A tired racehorse stands in the crossties andreality sets in for his connections. The geldingcan’t physically race any longer. His problemsprevent him from being re-trained in anotherdiscipline. As a gelding he has no breedingvalue. His demeanour is such that he would beunsuitable as a companion horse. Thus thequestion arises - what do you do with anunwanted horse?

Before you decide to send the horse off toauction or for meat processing, you need tobecome informed on the latest directive fromthe Canadian government. On January 28 of thisyear the Canadian Food Inspection Agency(CFIA) announced the implementation of a newMeat Hygiene Directive that affects all horsesboth domestic and imported which may impactoptions and the salvage value of the horse.

The subject of horse slaughter has

been a hot topic of debate in North

america for many years and the

subject has become more compli-

cated with new rules being intro-

duced in Canada later this year.

By anna Meyers

New Rules FoR The

uNwaNTed

equiNe

As of July 31, slaughter facilities willonly be allowed to process horses thathave complete health records dating backsix months. Horses being sent to or sold formeat processing from that day forwardmust have records documenting all medica-tions administered from February 1, 2010and forward. To help horse owners, theCanadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)has created an Equine Identification Docu-ment that can be printed from the CFIAwebsite at: http://www.inspection.gc.ca

The Equine Identification Document(EID) has several elements:• Identification information similar towhat is currently submitted to Standard-bred Canada with the addition of pictureidentification;

• Record of diagnosed illnesses;• Records of veterinary drugs or vaccinesgiven that are not permitted for use infood animals;• Records of veterinary drugs or vaccinesgiven with known withdrawal times;• Records of all other drugs or vaccinesadministered;• Owner declaration.

As it stands, there are three differentlists that have or will be generated (andcould be subject to change) and can bereferred to at the Canadian Food Inspec-tion Agency (CFIA) website cited.

It currently lists medications that arenot permitted for use in horses slaugh-tered for food. Many are common andeffective drugs used to treat a multitudeof conditions. Some medications thatappear on the list include but are not lim-ited to BNPH® and BNP® ophthalmic oint-ments used to treat eye conditions,clenbuterol (Ventipulmin® Solution orSyrup) primarily used as a bronchodilator,stanozolol or boldenone (Equipoise®)anabolic steroids, cloramphenicol, nitrofu-rans such as nitrofurazone or furacin usedas a topical antibiotics, estradiol (a femalehormone), and phenylbutazone productssuch as Butazone® also) commonly usedas an anti-arthritic or anti-inflammatorydrugs.

Again, it is important to distinguishthat these products are not banned for usefrom a medical perspective but simplymay disqualify a horse to be eligible formeat production. At this time, the CFIA isindicating that the Equine IdentificationDocument will require that horses havenot been treated with non-permitteddrugs during six months prior to slaughter.However, it is important to note that alonger certification period may eventuallybe required.

A second list of ‘Essential VeterinaryDrugs’ permitted in equine intended forfood production but requiring a six monthwithdrawal also appears on the CFIA web-site. Drugs that appear on this list includebut are not limited to: acepromazine(Atravet®) commonly used for sedation aswell as propofol (Diprivan® the drugallegedly used by Michael Jackson),ephedrine or antihistamines used torelieve respiratory congestion, analgesics

March 2010 • The Harness Edge

NEW RULES FOR THE UNWANTED EQUINE

New regulations in Canada which will come into effect on July 31 of this yearwill drastically change the rules for disposal of unwanted horses.

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fentanyl, buprenorphine and morphine,anti-antimicrobials ticarcillin andamikacin, the common EPM (Equine Pro-tozoal Myeloencephalitis), medicationpyrimethamine and anti-fungals such asgriseofulvin, ketoconazole and micona-zole.

A third list of veterinary drugs for usein horses intended for food production forwhich withdrawal times have been estab-lished is currently being worked on andshould be available by April.

There are many layers and perspec-tives to this issue and many implications.Let’s first examine why and how this direc-tive came to be.

