Networking Basics and Cabling

8/2/2019 Networking Basics and Cabling

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3/22/2012 TCNE,KALASALINGAM UNIVERSITY

Networking Essentials andAwareness of CCNA

By

M.Gomathy NayagamAsst.ProfessorDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringKalasalingam UniversityAnand Nagar Krishnankoil-626190


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Contents

What is Network? Why we need Data Network? Networking Devices Network Topology

LAN,MAN,& WAN Layered Approach

ISO/OSI Model TCP/IP Model.

Networking Media

IP Address Design and Planning Router ,CISOC IOS and its Basic Configuration Switching and Basic Configurations CCNA EXAM Overview Opportunities in Networking Career


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What is Network?

Communication!

An interconnection ofcomputers and otherdevices:

Printers

Servers (computers)

Scanners

Network Devices

Hubs

Switches

Routers Firewall

Modem

Wired and Wireless


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Why we need Data Network?

Sharing data through the use of floppy disks is not anefficient or cost-effective manner.

Businesses needed a solution that would successfully

address the following three problems: How to avoid duplication of equipment and resources

How to communicate efficiently

How to set up and manage a network

Businesses realized that networking technology couldincrease productivity while saving money.


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Networking Devices

Equipment that connects directly to a networksegment is referred to as a device.

These devices are broken up into two classifications.

End-user devices Network devices

End-user devices include computers, printers,scanners, and other devices that provide servicesdirectly to the user.

Network devices include all the devices that connectthe end-user devices together to allow them tocommunicate.


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Network Interface Card

A network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuit boardthat provides network communication capabilities to andfrom a personal computer. Also called a LAN adapter.


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Network Interface Card NICs are also called LAN adapters, it

resides in a slot on the motherboardand provides an interface connectionto the network media.

The type of NIC must match the mediaand protocol used on the localnetwork.

NICs communicate with the network

through a serial connection and withthe computer through a parallelconnection.

The NIC uses an I/O address, an IRQ,and upper memory space to work withthe OS.

When selecting a NIC, consider thefollowing: Protocols FDDI, Token Ring, Ethernet

Types of media

twisted pair, coaxial,wireless, fiber. Type of system bus PCI, ISA, EISA


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3/22/2012

Ping is a utility used to verify Internet connectivity.

The ping command works by sending multiple IPpackets to a specified destination.

Each packet sent is a request for a reply. The outputresponse for a ping contains the success ratio and

round-trip time to a destination. Ping 127.0.0.1 Called the internal loop back test

and verifies the operation of the TCP/IP stack andNIC card function.

Ping ip address of host Verifies the TCP/IPaddress configuration for the local host andconnectivity to the host.

Pingdefault-gateway IP Verifies whether therouter that connects the local network to othernetworks can be reached.

Pingremote destination IP Verifies connectivityto a remote host.

Testing Internet Connectivity with PING


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Hub

Connects a group of Hosts


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Switch

Switches add moreintelligence to data transfermanagement.


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Router

Routers are used to connect networks togetherRoute packets of data from one network to anotherCisco became the de facto standard of routers because of their high-quality router products

Routers, by default, break up a broadcast domain


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Topology- the way of network is laid out.

Topology


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Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device.

N- device needs to participate in mesh topology means it requires n(n-1)/2 physical

Channel and n-1 input/output ports.

Mesh Topology


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Each device has dedicated point-to-point link only to central controller, usually called

Hub.

Star Topology


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A variation of star.

In star, every node linked to central hub.

Here, not every node plugs directly into the central hub.

Tree Topology


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Bus Topology


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Ring Topology


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Hybrid Topology


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Physical and Logical Topology


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LANs


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WANs


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Virtual Private Network

A VPN is a private network that is constructed within a public networkinfrastructure such as the global Internet. Using VPN, a telecommutercan access the network of the company headquarters through the

Internet by building a secure tunnel between the telecommuters PCand a VPN router in the headquarters.


