Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
NEUROBIOLOGY
&
BEHAVIOUR Option E
IB Biology
Miss Werba
OPTION E – NEUROBIOLOGY & BEHAVIOUR
E.1 – STIMULUS & RESPONSE
1. DEFINE the terms stimulus, response and reflex in the context of animal behaviour.
2. EXPLAIN the role of receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons, synapses and effectors in the response of
animals to stimuli.
3. DRAW and LABEL a diagram of a reflex arc for a pain withdrawal reflex, including:
- the spinal cord
- the spinal nerves
- the receptor cell
- sensory neuron
- relay neuron
- motor neuron
- effector
4. EXPLAIN how animal responses can be affected by natural selection, using two examples.
E.2 – PERCEPTION OF STIMULI
1. OUTLINE the diversity of stimuli that can be detected by human sensory receptors, including mechanoreceptors,
chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors and photoreceptors.
2. LABEL a diagram of the structure of the human eye.
3. ANNOTATE a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light move.
4. COMPARE rod and cone cells.
5. EXPLAIN the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing.
6. LABEL a diagram of the ear.
7. EXPLAIN how sound is perceived by the ear, including the roles of the eardrum, bones of the middle ear, oval and round
windows, and the hair cells of the cochlea.
E.3 – INNATE & LEARNED BEHAVIOUR
1. DISTINGUISH between innate and learned behaviour.
2. DESIGN experiments to investigate innate behaviour in invertebrates, including either a taxis or a kinesis.
3. ANALYSE data from invertebrate behaviour experiments in terms of the effect on chances of survival and reproduction.
4. DISCUSS how the process of learning can improve the chance of survival.
5. OUTLINE Pavlov’s experiments into conditioning of dogs.
6. OUTLINE the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong in young birds.
E.4 – NEUROTRANSMITTERS & SYNAPSES
1. STATE that some presynaptic neurons excite postsynaptic transmission and others inhibit postsynaptic transmission.
2. EXPLAIN how decision-making in the CNS can result from the interaction between the activities of excitatory and inhibitory
presynaptic neurons at synapses.
3. EXPLAIN how psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality by either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic
transmission.
4. LIST three examples of excitatory and three examples of inhibitory psychoactive drugs.
5. EXPLAIN the effects of THC and cocaine in terms of their action at synapses in the brain.
6. DISCUSS the causes of addiction, including genetic predisposition, social factors and dopamine secretion.
- E.1 –
STIMULUS &
RESPONSE
E.1.1
• Stimulus:
• Response:
• Reflex:
E.1.2
• Receptors:
– ______________________ ______________________ designed to ______________________
a ______________________ ______________________ when stimulated
– ______________________ stimuli into ______________________ nerve impulses
– eg. ______________________ energy into ______________________ ___________________
• Sensory neurons (or ______________________ neurons):
– transfer the nerve impulse ______________________
– enter the ______________________ ______________________ of the spinal cord
• Relay neurons (or ______________________ or ______________________ neurons) :
– transfer the nerve impulse ______________________
• Motor neurons (or ______________________ neurons) :
– transfer nerve impulses ______________________ to an ______________________
– exit from the ______________________ ______________________ of the spinal cord
• Effector (______________________ or ______________________) :
– produce a ______________________ to a stimulus
• Synapse:
– ______________________ between two nerve cells
– synaptic transmission of a signal requires __________________________________________
receptor effector
E.1.3
• Reflexes are ______________________ and ______________________ responses
– eg. the response to ______________________
• Reflexes are the product of ______________________ ______________________ (evolution):
– Rapid and unconscious responses allow for ________________________________________
with ___________________________________ to the organism – so pain is a good thing!
• The pain reflex is a s______________________ ______________________
– Means that it ______________________ by the ______________________ rather than the
______________________.
– ______________________ ______________________ therefore ______________________
______________________ and no conscious decisions needed!
E.1.3
&
E.1.4
• Natural selection is ______________________ ______________________ ‘s
theory of Evolution.
• It’s the process by which the ______________________ of an
______________________ ______________________
changes as a result of ______________________
______________________ ______________________.
• These beneficial inheritable traits are called ______________________.
• They can include ______________________ behaviours, such as ______________________,
foraging, hunting, communication, etc.
• Examples are the best way to explain natural selection and its effect on behaviour.
• Examples:
– Blackcap migration patterns
– Butterfly mate preference
• Any other example that you wish to use is fine too
• Example 1: Blackcap migration patterns
– Scientific name: Sylvia atricapilla (______________________)
– Common name: the blackcap bird
– Breeds during the Summer in ______________________.
