Network administration Day2 - ncp.edu.pk

Presentation_ID 1

Training Course on Network Administration

03 March 2013-07 March 2014

National Centre for Physics

© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 2

Network LayerNetwork Layer

Network Basics

Presentation_ID 3

Network Layer

Network LayerNetwork Layer

Network Layer

Presentation_ID 4

Network Layer Protocols

Network Layer in CommunicationNetwork Layer Protocols

Network Layer in Communication

Presentation_ID 5

Network Layer in Communication

The Network LayerNetwork Layer in Communication

The Network LayerEnd to End Transport processes

Addressing end devices

Encapsulation

Routing

De-encapsulating

Common Network Layer Protocols

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6

Presentation_ID 6

Characteristics of the IP protocol

Characteristics of IPCharacteristics of the IP protocol

Characteristics of IP

Presentation_ID 7


IP - ConnectionlessCharacteristics of the IP protocol

IP - Connectionless

Presentation_ID 8


IP – Best Effort DeliveryCharacteristics of the IP protocol

IP – Best Effort Delivery

Presentation_ID 9


IP – Media IndependentCharacteristics of the IP protocol

IP – Media Independent

Presentation_ID 10

IPv4 Packet

Encapsulating IPIPv4 Packet

Encapsulating IP

Presentation_ID 11

IPv4 Packet

IPv4 Packet HeaderIPv4 Packet

IPv4 Packet HeaderVersion, Differentiated Services (DS), Time-to-Live (TTL),Protocol, Source IP Address, Destination IP Address

Version IP Header Length

Differentiated Services Total Length

DSCP ECN

Identification Flag Fragment Offset

Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum

Source IP Address

Destination IP Address

Options (optional) Padding

Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4

Presentation_ID 12

IPv4 Packet

IPv4 Header FieldsIPv4 Packet

IPv4 Header FieldsInternet Header Length (IHL), Total Length, Header Checksum, Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset

Version IP Header Length

Differentiated Services Total Length

DSCP ECN

Identification Flag Fragment Offset

Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum

Source IP Address

Destination IP Address

Options (optional) Padding

Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4

Presentation_ID 13

IPv4 Packet

Sample IPv4 HeadersIPv4 Packet

Sample IPv4 Headers

Presentation_ID 14

Routing

Host Routing TablesRouting

Host Routing Tables

Presentation_ID 15

Host Routing Tables

Host Packet Forwarding DecisionHost Routing Tables

Host Packet Forwarding Decision

Presentation_ID 16

Host Routing Tables

IPv4 Host Routing TableHost Routing Tables

IPv4 Host Routing Table

Presentation_ID 17

Host Routing Tables

Sample IPv4 Host Routing TableHost Routing Tables

Sample IPv4 Host Routing Table

Presentation_ID 18

Router Routing Tables

Router Packet Forwarding DecisionRouter Routing Tables

Router Packet Forwarding Decision

Presentation_ID 19

Configuring the Default Gateway

Default Gateway on a HostConfiguring the Default Gateway

Default Gateway on a Host192.168.10.0/24

192.168.11.0/24

G0/1.1

.1G0/0

R1

.10PC1

.10PC2

.10PC4

.10PC3

192.168.10.0/24

192.168.11.0/24

G0/1.1

.1G0/0

R1

.10PC1

.11PC2

.11PC4

.10PC3


IP AddressingIP Addressing

Network Basics

Presentation_ID 21

IPv4 Address Structure

Binary Number SystemIPv4 Address Structure

Binary Number System

128 + 64 = 192

Presentation_ID 22


Converting a Binary Address to DecimalIPv4 Address Structure

Converting a Binary Address to DecimalPractice

Presentation_ID 23


Converting from Decimal to BinaryIPv4 Address Structure

Converting from Decimal to Binary

Presentation_ID 24

Converting Decimal to BinaryConverting Decimal to Binary

Convert 20110 to binary:201 / 2 = 100 remainder 1100 / 2 = 50 remainder 050 / 2 = 25 remainder 025 / 2 = 12 remainder 112 / 2 = 6 remainder 06 / 2 = 3 remainder 03 / 2 = 1 remainder 11 / 2 = 0 remainder 1

When the quotient is 0, take all the remainders in reverse order for your answer: 20110 = 110010012

