New Encounters: The New Encounters: The Creation of a World Creation of a World

MarketMarket

An Age of Exploration and An Age of Exploration and ExpansionExpansion

• Islam and the Spice Trade• Muslim activity• Malacca

• A New Player: Europe• Nicolò, Maffeo, and Marco Polo, 1271• Economic motive• Religious zeal• Expansion a state enterprise; monarchs had the authority and

resources• Knowledge and technology by the end of the 15th century• Seaworthy ships• Knowledge of the wind systems

Marco Polo

Portuguese Maritime EmpirePortuguese Maritime Empire• Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)

• School for navigators, 1419• Exploring down the west coast of Africa• Slaves• Bartolomeu Dias, 1487• Vasco da Gama, 1498

• Calicut• Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque

• Goa, 1510• Malacca, 1511

• Success of the Portuguese• Guns and seamanship

• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/27309-the-age-of-discovery-prince-henry-the-navigator-video.htm

Prince Henry the Navigator!!

Spanish Conquests in the “New World”Spanish Conquests in the “New World”

• Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)• Voyages in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502

• John Cabot, 1497• New England

• Pedro Cabral, 1500• Brazil• Amerigo Vespucci

• Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494• Conquest of Mexico, (1519-1522), and Peru, (1531-1536)

Pedro Cabral

Governing the EmpireGoverning the Empire• Encomienda

• Forced labor• Diease

• Council of the Indies• Viceroy• New Spain and Peru

• Papal agreementEncomienda: The right

of landowners to use Native Americans as

laborers.

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European Voyages and Possessions in European Voyages and Possessions in

the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuriesthe Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

The Impact of European The Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

• Native Americans ravaged by disease• Psychological impact• Conquerors sought gold and silver• New products sent to Europe• Deepened rivalries• Why did Europeans risk their lives?

New RivalsNew Rivals

• Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean

• Spain in Asia but only consolidated their hold on the Philippines

• First English expedition to the Indies in 1591• Surat in northwestern India in 1608

• Dutch arrive in India in 1595• Dutch East India Company formed in 1602

The Indies in 1591

France, Britain, and Holland in France, Britain, and Holland in the Americasthe Americas

• Portuguese in Brazil in 1549• Dutch West India Company, 1621• English seize New Netherlands from the Dutch in

America in 1664• Canada became property of the French in 1663 but

did not adequately man or defend it• English begin colonizing the Atlantic seaboard of

North AmericaNew Netherlands in 1549

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European Possessions in the European Possessions in the

West IndiesWest Indies

Africa in TransitionAfrica in Transition• Portuguese in East Africa

• Gold trade• Mwene Matapa

• Southern Africa• Settled by the Dutch, Boers, in 1652

• West Africa• Mali• Songhai

• King Askia Mohammed, 1493-1528• Broke up after his death

• Increased European contact with West Africa

King Askia Mohammed

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade• Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans• Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans

• Sugar cane and sugar plantations• Colonization of the Americas• First boatload of African slaves directly from Africa brought by the Spanish in 1518• 275,000 enslaved African exported to other countries

• Between 16th and 19th centuries about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

• Numbers of slaves exported• Death rates• Most slaves prisoners or war captives• European slavers at first gained slaves from local merchants for guns, textiles, copper, or iron

utensils• Impact on social and political conditions• Depopulation in some areas but less true in West Africa• European justification

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Fort Jesus, Mombasa, KenyaFort Jesus, Mombasa, Kenya

Built by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century

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The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade

Political and Social Structures in Political and Social Structures in a Changing Continenta Changing Continent

• Importation of manufactured goods from Europe undermined foundations of local cottage industry

• Limited European penetration of Africa• Altering of trading empires• European impact on inland areas• European impact on West Africa

• Unity and benefits for West African kingdoms• Involvement in the slave trade and temptations of profit contributed to

conflict among states• Splintering of the Congo region

• East Africa• Movements by Arab forces to expel the Portuguese

Southeast Asia in the Era of the Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: The Arrival of the WestSpice Trade: The Arrival of the West• Dutch East India Company

• Batavia, 1619• Java and Sumatra have pepper plantations• Cohesive monarchies in Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam

resisted foreign encroachment• Spices did not flourish on the mainland• Europeans became involved in factional struggles• By end of the 18th century Europeans began to abandon

their trading stations

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The Pattern of World TradeThe Pattern of World Trade

State and Society in Pre-colonial State and Society in Pre-colonial Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

• Religion and Kingship• Islam and Christianity make inroads• Buddhism in the lowland areas• Four types of political systems: Buddhist kings, Javanese kings,

Islamic sultans, Vietnamese Emperors• Economy and Society

• Mostly agriculture during the early European period• Cash crops begin to replace subsistence farming• Southeast Asia an importer of manufactured goods• Exports of tin, copper, gold, fruits, ceramics• Higher standard of living than most of Asia• Social institutions

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

• Trace the background of Columbus’s voyages to the New World.

• How did the discovery of the western hemisphere impact Europe?

• How did the discovery of the western hemisphere impact the Native Americans?

• How did the discovery of the western hemisphere change the pattern of slavery in Africa?