New Turfgrass Diseases in the West & What to Watch for in 2007 Dr. Frank P. Wong Cooperative Extension Specialist University of California Southern Nevada

New Turfgrass Diseases in the West & What to Watch for in 2007

Dr. Frank P. WongCooperative Extension Specialist University of California

Southern Nevada GCSAEducation Meeting

Silverstone Country Club Las Vegas, NV April 16, 2007

Overview

• What was hot in 2006 Take all patch Algae

• New Diseases Brown Ring Patch of Bluegrasses Rapid Blight of Bluegrasses Gray Leaf Spot of Perennial Ryegrass

2006 California Disease Overview

• 2006 was a busy year for the lab > 450 diagnostic samples 1024 diagnoses Wet, cool spring Hot summer

• Turfgrass most affected Annual Bluegrass (361) Creeping Bentgrass (220) Perennial Ryegrass (166) Bermuda + Kikuyugrass (92)

2006 California Disease Overview

• Most common diseases Cyanobacteria/algae (158) ETRI/Root Diseases (181)

• Summer Patch • Take All • Spring Dead Spot • Decline

Heat Stress (82) Anthracnose (48) Rapid Blight (39) Waitea/Brown Ring Patch (38)

2006 Temperature

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Tem

pera

ture

(F) Avg Hi

Avg Lo'06 Hi'06 Lo

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Tem

pera

ture

(F)

Avg HiAvg Lo'06 Hi'06 Lo

Morgan Hill Riverside

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

3/24/2006 4/13/2006 5/3/2006 5/23/2006 6/12/2006 7/2/2006 7/22/2006 8/11/2006 8/31/2006 9/20/2006

Date

6-in

so

il te

mp

(F

)

Riverside

Santa Monica

Sacramento

San Diego

Pleasanton

Glendale

Long Beach

Max Cool Season

77 F soil temp is the upper limit for cool season root growth

Management of Summer Decline, Take All Patch and other Root

Diseases

Summer Decline and Take All on Bentgrass Putting Greens

• Summer decline and take all patch were our #1 problem for creeping bentgrass greens in 2006

• A result of the hot dry summer of 2006

Summer Decline/Take All on a Summer Decline/Take All on a mixed bentgrass/annual bluegrass greenmixed bentgrass/annual bluegrass green

Summer Decline/Take All on creeping bentgrass Summer Decline/Take All on creeping bentgrass in southern Caliorniain southern Caliornia

Summer Decline/Heat Stress on a bentgrass greenSummer Decline/Heat Stress on a bentgrass green

Summer Decline/Take All Patch

• What happened?• A combination of hot weather, warm soil

temperatures and take all patch caused a lot of bentgrass to fail

• Above 77°F soil temps, cool season root growth begins to decline

• Take all patch results in less functional damaged roots

• Without good roots, plants can’t keep up with water needs

Bentgrass root development at different temperaturesBentgrass root development at different temperatures

Factors Associated with Decline & Take All Patch

• New greens Low in antagonistic microorganisms

• High organic matter and thatch• Skipped fall aerification

Shallow rooting and poor root development

• High soil pH Bentgrass development is better between pH 5.5

and 6.5 High pH does not allow for micronutrient and

manganese availability

• No preventive fungicide applications in the fall

Aerification allows for deeper root development Aerification allows for deeper root development The more roots you have, the more water uptake and The more roots you have, the more water uptake and tolerance to TAP damagetolerance to TAP damage

The role of Manganese and pH in root declines• Manganese is a important micronutrient

associated with cell wall lignification of roots and host defense

• Prior work has shown that pH affects Mn availability MnAI = 101.7 + 3.75*(Mn ppm) - (15.2 X pH)

• Gaeumannomyces graminis also grows best at pH 7

• Lowering pH and increasing Mn can help suppress TAP

• Research suggest a soil pH of 6 to 6.2

Mn and Mn A.I. for California Greens and Fairways with Good Performance(PACE Turf Research Institute)

Desired La Jolla El Niguel

pH < 6.0 7.1 5.5

Mn (mg/kg) > 35 6.0 12.0

MnAI > 110 15.8 63.1

* locations with various turf species

MnAI = 101.7 + 3.75*(Mn ppm) - (15.2 X pH)Hill, Heckman, Clarke, Murphy, 1999 HortScience 34:891-892