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Bandwidth


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Measuring Bandwidth


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Internetworking Devices


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What Are The Components Of ANetwork ?

Main OfficeBranch Office

HomeOffice

MobileUsers

Internet


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Network Structure & Hierarchy

Distribution

Layer

Core Layer

Access

Layer


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Why do we need the OSI Model?

To address the problem of networks increasing in size and in number, theInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched manynetwork schemes and recognized that there was a need to create a network

model

This would help network builders implement networks that couldcommunicate and work together

ISO therefore, released the OSI reference model in 1984.


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Dont Get Confused.

ISO - International Organization for Standardization

OSI - Open System Interconnection

IOS - Internetwork Operating System

To avoid confusion, some people say InternationalStandard Organization.


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The OSI Reference Model

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link1 Physical

The OSI Model will beused throughout yourentire networkingcareer!

Memorize it!


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OSI Model

Data FlowLayers

Transport

Data-Link

Network

Physical

Application(Upper)Layers

Session

Presentation

Application


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Layer 7 - The Application Layer

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network


This layer deal withnetworkingapplications.

Examples: Email Web browsers

PDU - User Data

Each of the layers have Protocol Data Unit (PDU)


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Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network


This layer is responsiblefor presenting the data inthe required format whichmay include:

Code FormattingEncryptionCompression

PDU - Formatted Data


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Layer 5 - The Session Layer

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network


This layer establishes, manages, andterminates sessions between twocommunicating hosts.Creates Virtual CircuitCoordinates communication between systemsOrganize their communication by offering

three different modesSimplexHalf DuplexFull Duplex

Example: Client Software

( Used for logging in)

PDU - Formatted Data


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Half Duplex

It uses only one wire pair with a digital signal running in bothdirections on the wire.

It also uses the CSMA/CD protocol to help prevent collisions and topermit retransmitting if a collision does occur.

If a hub is attached to a switch, it must operate in half-duplex modebecause the end stations must be able to detect collisions.

Half-duplex Ethernettypically 10BaseTis only about 30 to 40percent efficient because a large 10BaseT network will usually onlygive you 3 to 4Mbpsat most.


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Full Duplex

In a network that uses twisted-pair cabling, one pair is used to carry the transmittedsignal from one node to the other node. A separate pair is used for the return orreceived signal. It is possible for signals to pass through both pairs simultaneously.The capability of communication in both directions at once is known as full duplex.


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Layer 4 - The Transport Layer

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network


This layer breaks up the data from thesending host and then reassembles it in the

receiver.

It also is used to insure reliable datatransport across the network.Can be reliable or unreliableSequencingAcknowledgmentRetransmissionFlow Control

PDU - Segments


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Layer 3 - The Network Layer

7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

Sometimes referred to as the CiscoLayer.End to End DeliveryProvide logical addressing that routers use forpath determinationSegments are encapsulatedInternetwork Communication

Packet forwardingPacket FilteringMakes Best Path DeterminationFragmentation

PDU

Packets

IP/IPX


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Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer7 Application6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

Performs Physical AddressingThis layer provides reliable transit ofdata across a physical link.Combines bits into bytes andbytes into framesAccess to media using MAC addressError detection, not correctionLLC and MACLogical Link Control performs LinkestablishmentMAC Performs Access method

PDU - Frames

Preamble DMAC SMAC Data length DATA FCS


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Layer 1 - The Physical Layer

7 Application6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

This is the physical mediathrough which the data,represented as electronic signals,is sent from the source host tothe destination host.

