NEW WORLD NEW WORLD EXPERIMENTS: EXPERIMENTS:

ENGLAND’S ENGLAND’S SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY

COLONIESCOLONIES

America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Breaking AwayBreaking Away

Rapid social change in seventeenth-Rapid social change in seventeenth-century Englandcentury England

English population mobileEnglish population mobile Different motives for migrationDifferent motives for migration

• religious versus economicreligious versus economic• personal: to escape bad marriages, jail personal: to escape bad marriages, jail

terms, or lifelong povertyterms, or lifelong poverty

The Stuart MonarchsThe Stuart Monarchs

Four Colonial SubculturesFour Colonial Subcultures

The ChesapeakeThe Chesapeake New EnglandNew England Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies The CarolinasThe Carolinas

The Chesapeake: Dreams of The Chesapeake: Dreams of WealthWealth

Richard Hakluyt and other visionaries Richard Hakluyt and other visionaries keep alive the dream of English keep alive the dream of English coloniescolonies

Anti-Catholicism prompts English Anti-Catholicism prompts English people to challenge Spanish claims in people to challenge Spanish claims in New WorldNew World

Entrepreneurs in VirginiaEntrepreneurs in Virginia

Joint-stock companies provide financingJoint-stock companies provide financing English stockholders in Virginia Company English stockholders in Virginia Company

expect instant profits expect instant profits Jamestown settled 1607Jamestown settled 1607 Colony’s location in a swamp unhealthyColony’s location in a swamp unhealthy Competition from expansive PowhattansCompetition from expansive Powhattans Colonists do not work for common goodColonists do not work for common good

Chesapeake Colonies, 1640Chesapeake Colonies, 1640

Spinning Out of ControlSpinning Out of Control

1608-1609--John Smith imposes order1608-1609--John Smith imposes order 1609--London Company reorganizes 1609--London Company reorganizes

colonial governmentcolonial government 1610-- “Starving Time” ended by arrival of 1610-- “Starving Time” ended by arrival of

Lord De La Warr, fresh settlersLord De La Warr, fresh settlers Conflict with PowhattansConflict with Powhattans

• Contributes to “starving time”Contributes to “starving time”• 1622—natives attempt to drive out English1622—natives attempt to drive out English• 1644—second attempt to drive out English; 1644—second attempt to drive out English;

Powhattan empire destroyedPowhattan empire destroyed

““Stinking Weed” Stinking Weed”

1610--John Rolfe introduces tobacco1610--John Rolfe introduces tobacco 1618-- “Headrights” instituted to 1618-- “Headrights” instituted to

encourage development of tobacco encourage development of tobacco plantationsplantations• HeadrightHeadright: 50-acre lot granted to each : 50-acre lot granted to each

colonist who pays his own colonist who pays his own transportation, or for each servant transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony brought into the colony

• Allows development of huge estatesAllows development of huge estates 1618--House of Burgesses instituted 1618--House of Burgesses instituted

for Virginia self-governmentfor Virginia self-government

Time of ReckoningTime of Reckoning

Population increase prevented by Population increase prevented by imbalanced sex ratioimbalanced sex ratio• 3,570 colonists to Virginia 1619-16223,570 colonists to Virginia 1619-1622• Men outnumber women 6:1 after 1619 Men outnumber women 6:1 after 1619

Contagious disease kills settlersContagious disease kills settlers• 1618: Virginia population numbers 7001618: Virginia population numbers 700• 1618-1622: 3,000 immigrate1618-1622: 3,000 immigrate• 1622: Virginia population numbers 1,2401622: Virginia population numbers 1,240

1622--Powhattan attack kills 347 settlers1622--Powhattan attack kills 347 settlers

Corruption and ReformCorruption and Reform

1624--King James I dissolves London 1624--King James I dissolves London Company Company

Virginia becomes a royal colonyVirginia becomes a royal colony House of Burgesses continues to House of Burgesses continues to

meetmeet

Maryland: A Troubled Refuge Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholicsfor Catholics

Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as refuge for English Baltimore) as refuge for English CatholicsCatholics

1632--Calvert’s son Cecilius (21632--Calvert’s son Cecilius (2ndnd Lord Lord Baltimore) gains charter to Maryland Baltimore) gains charter to Maryland

Requires toleration among Catholics Requires toleration among Catholics and Protestants and Protestants

Maryland: A Troubled Refuge Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholics (2)for Catholics (2)

Wealthy Catholics unwilling to Wealthy Catholics unwilling to relocate in Americarelocate in America

Common settlers demand greater Common settlers demand greater voice in Maryland governmentvoice in Maryland government