HORSE MEAT AND THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU)

While horse meat consumption is notreadily acceptable in most Canadian cul-tures, it is accepted and highly soughtafter in many European cultures. Horsemeat is considered to be a lean, iron-richred meat that is low in fat and cholesteroland is typically a more economical pur-chase than beef or pork. It is popular inEuropean countries like Belgium, the

Netherlands, France, Germany, Italy,Switzerland, and Austria as well as manyAsian and South American countries.

Generally speaking, it is thought thathorse meat processed in North America isof better quality due to the nutrition andoverall body condition of animalsprocessed. As well, horse meat increasedin popularity particularly in Europe withthe BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopa-thy or mad cow disease) and foot andmouth epidemics that occurred in theUnited Kingdom during the last twodecades. Especially since there is a causalassociation between a human diseasecalled Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and BSEoutbreak in cattle.

“In actual fact, we are a country thathas denied that horses go for meat butwhen the BSE crisis hit, horses were thelargest by weight meat export in Canada,”says Dr. Mary Bell of Mannington EquineServices, Puslinch, Ontario.

There is no doubt that the horse meatprocessing industry in Canada has grownsubstantially over the last few years.

In 2005 and 2006, approximately50,000 horses each year were slaugh-tered in Canada. In late 2006, the U.S.House of Representatives passed theAmerican Horse Slaughter PreventionAct. As a result, horse slaughter plants(in the U.S.) began to close their doorswith the last one closing in September,2007.

Many horses that were once sent toor sold for processing in the United Statesare now transported to Canada or Mexicoto slaughter. Agriculture and Agri-FoodCanada statistics back this up and showhorse slaughter numbers rose to 79,613 in2007 which represented an increase of58.5 per cent over the previous year withapproximately 41 per cent being importedfrom the United States to Canada forslaughter.

March 2010 • The Harness Edge

NEW RULES FOR THE UNWANTED EQUINE

“In actual fact, we are a country that has denied that horses go for meat butwhen the BSE crisis hit, horses were the largest by weight meat export inCanada.” – Dr. Mary Bell

The Harness Edge • March 2010

In 2008, the number of horses slaugh-tered in Canada rose to 112,957, a 41.9 percent increase over 2007 totals. USDAexport statistics show a total of 77,073horses being brought in for slaughterfrom the United States. This represents68.2 per cent of the total horses slaugh-tered in our country. Trends for the firsthalf of 2009 show that the number ofhorses slaughtered is basically on par withwhat was reported monthly in 2008.

“The issue I see right now is thedumping issue from the United Statesthat’s my primary concern. There are100,000 horses coming from over the bor-der which is more than our entire produc-tion,” declares Edward Kendall, an EquineCanada representative.

To have a better understanding ofthe impact that the American HorseSlaughter Prevention Act had on theCanadian horse meat processing industryconsider that in 2006 there were onlythree federally inspected plants that pro-duced horse meat across Canada. Todaythere are six: one in British Columbia, twoin Alberta, one in Ontario and two basedin Quebec.

A surprising figure reveals thatannual meat exports primarily for Euro-pean food markets exceeds $60 million. Aswell, domestic consumption of horse meataverages about 300 tonnes annually or 10to 20 per cent of the total meat produced.

NEW FOOD SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN EUROPE

In April of 2009, the European Com-mission (EC) informed all countries whichexport horse meat to the European Union,that new food safety requirements wouldbe required to ensure that slaughteredhorses had not been treated with sub-stances prohibited by the European Com-mission during their lifetime, and that themeat be safe for consumption. In otherwords, animals entering Europe whomight at some point enter the food chainhad to adhere to the same regulations asEuropean producers.

The European Commission (EC) pro-posed a three year transition period dur-ing which minimum measures such asproviding health records to cover treat-ments given the last six months prior toslaughter be implemented.