Move bits between devicesEncoding

PDU - Bits


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Data Encapsulation

Transport

Data-Link

Physical

Network

Upper-Layer Data

Upper-Layer DataTCP Header

DataIP Header

DataLLC Header

0101110101001000010

DataMAC Header

Presentation

Application

Session

Segment

Packet

Bits

Frame

PDU

FCS

FCS


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Data Encapsulation

Processes performed by each layer of the model


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D t Fl Th h N t k


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Data Flow Through a Network


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Type of Transmission

Unicast

Multicast

Broadcast


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Type of Transmission


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Broadcast Domain

A group of devices receiving broadcast framesinitiating from any device within the group

Routers do not forward broadcast frames,broadcast domains are not forwarded from one

broadcast to another.


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Collision

The effect of two nodes sending transmissions simultaneouslyin Ethernet. When they meet on the physical media, theframes from each node collide and are damaged.


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Collision Domain

The network area in Ethernet over which framesthat have collided will be detected.

Collisions are propagated by hubs and repeaters

Collisions are Not propagated by switches,routers, or bridges


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Physical Layer

Defines

Media type

Connector type

Signaling type

802.3

Physical

802.3 is responsible for LANs based on the carrier sense multiple accesscollision detect (CSMA/CD) access methodology. Ethernet is an exampleof a CSMA/CD network.


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Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3

Hub

Hosts

Host

10Base2Thin Ethernet10Base5Thick Ethernet

10BaseTTwisted Pair


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Device Used At Layer 1

A B C D

Physical

All devices are in the same collision domain. All devices are in the same broadcast domain.

Devices share the same bandwidth.


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Hubs & Collision Domains

More end stations meansmore collisions.

CSMA/CD is used.


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Layer 2

DataSource Address FCSLengthDestination Address

Variable266 4

0000.0C xx.xxxx

VendorAssigned

IEEE Assigned

MAC Layer802.3

Preamble

Ethernet IIuses Type

here anddoes not use

802.2.

MAC Address

8Number of Bytes

synchronize senders and receivers

Devices On Layer 2


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Devices On Layer 2(Switches & Bridges)

Each segment has its own collision domain.

All segments are in the same broadcast domain.

Data-Link

OR1 2 3 1 24


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Switches

Each segment is itsown collision domain.

Broadcasts areforwarded to allsegments.

Memory

Switch


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Layer 3 : Network Layer

Defines logicalsource and

destinationaddressesassociated with aspecific protocol

Defines pathsthrough network

Network

IP, IPX

Data-Link

Physical

EIA/TIA-232

V.35

802.2

802.3


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Layer 3 : (cont.)

DataSource

AddressDestination

AddressIP Header

172.15.1.1

NodeNetwork

LogicalAddress

Network Layer End-Station Packet

Route determination occurs at this layer, so a packet must include a source anddestination address.Network-layer addresses have two components: a network component forinternetwork routing, and a node number for a device-specific address. Theexample in the figure is an example of an IP packet and address.


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Layer 3 (cont.)

11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100

BinaryMask

BinaryAddress

172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0

172 16 122 204

255

Address Mask

255 0 0

Network Host

Device On Layer 3


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Device On Layer 3Router

Broadcast control

Multicast control

Optimal pathdetermination

Traffic management

Logical addressing

Connects to WAN

services


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Layer 4 : Transport Layer Distinguishes between

upper-layer applications

Establishes end-to-endconnectivity between

applications

Defines flow control

Provides reliable or

unreliable services fordata transfer

Network

IPXIP

Tra

nsport

SPXTCP UDP


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Reliable Service

Synchronize

Acknowledge, Synchronize

Acknowledge

Data Transfer

(Send Segments)

Sender Receiver

Connection Established


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How They Operate

Hub Bridge Switch Router

Collision Domains:

1 4 4 4Broadcast Domains:

1 1 1 4


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Why Another Model?


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Why Another Model?

Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, thehistorical and technical open standard of the Internet isTransmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stackmake data communication possible between any two

computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IPreference model because it wanted a network that could survive

any conditions, even a nuclear war.


