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Neuroscience and Biological Foundations. Introduction to Psychology Mercer County Community College. Chapter One Overview. Our Genetic Inheritance Neural Bases of Behavior Nervous System Organization A Tour Through the Brain. Our Genetic Inheritance. Our Genetic Inheritance. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Neuroscience and Biological Foundations
Introduction to PsychologyMercer County Community College
Chapter One Overview Our Genetic Inheritance Neural Bases of Behavior Nervous System Organization A Tour Through the Brain
Our Genetic Inheritance
Our Genetic Inheritance To understand how heredity and environment
affect us, psychologist turn to ______________. To understand the how the natural process of
adapting to our environment affects us, psychologist turn to ____________________.
Neuroscience is◦ historically a branch of Biology ◦ the combining of disciplines (fields) of study to further
understand behavioral and mental processes. ◦ Check out the Society for Neuroscience (www.sfn.org)
Biology of HeredityEach egg and sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes.◦First 22 pairs are called autosomes ◦23rd pair are known as the sex
chromosomes◦XX = Girl & XY = Boy
Biology of Heredity (cont’d)
Our body has many cells, each cell contains a nucleus Each cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes
(i.e., 46 chromosomes) Chromosomes make up our DNA DNA (Deoxyribonucleic)
◦ The genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses.
Quieting the Nature vs. Nurture debate Heredity or Environment
◦ Aggressiveness◦ Intelligence◦ Sociability
To further understand the underpinnings (formation) of complex traits, ____________ studies are especially beneficial.
Twins are:◦ Monozygotic – Identical – One egg was shared◦ Dizygotic – Fraternal Twins – Two eggs
Charles Darwin 1809-1882 Theory of Evolution Natural Selection
Evolutionary Psychology
Neural Bases of Behavior
The Neuron (basic unit of brain)
Dendrite Axon Myelin sheath Terminal buttons Neurotransmitters Synapse
How information travels through the Neuron
D – C – A
Dendrite Cell Body Axon
The Communication of Neurons
Neuron Dendrite Axon Myelin Terminal buttons Neurotransmitters Synapse
Neurotransmitter Serotonin Acetylcholine (Ach) Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine Gamma amniobutyric acid (GABA) Endorphins
The Endocrine System The endocrine system is made up of
________. Instead of neurotransmitters, the endocrine
system uses ________________ to carry messages.
The endocrine system does the following:◦ Regulates◦ Maintains ongoing bodily processes (e.g.,
digestion, elimination)◦ Control the body’s response to emergencies
The Endocrine System (cont’d)
What are glands?
What type of glands exist in The Endocrine System?
The Endocrine System (cont’d)
What type of glands exist in The Endocrine System?◦ Parathyroid – helps regulate calcium in the blood◦ Pineal – helps regulate sleep cycle and body
rhythms◦ Pituitary- influences growth and lactation◦Hypothalamus – controls the pituitary◦ Thyroid – controls metabolism◦Adrenal- arouses the body, helps respond to
stress, regulates salt balance, and some sexual functioning
Nervous System Organization
The Nervous System (process information and adapt to our
environment) The Nervous System is divided into two main
branches; the CNS and the PNS
◦ Central Nervous System (CNS) Consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord Directs mental and basic life processes
◦ Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) All nerves and neurons connecting the CNS to the rest of
the body Carries information to an from the central nervous
system (message carrier / action potentials)
Is our brain capable of change / repair?
Is our brain capable of change / repair………______!
Neuro plasticity ◦ Neuro = Greek “Nervous System”◦ Plasticity = Capability of being molded
Neuro genesis ◦ Neuro = Greek “Nervous System”◦ Genesis = Origin, Creation, Beginning
A Tour Through The Brain
The Human Brain
The Brain Cerebral Cortex Hemispheres Corpus Callosum Frontal Cortex
The Human Brain The fact that brain structures have specialties / specialized to perform certain tasks is known as _____________.
The Human Brain
The brainstem (connected to the spinal cord), includes:◦The Hindbrain◦The Midbrain◦The Forebrain
The Human BrainThe Hindbrain
◦Medulla ◦Pons ◦Cerrebellum
The Human BrainThe Midbrain
◦Reticular formation
The Human BrainThe Forebrain
◦Thalamus ◦Hypothalamus◦Limbic System◦Amygdala
The Human BrainThe Hindbrain
◦Medulla ◦Pons ◦Cerebellum
Cerebral Cortex Center of Higher Order
Thinking Convolutions allow it to
fit The division = fissure L/R Hemispheres: each
controls the opposite side of the body
There are eight (8) lobes, four in each hemisphere: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
What questions do you have ?