Rutgers Mn Studies

• TAP in bentgrass fairways evaluated after application of manganese sulfate

• Soil pH was at 6.1 to 6.9

• Applications made two times per year in April and October

• Applications made at 0, 2, 4, 6, an 8 lbs per acre

• Data taken for three years

Manganese Effects in TAP reduction (Heckman, Clarke and Murphy - 2003)

02

46

8

1-May

15-May

1-Jun0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

% t

ak

e a

ll p

atc

h

pounds Mn per 1000 sq ft

Purdue Nitrogen source studies

• Latin and Riecher investigated the effect of ammonium vs non-ammonium based fertilizers on take all patch severity

• Newly planted bentgrass evaluated

• Soil acifidified with aluminum sulfate

• Plots ammended with 1.5 lb fertilizer and or sprayed with 2 fl oz Banner MAXX in the fall

Purdue TAP studies

NH4 NH4 plusBanner complete N

Complete Nplus Banner

5.5

6.5

7.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3T

AP

sev

erit

y (0

-3)

Fungicide Applications for TAP

• By the time you see symptoms of TAP, fungicide applications usually are not effective

• Target at least one preventive application in the fall when soil temps are 60 to 65°F

• Target at least one curative application in the spring when soil temps begin to rise, between 60 to 65°F

• Fungicides – apply at 2+ gallons per 1000 sq ft, 28 day intervals Banner MAXX ( 2 to 4 fl oz) Rubigan*** (4 fl oz) Heritage (0.4 oz or 2 fl oz)

Cyanobacteria/Algae on Annual BluegrassCyanobacteria/Algae on Annual Bluegrass

Photo courtesy of PACE ConsultingPhoto courtesy of PACE Consulting

Cyanobacteria & Algae

• Common on damaged greens • Can cause “Yellow Spot”

Nov. 2006 GCM article by Tredway, Stowell and Gelernter

• Control by Reducing organic fertilizer use Increase air movement – reduce shade Increase water infiltration Regular chlorothalonil (Daconil) and

mancozeb (Fore) applications

“New” Diseases of Turfgrass

Rapid BlightRapid Blight

Rapid Blight

• First found in 1995 in Santa Ana on annual bluegrass in southern California found on perennial ryegrass in 1999 from

Arizona found on rough bluegrass in 2000 from South

Carolina

• Caused by Labyrinthula terrestris A marine slime mold Rare case of a marine organism jumping to

terrestrial environments

Rapid Blight Spores

Geographic and Temporal Distribution of Rapid Blight in

California

Distribution of Rapid Blight in the US

2003-06 Rapid Blight in California

• 177 positive diagnoses

• 170 on Poa annua

• 2 on Rough Bluegrass

• 2 on Creeping Bentgrass

• 3 on Perennial Ryegress

California Rapid Blight

• Almost all diagnoses were from annual bluegrass putting greens

• Affected rough bluegrass was found in two locations on greens in the Coachella Valley

• Affected creeping bentgrass greens only found in two Los Angeles locations

• Affected perennial ryegrass from greens surrounds and fairways

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Jan

Feb Mar

AprM

ay Jun

July

AugSep

tOct

NovDec

# o

f d

iag

no

ses

Timing of attack on Poa greens2001 Data PACE-PTRI

2003 Rapid Blight (n=66)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Jan

Feb

Mar

ch AprM

ay Jun Ju

lAug Sep Oct

NovDec

Rap

id b

lig

ht

hit

s

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Inch

es o

f ra

in


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Jan

Feb

Mar

ch AprM

ay Jun Ju

lAug Sep Oct

NovDec

Rap

id b

lig

ht

hit

s

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Inch

es o

f ra

in


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Jan

Feb

Mar

ch AprM

ay Jun Ju

lAug Sep Oct

NovDec

Rap

id b

lig

ht

hit

s

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Inch

es o

f ra

in


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Jan

Feb

Mar

ch AprM

ay Jun Ju

lAug Sep Oct

NovDec

Rap

id b

lig

ht

hit

s

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Inch

es o

f ra

in

Summary ’03-’06: Rapid Blight Timing on P. annua

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Jan Feb March Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Dia

gn

os

es

Salt Effects on Rapid Blight Incidence

Soil Salinity for Annual Bluegrass Greens Samples 2004273 RB (-), 84 RB (+)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

Negative

Positive0

10

20

30

40

Fre

qu

ency

Soil Salinity (dS/m)