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TCP/IP Protocol Stack

7

6

5

4

3

2

5

4

3

2

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data-Link

Physical1

Application

Transport

Internet

Data-Link

Physical1


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Origin of Ethernet


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Found by Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in1975

Original designed as a 2.94 Mbps system to connect100 computers on a 1 km cable

Later, Xerox, Intel and DEC drew up a standardsupport 10 Mbps Ethernet II

Basis for the IEEEs 802.3 specification

Most widely used LAN technology in the world

Origin of Ethernet

10 Mb IEEE St d d 10B T


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10 Mbps IEEE Standards - 10BaseT

10BaseT 10 Mbps, baseband,over Twisted-pair cable

Running Ethernet over twisted-pair

wiring as specified by IEEE 802.3

Configure in a star pattern

Twisting the wires reduces EMI

Fiber Optic has no EMI

Unshielded twisted-pair

RJ-45 Plug and Socket

T i t d P i C bl


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Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP)most popularmaximum length 100 m

prone to noise

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3Category 4

Category 5

Category 6

Voice transmission of traditional telephone

For data up to 4 Mbps, 4 pairs full-duplex

For data up to 10 Mbps, 4 pairs full-duplexFor data up to 16 Mbps, 4 pairs full-duplex



Twisted Pair Cables

B b d VS B db d


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Baseband Transmission Entire channel is used to transmit a single digital signal Complete bandwidth of the cable is used by a single signal The transmission distance is shorter The electrical interference is lower

Broadband Transmission Use analog signaling and a range of frequencies Continuous signals flow in the form of waves Support multiple analog transmission (channels)

Modem Broadband

Transmission

Network

Card

Baseband

Transmission

Baseband VS Broadband


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Straight-through cable


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Straight-through cable pinout


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Crossover cable


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Crossover cable


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Rollover cable


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Rollover cable pinout

Straight Thru or Crossover


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Straight-Thru or Crossover

Use straight-through cables for the following cabling: Switch to router Switch to PC or server

Hub to PC or server

Use crossover cables for the following cabling: Switch to switch Switch to hub

Hub to hub Router to router PC to PC Router to PC


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IP Addressing

255 255 255 255

DottedDecimal

Maximum

Network Host

128643216 8 4 2 1

11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100

Binary

32 Bits

172 16 122 204ExampleDecimal

ExampleBinary

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

128643216 8 4 2 1

128643216 8 4 2 1

128643216 8 4 2 1


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Class A:

Class B:

Class C:

Class D: Multicast

Class E:Research

IP Address Classes

Network Host Host Host

Network Network Host Host

Network Network Network Host

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits


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IP Address Classes1

Class A:Bits:

0NNNNNNN Host Host Host

8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (1-126)

1

Class B:

Bits:

10NNNNNN Network Host Host

8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (128-191)

1

Class C:

Bits:

110NNNNN Network Network Host

8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (192-223)1

Class D:

Bits:

1110MMMM Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group

8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Range (224-239)

H t Add


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Host Addresses

172.16.2.2

172.16.3.10

172.16.12.12

10.1.1.1

10.250.8.11

10.180.30.118

E1

172.16 12 12

Network Host

. . Network Interface

172.16.0.0

10.0.0.0

E0

E1

Routing Table

172.16.2.1

10.6.24.2

E0


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Cisco IOS


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Cisco IOS

Cisco technology is built around the CiscoInternetwork Operating System (IOS), which is the

software that controls the routing and switchingfunctions of internetworking devices.

A solid understanding of the IOS is essential for a

network administrator.

The Purpose of Cisco IOS


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The Purpose of Cisco IOS

As with a computer, a router or switch cannot function without anoperating system. Cisco calls its operating system the Cisco InternetworkOperating System or Cisco IOS.

