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New Zealand’sland birds:state and trend
Susan Walker and Adrian MonksLandcare Research, Dunedin
Wild Things
EDS Conference, Auckland
August 12–13 2015
Thanks
The Ornithological Society of New Zealand
Atlases of Bird Distribution in New
Zealand
1970s “Atlas 1”1999–2004 “Atlas 2”
http://www.osnz.org.nz/
Thanks
Photos John Hunt
James Reardon Rachel McLennan
Neil FitzgeraldTim Rumble
John LeathwickCraig McKenzie
CommentsBill Lee
John InnesBarbara Anderson
David BarrellCilla Wehi
OriginalMAINLAND
land bird taxa
140
Mainland land bird taxa
© Rachel McLennan
Extinct
44
“Extant”
96
Mainland land bird taxa
© Rachel McLennan
Extinct (slide 1)post-Polynesian, post-European
MAINLAND land bird taxa
“Extant”
96
Extinct
44
MAINLAND land bird taxa
Extinct (slide 2)post-Polynesian, post-European
Extinct
44
“Extant”
96
Also gone or too rare
TOO RARE ON THE MAINLAND TO MODEL
“Extant”
Also gone or too rare
TOO RARE ON THE MAINLAND TO MODEL
16
No
rthe
rn N
ew Zealan
d d
otterel
Sou
thern
New
Zealand
do
tterel
Also gone or too rare
9 169
TOO RARE ON THE MAINLAND TO MODEL
26
Few not threatened
`Remaining forest birds20 ‘TAXA’ MODELLEDKiwi (all)Blue duckKākā (NI,SI)Rifleman (NI,SI)KōkakoWhiteheadMōhuaBrown creeperKererūBellbirdTūiTomtit (NI,SI)Robin (NI,SI,StI)Weka (all)Yellow-crowned parakeetLong-tailed cuckooShining cuckooGrey warblerFantail (NI,SI)Morepork
20 ‘TAXA’ MODELLEDKiwi (all)Blue duckKākā (NI,SI)Rifleman (NI,SI)KōkakoWhiteheadMōhuaBrown creeperKererūBellbirdTūiTomtit (NI,SI)Robin (NI,SI,StI)Weka (all)Yellow-crowned parakeetLong-tailed cuckooShining cuckooGrey warblerFantail (NI,SI)Morepork
`Remaining forest birds
FAMILY-levelendemics
GENUSlevelendemics
SPECIESlevel
endemics
NATIVE
SUB-FAMILYendemics
1970s early 2000s
Local richness of remaining forest birds
Number of forest bird taxa per 10 × 10 km grid square
High
Low
RICHNESS CHANGE
Gain
Loss
Change in number of taxa
Greatest decrease in forests
Number of forest bird taxa per 10 × 10 km grid square
% Indigenous forest cover (early 2000s)
North Island
Nu
mb
er o
f fo
rest
bir
d t
axa
per
sq
uar
e
5
6
7
8
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
South Island
Irreplaceability-vulnerability
Which birds?
Predictors of loss• Deep (family-level) endemics• Already absent from
deforested landscapes• Already rare
Deep endemics going faster
Number of forest bird taxa per 10 × 10 km grid square that are endemic at the family level (deepest endemism)
(Kiwi, Blue duck, Rifleman, Kākā, Kōkako)
20 40 60 80 10010020 40 60 80
Nu
mb
er o
f FA
MIL
Y-EN
DEM
ICfo
rest
bir
d t
axa
per
sq
uar
e
North Island South Island
% Indigenous forest cover (early 2000s)
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4
North Island South + Stewart Islands
Rarity (1970s)
RARECOMMON
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
Bellbird
Long-tailed cuckoo
Blue duck
Fantail
KakaKiwi
Kokako
MoreporkYc parakeet
Kereru
Rifleman
Robin
Tomtit
Tui
Grey
warbler
Weka
WhiteheadKiwi
Bellbird
Brown
creeper
Long-tailed cuckoo
Shining cuckoo
Blue duck
Fantail
Kaka
MoreporkKereru
Rifleman
Robin
TomtitTui
Grey
warbler
WekaMohua
RARECOMMON
Gain
Loss
Shining
cuckoo
Yc parakeet
The rare became rarer
North Island
Rarity (2000s)
RARECOMMON
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
RARECOMMON
Gain
Loss
Long-tailed cuckoo
Shining
cuckoo
Blue duck
Fantail
Kaka
Kiwi
Kokako
MoreporkYc parakeet
Kereru
Rifleman
Robin
Tomtit
TuiGrey
warbler
Weka
WhiteheadKiwi
Bellbird
Brown
creeper
Long-tailed cuckoo
Shining cuckoo
Blue duck
Fantail
Kaka
Morepork
Yc parakeet
KereruRifleman
Robin
TomtitTui
Grey
warbler
WekaMohua
Bellbird
The rare became rarer
South + Stewart Islands