Soil Salinity and Rapid Blight

• Negative samples mean: 1.69 dS/m median: 1.61 dS/m range: 1.07 to 6.2 dS/m

• Positive samples mean: 3.13 dS/m median: 2.96 dS/m range: 1.07 to 9.1 dS/m Most often seen above 2.2 dS/m

TDS-meter MonitoringMeterMeter Actual ECActual EC

0.00.0 0.80.8

0.10.1 1.11.1

0.20.2 1.31.3

0.30.3 1.61.6

0.40.4 1.91.9

0.50.5 2.22.2

0.60.6 2.42.4

0.70.7 2.72.7

0.80.8 3.03.0

0.90.9 3.23.2

1.01.0 3.53.5

1.11.1 3.83.8

1.21.2 4.04.0

HighHigh

LowLow

Salinity measurements are best Salinity measurements are best made in the root zone, no more made in the root zone, no more than 1-inch deepthan 1-inch deep

Anecdotal Observations for Rapid Blight Management on Annual

Bluegrass

Rapid Blight

• Appears worst on older greens with push up construction or heavy clay fairways Lack of water infiltration through soil profile

• Courses with poor quality water more commonly affected Salty wells worse than effluent

Rapid Blight

• Appears more frequently under warm temperatures vs very hot Pathogen appears to grow between 70 and

90F Increased irrigation under hot weather Increased transpiration by cool-season turf in

moderate temperatures drives salt accumulation and “wicking” in soil

Rapid Blight

• Fungicide applications appear to arrest epidemics, but they return if the salt is not leached out 7 – 10 days of activity without leaching Management solely by fungicide applications

not recommended

• Resistance to QoIs (Insignia, Compass)? Likely if fungicides are repeatedly used Tank mix with mancozeb Don’t use them as the only management

option

Grey Leaf Spot Grey Leaf Spot ((Pyricularia griseaPyricularia grisea))

GLS on kikuyugrass was seen commonly in southern CaliforniaGLS on kikuyugrass was seen commonly in southern California

Grey Leaf Spot: Development

• Fungus overwinters as mycelia and spores in debris

• Reactivated at temperatures above 65°F• Needs at least 3-4 hrs of leaf wetness at

temperatures above 65°F to infect • Can cause disease in as little as 3-4 days• Early infections often go unnoticed• Rapid turf loss at 80 to >90°F with high

humidity • Threat index: Min RH + Max Temp > 140

2006 Distribution of Gray Leaf Spot2006 Distribution of Gray Leaf Spot

Genetic Analyses of Gray Leaf Spot Populations

• Big question: where did GLS come from• California and Nevada isolates of GLS

compared to populations from the eastern U.S. Northeast – perennial ryegrass Southeast – St. Augustinegrass, Fescue,

weedy hosts

• AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) used to “DNA fingerprint” isolates

0.1

SCHB 15.1SCHB 15.2PVCC 4.1AVFS 12.1 LJCC 1.1 LJCC 2.1BVGC 1 BVGC 3 BVGC 4 PHGC 15 PHGC 2 PHGC 14 PPBS 1 PPBS 3 SSCC 22 -1SSCC 22 -2SHCC 10 -2SHCC 2 -3TIPI 2 TIPI 4 -1TIPI 4 -3VCOM 1-3VCOM 2 1VCOM 3-- 1VA 13-6WV 17-5NY 25-3PA 4-3KS 1-2MD 1-1NJ 1-2

UPGMA

•EcoRI-AA + MseI-CA•Scored 13 polymorphisms

Kikyuygrass and Perennial Ryegrass Isolates

Perennial RyegrassIsolates

0.1


UPGMA




Eastern US Ryegrass

0.1


UPGMA




Figure 1C

• F129 L tolerant isolates found at 6 locations

• G143A at three locations

• No resistance to benzimidazoles

Resistance status

RR

R

R

R

R

R

K

K

SensitiveSensitive

ResistantResistant

0 ppm 0 ppm 1 ppm AZX 1 ppm AZX 100 ppm AZX 100 ppm AZX

Gray Leaf Spot Management

• Choose tolerant varieties NTEP rated GLS-tolerant varieties

• Avoid over fertilization with nitrogen Use less than 0.5 lb per 1000 sq ft per month

in the summer

• Irrigate as needed, but avoid over saturating areas Decrease shading and improve air

movement Increase water infiltration in soil

Gray Leaf Spot Management

• Fungicides at 21 to 28 day intervals starting mid-July QoIs

• Be aware of resistance

SI-contact tank mixes Clearys 3336 + Contacts

• Be aware of new label restrictions

Fairway priced pre-packs may be a option • Tartan (Bayleton + Compass)• Headway (Banner MAXX + Heritage)• Instrata (Banner MAXX + Medallion + Daconil)• Concert (Banner EC + Daconil)