Presentation_ID 25

25

Binary to Decimal ChartBinary to Decimal Chart

Presentation_ID 26

IPv4 Address StructureConverting from Decimal to Binary ConversionsIPv4 Address StructureConverting from Decimal to Binary Conversions

Presentation_ID 27

27

IP AddressingIP Addressing

255 255 255 255

DottedDecimal

Maximum

Network Host

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100

Binary

32 Bits

172 16 122 204ExampleDecimalExampleBinary

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Presentation_ID 28

Classful Addressing

Classful Network AddressingClassful Addressing

Classful Network Addressing

Presentation_ID 29

Classful Addressing

Classful Subnet MasksClassful Addressing

Classful Subnet MasksClass A

Class B

Class C

Presentation_ID 30

30

Class A:

Class B:

Class C:

Class D: Multicast

Class E: Research

IP Address ClassesIP Address Classes

NetworkNetwork HostHost HostHost HostHost

NetworkNetwork NetworkNetwork HostHost HostHost

NetworkNetwork NetworkNetwork NetworkNetwork HostHost

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

Presentation_ID 31

31

IP Address ClassesIP Address Classes1

Class A:Bits:

0NNNNNNN0NNNNNNN HostHost HostHost HostHost8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (1-126)

1

Class B:Bits:

10NNNNNN10NNNNNN NetworkNetwork HostHost HostHost8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (128-191)1

Class C:Bits:

110NNNNN110NNNNN NetworkNetwork NetworkNetwork HostHost

8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (192-223)1

Class D:Bits:

1110MMMM1110MMMM Multicast GroupMulticast Group Multicast GroupMulticast Group Multicast GroupMulticast Group

8 9 16 17 2425 32

Range (224-239)

Presentation_ID 32

IPv4 Subnet MaskNetwork Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 AddressIPv4 Subnet MaskNetwork Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

To define the network and host portions of an address, a devices use a separate 32-bit pattern called a subnet maskThe subnet mask does not actually contain the network or host portion of an IPv4 address, it just says where to look for these portions in a given IPv4 address

Presentation_ID 33

IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast

Assigning a Static IPv4 Address to a HostIPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast

Assigning a Static IPv4 Address to a Host

Presentation_ID 34

IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and MulticastAssigning a Dynamic IPv4 Address to a HostIPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and MulticastAssigning a Dynamic IPv4 Address to a Host

Verification

DHCP - preferred method of “leasing” IPv4 addresses to hosts on large networks, reduces the burden on network support staff and virtually eliminates entry errors

Presentation_ID 35

IPv4 Subnet MaskNetwork Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 AddressIPv4 Subnet MaskNetwork Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

Valid Subnet Masks

Presentation_ID 36

36

CIDR ValuesCIDR Values

Presentation_ID 37

IPv4 Subnet Mask

Examining the Prefix LengthIPv4 Subnet Mask

Examining the Prefix Length

Presentation_ID 38

IPv4 Subnet Mask

Network, Host, and Broadcast AddressIPv4 Subnet Mask

Network, Host, and Broadcast Address

Presentation_ID 39

IPv4 Subnet Mask

First Host and Last Host AddressesIPv4 Subnet Mask

First Host and Last Host Addresses

Presentation_ID 40

IPv4 Subnet Mask

Bitwise AND OperationIPv4 Subnet Mask

Bitwise AND Operation

1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 0 AND 0 = 0

Presentation_ID 41

Types of IPv4 Address

Public and Private IPv4 AddressesTypes of IPv4 Address

Public and Private IPv4 AddressesPrivate address blocks are:

Hosts that do not require access to the Internet can use private addresses

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)

Shared address space addresses:

Not globally routable

Intended only for use in service provider networks

Address block is 100.64.0.0/10

Presentation_ID 42


Special Use IPv4 AddressesTypes of IPv4 Address

Special Use IPv4 AddressesNetwork and Broadcast addresses - within each network the first and last addresses cannot be assigned to hosts

Loopback address - 127.0.0.1 a special address that hosts use to direct traffic to themselves (addresses 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 are reserved)

Link-Local address - 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 (169.254.0.0/16) addresses can be automatically assigned to the local host

TEST-NET addresses - 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 (192.0.2.0/24) set aside for teaching and learning purposes, used in documentation and network examples

Experimental addresses - 240 0 0 0 to 255 255 255 254

Presentation_ID 43


Legacy Classful AddressingTypes of IPv4 Address

Legacy Classful Addressing

Classless AddressingFormal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR,

pronounced “ciderCreated a new set of standards that allowed service

providers to allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit boundary (prefix length) instead of only by a class A, B, or C address

Presentation_ID 44


Assignment of IP AddressesTypes of IPv4 Address

Assignment of IP AddressesRegional Internet Registries (RIRs)The major registries are:

Presentation_ID 45


Assignment of IP AddressesTypes of IPv4 Address

Assignment of IP Addresses

Tier 2 ISPs generally focus on business customers.

