NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .1

NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .2

Superconductivity

Paul M. GrantScience Fellow

SS&Tpgrant@epri.com

Electric Power Research InstitutePalo Alto, California USA

National Energy SuperGrid WorkshopCrowne Plaza Cabana Palo Alto Hotel

Palo Alto, California, November 6-8, 2002

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .3

Fathers of Cryogenics

Dewar Kammerlingh-Onnes

CH4 112 KO 90N2 77Ne 27H2 20He 4.2

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .4

Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity

H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911)

1911: A Big Surprise!

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .5

1967: SC Cable Proposed!

100 GW dc, 1000 km !

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .6

Brookhaven LTS ac Cable 1975-86

135 kV, 1000 MVA, 3 m

Nb3Sn, 7-9 K

• Technical Success

• Economics Unclear

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .7

1986: Another Big Surprise!

Bednorz and MuellerIBM Zuerich, 1986

1980 2000

Hig

h-T

C

164 K

La-214

Hg-1223

V3Si

1900 1920 1940 1960 0

50

100

150

200

Tem

per

atu

re,

TC

(K)

Year

Low-TCHg

Onset TC = 40 K !

La-Ba-Cu-O

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .8

1987: “The Prize!”

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .9

March 3, 1987: “123” Structure

IBM Almaden Research Center

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .10

Woodstock of Physics NYC, 1987

Physicists’ Night Out!

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .11

“The Great Communicator”

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .12

Y-123

Bi-2223

HTS Layered Perovskites

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .13

TC vs. Year: 1911 - 1999

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0

50

100

150

200T

emp

erat

ure

, T

C (K

)

Year

Low-TC

Hig

h-T

C

164 K

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .14

Nature, 1 March 2001How was it ever missed!

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .15

Maybe It Wasn’t!

MgB2 Specific HeatR. M. Swift and D. White,

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 3641 (1957)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

10 20 30 40 50 60

T (K)

Mo

lal C

P (

ca

l/K)

?39

?32

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .16

IrreversibilityLine

Meissner

Mixed

NormalHC2

HC1

Mag

net

ic F

ield

TCTemperature

-M

HHC2HC1

1/4

Type II Superconductivity

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .17

H

J

FLorentz Defects (pin sites)

Abrikosov Vortex Lattice

DipoleForce

FLorentz

J

H

Type II Superconductor in the Mixed State

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .18

Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor

1. PowderPreparation

“The Miracle of 1989”

HTSC Wire Can Be Made!

A. Extrusion

B. Wire DrawC. RollingDeformation

& Processing3.

Oxidation -Heat Treat

4.

Billet Packing& Sealing

2.

But it’s 70% silver!

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .19

Coated ConductorsGeneration II Wire

• Biaxially Oriented Y-123

• Out of Japan, LANL, ORNL

• DOE/Industry Alliance to Commercialize

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .20

LANL’s Finest

GenerationII

106

105

104

GenerationI

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .21

Nature, 31 May 2001

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .22

HyperTech Corp

60 meters of MgB2 Wire

Cheap MgB2 Wire Here Now!

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .23

WTD Cable Breakaway

HTS conductor ribbons

Support tube

This part of cable is at ambient temperatureCryostat:Thermal

insulation(vacuum )

Electrical insulation system

Metallic shield

Outer jacket

Liquid N2 RefrigerantOperates at -200°C

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .24

Finished Cable

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .25

Cold Dielectric Cable

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .26

HTS Cables: They’re Here!

12,400 Volts

1,250 Amps

3 Phase

Southwire Cable PlantCarrolton, Ga.

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .27

HTSC Cable Projects Worldwide

1998 1999 2000 2005

DOE

EdF

Pirelli

Southwire

IGC

NKT

SEI/TEPCO

50m/115kV/2kA“EPRI”

130m/24kV/2.5kA

3ph “Frisbie”

900m/66kV/0.7kA3ph “LIPA”

50m/225kV/2.6kA/3ph

30m/12.5kV/2.6kA/3ph 300m/15kV/3ph “AEP”

400m/35kV/3ph “Albany”

30m/60kV/3kA/3ph “COP”

30m/66kV/1kA“proto”

100m/66kV/1kA/3ph

Japanese National Program?

