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Neuroscience Disciplines
• Neuroanatomy
• Neurochemistry
• Neuroendocrinology
• Neuropathology
• Neuropharmacology
• Neurophysiology
• BIOPSYCHOLOGY
Brain Anatomy - Three Divisions
FOREBRAIN
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brain Anatomy - Three Divisions
FOREBRAIN
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
• MIDBRAIN• Mesencephalon• Tectum• Tegmentum• Periaqueductal Gray• HINDBRAIN• Metencephalon• Cerebellum• Pons • Myelencephalon• Medulla Oblongata • •
Biopsychology
• The discipline of neuroscience that attempts to discover how the various neural phenomena studied in the other disciplines control behavior.
• Example: Sleep Behavior• What brain structures are responsible for sleep?• What is the chemical content of the structures?• What drugs promote sleep?
Members of Society for Neuroscience - Departmental Affiliations
Department Percentage of Sample
Psychology 16.1
Physiology 14.3
Pharmacology 12.5
Biology 11.2
Anatomy 11.2
Neurology 6.7
Psychiatry 5.8
Neuroscience-biology 5.3
Neurosurgery 3.1
Pathology 3.1
Divisions of Biopsychology
• Physiological Psychology• Manipulations of nervous system in controlled
experimental settings
• Laboratory animals
• “Pure” or “basic” research
Psychopharmacology
• Drug effects on behavior and how these effects are mediated
• “Applied” research - purpose to develop therapeutic drugs
Neuropsychology
• Effects of brain damage on human behavior
• “Applied” research to help those afflicted with behavioral disorders
Psychophysiology
• Study of the relationship between physiology and behavior in humans
• Non-invasive procedures taken from the body surface
• Strive to understand the physiology of basic psychological processes such as information processing, emotion
Cognitive Neuroscience
• The neural basis of cognition including thought, attention and memory
• Human research involving non-invasive human brain imaging techniques
• Involves interdisciplinary collaboration among neuroscientists
Comparative Psychology
• Comparison of behavior of different species
• Focus on genetics, evolution and adaptiveness of behavior
• brain differences that contribute to behavioral differences among species
Research approaches used in Biopsychology
Somatic Intervention
• Bodily Intervention Behavioral Effect
Examples Examples
• Administer hormone Measure Mating
• Stimulate Brain Area Measure Aggression
• Local Brain Damage Measure Memory
Behavioral Intervention
• Somatic Effect Behavioral Intervention
• Examples Examples
• Measure Hormones Female with Male
• Measure Brain Activity Memory Task
• Measure Brain Anatomy Altered Rearing
Correlational Studies
Somatic Variables Behavioral Variables
Examples Examples
Brain Size Learning Scores
Hormonal Levels Strength of Mating
Why does one study the biological basis of behavior?
Brain Function and BehaviorEarly Theories
Localizationist Theory
• 1800ff. - Gall, Spurzheim
• Brain is not a unitary organ
• Cerebrum is a mosaic of centers
• Each center has a specific mental function
• Centers developed in size as a function of use
• Centers produced protuberances on skull surface
• Anatomical Personality or Phrenology
Aggregate Field Theory
• 1824 - Flourens: 1924 - Lashley
• Specific mental functions are not localized
• Brain acts as a whole for each function
• Any part of cerebral cortex is capable of performing all functions
Cellular Connectionism Theory
• 1876 - Wernicke: 1861 - Broca
• Simple mental functions are discretely localized to single cortical areas
• The areas for these simple functions are interconnected
• Complex mental functions arise from interactions among several of these areas
TERMINOLOGY• Micron - one thousanth of a millimeter• Soma or Perikaryon• Nissl stain• Endoplasmic reticulum (Nissl bodies)• Golgi Apparatus• Microtubules• Neurofilaments• Dendritic spine• Axon Collaterals • Synaptic vesicles• Active zones
Types of Synapses
Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
Neuroglial Cells
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Schwann Cell
• Central Nervous System
• Oligodendroglial Cell
• Astrocyte
• Microglia
•
•
Brain Anatomy - Three Divisions
FOREBRAIN
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
• MIDBRAIN• Mesencephalon• Tectum• Tegmentum• Periaqueductal Gray• HINDBRAIN• Metencephalon• Cerebellum• Pons • Myelencephalon• Medulla Oblongata • •