Tier 3 ISPs purchase their Internet service from Tier 2 ISPs.

Tier 3 ISPs often bundle Internet connectivity as a part of network and computer service contracts for their customers.

ISPs are large national or international ISPs that are directly connected to the Internet backbone.

Presentation_ID 46

46

Binary to Decimal ChartBinary to Decimal Chart

Presentation_ID 47

47

Unique addressing allows communication between end stations.

Path choice is based on destination address.

Location is represented by an address

Introduction to TCP/IP AddressesIntroduction to TCP/IP Addresses

172.18.0.2

172.18.0.1

172.17.0.2172.17.0.1

172.16.0.2

172.16.0.1

SA DAHDR DATA10.13.0.0 192.168.1.0

10.13.0.1 192.168.1.1

Presentation_ID 48


Public and Private IPv4 AddressesTypes of IPv4 Address

Public and Private IPv4 AddressesPrivate address blocks are:

Hosts that do not require access to the Internet can use private addresses

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)

Shared address space addresses:

Not globally routable

Intended only for use in service provider networks

Address block is 100.64.0.0/10

Presentation_ID 49

Host AddressesHost Addresses172.16.2.2

172.16.3.10

172.16.12.12

10.1.1.1

10.250.8.11

10.180.30.118

E1

172.16 12 12Network Host

. . Network Interface172.16.0

.0

10.0.0.0

E0

E1

Routing Table

172.16.2.1

10.6.24.2

E0

Presentation_ID 50

50

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)Basically the method that ISPs (Internet Service Providers) use to allocate an amount of addresses to a company, a home

Ex : 192.168.10.32/28

The slash notation (/) means how many bits are turned on (1s)

Presentation_ID 51

51

11111111

Determining Available Host AddressesDetermining Available Host Addresses

172 16 0 0

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Network Host

00000000 00000001

11111111 1111111111111111 11111110

......

00000000 00000011

11111101

123

655346553565536–

...

265534

N

2N – 2 = 216 – 2 = 65534

Presentation_ID 52

52

IP Address Classes ExerciseIP Address Classes Exercise

Address Class Network Host

10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100201.222.5.64192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16256.241.201.10

Presentation_ID 53

53

IP Address Classes Exercise AnswersIP Address Classes Exercise Answers

Address Class Network Host

10.2.1.1128.63.2.100201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2130.113.64.16256.241.201.10

A

B

C

CB

Nonexistent

10.0.0.0128.63.0.0201.222.5.0192.6.141.0130.113.0.0

0.2.1.10.0.2.100

0.0.0.64

0.0.0.20.0.64.16

Presentation_ID 54

Classful Addressing

Classful Addressing WasteClassful Addressing

Classful Addressing Waste

Presentation_ID 55

CIDR

Classless Inter-Domain RoutingCIDR

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

Presentation_ID 56

Network Segmentation

Reasons for SubnettingNetwork Segmentation

Reasons for SubnettingLarge networks need to be segmented into smaller sub-

networks, creating smaller groups of devices and services in order to:

Control traffic by containing broadcast traffic within subnetwork

Reduce overall network traffic and improve network performance

Subnetting - process of segmenting a network into multiple smaller network spaces called subnetworks or Subnets.

Communication Between Subnets

A router is necessary for devices on different networks and subnets to communicate.

Each router interface must have an IPv4 host address that belongs to the network or subnet that the router interface is connected to.

Devices on a network and subnet use the router interface attached to their LAN as their default gateway.

