New The Dynamics of Growth - Brown's HIST 1301 · 2020. 2. 3. · Transportation and the Market Revolution •New Roads –1821 four thousands miles of Turnpikes ... –1790 to 1860

The Dynamics of

Growth

Chapter 9Lecture Outline

© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.


Transportation and the Market Revolution

• New Roads

– 1821 four thousands miles of Turnpikes

• Water Transportation

– First: 1807

– 1836: 361 steamboats

– Opened continent

– Transformed inland

http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/new-york/videos/building-the-erie-canal

http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/new-york/videos/building-the-erie-canal


The Erie Canal Junction of the Northern and Western Canals (1825), an aquatint by John Hill.




• Railroads

– 1825 first in

England

– 1830: 30 miles in

US

– Next 20 years:

30,626 miles

– Disadvantages

• Corruption

• Native Americans



• Ocean Transportation

– Clipper ships: 2x as fast as previous ships

– Important for perishable Cargo



• The Role of Government

– Private investors

– State governments

– Federal government

• Bought stock

• Land grants

• Reduce iron tariffs

Transportation and the

Market Revolution


A Communications Revolution

– 49 days for Treaty of

Ghent to reach US

– GW’s death in VA took

a week to get to NY

• American Technology

– First sewer systems,

machine made

clothes,

newspapers/magazine

affordable

http://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us/videos/cholera-outbreak

http://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us/videos/cholera-outbreak


A Communications Revolution

• 1840s

– Charles Goodyear: “vulcanizing” rubber

– Howe: design of sewing machine that Singer improves

– First intercity telegraph Baltimore to D.C.

• Samuel Morse: 1832

– Modern Marketing

• 1st national brands, dept stores, advertising agencies


Agriculture and the National Economy

• Cotton

– Pick 50lbs or all day separate one pound from seeds

– 1793: Eli Whitney & Cotton Gin

• 50x faster

– South supplied North with a raw material & market

• “Cotton is King” … to the national economy

– 1790: 56% of slaves in VA & MY

• 1860: only 15%



• Farming the West

– Land prices steadily dropped in West 1820-1854

– Overproduction of farmland in East began to drain the soil of the nutrients

– 1819: Iron plow with replaceable parts

• John Deer steel plow 1837

– 1831: Cyrus Hall McCormick: mechanical reaper

• 1847: quit farming and started plant in Chicago

1/2 an acre per day

2 ppl, 12 acres a day ->


The Union Manufactories of Maryland in Patapsco Falls, Baltimore County (ca. 1815) A textile mill established during the embargo of 1807. The Union Manufactories would eventually employ

more than 600 people.




The Industrial Revolution



• Early Textile Manufactures

– Embargo of 1807 stimulated textile mills

• 1815: hundreds in US

– 1st Industrial lobbying…wanted tariff on British textiles

– New England shipping interests opposed tariffs

– Southern feared retaliation tariffs

• Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations (1776)

– Consumers pay the price on tariffs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulyVXa-u4wE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulyVXa-u4wE



• The Lowell System


Milling and the environment A milldam on the Appomattox River near Petersburg, Virginia, in 1865. Milldams were used to produce a head of water

for operating a mill.



• Industrialization and Cities

– Larger city: greater chance of innovation/wealth

– 1790 to 1860 urban to rural went 3% to 16% in US


The Popular Culture

• Urban Recreation

– Drunks…dog/cockfighting

…prizefighting “boxing”

• The Performing Arts– Shakespeare, comedies,

dramas, blackface minstrel

shows

– Blackface Minstrel

• All of which perpetuated

myth of contented slaves

• None actually used African

America melodies


Bare Knuckles Blood sports emerged as popular urban entertainment for men of all social classes.


Immigration

European turmoil leads to immigration on mass

scale

-1845-1854 largest in US History, 2.4 mill, 14.5%

-By 1860 1 in every 8 were foreign born

3 main groups:

• The Irish

• The Germans

• The British, Scandinavians, and Chinese


Immigration

• The Irish

– 1845 potato famine resulted in 1 million deaths

– 1850: 43% of immigrants were Irish

– Against free blacks (non-skilled competition)

– “My Master is a great tyrant, he treats me badly as if I

were a common Irishman.”

– Hero in Andrew Jackson, Scot-Irish, “common man”

– 1860: Catholics were largest denomination

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cj4ifPsTe2I

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cj4ifPsTe2I


Immigration

• The Germans

– German immigrants were usually more educated than their Irish counterparts.

– Most were Protestants, a third Catholic, 250k Jews

– Although migrated in groups, 14% went home


Immigration

• The British, Scandinavians, and Chinese

– Brits continued

– 1843: 1000 Scandinavians but by 1869,

Scandinavians in excess of 70,000

– Chinese, primarily to California, 35,000 by 1860

• Like Irish in East, they did the heavy labor (RR)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0quY0VwtWw0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0quY0VwtWw0


• Nativism

– “natives” resented

newcomers

– 1834 mob burned

Catholic convent

– 1844 armed clashes in

Philadelphia

– Formed the American

Party (Know-Nothing

party)

• Never vote for

foreigner or catholic

– Serious threat on local

levels in New England

Immigration

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWNc9HsQNhs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWNc9HsQNhs


A Know-Nothing cartoon This cartoon shows the Catholic Church supposedly attempting to control American religious and political life through Irish immigration.


The Rise of Professions

• Teaching

– Poor pay, 17-18 yr old men

• Law

– 1820 11 of 23 states had no

requirements

• Medicine

– Most self taught or learned by

assisting



• Engineering

– Spurred by industrial

revolution

– Expertise in building canals

and RR

– Machine tools and steam

engines

– Roads and bridges

• Largest profession by Civil

War



• Women’s Work

– Roles changed little, primary caregiver of home

– However, more women began to seek a career in

the male-dominated professions

• Equal Opportunities

– Egalitarian idea that all should have equal

opportunity through abilities and hard work

– These ideas excited white male immigrants to risk it

all and eventually appealed to other groups that did

not have it all….African Americans and women.

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New The Dynamics of Growth - Brown's HIST 1301 · 2020. 2. 3. · Transportation and the Market Revolution •New Roads –1821 four thousands miles of Turnpikes ... –1790 to 1860