– Normal behaviour:
chicks hatch and fly _____ towards ______________________
for Winter (to avoid harsh Winter conditions)
– Alternate behaviour:
some chicks hatch and fly _____ towards ______________________
– Advantage of alternate:
• It’s ______________________ and ______________________ provide
easy sources of food
• Birds can _______________________________________________________________
and be more ______________________ successful
&
– Natural selection:
______________________ for ______________________ passed on to _________________;
______________________ begins to ______________________ over time
– Experimental evidence:
they swapped the eggs in the nests of the two groups, and the NW chicks that hatched
• Example 2: Butterfly mate preference
– Scientific name: Heliconius cydno
(______________________)
– Common name: the Heliconius butterfly
– exhibit mate preference for butterflies with
______________________ ______________________ ______________________.
– Normal behaviour:
huge ______________________ of colours and individuals mate with
___________________________________________
– Alternate behaviour:
______________________ butterflies developed preference for ______________________
mates
– Advantage of alternate:
• Yellow pigment may be ____________________________________________
• May be occupying a particular ______________________ that the colour suits
– Natural selection:
Yellow butterflies are becoming ______________________ ______________________
through ______________________ ______________________.
Will likely result in ______________________ over time.
– Experimental evidence:
______________________ show preferential mating, ______________________ are not as
well adapted to the ____________________________________________
• Example 3: Hedgehogs danger response
- E.2 –
PERCEPTION OF
STIMULI
E.2.1
Type Detects Example
Thermoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors
E.2.2
E.2.3
E.2.4
• Similarities:
1. Both types of cell are ______________________
2. Both types of cell are found in the ________________
E.2.4
• Differences:
Feature Rods Cones
Where in the retina?
Works best in which light?
Connection to bipolar
neurons?
Accuracy?
Pigment?
How many types?
Sensitive to which
colours?
Type of vision?
How many?
E.2.5
1. ______________________ and ______________________ cells in the retina
______________________ light and ______________________ the light into impulses or
______________________ ______________________.
2. The impulses pass to ______________________ ______________________.
3. The bipolar cells pass the impulses to the ______________________ ______________________
______________________ (_____________). The RGCs are the ______________________ neurons
of the ______________________ ______________________.
4. At the ______________________ ______________________, impulses coming from the
______________________ ______________________ ______________________ to the
______________________ optic nerve.
5. The impulses continue to the ______________________, where optical information is
______________________
6. ______________________ form in the __________________________________________________.
E.2.5
2. Term used to describe the ______________________!
3. Both retinas receive stimuli from left and right ______________________ ______________________
4. The left and right ______________________ ______________________ ______________________
in ______________________ ______________________
5. Neurons from both eyes carrying impulses from left field of view go to right hemisphere / vice versa
6. Neurons from the optic nerve ______________________ with neurons in the
______________________ ______________________
7. This allows the brain to have ______________________ of ______________________,
______________________ and ______________________.
E.2.5
8. Occurs within the retina
9. There are two types of ______________________ ______________________
______________________, each stimulated when light falls on a small circular area of retina called
the ______________________ ______________________
10. Two types:
1. ______________________ ganglion cells:
• Light falling on the ______________________ of the receptive field
______________________ the RGC
• If light also fall on the ______________________ (“______________________”),
_______________________________________________
2. ______________________ ganglion cells:
• Light falling on the surround ______________________ the RGC
• If light also fall on the centre, stimulation is ______________________
11. Both types of RGC are more stimulated if the ______________________ of the light/dark is within
the receptive field
12. Can be demonstrated using the Hermann grid illusion
E.2.5
E.2.5
E.2.5
1. The _________________ is _________________ by sound waves;
2. This causes movement of the _________________ of the __________________________________,
which _________________ /magnifies the movement.
3. These bones _________________ on the _________________ _________________.
4. This causes movement of _________________ within the _________________
5. The cochlea is lined by ____________________________ which act as ________________________ -
releasing a _________________ ______________________ when stimulated.
6. Sounds/vibrations are transformed into ______________________ ______________________,
carried by the ______________________ ______________________ to ______________________
______________________ ______________________ in the ______________________.
7. The ______________________ ______________________ releases the ______________________ in
the cochlea, so that that fluid in it can vibrate.
http://www.pennhealth.com/health_info/animationplayer/hearing.html
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/soundtransduction.html
- E.3 –
IINNNNAATTEE &&
LLEEAARRNNEEDD
BBEEHHAAVVIIOOUURR
E.3.1
• Behaviour is
• Behaviour can be innate or learned.