Presentation_ID 57

Subnetting an IPv4 Network

Basic SubnettingSubnetting an IPv4 Network

Basic SubnettingBorrowing Bits to Create Subnets

Borrowing 1 bit 21 = 2 subnets

Subnet 1Network 192.168.1.128-255/25

Mask: 255.255.255.128

Subnet 0Network 192.168.1.0-127/25

Mask: 255.255.255.128

Borrowing 1 Bit from the host portion creates 2 subnets with the same subnet mask

Presentation_ID 58


Subnets in UseSubnetting an IPv4 Network

Subnets in Use

Subnet 0

Network 192.168.1.0-127/25

Subnet 1

Network 192.168.1.128-255/25

Presentation_ID 59


Subnetting FormulasSubnetting an IPv4 Network

Subnetting FormulasCalculate Number of Subnets

Calculate Number of Hosts

Presentation_ID 60


Creating 4 SubnetsSubnetting an IPv4 Network

Creating 4 SubnetsBorrowing 2 bits to create 4 subnets. 22 = 4 subnets

Presentation_ID 61


Creating 8 SubnetsSubnetting an IPv4 Network

Creating 8 SubnetsBorrowing 3 bits to Create 8 Subnets. 23 = 8 subnets

Presentation_ID 62


Creating 8 Subnets(continued)Subnetting an IPv4 Network

Creating 8 Subnets(continued)

Presentation_ID 63

Determining the Subnet Mask

Subnetting Based on Host RequirementsDetermining the Subnet Mask

Subnetting Based on Host RequirementsThere are two considerations when planning subnets:

Number of Subnets required

Number of Host addresses requiredFormula to determine number of useable hosts 2^n-2

2^n (where n is the number the number of host bits remaining) is used to calculate the number of hosts-2 Subnetwork ID and broadcast address cannot be used on each subnet

Presentation_ID 64

Determining the Subnet MaskSubnetting Based on Network RequirementsDetermining the Subnet MaskSubnetting Based on Network Requirements

Calculate number of subnets

Formula 2^n (where n is the number of bits borrowed)Subnet needed for

each department in graphic

Presentation_ID 65

Determining the Subnet MaskSubnetting To Meet Network RequirementsDetermining the Subnet MaskSubnetting To Meet Network Requirements

It is important to balance the number of subnets needed and the number of hosts required for the largest subnet.

Design the addressing scheme to accommodate the maximum number of hosts for each subnet.

Allow for growth in each subnet.

Presentation_ID 66

Determining the Subnet MaskSubnetting To Meet Network Requirements (cont)Determining the Subnet MaskSubnetting To Meet Network Requirements (cont)

Presentation_ID 67

Benefits of Variable Length Subnet MaskingTraditional Subnetting Wastes AddressesBenefits of Variable Length Subnet MaskingTraditional Subnetting Wastes Addresses

Traditional subnetting - same number of addresses is allocated for each subnet.

Subnets that require fewer addresses have unused (wasted) addresses. For example, WAN links only need 2 addresses.

Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) or subnetting a subnet provides more efficient use of addresses.

Presentation_ID 68

Benefits of Variable Length Subnet MaskingVariable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)Benefits of Variable Length Subnet MaskingVariable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)

VLSM allows a network space to be divided in unequal parts.

Subnet mask will vary depending on how many bits have been borrowed for a particular subnet.

Network is first subnetted, and then the subnets are subnetted again.

Process repeated as necessary to create subnets of various sizes.

Presentation_ID 69

Benefits of Variable Length Subnet MaskingBasic VLSMBenefits of Variable Length Subnet MaskingBasic VLSM

Presentation_ID 70

Benefits of Variable Length Subnet MaskingVLSM in PracticeBenefits of Variable Length Subnet MaskingVLSM in Practice

Using VLSM subnets, the LAN and WAN segments in example below can be addressed with minimum waste.

Each LANs will be assigned a subnet with /27 mask.

Each WAN link will be assigned a subnet with /30 mask.

Presentation_ID 71

Benefits of Variable Length Subnet MaskingVLSM ChartBenefits of Variable Length Subnet MaskingVLSM Chart

Presentation_ID 72

Structured DesignPlanning to Address the NetworkStructured DesignPlanning to Address the Network

Allocation of network addresses should be planned and documented for the purposes of:

Preventing duplication of addresses

Providing and controlling access

Monitoring security and performance

Addresses for Clients - usually dynamically assigned using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Sample Network Addressing Plan

Presentation_ID 73

73

Subnet Mask ExerciseSubnet Mask Exercise

Address Subnet Mask

Class Subnet

172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0255.255.240.0255.255.255.0