CANADA’S RESPONSE The Canadian Food Inspection

Agency (CFIA) took the opportunity toaddress new requirements by setting up aworking group. Edward Kendall is thechair of the Equine Canada’s ID and trace-ability committee and was asked to partic-ipate as a member of the CFIA workinggroup.

“It started as a group of six and grewto over 20 people which included repre-sentatives from several branches of CFIA,Agriculture Agri-Food Canada (their pro-grams department), Health Canada, theprocessing sector both in Western andEastern Canada, provincial associations(horse user groups) and of course nationalrepresentation,” explains Kendall.

The Canadian Veterinary MedicalAssociation (CVMA) was brought in late inthe process.

While the Canadian Food InspectionAgency was spurred by changes with Euro-pean regulations, according to Kendall, itestablished interim measures to set newCanadian standards for processing horsemeat.

“The new standard for Canada is thatyou must have at least a six month healthrecord for any horse that you intend toput forward for processing.”

DECLARATION“As it stands, the owner has to make

a declaration, which means the owner hasto have a lot of history on his horses. Thatcan be a challenge, and owners will haveto be more diligent in recording informa-tion,” says Jean Szkotnicki of the Cana-dian Animal Health Institute (CAHI), a

trade association that represents animalhealth companies. Veterinarians will alsohave to be more meticulous in their recordkeeping and descriptives.

“There is a bigger problem, when youlook at the horse industry from coast tocoast. You have such a range of responsi-bilities for giving horse health treatmentsto horses. In some parts of the country,horse health treatments and drugs arealmost exclusively given by vets while inother parts of the country they are admin-istered by vets, trainers, staff of trainers orowners,” explains Vel Evans of StrategicEquine, a company who has had extensiveexperience in conducting national andprovincial horse surveys.

“There is so much diversity in who hasthe responsibility for administering horsehealth treatments. In a broad sense, it isextremely variable from sector to sectorand coast to coast,” says Evans. Addanother dimension in that there are med-ications that are prescribed by a veterinar-ian but not administered by aveterinarian.

“Canada and the United States aremoving towards something called OnFarm Safety Programs. These are intendedto be long-term programs that monitorthe health of animals that may enter thefood chain at one point. That would bemore of a permanent solution. But ofcourse, in order to get some kind of per-manent solution in place, it takes time,”adds Kendall.

DRUGS NOT PERMITTED FOR USE LISTThere is no question that there will

continue to be a list of medications not

In 2008, the number of horses slaughtered in Canadarose to 112,957, a 41.9 per cent increase over 2007totals. USDA export statistics show a total of 77,073horses being brought in for slaughter from the UnitedStates. This represents 68.2 per cent of the totalhorses slaughtered in our country.

permitted for use in horses designated formeat consumption. What could possiblychange might be the particular items onthe list.

As it stands, there are some discrep-ancies that exist between what is currentlynot permitted for use in Europe and whatappears on Canada’s drugs not permittedfor use in horses slaughtered for food list.

For example, in the European Union,clenbuterol (Ventipulmin®) a potentbronchodilator can be used and an MRL(minimum residue level) has been estab-lished but in Canada it is a drug that maynot be permitted for use in horsesintended for human consumption.

If we are attempting to meet EU stan-dards, it is possible that some of thesedrugs may be moved into different cate-gories given time and it’s important tocontinue monitoring the lists provided bythe Canadian Food Inspection Agency.

As a horse owner, if any of these sub-stances appear on the Equine Identifica-tion Document that currently covers sixmonths of health records, then the animalwill be ineligible for meat processing. Rec-ognize that in the future, health recordscovering a longer period of time and pos-sibly the lifetime of the horse may eventu-ally be called for. Perhaps the medicationschosen for treatment may need to be eval-uated to see if alternatives are available.

“There are MRLs (minimum residuelimits) that are established for manyclasses of drugs but not for every class ofdrug so they (CFIA) elected to require a sixmonth withdrawal period to captureeverything that might possibly be in ahorse’s system,” says Kendall.

