GUI DE TO

NEWSPAPERSOF

HAWAI‘I

1834–2ooo◆◆◆

◆◆◆

Hawaiian Historical SocietyHonolulu

Helen G. Chapin

GUI DE TO

NEWSPAPERSOF

HAWAI‘I

1834–2ooo◆◆◆

◆◆◆

Hawaiian Historical SocietyHonolulu

Helen G. Chapin

Support for this book was provided by

The Samuel N. and Mary Castle FoundationAlfred L. Castle, Executive Director and Treasurer

Hawaii Pacific UniversityChatt G. Wright, President

Hawaiian Historical SocietyTom Dye, President, and Trustees

The Honolulu AdvertiserMichael J. Fisch, Publisher

© 2ooo Hawaiian Historical SocietySecond printing 2oo3Additional information and corrections are included in this printing.All rights reservedPrinted in the United States of America

For additional copies contact:Hawaiian Historical Society56o Kawaiaha‘o StreetHonolulu, Hawai‘i 96813Tel (8o8) 537-6271

Proceeds benefit theHawaiian Historical Society

Introduction 1

Section I

Alphabetical Listing and Annotations of Newspapers by Title 5

Section II

Categories of Newspapers 111

African American 111

Alternative 111

Chinese 112

Church 112

Cultural 113

Establishment 113

Filipino 116

Government 117

Hawaiian 117

Hispanic 119

Independent 119

Indonesian 119

Japanese 119

Jewish 121

Korean 121

Labor 121

Micronesian 122

Military 122

Plantation 123

Portuguese 124

Prison 124

Samoan 124

School 124

Sports 124

Tongan 125

Tourist 125

Unclassified 125

Underground 125

Vietnamese 125

Section III

Newspapers in Print by Years 1834–2000 127

Contents

The newspapers of Hawai‘i form a unique role in thehistory of Hawaii and of American journalism. In aperiod of 165 years, from 1834, when American Prot-estant missionaries introduced the Hawaiian languageLama Hawaii (Hawaiian Luminary), to the present,newspapers have spanned the history of Hawai‘i fromits status as an independent nation, a republic, and aU.S. territory, to its position as a state.

By newspapers, I mean publications that have titlesand mastheads, and appear serially, generally on news-print, unbound, and without covers. Size and style have varied dramatically over two centuries from singlesheets to 1oo pages plus. Some papers were issuedonce or twice; others from their first appearance arestill in print today. Some were conceived as newslettersor magazines, and then became newspapers. Byreverse, others started as newspapers and changed theirformat. But all are recognizable by format and topicalsubject matter.

Between 1834 and 2ooo, approximately 1,25o sepa-rately titled papers have appeared in print. This is anestimate because, for example, in the case of no hold-ings having been found for some papers, includingJapanese language papers destroyed during World War II, I have had to rely upon secondary sources. The estimate includes a limited number of newsletters,those with historic or editorial significance selectedfrom among the almost 5,ooo on record. The peakyear was 1983 with 154 titles. These remarkable num-bers likely reflect the most papers per capita to be pub-lished in this period in any region in the world.

Hawai‘i likely also represents the most diverse pressin the world. The languages in which newspapers havebeen printed include the indigenous Hawaiian, plusEnglish, Chinese, Filipino (in several dialects), Indo-nesian, Japanese, Korean, Micronesian, Portuguese,Samoan, Tongan, and Vietnamese. There have alsobeen papers in English produced by specific ethnic orcultural groups: Hispanic, Jewish, and African Ameri-can. Many publications have been multilingual: forexample, bilingual in Hawaiian and English; and tri-lingual in English, Filipino, and Japanese.

Classification of Newspapers

There are several ways to classify newspapers. In Shap-ing History: The Role of Newspapers in Hawai‘i (Univer-sity of Hawai‘i Press, 1996), I placed newspapers

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Introduction

within four major categories: establishment, opposition(or alternative), official, and independent. Establish-ment papers represent the mainstream or dominantpower. Alternative or opposition publications voiceanti-establishment or countervailing views. Officialpapers, the third type, are sponsored by governmentagencies. Independent journals, the rarest form, areunallied to any special interest.

The present work calls for a different organization.There are three main sections. Section I organizes thenewspapers alphabetically by the title’s first noun: forexample, Aha Elele, Ka (The Convention), or Facho, O(The Torch), or Honolulu Advertiser, The. There aretwo exceptions. One is those Hawaiian language paperscommonly referred to by the article preceding thenoun, as in Ka Leo O Ka Lahui (The Voice of theNation), or Na Pahu Kane (Sounding Drums). Theother, for the same reason, is the Filipino languagepapers, as in Ti Silaw (The Light) and Ang Bantay (TheGuardian). Titles with numbers as their first word areentered as they would be spelled out: for example,under F, 5oth [Fiftieth] State Bowler. To aid readers, a number of titles in Section I and Section II are cross-listed.