Presentation_ID 74

74

Subnet Mask Exercise AnswersSubnet Mask Exercise Answers

Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet

172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0255.255.240.0255.255.255.0

B

A

A

172.16.2.0

10.6.16.0

10.30.36.0

Presentation_ID 75

75

Broadcast AddressesBroadcast Addresses

172.16.1.0

172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.3.255(Directed Broadcast)

255.255.255.255(Local Network Broadcast)

XX172.16.255.255

(All Subnets Broadcast)

Presentation_ID 76

76

Addressing Summary ExampleAddressing Summary Example

10101100

11111111

10101100

00010000

11111111

00010000

11111111

00000010

10100000

11000000

10000000

00000010

10101100 00010000 00000010 10111111

10101100 00010000 00000010 10000001

10101100 00010000 00000010 10111110

Host

Mask

Subnet

Broadcast

Last

First

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.192

172.16.2.128

172.16.2.191

172.16.2.129

172.16.2.190

1

2

3

4

56

7

89

16172 2 160

Presentation_ID 77

77

IP Host Address: 172.16.2.121Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

Subnet Address = 172.16.2.0

Host Addresses = 172.16.2.1–172.16.2.254

Broadcast Address = 172.16.2.255

Eight Bits of Subnetting

Network Subnet Host

10101100 00010000 00000010 11111111

172.16.2.121:

255.255.255.0:

1010110011111111

Subnet: 10101100 00010000

0001000011111111

00000010

00000010

1111111101111001 00000000

00000000

Class B Subnet ExampleClass B Subnet Example

Broadcast:

Network

Presentation_ID 78

78

Subnet PlanningSubnet Planning

Other Subnets

192.168.5.16

192.168.5.32 192.168.5.48

20 Subnets5 Hosts per SubnetClass C Address:192.168.5.0

20 Subnets5 Hosts per SubnetClass C Address:192.168.5.0

Presentation_ID 79

79

11111000

IP Host Address: 192.168.5.121Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.248

Network Subnet Host

192.168.5.121: 1100000011111111

Subnet: 11000000 10101000

1010100011111111

00000101

00000101

1111111101111001

01111000

255.255.255.248:

Class C Subnet Planning ExampleClass C Subnet Planning Example

Subnet Address = 192.168.5.120

Host Addresses = 192.168.5.121–192.168.5.126

Broadcast Address = 192.168.5.127

Five Bits of Subnetting

Broadcast:

NetworkNetwork

11000000 10101000 00000101 01111111

Presentation_ID 80

80

ExerciseExercise192.168.10.0

/27

? – SNM

? – Block Size

?- Subnets

Presentation_ID 81

81

ExerciseExercise/27

? – SNM – 224

? – Block Size = 256-224 = 32

?- SubnetsSubnets 10.0 10.32 10.64

FHID 10.1 10.33

LHID 10.30 10.62

Broadcast 10.31 10.63

Presentation_ID 82

82

ExerciseExercise192.168.10.0

/30

? – SNM

? – Block Size

?- Subnets

Presentation_ID 83

83

ExerciseExercise/30

? – SNM – 252

? – Block Size = 256-252 = 4

?- SubnetsSubnets 10.0 10.4 10.8

FHID 10.1 10.5

LHID 10.2 10.6

Broadcast 10.3 10.7

Presentation_ID 84

84

ExerciseExerciseMask Subnets Host

/26 ? ? ?/27 ? ? ?/28 ? ? ?/29 ? ? ?/30 ? ? ?

Presentation_ID 85

85

ExerciseExerciseMask Subnets Host

/26 192 4 62/27 224 8 30/28 240 16 14/29 248 32 6/30 252 64 2

Presentation_ID 86

86

Exam QuestionExam QuestionFind Subnet and Broadcast address

192.168.0.100/27

Presentation_ID 87

87

ExerciseExercise192.168.10.54 /29

Mask ?

Subnet ?

Broadcast ?

Presentation_ID 88

88


Mask ?

Subnet ?

Broadcast ?

Presentation_ID 89

89


Mask ?

Subnet ?

Broadcast ?

Presentation_ID 90

90


Mask ?

Subnet ?

Broadcast ?

Presentation_ID 91

91


Mask ?

Subnet ?

Broadcast ?

Presentation_ID 92

92

Class BClass B172.16.0.0 /19

Subnets ?

Hosts ?

Block Size ?