Introduction to Routers


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A router is a special type of computer. It has the same basic components as a standard desktop

PC. However, routers are designed to perform some very specific functions. Just as computersneed operating systems to run software applications, routers need the Internetwork OperatingSystem software (IOS) to run configuration files. These configuration files contain theinstructions and parameters that control the flow of traffic in and out of the routers. The manyparts of a router are shown below:


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Router Internal Components

R t M C t


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Router Memory Components

ROM -Read Only Memory Bootstrap/POST

FLASH Memory-IOS Images are kept here- Erasable reprogrammable ROM- Contents are kept on Power down or reload

RAM - Random Access memory- Routing Tables- Running Configuration- Contents are lost on reboot

NVRAM - Start up configuration- Configuration Register- Contents are kept on reload

ROM


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ROM

Read-Only Memory

ROM has the following characteristics and functions:

Maintains instructions for power-on self test(POST) diagnostics

Stores bootstrap program and basic operating

system software Mini IOS

RAM


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RAM

Random Access Memory, also called dynamic RAM (DRAM)

RAM has the following characteristics and functions:

Stores routing tables Holds ARP cache Performs packet buffering (shared RAM) Provides temporary memory for the configuration file of

the router while the router is powered on Loses content when router is powered down or restarted

NVRAM


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NVRAM

Non-Volatile RAM

NVRAM has the following characteristics and functions:

Provides storage for the startup configuration fileRetains content when router is powered down or

restarted

Configuration Register 16 bit register which decidesboot sequence

Flash


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Flash

Flash memory has the following characteristics andfunctions:

Holds the operating system image (IOS)

Allows software to be updated withoutremoving and replacing chips on the processor

Retains content when router is powered downor restarted

Can store multiple versions of IOS software Is a type of electronically erasable,

programmable ROM (EEPROM)

Interfaces


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InterfacesInterfaces have the following characteristics and functions:

Connect router to network for frame entry and exitCan be on the motherboard or on a separate module

Types of interfaces:

Ethernet Fast Ethernet Serial

ISDN BRI Loopback Console Aux

Router Power-On/Bootup


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oute o e O / ootupSequence

1. Perform power-on self test (POST).

2. Load and run bootstrap code.

3. Find the Cisco IOS software.4. Load the Cisco IOS software.

5. Find the configuration.

6. Load the configuration.

7. Run the configured Cisco IOS software.

After the Post


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After the POST, the following events occur as the router initializes:

Step 1The generic bootstrap loader in ROM executes. A bootstrap is a simple set of instructions thattests hardware and initializes the IOS for operation.

Step 2The IOS can be found in several places. The boot field of the configuration register determines

the location to be used in loading the IOS.

Step 3The operating system image is loaded.

Step 4The configuration file saved in NVRAM is loaded into main memory and executed one line at a

time. The configuration commands start routing processes, supply addresses for interfaces,and define other operating characteristics of the router.

Step 5If no valid configuration file exists in NVRAM, the operating system searches for an availableTFTP server. If no TFTP server is found, the setup dialog is initiated.

External Components of a 2600 Router


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p

Internal Components of a 2600 Router


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p

Computer/Terminal Console Connection


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HyperTerminal Session Properties


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Establishing aH T i l S i


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HyperTerminal Session

Take the following steps to connect a terminal to the console port on the router:

First, connect the terminal using the RJ-45 to RJ-45 rollover cable and an RJ-45 toDB-9 or RJ-45 to DB-25 adapter.

Then, configure the terminal or PC terminal emulation software for 9600 baud, 8data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control.

Router Command Line Interface


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IOS File System Overview


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Router LED Indicators


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Cisco routers use LED indicators to provide status information. Dependingupon the Cisco router model, the LED indicators will vary. An interface LEDindicates the activity of the corresponding interface. If an LED is off whenthe interface is active and the interface is correctly connected, a problemmay be indicated. If an interface is extremely busy, its LED will always be

on. The green OK LED to the right of the AUX port will be on after thesystem initializes correctly.


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Router User Interface Modes


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The Cisco command-line interface (CLI) uses a hierarchical structure. This structurerequires entry into different modes to accomplish particular tasks.