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .28

“The Energy Pipeline”

MgB2

MgB2

ElectricalInsulation

ThermalInsulation

VacuumLiquid H2

@ 21 K

± 50,000 Vdc

100,000 A10 GW

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .29

Energy Intensity Factoids

Watts Avg Peak

Elect 2000 4000

Therm 4000 8000

Grant Household Power Requirements

Peak Power for 250,000 GHE’s Electrical: 1000 MW Thermal: 2000 MW

Does not include 3 automobiles!

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .30

Hydrogen Factoids

• 0.025 $/kWh Electricity -> 0.22 $/kWh Hydrogen• Hydrogen flowing @ 1 m/s -> 0.6 MW/cm2

• Delivering 2000 MW Hydrogen -> 67 cm dia pipeElectricity via superconductivity is essentially free!

• To power all cars in the US with hydrogen would require expropriating all present electric power generated in the US

• German studies show water emissions from powering all cars with hydrogen could cause changes in microclimate.

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .31

Small Scale Demonstration

Nexans LH2

Transfer Line

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .32

Regional System Interconnections

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .33

Issues (Superconductivity)

• Wire Cost & Performance– Gen I (BSCCO/Ag) 50 $/kA×m– Gen II (Y123 CC) 10– MgB2 2– NBTi 0.90

• Length– Gen I (BSCCO/Ag) > 1000 m– Gen II (Y123 CC) 10– MgB2 > 100– NBTi > 1000

• Joints & Splices– HTSC TBD

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .34

Issues (Cryogenic & Vacuum)

• Cryoplants: Cost & Performance– Liquid or Gas?– ECE = 0.20 Tcold /(Tsink – Tcold ) – Cryo-unit Cost ~ $5/W Rating

• Vacuum– Continuously pumped, periodic or sealed?– Distance between ports– Gettering materials

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .35

Issues (Cable Design/Power Control)

• Cable– Parallel vs. Coaxial– Flexible vs. Rigid

• Power– Balance between Voltage & Current– dc vs. ac– ac Losses (ripple factor)

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .36

Where there is no vision,the people perish… Proverbs 29:18

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .37

“You can’t always get what you want…”

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .38

“…you get what you need!”

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .39

Prologue: The Two Energy Lemmas

I. Any discussion of the application of energy technology must involve, from the very start, an explicit social and political scenario

II. The unique aspect of energy as a life-sustaining necessity separates it from the jurisdiction of many of the usual “laws” of economics

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .40

(((

Models of Electrical Conductivity

The First Idea:R

T

Just Goesto Zero!

(((

(((

(((

• •e-e-

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .41

The Most Popular:R

T

Freezes Out!e-

Models of Electrical Conductivity

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .42

Models of Electrical Conductivity

Reality:R

T

Limited byImpurities!

•e-

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .43

Physics of Superconductivity

+ +

+ +•e-

•e-

Electrons Pair Off!

)/1exp( 14.1 DCT

BCS Equation

(Niobium) K 5.9

,28.0

,K 275

C

D

T

. NESGW Talk (Palo Alto, 6 Nov 02) .44

Tape dimensions: 3.5 mm x 0.35 mmFilling factor 20%Treated at 900°C for 2 hours in Ar

INFM-Genova, G. Grasso, A. Malagoli, V. Braccini, S. Roncallo, and A.S. Siri, Italy

INFM-GenovaNi-Sheathed MgB2 Tape

Ex-Situ Sintered

0 2 4 6 8 10 121

10

100

1000

Htape

H//tape

I c at 4

.2 K

Magnetic Field [T]1.0x104 1.5x104 2.0x104 2.5x104 3.0x104

10

100

1000

Htape

Transport 4.2K

Cri

tica

l cu

rre

nt [

A]

Magnetic Field (Gauss)

Inductive 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K

4.2 K

4103

4104

4105

A/cm2

Asc = 2.510-3 cm2