Presentation_ID 93

93


Subnets 23 -2 = 6

Hosts 213 -2 = 8190

Block Size 256-224 = 32Subnets 0.0 32.0 64.0 96.0

FHID 0.1 32.1 64.1 96.1

LHID 31.254 63.254 95.254 127.254

Broadcast 31.255 63.255 95.255 127.255

Presentation_ID 94

94


Subnets ?

Hosts ?

Block Size ?

Presentation_ID 95

95


Subnets 211 -2 = 2046

Hosts 25 -2 = 30

Block Size 256-224 = 32Subnets 0.0 0.32 0.64 0.96

FHID 0.1 0.33 0.65 0.97

LHID 0.30 0.62 0.94 0.126

Broadcast 0.31 0.63 0.95 0.127

Presentation_ID 96

96


Subnets ?

Hosts ?

Block Size ?

Presentation_ID 97

97


Subnets 27 -2 = 126

Hosts 29 -2 = 510

Block Size 256-254 = 2

Subnets 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

FHID 0.1 2.1 4.1 6.1

LHID 1.254 3.254 5.254 7.254

Broadcast 1.255 3.255 5.255 7.255

Presentation_ID 98

98


Subnets ?

Hosts ?

Block Size ?

Presentation_ID 99

99


Subnets 28 -2 = 254

Hosts 28 -2 = 254

Block Size 256-255 = 1

Subnets 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

FHID 0.1 1.1 2.1 3.1

LHID 0.254 1.254 2.254 3.254

Broadcast 0.255 1.255 2.255 3.255

Presentation_ID 100

100


Subnets ?

Hosts ?

Block Size ?

Presentation_ID 101

101


Subnets 29 -2 = 510

Hosts 27 -2 = 126

Block Size 256-128 = 128

Subnets 0.0 0.128 1.0 1.128 2.0 2.128

FHID 0.1 0.129 1.1 1.129 2.1 2.129

LHID 0.126 0.254 1.126 1.254 2.126 2.254

Broadcast 0.127 0.255 1.127 1.255 2.127 2.255

Presentation_ID 102

102

Find out Subnet and Broadcast AddressFind out Subnet and Broadcast Address

172.16.85.30/20

Presentation_ID 103

103


172.16.85.30/29

Presentation_ID 104

104


172.30.101.62/23

Presentation_ID 105

105


172.20.210.80/24

Presentation_ID 106

106

ExerciseExerciseFind out the mask which gives 100 subnets for class B

Presentation_ID 107

107

ExerciseExerciseFind out the Mask which gives 100 hosts for Class B

Presentation_ID 108

108

Class AClass A10.0.0.0 /10

Subnets ?

Hosts ?

Block Size ?

Presentation_ID 109

109


Subnets 22 -2 = 2

Hosts 222 -2 = 4194302

Block Size 256-192 = 64

Subnets 10.0 10.64 10.128 10.192

FHID 10.0.0.1 10.64.0.1 10.128.0.1 10.192.0.1

LHID 10.63.255.254 10.127.255.254 10.191.255.254 10.254.255.254

Broadcast 10.63.255.255 10.127.255.255 10.191.255.255 10.254.255.255

Presentation_ID 110

110


Subnets ?

Hosts ?

Block Size ?

Presentation_ID 111

111


Subnets 210 -2 = 1022

Hosts 214 -2 = 16382

Block Size 256-192 = 64

Subnets 10.0.0.0 10.0.64.0 10.0.128.0 10.0.192.0

FHID 10.0.0.1 10.0.64.1 10.0.128.1 10.0.192.1

LHID 10.0.63.254 10.0.127.254 10.0.191.254 10.0.254.254

Broadcast 10.0.63.255 10.0.127.255 10.0.191.255 10.0.254.255


Network AccessNetwork Access

Network Basics

Presentation_ID 113

Purpose of the Data Link Layer

The Data Link LayerPurpose of the Data Link Layer

The Data Link Layer

Presentation_ID 114

Ethernet Operation

LLC and MAC SublayersEthernet Operation

LLC and MAC Sublayers

Presentation_ID 115

Purpose of the Data Link Layer

Data Link SublayersPurpose of the Data Link Layer

Data Link Sublayers

Network

Data Link

LLC Sublayer

MAC Sublayer

Physical

Presentation_ID 116

Ethernet Operation

LLC and MAC SublayersEthernet Operation

LLC and MAC SublayersEthernet –

One of the most widely used LAN technologies

Operates in the data link layer and the physical layer

Family of networking technologies that are defined in the IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 standards