Protestants refuse to tolerate Protestants refuse to tolerate CatholicsCatholics

Protestants seize control in 1655Protestants seize control in 1655 Scattered riverfront settlements of Scattered riverfront settlements of

poor tobacco planters poor tobacco planters

Reforming England in AmericaReforming England in America

PilgrimsPilgrims• Separatists who refused to worship in Separatists who refused to worship in

the Church of England, fled the Church of England, fled • Escape persecution in HollandEscape persecution in Holland

1620--Plymouth founded 1620--Plymouth founded Plymouth a society of small farming Plymouth a society of small farming

villages bound together by mutual villages bound together by mutual consentconsent

1691--absorbed into Massachusetts 1691--absorbed into Massachusetts BayBay

““The Great Migration”The Great Migration”

Puritans Puritans • Wish to remain within the Church of Wish to remain within the Church of

England, work to eliminate all remaining England, work to eliminate all remaining vestiges of the Roman Catholic pastvestiges of the Roman Catholic past

1629--Puritans despair as King 1629--Puritans despair as King Charles I begins Personal RuleCharles I begins Personal Rule

1630--John Winthrop leads Puritan 1630--John Winthrop leads Puritan group to Massachusetts, brings group to Massachusetts, brings Company CharterCompany Charter

““A City on a Hill”A City on a Hill”

1630-1640--16,000 immigrated1630-1640--16,000 immigrated Settlers usually came as family unitsSettlers usually came as family units Area generally healthyArea generally healthy Puritans sacrifice self-interest for the Puritans sacrifice self-interest for the

good of the communitygood of the community

““A City on a Hill” (2)A City on a Hill” (2)

Puritans establish CongregationalismPuritans establish Congregationalism• a state-supported ecclesiastical system a state-supported ecclesiastical system

in which each congregation is in which each congregation is independently governed by local church independently governed by local church membersmembers

Puritan civil government permits Puritan civil government permits voting by all adult male church voting by all adult male church membersmembers

Elected officials not to concern Elected officials not to concern themselves with voters’ wishes themselves with voters’ wishes

““A City on a Hill” (3)A City on a Hill” (3)

Local, town governments Local, town governments autonomousautonomous

Most participated in public life at Most participated in public life at town leveltown level

Townships commercial properties, Townships commercial properties, shares of which could be bought and shares of which could be bought and soldsold

Village life intensely communalVillage life intensely communal Laws and Liberties passed in 1648 to Laws and Liberties passed in 1648 to

protect rights, ensure civil orderprotect rights, ensure civil order

Limits of Dissent: Limits of Dissent: Roger WilliamsRoger Williams

An extreme SeparatistAn extreme Separatist Questioned the validity of the Questioned the validity of the

colony’s chartercolony’s charter Champions “liberty of conscience”Champions “liberty of conscience” Williams expelled to Rhode Island, Williams expelled to Rhode Island,

16361636

Limits of Dissent:Limits of Dissent:Anne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson

Believed herself directly inspired by Believed herself directly inspired by the Holy Spiritthe Holy Spirit

Believed “converted” persons could Believed “converted” persons could live without the Moral Lawlive without the Moral Law

Charged that Congregational Charged that Congregational ministers preached a “covenant of ministers preached a “covenant of works”works”

Banished to Rhode Island by General Banished to Rhode Island by General Court Court

Mobility and DivisionMobility and Division

New Hampshire--insignificant until New Hampshire--insignificant until eighteenth centuryeighteenth century

Rhode Island--received dissenters Rhode Island--received dissenters from Massachusettsfrom Massachusetts

Connecticut--founded by Thomas Connecticut--founded by Thomas HookerHooker

New Haven--absorbed into New Haven--absorbed into ConnecticutConnecticut

New England Colonies, 1650New England Colonies, 1650

Diversity in the Middle ColoniesDiversity in the Middle Colonies

New YorkNew York New JerseyNew Jersey PennsylvaniaPennsylvania DelawareDelaware

Middle Colonies, 1685Middle Colonies, 1685

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the HudsonHudson

Location: Hudson RiverLocation: Hudson River New Netherlands originally property New Netherlands originally property

of Dutch West Indies Companyof Dutch West Indies Company Population included Finns, Swedes, Population included Finns, Swedes,

Germans, Africans, as well as DutchGermans, Africans, as well as Dutch 1664--English fleet captured colony1664--English fleet captured colony

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson (2)Hudson (2)

New York made personal property of New York made personal property of James, Duke of YorkJames, Duke of York

Property included New Jersey, Property included New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and various islandsDelaware, Maine, and various islands

Inhabitants had no political voice Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local levelbeyond the local level

James derived little profit from the James derived little profit from the colony.colony.

