New Opportunities Through Technology Advancement in Water & … · Jose Torero, Fire Eng. Chair, U. Edinburgh Dave Thomas, Chevron ETC Tom Peargin, Chevron ETC Slide with Permission:

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New Opportunities in Water Sampling & Waste Treatment

Dave ThomasPerth, Australia

October 2011

© 2011 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of these notes may be reproduced without written permission from Chevron. Contact D. Thomas at Chevron Energy Technology Company, [email protected], +61-8-9485-5141

Improvement?

Just because it is new doesn’t always mean it is better….

Windows Vista™

The Question we set out to answer:

“Can we invest in new technologies / science to gain a net benefit at multiple sites”

N t B fit i


Net Benefit is:

Cost savings

Other benefit (reduced time at site, less manual handling, improved reliability, data quality, etc)

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Some New Ideas

SaFE Thermal Treatment – New Technology for No-Hope wastes (i.e. soil & sludge with greater than 1% oil)

Passive groundwater monitoring (Snap Samplers)

© 2011 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved. 3

Sustainable Facilitated Environmental (SaFE) Thermal TreatmentThermal Treatment


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R&D Team

David Major, Principal, Geosyntec

Grant Scholes, Project Engineer, SiREM

Gavin Grant, Senior Engineer, SiREM

Jason Gerhard, Env. Eng. Chair, U. Western

www.siremlab.com/STAR

Jose Torero, Fire Eng. Chair, U. Edinburgh

Dave Thomas, Chevron ETC

Tom Peargin, Chevron ETC Slide with Permission: Gavin Grant, SIREM

Oily Wastes –Plentiful & Challenging

Oily wastes – An Oil Industry Issue

Produced during oil recoveryg y

Waste stream from tank & line cleaning

Accidental releases

Difficult & Expensive to clean up

Not prone to degradationPhoto: D Thomas


Disposal options are limited & is often impractical

Always looking for better ways to manage

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The Concept –Sustainable Efficient Thermal Treatment

Oily waste added to a porous media & placed into a reaction vessel

Photo: D Thomas Photo: Chevron


The Reaction Vessel

The reaction vessel is fitted with an air supply & a heat source


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Apply Heat Until Mixture Around Air Pipe Reaches 200ºC to 400ºC


Turn On Air Supply & Turn Off External Heat


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Organic Waste Ignites & Creates a Smoldering Combustion Front that Moves Through the Mixture


Reaction Temperatures of 400ºC to 1000ºC –Near Complete Conversion of Organic Wastes to CO2


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Column Experiments

www.siremlab.com/STAR 13

Slide with Permission: Gavin Grant, Geosyntec

Column Experiments

Video

Video accelerated 50 times



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Column Experiments

Base Case TC Profiles

1300

1400

Distance from

Pre‐Heating CombustionSelf‐sustained Combustion Cooling

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

Tempe

rature (oC)

2 cm

3 cm

4 cm

5 cm

6 cm

7 cm

8 cm

9 cm

10 cm

11 cm

12 cm

13 cm

14 cm

Distance from Heater

AirFlow Initiated

All NAPL Destroyed


0

100

200

300

90 100 110 120 130 140 150

Time (min)

15 cm

16 cm

Heating Element Turned

Off


Sludge Test

Before TreatmentTPH 37 000 mg/kg

After TreatmentTPH BTEX < 0 1mg/kgTPH 37,000 mg/kg TPH, BTEX < 0.1mg/kg


Photos with permission: Gavin Grant, Geosyntec

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SaFE Summary

Low Energy Requirements

Heater used to heat small volume of soil (i.e. 10 to 15 cm of soil)( )

Heat generated from combustion used to drive ongoing reaction

Reaction controlled by airflow (needs forced air supply to propogate)

Simple to Apply

Resembles a bio-pile (slotted steel pipe, heating element & )


compressor)

Threshold concentration of TPH ≈ 10,000 mg/kg (1 percent oil) for sustainable reaction but option to blend to treat lower concentration material

SaFE Next Steps

Lab Testing

Air emissions, oil/soil ratio, air-flow rates, ,

Large Scale Pilot Vessel (late 2011)

Testing of Full Scale Reactor in Western Australia (mid 2012)


Peer Reviewed Literature

Switzer et al., 2009. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, pp. 5871–5877.

Pironi et al., 2011. Environmental Science and Technology, 45, pp. 2980–2986.

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Conceptualised Full Scale Reactor

3 m

10 m

Blended sludge, waste soil, etc.


Reusable sandy fill

Passive GroundwaterSampling


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What is Passive Groundwater Sampling

Sample groundwater from aquifer without pumping, agitation or other form of disturbance

Avoids mixing & entrainment of insoluble material

Avoids volatilisation & degradation losses caused by aeration

Sample without purging


Why Do We Purge Wells?