Each configuration mode is indicated with a distinctive prompt and allows only

commands that are appropriate for that mode.

As a security feature the Cisco IOS software separates sessions into two accesslevels, user EXEC mode and privileged EXEC mode. The privileged EXEC mode is

also known as enable mode.

Overview of Router Modes


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Router Modes


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CLI Command Modes


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All command-line interface (CLI) configuration changes to a Cisco router are madefrom the global configuration mode. Other more specific modes are entereddepending upon the configuration change that is required.

Global configuration mode commands are used in a router to apply configurationstatements that affect the system as a whole.

The following command moves the router into global configuration mode

Router#configure terminal (or config t)Router(config)#

When specific configuration modes are entered, the router prompt changes toindicate the current configuration mode.

Typing exit from one of these specific configuration modes will return the router toglobal configuration mode. Pressing Ctrl-Z returns the router to all the way backprivileged EXEC mode.


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Show Version Command

wg_ro_a#show versionCisco Internetwork Operating System SoftwareIOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Mon 08-Feb-99 18:18 by phanguyeImage text-base: 0x03050C84, data-base: 0x00001000

ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE(fc1)

wg_ro_a uptime is 20 minutesSystem restarted by reloadSystem image file is "flash:c2500-js-l_120-3.bin"(output omitted)--More--

Configuration register is 0x2102


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Layer 2 Switching

Switching breaks up large collision domains into smallerones

Collision domain is a network segment with two or moredevices sharing the same bandwidth.

A hub network is a typical example of this type oftechnology

Each port on a switch is actually its own collisiondomain, you can make a much better Ethernet LANnetwork just by replacing your hubs with switches


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Switching Services

Unlike bridges that use software to create andmanage a filter table, switches use ApplicationSpecific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)

Layer 2 switches and bridges are faster than routersbecause they dont take up time looking at theNetwork layer header information.

They look at the frames hardware addresses beforedeciding to either forward the frame or drop it.

layer 2 switching so efficient is that no modificationto the data packet takes place

How Switches and Bridges


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Learn Addresses

Bridges and switches learn in the following ways:

Reading the source MAC address of each

received frame or datagram

Recording the port on which the MAC addresswas received.

In this way, the bridge or switch learns which addressesbelong to the devices connected to each port.

Ethernet Access with Hubs


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Ethernet Access with Switches


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Address learning Forward/filter decision

Loop avoidance

Ethernet Switches and Bridges


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Switch Features

There are three conditions in which a switch will flood a frameout on all ports except to the port on which the frame camein, as follows:

Unknown unicast address

Broadcast frame Multicast frame

dd bl


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MAC Address Table

Initial MAC address table is empty.

dd


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Learning Addresses

Station A sends a frame to station C.

Switch caches the MAC address of station A to port E0 by learning

the source address of data frames.

The frame from station A to station C is flooded out to all ports

except port E0 (unknown unicasts are flooded).

L i Add (C )


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Learning Addresses (Cont.)

Station D sends a frame to station C.

Switch caches the MAC address of station D to port E3 bylearning the source address of data frames.

The frame from station D to station C is flooded out to all portsexcept port E3 (unknown unicasts are flooded).

Some Example Switches and


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Routers

Routers:

CISCO 2600 Series Routers



Switches:

Catalyst 4507 R Switches

Catalyst 3550 Switches Catalyst 2950 Switches

Communications and ServicesC tifi ti


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Certifications

CCNA E


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CCNA Exam

Exam Number - 640-801

Total Marks - 1000

Duration 90 Mts

Passing score 849 Questions -45-55

Multiple Choice

Simulations Drag and Drop

B fit


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Benefits

Peer Validation

Personal

Potential Employer

Career advancement

Ci I d S b l


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Cisco Icons and Symbols

Role of System Administrator


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User administration (setup and maintaining account) Maintaining system Verify that peripherals are working properly Quickly arrange repair for hardware in occasion of hardware failure Monitor system performance Create file systems

Install software Create a backup and recover policy Monitor network communication Update system as soon as new version of OS and application

software comes out Implement the policies for the use of the computer system and

network Setup security policies for users. A sysadmin must have a strong

grasp of computer security (e.g. firewalls and intrusion detectionsystems).