“In an ideal world, you would haveMRLs on all drugs but we haven’t requiredthat level of safety data for equine prod-ucts not treating them as a slaughter ani-mal in the past,” explains Skotnicki. The‘essential drug’ list (those requiring a sixmonth withdrawal) is one that was gener-ated from Europe and perhaps we need tohave a more thorough look at that list.”

Canadian gFARAD Services alreadyexists to provide expert-mediated decisionsupport for any inquiry related to drug orchemical residues in food animals. Cana-dian gFARAD personnel also assist veteri-narians or government agencies withinquiries and have been recommendingguidelines for withdrawal for many ani-mals. It is hoped that organizations likethis can help provide assistance to ensurethe lists are thorough and complete.

“To the best of my knowledge,equine practitioners are also looking atthose lists that have been provided by theCanadian Food Inspection Agency. Weneed to know what products we have inthe market place that we can actually pro-vide a withdrawal time,” says Szkotnicki.

“The Veterinary Drug Directorate isworking on that and looking for sourcesof information from other countries.There is some data available and maybesome products can be on this positive listthat can be administered but according toan actual scientific based withdrawal timerather than a default withdrawal periodof six months.

“We have to be focused on the factthat there has been a great deal of back-ground done, the current lists give ussomething to comment on and we look to

finding some science based solutions.”

KNOWN WITHDRAWAL TIMESIn April 2010, the CFIA expects to

have a list of drugs that are safe to begiven or fed to equines that may be usedfor food. Appropriate withdrawal periodswill be provided for these products. Liter-ature has suggested that owners consultwith their veterinarian if drugs that can besafely given or fed to horses that may beused for food do not appear on the list.

Some veterinarians have expressedconcern over being charged with thisresponsibility citing that they are uncom-fortable with the notion of providingclients with withdrawal times particularlywith medications or nutraceuticals theyare unfamiliar with or have not dispensed.

“There are so many products that canbe bought over the counter and usedwithout a veterinarian prescribing them,”surmises Szkotnicki.

There is concern about the long com-plicated lists that are currently availablewhich owners will have to decipher. Witha number of essential drugs requiring a sixmonth withdrawal it is Kendall’s sensethat many of these horses will be held insome kind of quarantine station for anumber of months prior to beingprocessed.

“We have to be able to understandwhat alternative drugs can be used, onesthat are cost effective and practical,” saysSzkotnicki.

“I would like to see if the EU has spec-ified qualifications that only apply to theirhorses, for instance, if they are going todecide they have a six month withdrawalfor products which they recognize have nowithdrawal times. I would like to see theoption for processors to sell to other mar-kets with avoidance of contamination inthe processing line with a second set ofregulations that permits withdrawal timesfor those products that the EuropeanUnion chooses not to recognize,” saysBell.

According to Szkotnicki, it is hopedthat there is willingness with the CanadianFood Inspection Agency and the VDD todialogue and accept assistance with indus-try stakeholders so that scientific solutionscan be developed.

March 2010 • The Harness Edge

NEW RULES FOR THE UNWANTED EQUINE

“The issue I see right now is the dumping issue fromthe United States that’s my primary concern. Thereare 100,000 horses coming from over the border whichis more than our entire production.” – Edward Kendall

The Harness Edge • March 2010

HORSE WELFAREWhen asked about how these

changes might affect horse welfare,Kendall didn’t hesitate to respond. “Idon’t think that we are moving back-wards when it comes to horse welfare, Ithink we are moving more towards a con-tinuous monitoring situation and from awelfare point of view, it is only going toget better.”

The question is what will happen tohorses that end up at livestock auctionsafter July 31, 2010.

“Many horses will not be sold if theydo not have the certificate (EID). The cer-tificate will have to come with them. Ofcourse, I am concerned about this from ananimal welfare standpoint,” states Bell.She goes on to explain. “The price of horsemeat dropped precipitously with the floodof horses coming in from the UnitedStates.