Confusion in New JerseyConfusion in New Jersey

Colony sold by Duke of York to Lord Colony sold by Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and Sir George CarteretBerkeley and Sir George Carteret

Settlers refuse to pay rents Settlers refuse to pay rents • grounds: New York governor had grounds: New York governor had

promised representative assembly promised representative assembly Berkeley splits colony by selling out Berkeley splits colony by selling out

to Quaker groupto Quaker group

Confusion in New Jersey (2)Confusion in New Jersey (2)

West Jersey becomes Quakers’ West Jersey becomes Quakers’ colonycolony

Democratic system of government Democratic system of government introducedintroduced

Diverse, contentiousDiverse, contentious Neither Jersey prospers, reunited by Neither Jersey prospers, reunited by

the crown in 1702the crown in 1702

Quakers in AmericaQuakers in America

Pennsylvania founding inseparable Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Quakersfrom Quakers

““Quaker” a derogatory term for Quaker” a derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of those who “tremble at the word of the Lord”the Lord”

Members call sect “Society of Members call sect “Society of Friends”Friends”

Quaker Belief and PracticeQuaker Belief and Practice

Founder: George Fox (1624-1691) Founder: George Fox (1624-1691) Believed in “Inner Light” Believed in “Inner Light”

• Rejected idea of original sin, Rejected idea of original sin, predestinationpredestination

• Each may communicate directly with Each may communicate directly with GodGod

• Each has responsibility to cultivate Inner Each has responsibility to cultivate Inner LightLight

Persecuted as dangerous anarchistsPersecuted as dangerous anarchists

Penn's "Holy Experiment"Penn's "Holy Experiment"

Aristocrat William Penn converts to Aristocrat William Penn converts to the Society of Friends the Society of Friends

Obtains a charter for PennsylvaniaObtains a charter for Pennsylvania "Holy Experiment"--a society run on "Holy Experiment"--a society run on

Quaker principlesQuaker principles Promotes religious tolerationPromotes religious toleration Protects rights of property-less Protects rights of property-less

Settling PennsylvaniaSettling Pennsylvania

Immigrants recruited from England, Immigrants recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and GermanyWales, Ireland, and Germany

Quaker population racked by Quaker population racked by contentioncontention

Non-Quaker population does not Non-Quaker population does not share Penn’s idealsshare Penn’s ideals

1701--Penn grants self-rule to 1701--Penn grants self-rule to Pennsylvania colonists, Pennsylvania colonists, independence to Delawareindependence to Delaware

Planting the Carolinas Planting the Carolinas

Reliance on slave labor produced Reliance on slave labor produced superficial similarity to Chesapeakesuperficial similarity to Chesapeake

Diversity of settlers, environment Diversity of settlers, environment produced great divergence from produced great divergence from ChesapeakeChesapeake

Proprietors of the CarolinasProprietors of the Carolinas

Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight “Proprietors” to reward loyalty“Proprietors” to reward loyalty

Tried to recruit settlers from Tried to recruit settlers from established American coloniesestablished American colonies• they were not easily persuadedthey were not easily persuaded

Few inhabitants in first yearsFew inhabitants in first years

The Barbadian ConnectionThe Barbadian Connection

Anthony Ashley Cooper encourages Anthony Ashley Cooper encourages settlement by planters from Barbadossettlement by planters from Barbados

Barbadians settle around CharlestonBarbadians settle around Charleston ““Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina” Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina”

drawn up by John Lockedrawn up by John Locke Barbadians reject Fundamental Barbadians reject Fundamental

Constitutions for greater self-governmentConstitutions for greater self-government French Huguenot settlers opposeFrench Huguenot settlers oppose 1729--Strife prompts Crown to take over, 1729--Strife prompts Crown to take over,

divide Carolinadivide Carolina

Founding of GeorgiaFounding of Georgia

Georgia founded in 1732 Georgia founded in 1732 Strategic purpose: buffer between Strategic purpose: buffer between

Carolinas and Spanish Florida Carolinas and Spanish Florida Charitable purpose: refuge for Charitable purpose: refuge for

imprisoned debtors from Englandimprisoned debtors from England By 1751 a small slave colonyBy 1751 a small slave colony

The Carolinas and GeorgiaThe Carolinas and Georgia

Living with DiversityLiving with Diversity

All colonies faced early struggle to All colonies faced early struggle to survive survive

Distinct regional differences Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period the colonial period

Colonists eventually saw themselves Colonists eventually saw themselves as a distinct peopleas a distinct people