Waitea (Brown Ring) Patch on Waitea (Brown Ring) Patch on annual bluegrass, Palos Verdes, CAannual bluegrass, Palos Verdes, CA

A New Rhizoctonia Disease: Brown Ring Patch

• Very Yellow Patch – like in appearance

• Unlike Yellow Patch, it does not go away at high temperatures above 75F

• Causes necrosis in wet or hot weather

• Not controlled by some fungicides

• Long periods of recovery (14-28 days) in some cases

• Affects both annual and rough bluegrass

Waitea circinata var circinataWaitea circinata var circinata

Disease Teleomorph Name

Current/ProposedAnamorph Name

Old Anamorph name

Yellow Patch Ceratobasidium cereale

Rhizoctonia cerealis

Rhizoctonia cerealis

Brown Patch Thanatephorus cucumeris

Rhizoctonia solani

Rhizoctonia solani

Sheath and Leaf Spot

Waitea circinata var oryzae

Rhizoctonia circinata var oryzae

Rhizoctonia oryzae

Sheath and Leaf Spot

Waitea circinata var zeae

Rhizoctonia circinata var zeae

Rhizoctonia zeae

Brown Ring Patch*/Waitea Patch**

Waitea circinata var circinata

Rhizoctonia circinata var circinata***

none

ITS Sequencing Results

DMLV 1.1 TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 164KRCC 1.1 TATTACT -TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 168AVCC12.1 TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 165MGCC2.1 TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 162BSCC17.1 TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 164EMCC4.1 TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 163TRGC17.1 TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 166Z1cir TATTACT- TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 134Z41cir TATTACT - TGTGGATATCGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 134Z4cir TATTACT - TGTGGATATTGAGA - - - GAAAGTTTAGTCT - - - - TTC - - ACTCTGTTGAAAC 134M008zeae TAGATCTATGTGGATACGGAGATATGAAAGTTTGCGCT - - - - CTCGTACTCTGTTGAAGC 140M008zeae TAGATCTATGTGGATACGGAGATATGAAAGTTTGCGCT - - - - CTCGTACTCTGTTGAAGC 140M009zeae TAGATCTATGTGGATACGGAGATGTGAAAGTTTGCGCT - - - CTCCTACTCTGTTGAAGC 139C-504zeae TAGATCTATGTGGATACGGAGATGTGAAAGTTTGCGCT - - - CTCCTACTCTGTTGAAGC 140M003zeae TAGATCTATGTGGATACGGAGATATGAAAGTTTGCGCT - - - - CTCGTACTCTGTTGAAGC 140Ro36ory TACTCACTTGTGGACGCGAC -GTGTGGAAGTCTTCACTGACATTCCCCCTATGCTGAAGC 143Ro119ory TACTCACTTGTGGACGCAG - -ACGTGGAAGTCTTCACCGACATCTCCACTCTGCTGAAGC 143Rottsory TACTCGCTTGTGGACGCAG - -ATGTGGAAGTCTTCACT GACATTTCCACTCTGCTGAAAC 142

ClustalW 1.8

Isolates showed 99-100% sequence similarity to previously published Waitea circinata var circinata sequences (Z1, Z4, Z41), confirming identity

R. oryzae

R. zeae

W. circinata var circinata

PhylogeneticAnalysis

Z4cirZ4cir

KRCC 1.1BSCC 17.1

Z1cir

EMCC 1.1

TRGC 1.1 MGCC 1.1

DMLV 1.1TRGC 1.1

AVCC 12.1

EDHG 1.1

C-301oryRo-119ory

R-ottory

Ro-36ory

M008zea

C-504zea

M009zea

OCGC 1.11 change

isolate ITS sequences compared using PAUP v. 4

W. circinata var circinata

R. oryzae

R. zeae

The pathogen degrades thatch, The pathogen degrades thatch, resulting in sunken rings on resulting in sunken rings on greensgreens

Host Range of Wcc

Wcc vs Poa annua, 10 days after infection at 90F, 80%RH

Wcc vs “Penncross”, 10 days after infection at 90F, 80%RH

Geographic Distribution of Wcc

Distribution of Disease in the West 2006

• Over 50 locations in the western US reported yellow rings at air temperatures between 50 and 90ºF

Yellow Rings in Ohio from an Yellow Rings in Ohio from an annual bluegrass green in Juneannual bluegrass green in June

Screening of Isolates from the U.S.