INNATE (INSTINCTIVE) LEARNED
Based on ______________________ (instinctive)
Based on
______________________
______________________ by ______________________
______________________
by environment
_____________________________ in population
_____________________________
in population
_____________________________________ passes on beneficial behaviours
(through ______________________________)
_____________________________________ passes on beneficial behaviours
(but the _______________________________ is the product of NS)
______________________ by individual ______________________ by individual
through _______________________________
eg. eg.
E.3.4
• Learning allows an individual to ______________________ its behaviour as a response to the
______________________, giving an ______________________ ______________________ of
______________________.
• eg.
– Bees display innate behaviour when they are searching for
______________________ in brightly coloured flowers.
– A ______________________ ______________________ in one
flower will cause the bee to ______________________ look for
that kind of flower next time.
– This also helps the plant in its quest to ______________________..!
– The bee will also have ______________________ that it is vital to memorise the way home
• Learning depends on ______________________
• Memory requires an ______________________ ______________________ _____________________
• It involves building a neural network in which ______________________ between neurons are
______________________ or ______________________.
– eg. an animal learning to ______________________ that the
______________________ of another species is usually followed
by the appearance of a ______________________
• Learning ensures a ______________________ ______________________ of behaviours can be
______________________ over time than by natural selection
• Learning ensures ______________________ ______________________ behaviours can develop
• It is ______________________ to have all behaviour _______________________________________.
Much easier to have a few genes that enable the organism ______________________, and adapt its
neural net according to experiences.
• Ensures animals can ______________________ innate behaviours in changing
circumstances .
– eg. eating a different prey if food is scarce
E.3.5
• Animals can learn (or unlearn) a behaviour due to ______________________ of this behaviour with a
particular stimulus
• eg. ______________________ ______________________, operant conditioning, observation,
imprinting
• TOK: What helps you to learn best???
–
–
–
–
• Russian physiologist ______________________________ trained dogs to alter their response to a
stimulus, based on the dogs’ ______________________ ______________________ of the behaviour.
• Classical conditioning results in an ______________________ response to a stimulus (eg. a bell).
• In classical conditioning, there are specific stimuli and responses involved:
• Unconditioned stimulus = ____________________________________________________________
• Unconditioned response = ___________________________________________________________
• Neutral stimulus = __________________________________________________________________
• When the neutral stimulus is presented at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus, an
association is formed:
• What would be the Conditioned stimulus???
= __________________________________________________________________
• What would be the Unconditioned stimulus???
= __________________________________________________________________
E.3.6
• To what extent do birds learn their songs socially and how much is innate?
• Watch the videos and record a summary of your understandings below:
E.3.6
• Birdsong has a ______________________ ______________________ in all birds.
• In some species of birds, ______________________________________________________________
will be able to sing the song.
– eg.
• Some birds will sing a __________________________________________ if not taught by older birds.
– eg.
• Some birds may ______________________ ______________________ they have heard into song.
– eg.
• Birdsongs are the products of ______________________ ______________________, through
______________________ ______________________.
• They are a good indicator of ______________________ ______________________.
• Birdsong is ______________________ but is _____________________________________________.
E.3.2
• Invertebrates can be used to investigate innate behaviours.
• These include taxis and kinesis.
• Taxis:
–
–
• Kinesis:
–
–
• eg.
– Light ______________________
– Chemicals ______________________
– Gravity ______________________
– Touch ______________________
– Water currents ______________________
– Speed changes ______________________
– Rate of turning changes ______________________
• Examples:
1. The ______________________ of new shoots will grow out of the ground and turn
____________________________________________ to make use of available nutrients.
2. Fly larvae (______________________) will ______________________ from
______________________ because this ensures that they remain within the
______________________, where they have food & are ______________________ from
predators.
3. ______________________ show kinesis to __________________ (______________________)
because they have _____________ for respiration and are likely to ______________________
if they remain in dry conditions for too long.
• Design a practical activity to investigate orientation movements in planaria (motile
flatworms) or woodlice
– You will need to begin thinking about this task at home and bring in a rough idea so that you
can begin putting your Design section together at school.