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Many tasks for system administrationcan be automated using perl or shellscripts. For example:

Create new users Resetting user passwords

Lock/unlock user accounts

Monitor server security Monitor special services etc



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System administrators are not... Cookie cutting software engineers.

Developers.

It is not usually within your duties to design new

applications software. But, you must understand the behavior of

software in order to deploy it and totroubleshoot

problems, and generally should be good at

several programming languages used forscripting or automation of routine tasks such asshell, awk, perl, python

Rol of N t o k Ad i i t to


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Role of Network Administrator

Setting up and configuring network hardware and software Installing and configuring network media and connections Connecting user nodes and peripherals of all kinds to the

network Adding users to and removing users from the network Managing user accounts such as passwords storage space

and file-access privileges Creating and maintaining a system for backing up data and

program files Ensuring the security of the network Managing the organization's e-mail system Managing users' ability to access the Internet via the

network Training users to utilize the network's resources

IT Professionals and their Skills


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Maintenance technician A computing maintenance technician is in charge of

ensuring that workstations, software, and user devices(such as printers, etc.) all function properly.

sometimes called a support technician or operationstechnician

He/she also troubleshoots them whenever needed.

Skills

Besides the technical skills which are needed in order toperform the job well (understanding how computerswork, assembling computers, and a background in the

users' operating systems), the maintenance technicianmust be willing to listen to users, and display patienceand an open mind.



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Hotline technician A support technician is an IT maintenance technician in charge of

remotely (usually over the telephone) helping users troubleshoot problemsencountered while using computing tools, especially when a machine fails towork.

(sometimes referred to as a hotline technician, phone support, or simplytech support)

When a support technician works at a call centre (also called a help desk),

he/she may deal with users from different companies. Most of the time, the support technician only handles "level 1" problems. It meaning that he/she notes the caller's name and the problem

encountered and use them for a database query. Assisted by a knowledge base which lists the most common questions and

answers, he/she diagnoses the problem and tries to find a solution within alength of time set by the employer.

If the task runs overlong, or if the technician does not have the skillsneeded to help, the problem is routed to an expert, whose job is to solve"level 2" problems.



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Skills As with a maintenance technician, a tech support

worker needs to have real technical skills (in bothhardware and software) as well as the ability to listento users and to mediate.

The hotline technician must also have a methodicallyanalytical mind and possess good judgment indetermining which questions to ask the user, as wellas being able to tell what the caller's level of ITknowledge is so as not to use too much (or too little)

technical jargon.



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Network technician

The job of a network technician is towork with network equipment and wiring inorder to ensure that users have the bestpossible quality of service.

In large corporations, the networktechnician may act under the authority of a

network administrator or a networkengineer who knows the company'snetwork architecture perfectly.



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Depending on the company, thetechnician's duties may include some or allof the following: Monitoring network activity;

Dealing with cables, especially in the connectionports;

Configuring network equipment (such as therouter, the hub, etc.);

Analysing network security;

Working with network hardware distributioncompanies' post-sale service departments.



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Skills

The network technician must have aprofound understanding of the main

types of wires, equipment, andprotocols used in networks.

Additionally, deductive reasoning isessential to be able to diagnose the

cause of glitches,network congestion,or packet loss.



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Network administrator A network administrator (also called a network manager) is

in charge of maintaining and developing a business's networkinfrastructure.

Skills Today, network infrastructure is such an integral part of most

businesses that network unavailability may sometimes meanunavoidable financial losses, which may, in some rare cases,lead to bankruptcy.

The network administrator must be able to monitor activityon the network, and call in technicians quickly if congestion oraccess problems arise.