CHANGE
Gain
Loss
© Tim Rumble
CHANGE
Gain
Loss
© John Leathwick
CHANGE
Gain
Loss
Remaining waders, terns and gulls(Order Charadriiformes)
13 ‘TAXA’ MODELLEDBanded dotterelNew Zealand dotterel (NI,SI)Wrybill
South island pied oystercatcherVariable oystercatcher
Black stiltPied stilt
Black-fronted ternCaspian ternWhite-fronted tern
Black-billed gullRed-billed gullBlack-backed gull
1970s Early 2000s
Local richness of remaining waders, terns and gulls
Number of taxa per 10 × 10 km grid square
High
Low
RICHNESS
Change in number of taxa
CHANGE
Gain
Loss
Significant decreases inland
especially South Island, … but also North Island
Nu
mb
er o
f w
ader
, ter
n a
nd
gu
ll ta
xa p
er s
qu
are
Distance from coast
North Island
1
2
3
INLANDCOAST INLANDCOAST
Change in number of taxa
CHANGE
Gain
Loss
South + Stewart Islands
Which birds?Predictors of loss• Endemic• Inland-breeding Banded dotterel
New Zealand dotterel (NI,SI)Wrybill
South island pied oystercatcherVariable oystercatcher
Black stiltPied stilt
Black-fronted ternCaspian tern
White-fronted tern
Black-billed gullRed-billed gull
Black-backed gull
© Craig McKenzie
On the coast
North Island
Rarity (1970s)
RARECOMMONRARECOMMON
Gain
Loss
South Island
pied oystercatcher
Banded dotterel
New Zealand dotterel Southern black-
backed gullBlack-billed gull
Red-billed gull
Variable oystercatcher
Pied stilt
Caspian ternWhite-fronted tern
Wrybill Banded dotterel
New Zealand
dotterel
Southern black-
backed gullBlack-billed gull
Red-billed gull
South Island pied oystercatcher
Variable oystercatcher
Black stilt
Pied stilt
Black-fronted tern
Caspian ternWhite-fronted tern
Wrybill
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
Many coastal-breeders increased
South + Stewart Islands
North Island
Rarity (2000s)
RARECOMMONRARECOMMON
Gain
Loss-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
South Island
pied oystercatcher
Banded dotterel
New Zealand dotterel Southern black-
backed gullBlack-billed gull
Red-billed gull
Variable oystercatcher
Pied stilt
Caspian ternWhite-fronted tern
Wrybill Banded dotterel
New Zealand
dotterel
Southern black-
backed gullBlack-billed gull
Red-billed gullSouth Island pied oystercatcher
Variable oystercatcher
Black stilt
Pied stilt
Black-fronted tern
Caspian ternWhite-fronted tern
Wrybill
© Craig McKenzie
On the coastMany coastal-breeders increased
South + Stewart Islands
Inland
© Craig McKenzie
North Island
Rarity (1970s)
RARECOMMONRARECOMMON
Gain
Loss
North Island
Rarity (1970s)
RARECOMMONRARECOMMON
Gain
Loss
Banded dotterel
Southern black-
backed gull
Black-billed gull
Red-billed gull
Pied stilt
Caspian ternWrybill
Banded dotterel
Southern black-
backed gull
Black-billed gull
Red-billed gull
Black stilt
Pied stilt
Black-
fronted tern
Caspian tern
Wrybill
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
South Island pied
oystercatcher
South Island pied oystercatcher
Loss of inland breeders
South Island
InlandLoss of inland breeders
North Island South Island
Rarity (2000s)
RARECOMMONRARECOMMON
Gain
Loss
North Island South Island
RARECOMMONRARECOMMON
Gain
Loss
Banded dotterel
Southern black-
backed gull
Black-billed gull
Red-billed gull
South Island pied oystercatcher
Pied stilt
Caspian tern
Banded dotterel
Southern black-
backed gull
Black-billed gull
Red-billed gullSouth Island pied
oystercatcher
Black stilt
Pied stilt
Black-
fronted tern
Caspian tern
Wrybill
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
© Craig McKenzie
Wrybill
ConclusionsRapid loss of endemic birds continues on the mainland
The most significant avian biodiversity loss is in forests and inland basins, far from cities
A new scale of operational conservation will be needed to slow it