– Use your past pracs to help structure your reports,
– We will be running these experiments in class next week! {Outlook: uncertain}
• Steps:
1. Read the IB animal experimentation policy
2. Get appropriate background information (with bibliographic details)
3. Define the problem or research question
4. Formulate a hypothesis
5. Select your variables
6. Select appropriate apparatus or materials
7. Design a method for controlling the variables
8. Design a method for collecting and processing sufficient relevant data (qualitative &
quantitative)
• Assume you have access to:
– 10 Planaria or 10 woodlice
– a variety of apparatus (eg. pippettes, petri dishes, test tubes, water pumps, lamps, etc)
– orientation movements can include any type of taxis or kinesis
• Safety considerations:
– Lab coats & gloves must be worn
– Organisms can attach themselves to the side of a glass tube. Handle them carefully, especially
if trying to pick them up or touch them with a pipette
– Do not add too many chemicals (eg. salt, food, vinegar) to the water, as you could kill the
organisms
– Return organisms to a pond or stream after the experiment
-- EE..44 ––
NNEEUURROOTTRRAANNSSMMIITTTTEERRSS
&& SSYYNNAAPPSSEESS
66..55
• Answer these review questions below:
1. What are the three parts of the synapse?
2. What is the resting membrane potential?
3. What is the threshold level?
4. What is the maximum membrane potential before repolarisation occurs?
5. What are the four phases of the action potential?
6. How does a signal cross the synapse?
-
E.4.1
•
• Pre-synaptic neurons release ________________________________ into the synapse to transfer a
stimulus to the ______________________ neurons
• Some pre-synaptic neurons generate ______________________ ______________________
______________________ (EPSPs) makes it ______________________ for the post-synaptic
neuron to ______________________ ______________________
• Other pre-synaptic neurons generate ______________________ ______________________
______________________ (IPSPs) makes it ______________________ for the post-synaptic
neuron to reach threshold
• Whether or not the post-synaptic neuron ______________________ (passes on) the action potential
depends on:
1. ______________________ diffuses across the synapse
2. __________________________________ they bind to
3. ______________________ flow in/out of the postsynaptic neuron
4. Whether or not _______________________________________________________________
Excitatory NTs cause
______________________.
This is referred to as an
_____________________
Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP).
Inhibitory NTs cause
______________________.
This is referred to as an
_____________________
Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP).
• eg. acetylcholine (Ach),
____________________
• NT opens Na+ channels
____________________
• membrane potential moves
________________________
• action potential _____________
• eg. γ–aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• NT opens K+ channels
__________________
• OR NT opens Cl- channels
_________________
• membrane potential moves
_______________________
• action potential _____________
________________________
__
Na+ influx
• membrane potential moves closer
E.4.2
• The signals from the many pre-synaptic neurons _____________________
• This is called ______________________
• The ________________________________________ needs to reach
______________________ for an action potential to be propagated:
• The CNS ______________________ ______________________ about whether or not to propagate
the action potential through the ______________________ of the incoming impulses.
• There are two main methods of summation:
TEMPORAL SPATIAL
E.4.3
• Psychoactive drugs can affect the ___________________________________________ by
____________________________________________.
• Examples:
1. ______________________ the release of NTs
2. ______________________ the release of NTs
– eg. THC (cannabis)
3. ______________________ ______________________
______________________ so that the NTs are not
able to be reused
4. ______________________ reuptake proteins
– eg. Cocaine
5. ____________________________________________
by binding to post-synaptic ______________________
6. ______________________ ______________________
of NTs
• Psychoactive drugs can therefore be inhibitory or excitatory
EXCITATORY PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
INHIBITORY PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
• Cocaine ______________________
______________________ ______________________
• Dopamine ______________________ in
______________________
• Results in ______________________
______________________ ______________________
• Mood:
– enhances feelings of ______________________
– longer-lasting feelings
• Behaviour:
– Feelings of ______________________
– Increased energy/______________________
– ______________________
______________________
– Associated with ______________________ as
body reduces production of own dopamine over
time
• THC ______________________
______________________ ______________________
• GABA normally inhibits dopamine release
• THC results in ______________________
______________________ ______________________
• Mood:
– enhances feelings of _____________________
as dopamine is involved in the
_______________________________________
• Behaviour:
– intoxication
– hunger
– _______________________________________
– Potential ______________________
– Associated with ______________________ and
other _________________________________
E.4.1
• Addiction =
• It is characterised by ____________________________________________ resulting in a
______________________ ______________________ to use a drug.
• Causes of addiction:
– ______________________ ______________________
– ______________________ ______________________
– ______________________ ______________________ (reward pathway)
• Lots of research being done here. Lots still to be done!!!
