ersedaan "a#an "aku roses dan utltas selama 1 ta#un adala#,
= : 191(197109(37'< -0
= : 1935910898209317'<0
9$9$ 7iaya *ariabel Tambahan
Ba!a &ara"el tam"a#an ter"ag menjad ,
.! /iaya Pera'atan dan Penanganan 0ingkungan
erkrakan 5% dar "a!a &ara"el "a#an "aku
= 0'05 ⋅ : 1935910898209317'<
= : 7925593319021'<
29 Ba!a Jara"el @emasaran dan str"us
erkrakan 1% dar "a!a &ara"el "a#an "aku
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4otal Ba!a @roduks = Ba!a 4eta + Ba!a Jara"el
= : 7089095(191259'< + : 19557931097910'<
= : 29290319279227'<
< !erk#raan La3a/ug# !erusaaan
9/ 2aba Sebelum .a(ak -7ruto1
La"a atas enjualan = 4otal enjualan ; 4otal "a!a roduks
= : 90219159779150'< ; : 29290319279227'<
= : 755911295059(2'<
Bonus erusa#aan untuk kar!aHan 0'5$ dar keuntungan erusa#aan
= 0'005 \ : 755911295059(2'<
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@eng#aslan d atas : 10090009000'< dkenakan ajak se"esar 0 %9
Maka ajak eng#aslan !ang #arus d"a!ar adala# ,
< 10 % ⋅ : 5090009000 = : 590009000'<
< 15 % ⋅ %: 10090009000 < : 5090009000) = : 795009000'<
< 0 % ⋅ %: 75199(39(< : 10090009000) = : 2259719089018'<
4otal @@# = : 225989589018'<
<.= La3a "e$ela !ajak
La"a setela# ajak = la"a se"elum ajak ; @@#
= : 75199(39('< ; : 225989589018'<
= : 5259(590975'<
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B@ =: 7089095(19125'<
⋅ 100 %: 90219159779150'< − : 19557931097910'<
B@ = 38'31$
.aastas roduks ada ttk B@ = 38'31$ ⋅ 1059000 kL/ta#un
J 50982'855 kL/ta#un
Nla enjualan ada ttk B@ = 38'31$ \ : 90219159779150'<
= : 193290797309705'<
%.= Return on *nvestment (I)
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:N =La"a setela# ajak
⋅ 100 %Modal sendr
:N = : 5259(590975'<
⋅ 100 %: 19283920910973('<
:N = 30'( $
%.6 *nternal Rate o Return (I)
ntuk menentukan nla :: #arus dgam"arkan jumla# endaatan dan
engeluaran dar ta#un ke ta#un !ang dse"ut vCash "loww9 ntuk memerole# cash
flow dam"l ketentuan se"aga "erkut ,
< La"a kotor dasumskan mengalam kenakan 10% ta ta#un9
< Masa em"angunan dse"ut ta#un ke nol9
< Kangka Haktu cash flow dl# 10 ta#un9
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Universitas Sumatera Utara
Tn
La3a se3elumpajak
!ajak La3a "esu4a
pajak !en:usu$an e$ as Flo9
!/Fpa4a #J<=C
! pa4a # J <=C!/F
pa4a #J<<C
! pa4a # J <<C
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2928(9(795(8 <379379053955:: = 3$ +
2928(9(795(8-%33$ − 3$)
92928(9(795(8 − %−379379053955)
= 3'05 $
7/17/2019 Neraca Massa Sekam
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