Supports data bandwidths of 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 40,000, and 100,000 Mbps (100 Gbps)

Ethernet standards –Define Layer 2 protocols and Layer 1 technologies

Two separate sub layers of the data link layer to operate -Logical link control (LLC) and the MAC sublayers

Presentation_ID 117

Data Link Frame

Ethernet FrameData Link Frame

Ethernet Frame

Presentation_ID 118

Ethernet Frame AttributesEthernet EncapsulationEthernet Frame AttributesEthernet Encapsulation

Early versions of Ethernet were relatively slow at 10 MbpsNow operate at 10 Gigabits per second and fasterEthernet frame structure adds headers and trailers around the Layer 3 PDU to encapsulate the message being sent

Presentation_ID 119

Ethernet Operation

MAC Address: Ethernet IdentityEthernet Operation

MAC Address: Ethernet IdentityLayer 2 Ethernet MAC address is a 48-bit binary value expressed as 12 hexadecimal digitsIEEE requires a vendor to follow two simple rules:• Must use that vendor's assigned OUI as the first 3 bytes• All MAC addresses with the same OUI must be

assigned a unique value in the last 3 bytes

Presentation_ID 120

Ethernet MAC

MAC Addresses and HexadecimalEthernet MAC

MAC Addresses and Hexadecimal

Presentation_ID 121

Ethernet MAC

MAC Address RepresentationsEthernet MAC

MAC Address Representations

Presentation_ID 122

Ethernet MAC

Unicast MAC AddressEthernet MAC

Unicast MAC Address

Presentation_ID 123

Ethernet MAC

Broadcast MAC AddressEthernet MAC

Broadcast MAC Address

Presentation_ID 124

Ethernet MACMulticast MAC AddressEthernet MACMulticast MAC Address

Multicast MAC address is a special value that begins with

01-00-5E in hexadecimalRange of IPV4 multicast addresses

is 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

Presentation_ID 125

MAC and IPMAC and IPMAC and IPMAC and IPMAC addressThis address does not change Similar to the name of a personKnown as physical address because physically assigned to the host NIC

IP addressSimilar to the address of a person Based on where the host is actually located Known as a logical address because assigned logicallyAssigned to each host by a network administrator

Both the physical MAC and logical IP addresses are required for a computer to communicate just like both the name and address of a person are required to send a letter

Presentation_ID 126

Ethernet MAC

End-to-End Connectivity, MAC, and IPEthernet MAC

End-to-End Connectivity, MAC, and IP

Presentation_ID 127

Network Access

Physical LayerNetwork Access

Physical Layer

Presentation_ID 128

Purpose of the Physical Layer

The Physical LayerPurpose of the Physical Layer

The Physical Layer

Presentation_ID 129

Purpose of the Physical Layer

Physical Layer MediaPurpose of the Physical Layer

Physical Layer Media

Presentation_ID 130

Characteristics of the Physical Layer

BandwidthCharacteristics of the Physical Layer

Bandwidth

Presentation_ID 131

ThroughputThroughputThroughput - The amount of data transferred from one place to another or processed in a specified amount of time.

Throughput= Tranzfer Size/Transfer Time

Transfer Time=RTT+Transfer size/Bandwdith

Presentation_ID 132

Bandwidth vs LatencyBandwidth vs LatencyRelative importance, depends on application

1-byte character:Choice of 1ms vs 100ms dominates 1Mbps vs 100Mbps

25MB file:Choice of 1Mbps vs 100Mbps dominates 1ms vs 100ms

Large data (file transfer) is bandwidth critical

Small data (HTTP) is latency critical

Presentation_ID 133

Bandwidth vs LatencyBandwidth vs LatencyLatency (RTT) dominates instead of throughput

Throughput = TransferSize / TransferTimeTransferTime = RTT + 1/Bandwidth x TransferSize

1 MB file over a 1 Mbps network takes around 8 secWith RTT of 100ms, it corresponds to 80 RTTs

Effective throughput is 1MB/8.1s = 0.987Mbps

1 MB file over a 1 Gbps network takes 100ms + 8msEffective throughput is 1MB/108ms = 74.1 Mbps

1-MB file to 1-Gbps link apears like a 1-KB packet to 1-Mbps link

Presentation_ID 134

Characteristics of the Physical Layer

ThroughputCharacteristics of the Physical Layer

Throughput

Presentation_ID 135

Network Media

Copper CablingNetwork Media

Copper Cabling

Presentation_ID 136

Copper Cabling

Copper MediaCopper Cabling

Copper Media

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cableUnshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable

Coaxial cable

Presentation_ID 137

Copper Cabling

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) CableCopper Cabling

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable

Presentation_ID 138

Copper Cabling

Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) CableCopper Cabling

Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable

Foil Shields

Braided or Foil Shield

Presentation_ID 139

Copper Cabling

Coaxial CableCopper Cabling

Coaxial Cable

Presentation_ID 140

Copper Cabling

Cooper Media SafetyCopper Cabling

Cooper Media Safety

Presentation_ID 141

UTP Cabling

Properties of UTP CablingUTP Cabling

Properties of UTP Cabling

Presentation_ID 142

UTP Cabling

UTP Cabling StandardsUTP Cabling

UTP Cabling Standards

Presentation_ID 143

UTP Cabling

UTP ConnectorsUTP Cabling

UTP Connectors

Presentation_ID 144

UTP Cabling

Types of UTP CableUTP Cabling

Types of UTP Cable

Presentation_ID 145

UTP Cabling

LAN Cabling AreasUTP Cabling

LAN Cabling Areas

Presentation_ID 146

UTP Cabling

Testing UTP CablesUTP Cabling

Testing UTP Cables

Presentation_ID 147

Fiber Optic Cabling

Properties of Fiber Optic CablingFiber Optic Cabling

Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling

Presentation_ID 148

Fiber Optic Cabling

Fiber Media Cable DesignFiber Optic Cabling

Fiber Media Cable Design

Presentation_ID 149

Fiber Optic Cabling

Types of Fiber MediaFiber Optic Cabling

Types of Fiber Media

Presentation_ID 150

Fiber Optic Cabling

Network Fiber ConnectorsFiber Optic Cabling

Network Fiber Connectors

Presentation_ID 151

Fiber Optic Cabling

Fiber versus CopperFiber Optic Cabling

Fiber versus CopperImplementation issues Copper media Fibre-optic

Bandwidth supported 10 Mbps – 10 Gbps 10 Mbps – 100 Gbps

Distance Relatively short(1 – 100 meters)

Relatively High(1 – 100,000 meters)

Immunity to EMI and RFI Low High(Completely immune)

Immunity to electrical hazards Low High(Completely immune)

Media and connector costs Lowest Highest

Installation skills required Lowest Highest

Safety precautions Lowest Highest

Presentation_ID 152

Network Media

Wireless MediaNetwork Media

Wireless Media

Presentation_ID 153

Wireless Media

Properties of Wireless MediaWireless Media

Properties of Wireless Media

Presentation_ID 154

• IEEE 802.11 standards• Commonly referred to as Wi-Fi.• Uses CSMA/CA• Variations include:

• 802.11a: 54 Mbps, 5 GHz• 802.11b: 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz• 802.11g: 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz• 802.11n: 600 Mbps, 2.4 and 5 GHz• 802.11ac: 1 Gbps, 5 GHz• 802.11ad: 7 Gbps, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60 GHz

• IEEE 802.15 standard• Supports speeds up to 3 Mbps• Provides device pairing over distances from 1 to

100 meters.

• IEEE 802.16 standard• Provides speeds up to 1 Gbps• Uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide

wireless broadband access.

Wireless Media

Types of Wireless MediaWireless Media

Types of Wireless Media

Presentation_ID 155

Wireless Media

Wireless LANWireless Media

Wireless LAN

Cisco Linksys EA6500 802.11ac wireless router

Presentation_ID 156

Wireless Media

802.11 Wi-Fi StandardsWireless Media

802.11 Wi-Fi Standards

Standard Maximum Speed Frequency Backwards

compatible

802.11a 54 Mbps 5 GHz No

802.11b 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz No

802.11g 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz 802.11b

802.11n 600 Mbps 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz 802.11b/g

802.11ac 1.3 Gbps(1300 Mbps)

2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz 802.11b/g/n

802.11ad 7 Gbps(7000 Mbps)

2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 60 GHz 802.11b/g/n/ac

Documents

Network administration Day2 - ncp.edu.pk