Regulatory Requirement

“Representativeness”p

Tradition? (Because we like to work hard)


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Ambient Groundwater Flow Concept –Hydraulics Control Flow Through Wells

Groundwater & Contaminants Flow Through Wells

Scientifically proven processy p p

– Field Scale Evaluation of the Passive Flux Meter for Simultaneous Measurement of Groundwater & Contaminant Fluxes, Annable et al. ES&T, 2005, 39, 7194-7201

– “Natural background flow in a moderate permeability sand flushed tracers from an isolated screen interval in 24 hours or less.” Robin & Gillham, 1987, Ground Water Monitoring Review, v. 7, no. 4, p. 85-93

Low-flow sampling recommended by US EPA relies on the same


Low flow sampling recommended by US EPA relies on the same natural flow through conditions

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Dye source with gravity feed to injection port

Upgradient/

Piezometers

Effluent reservoir

DTSC Sand Tank Well Model

Upgradient/ influent reservoir

Dye port

Constant head reservoir

Water

reservoir

Simulated 4-inch well

supply bucket

Influent supply from constant head reservoir Effluent drain

Britt, SL, 2005, Testing the Horizontal Laminar Flow Assumption with a Sand Tank Well Model, Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, Summer issue p. 73-81.

Slide with permission: Sandy Brit, ProHydro Inc.

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In-Well mixing/homogenization

21:00 hrs

Britt, 2005 experiments, homogeneous flow field

21:00 hrs. seepage velocity:

~0.5 ft/day

6h 9h 12h 15h 18hSlide with permission: Sandy Brit, ProHydro Inc.

Done correctly, passive equilibrationis very similar to purge sampling

The Take Away?

• Natural flow delivered to well

• Ambient / passive mixing according to native flow dynamics

• Flow weighted averaging effect

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• Flow-weighted averaging effect

A dedicated passive sampling system can take advantage of this

phenomenon


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Passive Sampling Presently Not Widely Used

Several commercially available methods

Passive Diffusion Bag®g

Hydrosleeve ®

Not widely used in the industry

Suitability is often limited to a narrow range of chemicals & parameters

Data quality reliant on operator technique or method application


Data quality reliant on operator technique or method application

Poor data reproducibility & correlation with low-flow methods

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Data Comparison – PDB® vs Low Flow Sampling

R2 = 0.79 for VOCs


Parsons, 2005, Demonstration of No-Purge Groundwater Sampling Devices, McClellan AFB, Sacramento, CA (with Permission – Sandy Britt, ProHydro Inc.

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Data Comparison – PDB® vs HydroSleeve®

R2 = 0.38 for VOCs



What’s Changed

SNAP Sampler

Dedicated (i.e. one per well) passive sampling system( p ) p p g y

Deploy open, double sided bottles within screened interval in a well

Sample after either a short or long duration

– (e.g. One week or many months)

Bottles sealed in the well & below the water table & transferred to laboratory for insertion onto auto-sampler (no vacuum, mixing or exposure to tubing, pump or air)


exposure to tubing, pump or air)

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www.SnapSampler.com

31Equipment Design Award Technical Guidance DSP-5 Demonstration/Validation ER-0630


How the Snap Sampler works….

Insert

Set “Snap Caps”

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40ml VOA vial 125ml & 350ml

Poly


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Data Comparison – SNAP Sampler® vs Low Flow

R2 = 0 99 for all analyte

Snap Sampler vs. Low Flow

)

40ml

125ml

R = 0.99 for all analyte comparisons to low flow

am

ple

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(g

/L)



Little Scatter

Low Flow Purge Sample Concentration (g/L)

Sn

ap

Sa

Example Data Variation

140

160

ter

Example Data Variation

140

160

ter

Improved Reproducibility

Purge Sealed in situ

Pump purge and bail sample Passive Snap Sample

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sampling Quarter

TC

E m

icro

gra

ms

per

lit

purge 24.3 134 54.9 120 28.9 92.7 71 5.6 12.6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sampling Quarter

TC

E m

icro

gra

ms

per

lit

Snap 56.9 72.6 64.1 103.0 39.7 65.6 40.9 50.8 50.4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Range: 5.6 to 134Median RPD Q to Q: 94%

Sampling Quarter Sampling Quarter

Range: 39.7 to 103Median RPD Q to Q: 35%

2/3 reduction in 2/3 reduction in Q’lyQ’ly changechangeBritt, Sanford L., Beth Parker, John Cherry, 2010, New Downhole Sampling System to Avoid Bias and

Error in Groundwater Sample Handling, Env. Sci, & Technol. 44(13):4917-23


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Interpretation is Easier With Less Random Error –

<<Purge<< >>Snap>> >>Snap>><<Purge<<

63%reduction in variability

48%



<<Purge<< >>Snap>>


10 years of monitoring data from an anonymous site near Los Angeles, CAWith permission: Sandy Britt, ProHydro Inc

Summary – SNAP Sampler

Improved data quality

Less scatter & random error

Less potential for entrainment & false positives

Improved Consistency

Easier to identify and analyse trends

Better able to recognise and react to changes


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Summary – Other Advantages

Less equipment use following deployment

Re-usable

No pumps

Negligible waste (no purge water)

Less time in field

80% reduction in field time, no manual handling of waste water

Cost savings of greater than 50%


Western Australia Department of Environment & Conservation endorsement of the technology in 2010

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Snap Sampler – References

Britt, Sanford L., Beth Parker, John Cherry, 2010, New Downhole Sampling System to Avoid Bias and Error in Groundwater Sample Handling, Env. Sci, & Technol 44(13):4917 23& Technol. 44(13):4917-23.

“Best groundwater sampling method available today” – Personnel communication, Dr. John Cherry, May 2010


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Thanks For Listening

Questions……….


Documents

New Opportunities Through Technology Advancement in Water & … · Jose Torero, Fire Eng. Chair, U. Edinburgh Dave Thomas, Chevron ETC Tom Peargin, Chevron ETC Slide with Permission: