HORTICULTURE facts & figures

Fruit, flowers & vegetables

New Zealand

HORTICULTURE facts & figures

EXPORT HIGHLIGHTS 2-3

EXPORT DESTINATIONS 4-5

SECTOR PROFILESWine 6-7Fruit 8-12Flowers 13Vegetables 14-15

REGIONAL RESOURCES 16-20

IMPORTS/EXPORTS 21

FOOD & NUTRITION 22-23

INFORMATION SOURCES 24-25

Horticulture Facts and Figuresan annual publication from:The Horticulture & FoodResearch Institute of New Zealand LtdPrivate Bag 11 030Palmerston NorthTel: 06-351 7000Fax: 06-354 0075http://www.hortresearch.co.nz

Compiled by:J P Kerr, E W Hewett & A G AitkenMartech Consulting Group LtdP O Box 31 308Milford, Auckland 9Tel: 09-489 5627Fax: 09-489 6845http://www.martech.co.nz

ISSN 1175-2238ISBN 0-478-06830-1

Horticulture contributes much to the economicwell being, employment opportunities and health ofNew Zealanders. It adds an engaging dimension tothe growing tourist industry.

New Zealand’shorticulturalindustries$3.7 billion

Fruit exportsfresh and processed

$1.2 b

Fruithousehold

spend $0.4 b

Vegetableshousehold

spend $0.6 b

Otherdomestic

spend $0.7 b

Vegetable exportsfresh and processed

$0.5 b

Otherexports$0.3 b

Unless stated otherwise all statistics are for the year ending 30 June 2001.

0200400600800

100012001400160018002000

Fruit - fresh Vegetables - fresh Flowers, seeds & plants

Fruit - processed Vegetables - processed Wine

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001

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Horticultural exports ($ million, fob)

Export highlights

Source: Statistics NZ.

• Horticultural exports have grown from $200 million to almost $2.0 billion in 20 years.

• Horticultural exports were 6.1% of all New Zealand merchandise exports in 2001.

• Horticultural exports have grown steadily from 1970 (1.8% of agricultural exports)through to 2001 (11.8% of all agricultural exports).

• Kiwifruit and apples represented 30% and 17%, respectively, of our horticulturalexports, followed by fresh vegetables (13%), processed/frozen vegetables (13%)and wine (10%).

• New Zealand horticulture is driven by exports, not domestic sales.

• Domestic expenditure on horticultural produce was estimated at $1.8 billion. Thesize of the horticultural industry is estimated to exceed $3.7 billion.

For more information visit www.hortresearch.co.nz

Horticulture - ranks as an important export industry

2

Horticultural exports ($ million, fob)Year ended June 1965a 1975a 1985a 1995a 2000b 2001b

Fresh fruit- Apples 5.0 19.3 108.2 482.1 404.5 339.0- Kiwifruit 2.9 171.9 320.8 462.0 585.2- Other fresh fruit 0.6 0.8 28.4 66.0 96.1 93.4

Total fresh fruit 5.6 23.0 308.5 868.9 962.6 1017.6Processed fruit- Jams 0.4 1.7 20.3 17.7 23.3- Juices - fruit 0.1 9.6 34.6 24.7 49.2- Other processed fruit 0.1 1.3 38.6 34.2 29.9 33.9

Total processed fruit 0.1 1.8 49.9 89.1 72.3 106.4Fresh vegetables- Onion 0.2 1.2 17.7 92.6 78.6 96.8- Squash 14.6 57.7 60.3 70.3- Other fresh vegetables 0.7 1.9 11.6 43.9 74.4 88.5

Total fresh vegetables 0.9 3.1 43.9 194.2 213.3 255.6Processed vegetables- Peas (frozen) 0.5 1.5 22.0 34.0 40.6 52.9- Vegetables (frozen mixed) 4.6 25.6 29.1 35.3- Sweetcorn (frozen/dried) 0.2 0.8 9.5 25.1 39.3 60.5- Other vegetables 0.8 2.4 20.9 66.4 65.4 102.5

Total processed vegetables 1.5 4.7 57.0 151.1 174.4 251.2Wine 0.1 3.0 42.0 169.8 198.4Flowers 0.2 7.6 49.8 46.2 51.3Seeds, plants and foliage 0.1 0.6 11.3 21.7 37.3 48.7Other products 17.3 23.0Total exports in current $ 8.2 33.5 481.2 1,416.8 1,693.2 1,952.2Horticultural exportsas % of NZ merchandise exports. 2.0 4.4 7.0 6.5 6.1

Source: aBollard (1996) bStatistics NZ.

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FlowersPeas (frozen)Sweetcorn (frozen/dried)SquashOther products

Other fresh vegetablesOther fresh fruitOnionsProcessed fruit

Other processed vegetablesWine

ApplesKiwifruit

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Horticultural exports 2001 ($ million, fob)

Export destinations for New Zealand horticultural products- trends since 1990

• Fruit, vegetables & flowers were exported to 102 countries around the globe in2001. This is an increase from 83 countries in 1990.

• Exports to 42 countries [27 in 1990] exceeded $1 million in 2001 and of these 19countries [5 in 1990] exceeded $10 million.

• The key export markets for New Zealand fruit and vegetables are the EuropeanUnion, Japan, USA and Australia. All have expanded during the 1990s.

• Taiwan, Germany, Hong Kong, Netherlands, Singapore, Malaysia, Spain, andItaly are all expanding markets.

Export destinations

USA$222m [$107m]• Apples $75m• Wine $40m• Kiwifruit $37m• Apple juice $25m• Avocados $12m• Strawberries $6m• Flowers $7m

UK$225m [$85m]• Wine $93m• Apples $80m• Onions $23m• Kiwifruit $20mCanada

$10m [$5m]• Wine $6m

Eastern Europe$3m [$0m]

Central & SouthAmerican countries$6m [$1m]

Scandinavia$7m [$15m]

African countries$11m [$4m]

Countries shown are those defined as the export destinations. Note, that thereare exports to the European Union as well as direct exports to countries withinthe EU such as the UK and Germany. Values following the country name are for2001 and those in brackets for 1990.

Export value for each product ($NZ million, fob) is for year ending 30 June 2001.Entries only included if value to a destination exceeds $NZ5 million.Source: Statistics NZ.

4

Italy $20m [$9m]• Kiwifruit $16m

Spain $49m [$3m]• Kiwifruit $47m

Germany$37m [$7m]• Apples $17m• Onions $9m

Netherlands$41m [$5m]• Onions $14m• Wine $8m• Apples $6m• Vegetable seeds $6m

• New Zealand exports to many diverse markets. Also, the diversity of productsexported is notable, especially to Japan and Australia. New Zealand apples havegained entry into Japan, but they are still barred from Australia.

• Japan is the dominant market for flowers (> 65%) and UK for wines (> 52%).

• Horticultural exports to Japan and UK exceeded 10%of New Zealand’s total exports to those countries.

Hong Kong$48m [$11m]• Apples $20m• Kiwifruit $5m

Fiji $17m [$10m]• Potatoes $6m

European Unioncountries$312m [$336m]• Kiwifruit $208m• Apples $85m• Onions $6m

China$14m [<$5m]• Kiwifruit $6m

Middle East$19m [$6m]• Kiwifruit $8m• Apples $5m

Other Pacific Islands$21m [$11m]

Other SE Asiancountries$24m [$10m]• Apples $8m

Horticulture builds the New Zealand profile overseas

…… in many markets

5

Korea$17m [$1m]• Kiwifruit $11m

Japan$457m [$285m]• Kiwifruit $151m• Squash $69m• Sweetcorn $35m• Onions $20m• Orchids $18m• Processed veg $18m• Capsicums $16m• Asparagus $13m• Peas $12m• Sphagnum $12m• Apple juice $12m• Bulbs / tubers $9m• Citrus $7m• Carrots $7m• Zantedeschia $7m• Apples $6m• Jams $6m

Taiwan $60m [$7m]• Apples $8m• Cherries $6m• Kiwifruit $30m

Philippines $14m [$2m]• Potatoes $7mMalaysia

$41m [$5m]• Potatoes $12m• Apples $10m

Singapore$29m [$12m]• Apples $10m

Australia $228m [$114m]• Kiwifruit $33m • Beans $24m• Wine $26m • Peas $19m• Sweetcorn $17m • Avocados $14m• Mixed veg $12m • Jams $12m• Potatoes $11m • Apple juice $7m• Capsicums $6m • Asparagus $5m

Sector profiles Wine

Source: Statistics NZ.

Wine exports 2001 ($ million, fob)

Grape and wine productionVariety Production area (ha) Production (tonnes)

1991 2001 1991 2001Muller Thurgau 1,327 377 21,992 4,231Chardonnay 869 3,303 6,422 17,067Sauvignon Blanc 592 2,843 5,554 20,826Cabernet Sauvignon 439 744 3,238 2,782Riesling 318 493 3,178 4,377Muscat Varieties 226 145 6,053 1,694Semillon 162 227 1,431 1,887Pinot Noir 234 1,491 2,054 8,015Merlot 106 912 1,018 2,573Other 1,167 1,113 13,541 5,534Total 5,440 11,648 64,481 68,986 **

Regional CouncilsAuckland/Northland 327 390 1,788 698Waikato/Bay of Plenty 129 130 616 411Gisborne 1,453 1,652 23,185 12,936Hawke’s Bay 1,415 3,132 18,601 10,887Wellington/Wairarapa 106 380 371 1,457Tasman/Nelson 48 324 359 2,313Marlborough 1,745 4,561 19,122 36,962Canterbury/Waipara 138 466 343 1,779Otago 52 322 56 1,543Other 27 291* 40 0Total 5,440 11,648 64,481 68,986 **

* Industry’s estimate of area shortfall reported by Vineyard Survey. **Total wine industry crushed71,000 tonnes of grapes.Sources: Wine Institute of NZ Annual Reports 1999, 2001. BNZ Statistical Annual 2001,Winegrowers of New Zealand.

6

Other countriesIrelandDenmarkBelgiumGermanyJapanCanadaNetherlands

AustraliaUSA

UK

0 20 40 60 80 100

• Wine valued at $198 million (fob) was exported to 64 countries. Exports haveincreased from $27 million in 1991, and now account for 34% of New Zealandwine sales.

• Vineyards have more than doubled in the last 10 years with 11,648 ha now inproduction and a further 4,100 ha of new plantings due to enter production by2004. Vineyard area has increased significantly in Hawke’s Bay and Marlborough,with smaller scale increases in Wairarapa, Canterbury, Nelson and Otago.

• Number of wineries has increased from 150 in 1991 to 382 in 2001.

• The modest increase in production during the 1990s (+13%) reflects the changefrom high yielding varieties to lower yielding premium varieties. Muller Thurgauand Muscat varieties have declined and Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, PinotNoir and Merlot have increased.

• New Zealand wine production represents about 0.2% of global production.

• Premium prices are received by New Zealand white wines in the UK.

• Over 280 grapegrowers manage their vineyards using IWP (Integrated WineProduction) practices that minimise the use of agrichemicals. The wine industryaims to have 80% of vineyards participating by 2004.

• Domestic sales of New Zealand wines were 37.4 million litres (approx. 66%production).

• The Wine Institute and the New Zealand Grape GrowersCouncil have agreed to form a unifiedindustry organisation.

Red varieties(15,132 tonnes)

Merlot 4%Cabernet Sauvignon 4%Other red vinifera 2%

White varieties(53,854 tonnes)

Muller Thurgau 6%Riesling 6%

Other white vinifera 4%Semillon 3%

Muscat varieties 2%Chenin Blanc 2%

SauvignonBlanc 30%

Chardonnay25%

Pinot Noir12%

Grape production by variety (2001 vintage)

Source: Wine Institute of NZ Annual Report 2001.

7

For more information visitwww.nzwine.com

Sector profiles Apples

Export crop submittedby growing area(15 million cartons)

Source: PGNZI.

• Apples valued at $339 million (fob) were exported to 55 countries.Key destinations were Europe, UK, USA, and the emerging markets of HongKong, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Indonesia.

• New apple varieties such as Braeburn, Royal Gala and Pacific Rose have beenintroduced to the international market during the past twenty years. They nowrepresent over 75% of export sales.

• Innovative quality management systems have enabled NZ apples to obtain apremium price in most markets.

• Varieties such as Golden Delicious, Red Dougherty and Sturmer are beingphased out of production.

• The pipfruit industry was deregulated in October 2001, ending 50 years of thegrower-controlled statutory monopoly.

• Per capita consumption of apples illustrate that eating habits vary amongcountries: Malaysia (2.9 kg), Japan (5.3 kg), Australia (8.7 kg), UK (10.4 kg), NewZealand (18.5 kg), Italy (22.2 kg), Turkey (36.4 kg).

• World apple production was estimated at 60 million tonnes in 2000 with approx.5 million tonnes (8%) traded internationally.

• New Zealand produced about 486,000 tonnes in 2001 of which 286,000 tonnes(60%) were exported.

• The domestic market consumed about 54,000 tonnes of fresh apples, valued ataround $42 million. About 6% of the apple crop was made into juice or otherprocessed products.

For more information visit www.pgnzi.co.nz

Otago 3%

Others 4%

Nelson40%

Hawke’s Bay53%

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Industry statisticsSeason 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Crop volumes (‘000 tonnes)Apples produced 527 549 567 529 547 620 486Apples exported 305 296 287 292 309 330 280General StatisticsYield (tonnes/ha) 33.1 34.7 36.8 35.3 37.6 43.9 34.2Area planted (ha) 15,916 15,819 15,393* 14,967* 14,541* 14,114 14,200*Growers (no.) 1,600 1,700 1,570 1,500 1,500 1,488 1,200*Packhouses (no.) na na na 183 150 130 125

* Estimate only.Sources: Statistics NZ; MAF; Pipfruit Growers NZ Inc.

New Zealand apple yields rate well compared with those of otherexporters 1998-2000 (average tonnes/ha)

Source: World Apple Review - 2001.

Apple orchardists have rapidly adopted Integrated FruitProduction (IFP) practices that minimise the use ofagrichemicals.

The use of IFP Technology has enabled:

• 30% reduction in use of EDBC fungicides

• 18% reduction in fungicide applications

• 60% reduction in insecticide use

• 90% reduction in organo-phosphate insecticide use

• 100% reduction in miticide use.

Source: HortResearch.

9

New Zealand

USAArgentina

ChileItaly

FranceNetherlandsSouth Africa

Belgium

0 10 20 30 40 50

Source: World Kiwifruit Review 2001.

New Zealand kiwifruit yields exceed those of other countries (tonnes/ha)

Sector profiles Kiwifruit

10

New Zealand

Spain

USA

ChileFrance

Greece

Italy

0 5 10 15 20 25

JapanSouth Korea

China

Male plant from Guilinfamily selected as father- sisters produced largesucculent fruit.

Female plantselected as mother- fruit of goodflavour and size.

First and secondgeneration seed-lings evaluated.

Male-female crossmade and seedlingsplanted at Te Puke.

1977 1981 1985 1989

More seedscollectedfrom China.

Actinidia chinensiskiwifruit seeds fromChina planted in Te PukeResearch Orchard, DSIR.

xTime-line for the development ofZESPRI™ GOLD kiwifruit

New Zealand research is focused on enhancing fruit quality, environmentally sustainable

For more informationvisit www.zespri.com

Industry statisticsSeason (ends 31 March) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Crop volumes (million)Trays submitted 55.8 58.7 63.1 60.6 63.1 54.2 63.8Trays sold 49.9 48.7 56.2 56.2 59.4 51.8 61.5General StatisticsYield (trays/ha) 5,492 5,756 6,110 5,919 6,305 5,295 6,310Area planted (ha) 10,161 10,210 10,329 10,243 10,015 10,234 11,533Orchards (no.) 2,883 2,796 2,757 2,723 2,682 2,843 2,861Packhouses (no.) 190 148 137 126 118 113 102Coolstores (no.) 126 119 106 111 106 103 98

Sources: Annual Report 98 Kiwifruit New Zealand; Zespri Group Ltd Annual Report 2001.

World annual production(1.15 million tonnes on 112,000 ha)

France 6%

Iran 4%

Greece 4%

Japan 3%

USA 3%

Spain 1%

Others 3%

NewZealand

20%

Chile12%China

16%

Italy 28%

• Over half of the world kiwifruit production enters international trade, withItaly (34%), New Zealand (23%), and Chile (11%) as the primary contributors.

• New Zealand is a dominant player in the world kiwifruit market. ZESPRI™International, the world’s largest marketer of kiwifruit, was corporatised from1 April 2000.

• Kiwifruit valued at $585 million (fob) was exported to over 40 countries during2001. Grower returns of $438 million on net sales of $762 million produced arecord season.

• The key markets are Europe, Japan and North America with Korea, Taiwan andChina showing signs of fresh category growth.

• Kiwifruit crop production (287,000 tonnes) is centred on Bay of Plenty (84%)with lesser production in Nelson (7%), Auckland (3%), Northland (2%), Gisborne(2%) and Hawke’s Bay (2%).

• Rationalisation of the number of pack-houses and cool-stores continues whichhas improved industry viability by way of efficiency gains in the supply chainand growing practices.

• There are 186 growers producing kiwifruit organically on 593 ha.

• ZESPRI™ International continued its development of year-round supplyby granting offshore licences to Italian growers to produceZESPRI™ GOLD kiwifruit. This exclusive new golden-fleshed variety is achieving significant price premiums.

Kiwifruit producing countries 1998-2000

11

Source: World Kiwifruit Review 2001.

1993 1997 2001

Single plant chosenfrom this family.Named ‘Hort16A’.

Trial planting of ‘Hort16A’grafted onto existing Haywardvines by HortResearch.

Almost 400 ha of‘Hort16A’ grown and4,000 trays exported.

2000 Commerciallaunch of ZESPRI™GOLD kiwifruit.

crop production systems, logistics and added value, and new cultivars.

ZESPRI™ GOLD testmarketed in Japan, UKand NZ (105,000 trays)

Sector profiles Other fruit

• Fresh berryfruit exports equal $20.1 million, strawberries being dominant.

• Avocado exports ($26.1 million) are increasing.

• Persimmon, citrus and summerfruit exports range from $8.0 to $15.1 million.

• Domestic market for summerfruit is twice the size of citrus or berryfruit.

For more information visit www.fruitgrowers.org.nz12

Other fresh and processed fruit Sales value ($m)Crops as at Growersa,b Planted areaa Crop volumeb Domesticb Export (fob)30 June 2000 (no.) (ha) (tonnes) 2001 2001Avocado 650 2,646 12,606 8.3 26.1Berryfruit 285 2,144 13,630 26.2 20.1

- Blackcurrants 834 2,200- Boysenberries 263 2,500- Raspberries 254 1,500- Blueberries 348 1,130 5.9- Strawberries 384 6,300 13.7- Blackberries 61

Citrus 519 2,166 17,000 24.0 8.0- Grapefruit 117- Lemons 339 2.9- Mandarins 946 4.4- Oranges 597 0.7- Tangelos 167

Feijoa 235 217 950 1.2 0.4Melons 316 4.4Nashi 150 185 3,000 0.6 0.6Nuts 1,516Olives 1,174Passionfruit 66 240 0.6Pears 958 6.2Persimmon 93 384 3,000 0.4 9.9Summerfruit 333 3,045 25,720 55.0 15.1

- Apricots 759 7,410 6.8- Cherries 535 1,220 7.7- Nectarines 618 5,030 0.3- Peaches 725 10,030 0.1- Plums 408 2,030 0.2

Tamarillo 175 297 1,500 1.3 0.7Other fruit 1.3Total fresh fruit 117.0 93.4Processed fruit Fruit used for processing is produced on the orchard areas described aboveApple juice 45.9Other fruit juices 3.3Frozen fruit [boysenberries $5.4m, blackcurrants $5.1m] 14.0Fruit and nut preparations [apples $10.5m] 19.9Jams, jellies and purees 23.3Total processed fruit 106.4

Blank entries indicate that the information is not available.Sources: Statistics NZ, a2000 Agricultural Production Survey - Horticulture, Statistics NZ, bSectorEstimates.

• Exports of cut flowers have increased from $8 million in 1985 to $51 million in2001. There are significant exports of orchids ($18m), zantedeschias ($7m) andsandersonias ($3m) to Japan.

• Exports of bulbs and vegetable seed have also increased.

• The domestic market for cut flowers is estimated at $50 million.

• Japan has been the main export destination for sphagnum moss during the pastdecade.

Exports of flowers, plants, seeds and other products ($ million, fob)1985 1990 1995 2000 2001

Cut flowers- Carnations 0.5 0.6- Lilium 1.5 1.9 1.6- Nerines 0.6 0.5- Orchids 2.8 8.2 14.6 22.4 21.7- Paeonies 0.5 0.9- Proteaceae 0.3 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.4- Roses 0.9 1.3 1.1 0.3 0.2- Sandersonia 0.2 5.6 3.1 3.3- Zantesdeschia 1.9 6.6 7.7 9.7- Other 3.7 6.5 18.8 7.8 11.4

Plants- Live plants 6.3 2.5 3.5 5.6 8.3- Foliage 2.9 0.7 0.2 0.6 1.6

Seeds, Bulbs- Flower seeds 0.5 <0.1 0.3 2.1 1.5- Vegetable seeds 1.2 2.1 7.3 15.9 19.8- Tree seeds 1.6 1.8- Bulbs, tubers, corms 0.4 2.0 6.3 11.6 15.7

Sphagnum moss 11.0 17.3 15.3 15.0*Hops 1.4 6.8 7.5 8.0*Total 19.0 26.2 91.4 106.4 123.0

* Estimate only.Source: Statistics NZ.

13

Flowers, plants, seeds and other products

For more information visitwww.florafed.org.nz

Sector profiles Vegetables

14

Processed

Fresh

Japan

Hong Kong

Other Pacific Islands

United Kingdom

Malaysia

Australia

Other SE Asian countries

Other countries

Fiji

Netherlands

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Fresh and processed vegetables Sales value ($ million, fob)Crops Growers Plantedd Crop volumec Domestic Exports 2001

(no.) area (ha) (tonnes) 2001 Fresh Processedb

Asparagus 230 2,177 5,400 6.5 13.9 6.5Beans 255 773 11,899 12.8 0.6 30.3Broc/Cabbage/Cauli 300 4,125 35,000 55.3 0.8Capsicums 103 11,500 21.3 22.6Carrots 160 2,460 75,000 29.5 20.2 0.9Cucurbits 415 286 1,770 38.2Garlic 30 284 1,427 4.3 3.6Kumara 90 1,211 17,500 23.3Lettuce 270 1,541 26.0 0.5Mushrooms 40 27.0 2.3*Onions 185 7,044 210,000 23.0 96.8Peas 730 7,570 63,000 45.0 53.2Potatoes 385 11,816 450,000 232.0 16.7 44.1Pumpkin 1,072Silverbeet/Spinach 462 8.9Squash 245 6,713 101,000 70.3Sweetcorn 305 6,380 96,500 28.0 3.1 60.5Tomatoes - greenhouse 610 160 35,000 80.0 0.8Tomatoes - outdoor 723 40,000 3.1Mixed vegetables Made from combinations 35.3Dried vegetables of the above crops 4.3Other vegetablesa 459 3.4 13.0Total 55,514 255.6 251.2

a Includes taro, celery, parsnips, spring onions, Asian vegetables (excl. Chinese cabbage), yams,witloof, leeks, vegetable shoots, shallots, swedes and some others.b Processing includes freezing, canning, juicing and artificial drying.* Estimate only. Blank entries indicate that the information is not available.Sources: cwww.vegfed.co.nz October 2001; dStatistics NZ, 2000 Agricultural Production Survey -Horticultural Statistics.

Source: Statistics NZ.

For more information visit www.vegfed.co.nz

Destinations of vegetable exports ($ million, fob)

Over 50 different types of vegetables are grown in New Zealand for freshconsumption and processing. The estimated farm gate value of these crops is$445 million for 2001. Data for domestic vegetable consumption are incomplete,but total consumption at retail level is estimated to exceed $1 billion.

• Exports of fresh vegetables valued at $256 million were sent to 50 countries. In1991 the value of these exports was $196 million.

• Onions and squash were the main exports of fresh vegetables. Significantgrowth is occuring in exports of carrots and capsicums.

• Exports of frozen and processed vegetables have reached $251 million and go to52 countries. In 1991 the value of these exports was $104 million.

• Peas, beans, potatoes, sweetcorn alone and in combination as mixed vegetablesare the dominant crops grown for processing and they feature in the exports.Processed asparagus and dried vegetables also contribute.

• Many growers produce multiple crops and their numbers can vary from year.For several crops the barriers to entry are low.

Vegetable exports increased from 1993 to 2001 ($ million, fob)

Source: Statistics NZ.

15

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1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

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Horticulture is vital to the economy of many regions

17

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Regional resources

18

Investment in the horticultural industriesCrop area On-farm Off-farm

(ha) ($ million) ($ million)Pipfruit (incl. pears and nashi) 15,257 397 397Wine grapes 12,665 633 1,900Kiwifruit 12,184 1,828 366Summerfruit 3,045 91 91Avocados 2,646 79 79Citrus 2,166 65 65Berryfruit 2,144 64 64Nuts 1,516 45 45Olives 1,174 35 35Other subtropical fruits 964 29 29Total fruit 53,761 3,267 3,072Potatoes 11,816 112 168Peas and beans 8,342 79 158Onions 7,044 67 67Squash 6,713 64 64Sweetcorn 6,380 61 121Broccoli, cabbages and cauliflowers 4,125 39 39Carrots 2,460 23 23Asparagus 2,177 21 41Other vegetables 6,458 61 92Total vegetables 55,515 527 775Protected - high tech 200 300 90

- low/medium tech 440 308 92Total horticultural 109,276 4,403 4,029

Sources: Data elsewhere in this brochure. MAF Horticulture Monitoring Report 2001.

• Total investment in horticulture exceeds $8 billion.

• Horticultural enterprises represent a significant capital investment on farms,orchards & greenhouses of over $4 billion in land, buildings and equipment.

• The off-farm capital investment to package, process and transport the productsto the nearest port and/or domestic market, at $4 billion, is similar to the on-farm investment.

• The ratio of on-farm to off-farm investment varies across the individual sectors.Kiwifruit off-farm investment is about 20% of on-farm, whereas wineapproaches 300% of on-farm investment.

• Horticultural enterprises operate at many scales. Off-orchard pack houses allowmany small holdings to be economic for growers. This structure encourages newgrower entrants.

Fruit

Vegetables

19

Horticulture activities are distributed throughout New Zealand

Auckland• Subtropicals

- persimmon• Citrus - mandarins• Nuts• Potatoes• Onions• Broccoli, cabbage,

cauliflower• Lettuce10,093 ha

Hawke’s Bay• Pipfruit• Wine grapes• Summerfruit• Olives• Peas & beans• Squash• Sweetcorn• Asparagus19,717 ha

Wellington1,203 ha

Marlborough• Wine grapes• Olives• Peas & beans• Sweetcorn• Garlic8,808 haCanterbury

• Berryfruit -blackcurrants

• Olives• Nuts• Peas & beans• Onions• Sweetcorn• Carrots• Potatoes15,779 ha

Otago• Summerfruit

- apricots, cherries,nectarines

3,327 ha

Southland5 ha

Westland8 ha

Gisborne• Wine grapes• Citrus - oranges,

mandarins• Squash• Sweetcorn7,525 ha

Tasman/Nelson• Pipfruit• Berryfruit - boysenberries,

blackberries6,215 ha

Manawatu/Wanganui• Potatoes• Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower• Carrots• Asparagus8,245 ha

Taranaki417 ha

Bay of Plenty• Kiwifruit• Avocados• Citrus• Nuts• Asparagus• Subtropicals

- tamarillos11,598 ha

Northland• Avocados• Nuts• Citrus - mandarins• Subtropicals

- tamarillos• Kumara4,610 ha

Waikato• Blueberries• Onions• Potatoes• Asparagus7,780 ha

Crop is named when theregional area exceeds 10% ofthe national crop area. Some3,936 ha could not be assignedto a specific region.

Regional resources

Northland, Auckland,Hauraki Plains 10%

Waikato, King Country,Taupo 7%

Bay of Plenty, Coromandel,Poverty Bay 9%

Hawke’s Bay, Taranaki,Manawatu, Wairarapa 19%

Otago,Southland 19%

Canterbury 29%

Marlborough,Tasman,

Westland 7%

20

Bees - a vital contributor to horticulture

• Bees pollinate crops and play a big part in their yield.

• Honey exports exceeded $15 million in 2001. Bees and beeproducts earned another $1.5 million. About 35% of the honeycrop is exported.

• Some 310,000 hives, owned by 4,674 beekeepers.

More horticultural activities with regional impacts:

Fresh vegetables 3%

Processed foods(inc vegetables) 14%

Meat & wool 7%

Other products 5%

Fresh fruit71%

Emergence of organic production

• Organic exports exceed $70 million. Kiwifruit, processedvegetables and pipfruit are prominent.

• Over $120 million of produce is grown on the 50,000 ha certified fororganic production.

• About 3% of horticultural exports are organically produced.

New Zealand honey crop (9,144 tonnes)

New Zealand organic exports by product

Source: www.organicsnewzealand.org.nz.

Source: MAF Horticulture Monitoring Report.

New Zealand’s place in the global picture ($ million)

Imports/exports

21

Australia (wine, citrus,nuts, tomatoes)

Turkey (dried fruit, apricots)

Chile (grapes, wine)

Ecuador (bananas)Italy (wine, tomatoes, olive oil)

USA (grapes, citrus, nuts, dried fruit)

Brazil (orange juice)China (nuts)

Philippines (bananas)France (wine)

0 50 100 150 200 250

Spain (olive oil)Thailand (fruit, vegetables)

South Africa (wine)

300

The origin of fruit and vegetable imports ($ million, cif)

These countries send us more than$10 million (cif) fruit and vegetables.

Many of these crop types are notgrown in New Zealand……otherscomplement our own production.

Only the dominant products importedare named.

Source: Statistics NZ.

Fresh fruit

Fresh vegetables

Processed fruit

Processed vegetables

Wine

Seeds, plants, etc

Flowers

Olive oil

0200 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Exports Imports

400 1400

New Zealand’shorticultural exportssignificantly exceededour imports for 2001.

Food and nutrition

Fruit and vegetables add value to daily health

A report card of health benefitsShows how fresh fruit & vegetables can alleviate major health conditions

Condition Strength of evidence Assessment of evidenceCancer Substantial, growing Most convincingHeart disease Substantial, growing Very convincingStroke Limited, growing ImpressiveHypertension Limited, includes clinical trial SuggestiveBirth defects Substantial, proven Most convincingCataracts Growing, need clinical trial ConvincingDiverticulosis Strong ConvincingLongevity Human data lacking Watching briefChronic obstructivepulmonary disease New SuggestiveDiabetes Mixed - better for lipid,

than for glycemic control ConvincingObesity Sparse Convincing as an adjunct

treatment

Active compound in fruit/vegetable and associated conditionActive compound Condition(s)Antioxidants, such as Vitamin C, Cancerbeta carotene, carotenoids, Heart disease, includes strokeflavonoids CataractsFolate Birth defects

CancerHeart disease

Fibre - soluble Heart diseaseDiabetes

Fibre - insoluble DiverticulosisPotassium Stroke

HypertensionLow fat/ low energy food Obesity

Sources: United Fresh New Zealand Inc.

For more informationvisit www.5aday.co.nz

22

Analysis of typical fruits and vegetables

Constituents containedwithin 100 gm portions

Apples 1.4 203 0.6 7 8 72Apricots 0.9 206 0.4 861 7 242Avocados 4.4 1010 25.6 22 7 520Bananas 1.5 431 0.4 4 10 350Broccoli (boiled) 3.2 113 0.6 62 58 341Carrot (raw) 3.2 126 0.2 1480 7 340Kiwifruit 1.6 202 0.6 10 93 236Kumara (baked) 2.8 413 0.2 23 31 634Lettuce 0.7 36 0.3 45 12 245Mushroom 1.0 50 0.2 2 1 383Oranges 1.7 146 0.1 16 50 134Pears 2.1 212 0.4 2 3 96Peas (boiled) 5.2 171 0.4 47 13 130Potatoes (baked) 2.0 366 0.2 1 10 543Strawberries 1.3 137 0.4 1 46 151Tomatoes 1.2 68 0.2 92 24 265

Source: ‘The Concise New Zealand Food Composition Tables’, NZ Institute for Crop & FoodResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, 2001.

New Zealand consumer spend on fruit and vegetables ($ million)

New Zealanders spend over $1.3 billionon fruit and vegetables each year

New Zealanders spend over $530million on fresh vegetables; over $385million on fresh fruits; and $420 millionon wine each year.

23

Source: Statistics NZ. Household Economic Survey for year ended 30 June 2001.

Tota

l fat

(g) Vita

min C

(mg) Po

tass

ium(m

g)Ener

gy(kJ

) Vita

min A

equiv

. (µg)

Fibre

, tot

.(N

SP) (g

)

Bananas

Pumpkins etc

Apricots

MushroomsBroccoli

Apples

Strawberries

Peaches

Grapes

Pears

PotatoesTomatoes

OrangesCarrots

LettuceKumara

Peppers

MandarinsOnions

NectarinesCauliflowerCucumber

Kiwifruit

Avocados

Other fruits

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Other vegetables (equals $177 million)

Today’s horticultural industries take account of community needs andwork to ensure that:

• fresh and processed foods are safe• on-farm production systems are sustainable• on-farm practices are safe• national biosecurity programmes are effective.

Integrated Fruit/Crop Production and Integrated Pest Managementpractices are widely used in fruit and vegetable production. Thesepractices are used to control pests and diseases and minimise the useof agrichemicals. Monitoring and ‘trace-back’ systems provide furtherquality assurance.

Several agencies help in the discharge of these responsibilities.

Information sources

Sustainable environment and safe foods

24

The GROWSAFE® training programmes educate farmers and growers in the use ofagrichemicals. Special programmes are provided for agrichemical distributors,ground and aerial applicators. These are administered by the New ZealandAgrichemical Education Trust.

For more information visit www.growsafe.co.nz

MAF Biosecurity Authority oversees the strict border protocols designed to reduceentry of unwanted pests and diseases into New Zealand. Countries to which weexport have their own border controls with which we must comply. These aredesigned either to protect their crops and/or the health of their citizens.

For more information visit www.maf.govt.nz/Biosecurity

The Resource Management Act (1991) brings together laws governing land, air andwater resources. It concentrates on the environmental effects of human activities.The Ministry for the Environment has a key role - though local government hasmuch of the responsibility for day-to-day environmental management.

For more information visit www.mfe.govt.nz

The Environmental Risk Management Authority New Zealand (ERMA New Zealand)controls the introduction of new plants and animals into New Zealand, includinggenetically modified organisms (GMOs) and new and existing hazardoussubstances.

For more information visit www.ermanz.govt.nz

Australia New Zealand Food Authority’s role is to protect the health and safety ofthe people of Australia and New Zealand by maintaining a safe food supply.

For more information visit www.anzfa.gov.au

References used to compile this booklet:

1. Annual Report - Year ended June 1999. Wine Institute of New Zealand Inc. 1999.Annual Report - Year ended June 2001. Wine Institute of New Zealand Inc. 2001.

2. Annual Report ‘98. Kiwifruit New Zealand. 1998.Annual Report 2001. Zespri Group Ltd. 2001.

3. Bollard, E.G. Further prospects for horticulture - the continuing importance of research. New ZealandFruitgrowers Charitable Trust, Wellington, 1996.

4. The Bank of New Zealand Wine & Grape Industry Statistical Annual - 2001. Winegrowers of NewZealand, 2001.

5. The Concise New Zealand Food Composition Tables. N. Athar, T. W. Spriggs, E. Taptiklis, G. Taylor.5th Edition. New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research, Palmerston North, 2001.

6. Horticulture Monitoring Report - July 2001. Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry. 2001.

7. The New Zealand Fruit Research and Strategy Report, 1998 - 1999. New Zealand FruitgrowersFederation, Wellington. May 2000.

8. Fruit Research in New Zealand. Reports prepared by the Fruit Research Council of New Zealand for1993, 1994 and 1995, 1996. New Zealand Fruitgrowers Federation, Wellington.

9. New Zealand Vegetable & Potato Growers’ Federation website www.vegfed.co.nz, October 2001.

10. Agricultural Production Survey - Horticultural Statistics. For year ended 30 June 2000. Statistics NewZealand. 2000.

11. Household Economic Survey. For year ended 30 June 2001. Statistics New Zealand. 2001.

12. World Apple Review - 2001 Edition. Belrose Inc., Pullman, Washington, USA.

13. World Kiwifruit Review - 2001 Edition. Belrose Inc., Pullman, Washington, USA.

14. Van Duyn, Mary Ann S. (summary). A scientific overview for the health professional - fresh fruit andvegetables first. United Fresh, New Zealand Inc. and 5+ a Day, 2000.

25

The world fruit basket (422 million tonnes)

The world’s fruit basket is very large. New Zealand is a small player targeting nichemarkets. Many types of fruit that New Zealand exports are insignificant within theglobal fruit scene (eg kiwifruit). The availability of other fruit types in the marketimpacts on the success of our fruit exports.

Other citrus 8.8%Other deciduous 10.6%

Bananas13.7%

Kiwifruit0.3%

Apples 13.9%Grapes 14.2%

Oranges15.1%

Berries1.1%

Other tropical22.4%

Source: World Kiwifruit Review - 2001.

HortResearch gratefully acknowledgescontributions made by the following organisations:

ISSN 1175-2238ISBN 0-478-06830-1