“My concern is the United States hasa problem with the unwanted horse. I donot want us to be the dumping ground forU.S. problems thus creating a problem forour country. I feel horrible about what hashappened to the plight of the unwantedhorse in the United States but we have tobe custodians of our own horses,” saysBell.

Evans has had a chance to completesome work that can provide insight as shewas involved in completing a provincialsurvey in the province of Saskatchewan inthe fall of 2009. “Anecdotal informationsuggests that the auction houses havealmost closed down because there is insuf-ficient value in horses delivered to make itviable and worth running auctions.

“Feedlots are already established.They have been in existence for certainmarkets, for example horses that go toJapan or those that go directly to process-ing,” says Bell. “There are some excellentlyrun feedlots. There will be more feedlots.

“The other thing that I think is goingto happen is that a lot of horses that havebeen long term performance horses orracehorses will simply not be eligible to beprocessed for meat.”

“Most people who are giving thesedrugs don’t have any notion that theseanimals are eventually going to go intoprocessing and as a result those animalsmay be excluded,” summarizes Kendall.

“This is my personal opinion and my opin-ion only, is that we will have to find otherways to have these animals disposed.”

EQUINE IDENTIFICATIONThe European Union wants to make

sure that for the meat to their public, thatthere is a system in place in Canada tomonitor what drugs are given, in additionto spot testing.

“We have to recognize that the singlesolution to all this is a National Identifica-tion program. Probably what we need todo is market very heavily to our horseowners that this will be to our advantagecertainly in this instance, in biosecurity,traceability, an advantage in determiningwhat horses do throughout their life, toknow what happens to horses after theyfinish their careers. It is going to be anexcellent tracking tool,” says Bell.

“The industry was ready to move for-ward with traceability systems three yearsago and the federal government has putthat on hold and placed the industry in asituation where we are forced to respondunder very tight timelines,” says Vel Evans.

“Equine Canada spent from 2002 to2006 developing the CanEQUID specs inconsultation with industry, and these werepresented back in 2006. It wasn’t that theindustry didn’t put forward a plan butgovernment put other species ahead ofthe horse industry and so the industry wasput under the gun to come up with ashort-term plan.

“There are some challenges with thecurrent system as it stands. It is presently apaper-based system. Right from the begin-ning the industry said a paper-based sys-tem is the most onerous system to workwith. Industry is behind an electronicbased system like CanEQUID, if the next

step for the CFIA is to move in that direc-tion, then that’s positive.”

Equine Canada will be moving for-ward in 2010 and conducting a NationalTraceability Readiness Study to determinethe current status of the industry to eval-uate the impact of these kinds of regula-tory changes on the industry.

A pilot project will also be conductedin Ontario in partnership with the OntarioRacing Commission and OnTrace Agri-food Traceability. That project will take aselected group of horse owners in theprovince and determine the number ofmovements of their horses and number ofhorse health treatments over a 90 dayperiod to try and develop some kind ofhandle on the cost of the industry for mov-ing ahead with a traceability system.

The ultimate outcome in 2010 is forindustry to develop a detailed action planfor how traceability would roll out forCanada. The response from the CFIA tothe European Union in late 2009 includeda commitment to have some kind of trace-ability system in place in Canada by2012/2013.

MOVING FORWARDWe have to recognize that times have

changed. Increased restrictions to ensuresafe food supply, traceability, biosecurityin the face of disease outbreaks thatthreaten movement of horses, areneeded. We are well on our way to devel-oping and implementing systems that canhelp achieve these goals.

As horse owners, it is important tounderstand the implications. While noone likes to think of what happens to theirhorse(s) years down the road, the deci-sions we make today can influence whathappens to them tomorrow. �

“The other thing that I think is going to happen is thata lot of horses that have been long term performancehorses or racehorses will simply not be eligible to beprocessed for meat.” – Dr. Mary Bell

March 2010 • The Harness Edge

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