He/she must also have a very precise knowledge of all networkequipment, various communication protocols, the OSI model

and different network architectures. He/she is also in charge of managing user accounts, creating

them for new staff members and deleting them when theyleave the company.



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What's more, in light of the fast-changing paceof technology and transmission media, thenetwork administrator must keep up with thelatest advances in order to upgrade thecompany's network infrastructure.

As with a security manager, the networkadministrator is in charge of implementingsuitable protection measures, monitoring logs,and keeping a close watch on security alerts.

In anticipation of potential dangers, he/she has

to come up with a recovery plan defining whatto do to restore access as quickly as possible, inaccordance with the company's security policy.



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Database administrator A database administrator (or DBA for short) is in charge of

maintaining and operating the databases which form acompany's information system.

Skills Given the critical nature of the data he/she is in charge of, the

database administrator must be well versed in IT, with aparticularly good knowledge of DBMSs (database managementsystems) and the query language SQL, as well as knowingseveral programming languages, in order to be able toautomate certain tasks.

His/her duties involve ensuring the integrity of the company'sinformation system.

What's more, a keen understanding of DBMSs may be

necessary for optimising queries, adjusting DBMS settings, orfine-tuning database access monitoring tools.



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The database administrator may be called upon to act astechnical support for client application users ordevelopment teams in order to fix their problems, advisethem, or help them carry out complicated queries.

Working with the security manager, the databaseadministrator will need to develop data backup andrestoration plans and procedures, in order to preserve thedata which he/she is responsible for.

Besides these technical skills, the database administratormust have a good understanding of the

company's applications and be in a position to listen tousers' needs when developing or editing a database.

Ideally, he/she has experience with designing informationsystems and UML models.



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Systems engineer The job of a systems engineer (sometimes called a

system manager) is to install and operate acompany's hardware and software installations.

Working with the technical teams, the systems

engineer must establish and perpetually update aninventory for the company's computers, andformulate a plan of operations.

In addition, he/she must ensure that workstations areusable, and implement tools that make work easier

for the company staff. He/she must also monitor the hardware and software.



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Skills

The profession of a systems engineerrequires not only technical knowledge ofthe business's systems, hardware andsoftware, but also the interpersonal andorganisational skills of a project manager,in order to coordinate technical teams.

He/she may also become involved inrecruiting teams of technicians.



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Network engineer

A network engineer (sometimes called atelecom engineer) is responsible for makingsure that the company'stelecommunications networks runsmoothly.

Working with the technical teams, he sets

a strategy for operating the company'stelecommunications infrastructure.



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Skills The profession of a network engineer requires

complete knowledge in the field of networkingand telecommunications (infrastructure, wiring,protocols, administration tools, security, etc.),

as well as the interpersonal and organisationskills of a project manager in order to coordinatethe technical teams.

He/she may also become involved in recruitingteams of technicians.

A telecom engineer must have expertise in

multiple specialised fields, including electronics,computing, and transmission techniques, as wellas the basics of business management.

TIFAC CORE in NETWORKENGINEERING


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ENGINEERING

TIFAC Technological InformationForecasting and Assessment Council

CORE Centre of Relevance and

Excellence 16 TIFC core around India

DST Funded Project

Value of TIFAC CORE is 16 cr


TIFAC CORE in NETWORKENGINEERING


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ENGINEERING

Aim is to technically develop the ruralarea students to meet therequirements of

companies/organizations.


TIFAC CORE in NETWORKENGINEERING-Lab facilities


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ENGINEERING Lab facilities

Network Technology Lab

Gigabit Testbed Lab

NetMat Lab

Network Installation and Cabling Lab

Network Security Lab

Network Processor Lab

Embedded Networking Lab

OST Lab3/22/2012 TCNE,KALASALINGAM UNIVERSITY


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Thank You

Documents

Networking Basics and Cabling