Distribution of W. circinata var circinata 2005-2006 in the U.S.

Rhizoctonia Diseases: Observed Periods of Activity

• Yellow Patch – Rhizoctonia cerealis 50 to 65 F only 2 locations in CA, at below 55 F

• Sheath Spot – Rhizoctonia zeae 80 to 95 F 4 locations: 80 to 90 F

• Brown Ring Patch – W. circinata 50+ locations: 50 to 90 F

Fungicidal Control of W. circinata var circinata

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Azoxystrobin Flutolanil Iprodione Propiconazole Thiophanate-methyl

% c

on

tro

l at

100

pp

mW. circinata var circinata R. zeae R. solani

Waitea control trial at Torrey Pines GC

• Symptoms appeared last week of April with 65 to 70F air temps

• 2 oz Banner MAXX applied without much result

• Curative applications made on May 12, rated May 19 and May 25 2 gal / 1000 sq ft 6 x 6 ft plots, 4 replications

Torrey Pines GC Trial Results

% Disease

May 12 May 25 change

Check 3 13.75 a 358%

Clearys 3336 50WP 4 oz 5.25 11.25 ab 114%

Compass 50WG 0.25 oz 5.75 5.5 bc -4%

Daconil Ultrex 82.5WG 3.25 oz 3.25 2.5 c -23%

26 GT 2.1SC 4 fl oz 4.75 3.25 c -32%

Insignia 20WG 0.9 oz 6.5 3.5 c -46%

Banner MAXX 1.3EC 2 fl oz 8.75 0.75 c -91%

Medallion 50WP 0.5 oz 5.5 0.25 c -95%

Endorse 2.5WP 4 oz 8.25 0 c -100%

Heritage 50WG 0.4 oz 8.25 0 c -100%

Prostar 70WP 3 oz 4 0 c -100%

Greenhouse Trials with Wcc

Disease Severity (0-10) Disease Control

Preventive Curative Preventive Curative

Fungicide Avg SD Avg SD Avg Avg

Prostar 70WP 3.0 oz 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.8 100% 39%

Heritage 50WG 0.40 oz 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.7 100% 37%

Insignia 20WG 0.90 oz 0.0 0.0 8.0 1.3 100% 20%

Banner MAXX 1.3EC 2.0 fl oz 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.4 100% 72%

Endorse 2.5WP 4.0 oz 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.9 100% 60%

Medallion 50WP 0.50 oz 0.1 0.2 2.3 0.3 99% 77%

Daconil 82.5WG 3.25 oz 0.0 0.0 8.1 1.0 100% 19%

Water only 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 0% 0%

Brown Ring Patch Management in Japan

• Treat the disease like Fairy Ring

• Fungicides Prostar Medallion Heritage Apply in adequate water volume

• Manage thatch Physical removal Breakdown with biologicals

Rhizoctonia Diseases

• Yellow Patch not as prevalent in CA as previously documented

• Yellow Patch may only be a very cold weather disease

• If Yellow Patch – like symptoms are developing at > 65F, it may not be simple > 85F is likely R. zeae > 70F is likely W. circinata


• W. circinata var circinata is a “new” pathogen of annual bluegrass greens W. circinata appears to have a wider

temperature than expected and its control could be more problematic

isolates can damage creeping bentgrass

• Brown Ring Patch aka Waitea Patch

• Identified in NY, MA, CT, IL, IN, PA and MD


• Wcc appears to be sensitive to 26GT, Banner MAXX and Prostar in vitro

• Daconil, Compass, Insignia, Banner MAXX, 26 GT, Prostar, Heritage, Medallion and Endorse all provided control in one trial

• Multiple applications may be needed

• Applications must have good crown and thatch penetration

Questions????Questions????Contact Info Contact Info

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

New Turfgrass Diseases in the West & What to Watch for in 2007 Dr. Frank P. Wong Cooperative Extension Specialist University of California Southern Nevada