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Nervous System: Part IV The Central Nervous System
The Brain
2
Can you survive when part of your brain is destroyed?
2. Cells communicate with each
other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via
chemical signaling.
3
Essential Knowledge 3.D.2
Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Cranial nerves
Ganglia outside CNS
Spinal nerves
Gray matter
White matter
Ventricles
What accounts for the difference between white and gray matter?
• The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain are hollow and filled with cerebrospinal fluid
• The cerebrospinal fluid is filtered from blood and functions to cushion the brain and spinal cord as well as to provide nutrients and remove wastes
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Glia
• Glia have numerous functions including to nourish, support, and regulate neurons
– Embryonic radial glia form tracks along which newly formed neurons migrate
– Astrocytes induce cells lining capillaries in the CNS to form tight junctions, resulting in a blood-brain barrier and restricting the entry of most substances into the brain
Efferent neurons Afferent neurons
Central Nervous System
(information processing)
Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory receptors
Internal and external
stimuli
Autonomic nervous system
Motor system
Control of skeletal muscle
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Enteric division
Control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands
Efferent neurons Afferent neurons
Central Nervous System
(information processing)
Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory receptors
Internal and external
stimuli
Autonomic nervous system
Motor system
Control of skeletal muscle
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Enteric division
Control of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands
The Vertebrate Brain Is Regionally Specialized
• Specific brain structures are particularly specialized for diverse functions
• These structures arise during embryonic development
Human Embryonic Brain Development
13
Embryonic brain regions Brain structures in child and adult
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Cerebrum (includes cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
Midbrain (part of brainstem)
Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum
Medulla oblongata (part of brainstem)
Midbrain
Forebrain
Hindbrain
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Spinal cord
Cerebrum Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Child Embryo at 5 weeks Embryo at 1 month
Brain structures in child and adult
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Myelencephalon
Cerebrum (includes cerebral cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
Midbrain (part of brainstem)
Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum
Medulla oblongata (part of brainstem)
Midbrain
Forebrain
Hindbrain
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Spinal cord
Cerebrum Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Child Embryo at 5 weeks Embryo at 1 month
Cerebrum Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Child
Adult brain viewed from the rear
Cerebellum
Basal nuclei Cerebrum
Left cerebral hemisphere
Right cerebral hemisphere
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Spinal cord
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Motor cortex (control of skeletal muscles)
Frontal lobe
Prefrontal cortex (decision making, planning)
Broca’s area (forming speech)
Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex (hearing)
Wernicke’s area (comprehending language)
Somatosensory cortex (sense of touch)
Parietal lobe
Sensory association cortex (integration of sensory information)
Visual association cortex (combining images and object recognition)
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Visual cortex (processing visual stimuli and pattern recognition)
Language and Speech
• Studies of brain activity have mapped areas responsible for language and speech
• Broca’s area in the frontal lobe is active when speech is generated
• Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe is active when speech is heard
• These areas belong to a larger network of regions involved in language
Information Processing
• The cerebral cortex receives input from sensory organs and somatosensory receptors
• Somatosensory receptors provide information about touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and the position of muscles and limbs
• The thalamus directs different types of input to distinct locations
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe
Primary motor cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Genitalia Toes
Abdominal organs
Tongue
Jaw
Hip
Kn
ee
Tongue
Pharynx
He
ad
Ne
ck Tru
nk
Hip
Leg
Primary motor cortex
Toes
Tongue
Jaw
Hip
Kn
ee
Primary somatosensory cortex
Genitalia
Abdominal organs
Tongue Pharynx
He
ad
Ne
ck
Trun
k H
ip
Leg
Frontal Lobe Function
• Frontal lobe damage may impair decision making and emotional responses but leave intellect and memory intact
• The frontal lobes have a substantial effect on “executive functions” of thinking making decisions.
Created by: Debra Richards Coordinator of Secondary Science Programs Bryan ISD Bryan, TX