On the second line is the main category into whichthe paper fits, a slash (/ ) mark, and the language orlanguages in which it is printed. There are 29 catego-ries: African American, Alternative, Chinese, Church,Cultural, Establishment, Filipino, Government,Hawaiian, Hispanic, Independent, Indonesian, Japa-nese, Jewish, Korean, Labor, Micronesian, Military,Plantation, Portuguese, Prison, Samoan, Schools,Sports, Tongan, Tourist, Underground, Vietnamese,and Unclassified. As to languages, there are 11: Chi-nese, English, Filipino, Hawaiian, Japanese, Korean,Portuguese, Samoan, Spanish (Hispanic), Tongan, and Vietnamese.

The third and following lines give data on the placeof publication, frequency and dates, publishers andeditors, and abbreviations of sources that list the paperand locations where the paper may be seen in hardcopy or on microfilm (mf ). An “nhf ” means no hold-ings have been found, “hina” indicates holding infor-mation is not available, and a question mark (?) signi-fies incomplete information. Lines in italics may followthe above with additional information, such as thepaper’s size, editorial content, readership, and circu-lation figures.

INTRODUCTION

Abbreviations of sources stand for the the following:

Alcantaro = Reuben R. Alcantaro and Nancy S.Alconel, The Filipinos in Hawaii: An Annotated Bibli-ography (1977).

Ayer = Ayer, N. W. & Sons, Directories of Newspapersand Periodicals (1931–1984).

Chapin 1 = Helen Geracimos Chapin, “Newspapers ofHawai‘i 1834 to 1903: From He Liona to the PacificCable,” in The Hawaiian Journal of History (1984).

Chapin 2 = Helen Geracimos Chapin, “From Maka-weli to Kohala: The Plantation Newspapers ofHawai‘i,” in The Hawaiian Journal of History (1989).

Chapin 3 = Helen Geracimos Chapin, Shaping History:The Role of Newspapers in Hawai‘i (1996).

Char = Tin Yuk Char, “Communications,” in Encyclo-pedia of Hawaii, AH mf (198o).

Dionisio = Juan C. Dionisio, “Communications,” inEncyclopedia of Hawaii, AH mf (198o).

Glick = Clarence E. Glick, Sojourners and Settlers:Chinese Migrants in Hawaii (198o).

Hunter = Dr. Charles Hunter, Newspapers Publishedin Hawaii, unpub. index, UHM HP (1953).

Knowlton = Edgar Knowlton, “The Portuguese Lan-guage Press of Hawaii,” in Social Process in Hawaii(196o).

Lai = H. N. Lai, “The Chinese Community Press inHawaii,” in Sally Miller, ed., The Ethnic Press in theUnited States: An Analysis and Handbook (1987).

Macmillan = Michael Macmillan, The Korean Press,unpub. (n.d.).

Mookini = Esther Mookini, The Hawaiian Newspapers(1974).

Murabayashi = Duk Hee Lee Murabayashi, TheKorean Press in Hawai‘i: 1904–1970. Paper pre-sented at the conference, Korean Immigration toNorth America, Yonsei University (2002).

Peacock = Karen Peacock, “In Feminist Newslettersand Publications,” in The Changing Lives of Hawaii’sWomen, ed. Ruth Lieban (1984).

Richstad and McMillan = Jim A. Richstad and MichaelMcMillan (Macmillan), comps, Mass Communicationand Journalism in the Pacific Islands (1978).

Sakamaki = Shunzo Sakamaki, A History of the JapanesePress in Hawaii, M.A. thesis (1928).

Union List = Sophie McMillen, Cataloger, and NancyMorris, Project Manager, Hawaii Newspapers: A Union List (1987).

Abbreviations of locations where papers are heldinclude:

AH Hawai‘i State ArchivesBM Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum

BYU-H Brigham Young University Campus–Hawai‘i

CKS Center for Korean Studies, UHMHARC Hawai‘i Agriculture Research

Center collectionHHS Hawaiian Historical SocietyHMCS Hawaiian Mission Children’s

SocietyHPU Hawaii Pacific UniversityHSL Hawai‘i State Library, Main Branch

HSL H&P Hawaiian and Pacific collectionHSL mf microfilm

Kaua‘i CC Kaua‘i Community CollegeKCC Kapi‘olani Community CollegeKHS Kaua‘i Historical SocietyKRL Kaua‘i Regional LibraryMCC Maui Community CollegeMHS Maui Historical SocietyO - Other (followed by the location)UHH University of Hawai‘i at HiloUHM University of Hawai‘i at Mänoa,

