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Japan Modernizes
• Japan spent 1600s to 1800s in isolation– Controlled by shoguns, supreme military
dictators– Daimyo, landholding warrior lords, helped
shoguns keep power
• Japan was a feudal society, forbid foreigners and oversea travel– Dutch were allowed very limited trade
• Japanese commerce and agriculture grew– Daimyo and samurai suffered financially– Merchants prospered but had no political
power
• Shoguns lost much of their power
• U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry sailed a fleet of ships to Japan– Had a letter from Millard Fillmore asking
Japan to open up to the U.S.
• Treaty of Kanagawa opened two ports to the U.S.– U.S. gained trade rights, extraterritoriality, low
taxes on U.S. imports– Japanese were humiliated
• Emperor Meiji took power in 1867 and moved capital to Tokyo
• Started Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) to strengthen and modernize Japan– Studied western government, technology, and
customs– Created a Diet, legislature, to help govern– Zaibatsu, power industrial families, grew from
increased industrialization– Japan’s homogeneous-society, same
language and culture, helped country succeed
• Korea, known as the “Hermit Kingdom”, forced into opening trade with Japan
• Japan defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese War
• Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War– First Asian victory over European power
• Japan made Korea a protectorate and ruled harshly
• Vietnamese killed Christian converts and French priests in Vietnam
• France invaded part for revenge, part for more trading rights
• France controlled Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and called it French Indochina
• Siam was in between British Burma and French Indochina
• King Mongkut accepted western ways– Signed unfair treaties to remain free
• Mongkut and his son helped modernize Siam
• U.S. fought Spanish-American War to free Cuba from Spain
• The Philippines declared independence from Spain as well
• After the war the U.S. was granted control of the Philippines
• U.S. crushed efforts by the Philippines to gain freedom– U.S. helped modernize the Philippines
• Latin Americans faced problems from colonial rule
• Regionalism, loyalty to a local area, weakened new nations
• Local strongmen, caudillos formed armies to resist central government
• Americans in Texas revolted and Mexico was defeated by the U.S. losing half its territory
• Benito Juarez started La Reforma to reform Mexican ways– Died in office and never reached his main goals
• General Porfirio Diaz took control as a dictator– Made advancements at the expense of the poor– Peonage made poor stay on land until debts were
paid
• Latin American countries remained dependent on foreign countries
• Some industries prospered but only the elite benefited
• James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine stating the western hemisphere was off limits to European colonization– Had help from British navy to back up
declaration
• U.S. helped Cuba gain independence from Spain– Forced Platt Amendment granting U.S. navel
bases in Cuba
• Issued Roosevelt Collary stating the right to be a police power in the western hemisphere– Sent troops to Latin American countries,
resentment grew
• U.S. helped Panama gain independence from Columbia– Granted land for Panama Canal
• Connected Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
– Anti-Americanism grew in Latin America