• Click on picture of the ‘Mouse Party’ in the PowerPoint to explore the effects of
psychoactive drugs and the science of addiction further
• ______________________ ______________________ in the brain play a key role in
______________________ behaviour that may lead to addiction.
• ______________________ is the most prevalent NT in the reward pathways.
• Drugs that ______________________ ______________________ secretion generate feelings of
______________________.
• This makes the user ______________________ to use the drug again and makes them very
______________________.
• Some people are ______________________ ______________________ to becoming addicts.
• There is reference to an ________________________________________ and modified versions of
other genes.
• There is a tendency for ____________________________________________ to become addicts
themselves (but may be social/environmental).
• They are doing research at the moment for ____________________________________ that could
prevent addiction!
• ______________________ ______________________ also influence addiction.
• eg.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Sample questions
Topic E.1:
Statement True or False?
1. The difference between sensation and perception is whether information about a stimulus reaches the central nervous system.
2. Once transmission along a neuron starts it can't be stopped without damaging the neuron.
3. Sensory nerve cells act as the decision-making cells to sum up all signals for certain stimuli.
4. Neurons often have many short dendrites and a long axon.
5. A sensory neuron of the peripheral nervous system take nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the motor neurons
6. Nerve impulses go from sensory neurons in sense organs directly to the muscles and glands that respond.
7. A nerve impulse is the way a sensory neuron receives information.
8. In humans, transmission of nerve impulses across a synaptic cleft is carried out by neurotransmitters.
9. The central nervous system consists only of the brain.
10. Information about touch detected on the left side of the body is transmitted to the brain in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord.
Topic E.1:
1. The effect of social stimulation on the reproductive patterns of egg-laying female Zebra finches
(Taeniopygia guttata) was studied. The sounds of the same colony (intra-colony) and of a
different colony (extra-colony) were recorded and played to different pairs of Zebra finches.
Graph A shows the mean time until the laying of the first eggs. Graph B shows the mean clutch
size (total number of eggs per pair). The control pairs had no recordings played to them.
[Source: J Waas et al. 2005. Proceedings of the Royal Society. Vol 272. Pp 383–388. Reproduced with permission.]
(a) Identify the mean time until the laying of the first eggs in the control group of Zebra finches.
............................................................................................................................. .........
(1)
(b) Calculate the percentage decrease between the mean time until the laying of the first eggs
in pairs of Zebra finches exposed to intra-colony sounds and in pairs exposed to extra-
colony sounds. Show your working.
............................................................................................................................. .........
(2)
(c) Evaluate the effect of the recorded colony sounds on the reproductive pattern of laying
eggs in Zebra finches.
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
........................................................................................................... ...........................
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
2. Define the terms stimulus and reflex:
Stimulus:
............................................................................................................................. ........................
............................................................................................................................. ........................
............................................................................................................................. ........................
Reflex:
.....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........................
............................................................................................................................. ........................
(Total 2 marks)
3. Explain the role of the neurons used in the pain withdrawal reflex.
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
................................................................................................................................. .....
............................................................................................................................. .........
............................................................................................................................. .........
(Total 3 marks)
Topic E.2:
1. (a) List two groups of sensory receptors, giving the stimulus each perceives.
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
(b) Explain the processing of visual stimuli.
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
2. Celiac disease causes the destruction of the villi cells. Which of the following is most likely to happen
to people with celiac disease?
Topic E.3:
1. Suggest an experimental DESIGN that could be used to investigate either taxis or kinesis in an
invertebrate.
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
(Total 3 marks)
2. OUTLINE Pavlov’s experiments into conditioning in dogs.
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
(Total 2 marks)
3. OUTLINE the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong in young birds.
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
Topic E.4:
1. a) State one example of an excitatory and one example of an inhibitory psychoactive drug. [2]
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
b) Explain the effects of cocaine on the brain. [3]
............................................................................................................................. .........
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
........................................................................................................... ...........................
c) Discuss causes of addiction. [3]
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
(Total 6 marks)
2.
a) Identify the percentage of homozygotes among drug users only. [1]
............................................................................................................................. .........
b) Calculate the actual number of homozygotes in group 2. [2]
............................................................................................................................. .........
c) Evaluate the evidence to support the hypothesis that the presence of the homozygous
mutation is a risk factor in drug and alcohol use. [3]
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .........
d) Suggest a reason for the high incidence of homozygotes among drug and alcohol users. [1]
............................................................................................................................. .........
......................................................................................................................................
(Total 7 marks)