Hamilton LibraryUHM HP Hawai‘i Pacific collectionUHM HWRD Hawai‘i War Records Depository

collectionUHM mf Microfilm collectionUHM PACC Pacific collection

WWW World Wide Web (selected Hawaiian language papers)

Here is an example of a typical entry:

Lahaina Sun, TheAlternative / EnglishLahaina, Maui twice monthly, weekly, 11 Nov 197o–29Aug 1973. Pub: Yellow Submarine Press. Pub/Ed: DonGraydon.Becomes The Maui Sun Union ListMCC, UHM HP8–16 pp tabloid. Counterculture paper, “The IndependentVoice of West Maui,” produced by young, iconoclastic, recentlyarrived Maui residents. Offbeat profiles, consumer interests,film and restaurant reviews, investigative reporting, NativeHawaiian issues, events calendar, special April Fool editions.

Section II organizes the newspapers alphabeticallywithin each of the categories listed in Section I. Thereare also cross-listings. Papers may be entered in twocategories: for example, Ang Sandata (Sword) is listedunder both “Filipino” and “Labor.” Double titles, indi-cated by a slash / , also may be cross-listed: for exam-ple, Hsin Chung-Kuo Jih Pao/New China Daily Press;and New China Daily Press/Hsin Chung-Kuo Jih Pao.

In addition, in Section II, when a paper has content

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INTRODUCTION

in other languages besides its main language, this isindicated in brackets: for example, the Hawaiian Kia‘i(Guardian) [E]. These languages include: C = Chinese,E = English, F = Filipino, H = Hawaiian, J = Japanese,K = Korean, and Sp = Spanish (Hispanic).

Section III organizes the papers chronologically byyears of publication.

A word should be said on spelling. Hawaiian orthog-raphy is followed for place names (Hawai‘i, O‘ahu,etc.); however, titles and direct quotations in all lan-guages are reproduced as originally spelled. The oneexception is the Japanese language “Hawai,” which isspelled “Hawaii.” Commentary in italics may includesimplifications and abbreviations.

As to the locations of major repositories wherenewspapers may be read, these are:

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Library1525 Bernice StreetHonolulu, HI 96817

Hawai‘i State Library478 South King StreetHonolulu, HI 96813

Hawai‘i State Archives‘Iolani Palace GroundsSouth King StreetHonolulu, HI 96813

Hawaiian Historical Society560 Kawaiaha‘o StreetHonolulu, HI 96813

Mission Houses Museum Library 553 South King Street Honolulu, HI 96813

University of Hawai‘i at Mänoa Library2550 The MallHonolulu, HI 96822

I want to express my great appreciation to the dedi-cated librarians and historians who have assisted in the search for Hawai‘i’s newspapers. They are: GailAinsworth, Maui Community College Library; Agnes

Conrad, former State of Hawai‘i archivist; BarbaraDunn, administrative director, and Karen Sinn,assistant director, Hawaiian Historical Society; Rex L.Frandsen, Brigham Young Campus-Hawai‘i Library;Ann Marsteller, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Associationlibrarian; Nancy Morris, University of Hawai‘i archivist;Duk Hee Murabayashi, vice general chairperson,Korean Centennial 1903–2003; Karen Nishida and Pat Okamura, librarians, Edwin H. Mookini Library,University of Hawai‘i at Hilo; Karen Peacock andChieko Tachihata, librarians, Hawaiian and PacificCollections, Hamilton Library, University of Hawai‘iat Manoa; Marilyn Reppun, Hawaiian Mission Chil-dren’s Society librarian; Stephen Simpson, Hawai‘iPacific University librarian; Robert Stauffer, HawaiianLegacy Language Program manager; Jolyn Tamura,former State of Hawai‘i archivist; and David Forbes,Lela Goodell, Robert Schmitt, and Charles M. Wills,researchers par excellence.

I also want to thank those who through their greatgenerosity have made it possible to publish this study:Michael J. Fisch, publisher, The Honolulu Advertiser;Alfred L. Castle, Executive Director and Treasurer,The Samuel N. and Mary Castle Foundation; Chatt G.Wright, president, Hawaii Pacific University; and TomDye, president, and the trustees of the Hawaiian His-torical Society.

This is the second printing of the Guide to News-papers of Hawai‘i 1834–2000. It includes updated infor-mation and, in several instances, the inclusion of news-papers formerly lost to history but recently found byexcellent researchers and writers. These holdings areidentified by a cross mark ( + )

The trustees of the Hawaiian Historical Societyunder the leadership of President Hardy Spoehrdeserve great credit for their devotion to the history of Hawai‘i, Polynesia, and the Pacific area. This Guidemay therefore continue to serve as a useful resource forthe study of a unique and compelling Hawaiian historyand American journalism history.

Helen G. Chapin

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