NewSAT-1

SECTION 1Time — 25 Minutes

1 Question

You have 25 minutes to write an essay on the topic below. Your essay will be judged on how well it iswritten as well as how adequately you have covered the topic. DO NOT WRITE ON ANOTHER TOPIC.AN ESSAY ON ANOTHER TOPIC WILL RECEIVE NO CREDIT.

Your essay must be written on your answer sheet on the lines provided. The lined pages will be sufficient ifyou use all the space provided.

Directions: Consider carefully the following statement and the assignment below it. Thenplan and write an essay that explains your ideas as persuasively as possible. Keep in mindthat the support you provide—both reasons and examples—will help make your viewconvincing to the reader.

The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, weesteem too lightly; it is dearness only that gives everything its value.

—Thomas Paine

Assignment: What is your view of the idea that people tend to value most that which theyworked hardest to obtain? In an essay, support your position by discussing an example (orexamples) from history, literature, the arts, science and technology, current events, or yourown experience or observation.

YOU MAY MAKE NOTES ON THIS PAGE AND ON THE PRECEDING PAGE, BUT YOU WILL BEEVALUATED ONLY ON WHAT YOU HAVE WRITTEN ON THE ANSWER SHEET.

1 1Unauthor ized copying or reuse ofany part of th is page is i l legal .

For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org


24 Questions

Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices provided,and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet.


Each sentence below has one or two blanks. Eachblank indicates that something has been omittedfrom the sentence. Choose the word or set ofwords that best completes the meaning of thesentence as a whole.

Example:

Trends are difficult to spot until they are wellestablished because they usually begin as minor,seemingly ------- events.

(A) momentous (B) popular (C) insignificant(D) current (E) recent

1. Skilled animal trainers condition their animals toassociate a specific ------- with a given behavior,so that each stimulus will ------- an expectedresponse.

(A) discipline . . vanquish(B) pattern . . subvert(C) habitat . . elicit(D) temperament . . yield(E) cue . . trigger

2. The candidate’s final ------- owed as much to herpositive appeal with voters as to the negativeviews they held of her rival.

(A) appearance (B) controversy (C) victory (D) season (E) platform

3. Every new scientific theory that challenges thereigning orthodoxy is viewed as ------- until it issupported by incontrovertible evidence andeventually adopted as truth.

(A) dichotomous (B) heretical (C) critical(D) relative (E) inconsequential

4. Aspiring actors sometimes forget that fame is notguaranteed but rather -------; and even if achieved,not ------- but rather ephemeral.

(A) intransigent . . transient(B) elusive . . immutable(C) hopeful . . permanent(D) mercurial . . impersonal(E) inevitable . . futile

5. In today’s cynical media age in which a publicfigure’s every expression and minutest gesture isscrutinized, successful politicians become skilledat -------: masking their true feelings and beliefs tosuit the views of their audiences.

(A) relegating (B) coercing (C) vilifying(D) dissembling (E) perpetrating


Questions 6-7 are based on the following passage.

Why do we know so little about the life ofWilliam Shakespeare when we knowcomparatively so much about the lives of his lessaccomplished peers? Our lack of knowledge aboutShakespeare has inspired countless conspiracytheories. The actual writing of Shakespeare'sworks has been attributed to others fromcontemporary playwrights Christopher Marloweand Ben Jonson, to the brilliant Renaissancescientist and philosopher Francis Bacon.

Though Shakespeare died at just 52, he was animmensely successful dramatist as well as aprosperous property owner. Circumspect, and onlytoo aware of the government-inspired branding ofJonson, its torture of Thomas Kyd, and its murderof Marlowe, Shakespeare kept himself nearlyanonymous. Wary to the end, Shakespeare led alife virtually without memorable incident, as far aswe can tell.

6. It can be inferred that the author cites thetreatment of Jonson, Kyd, and Marlow (lines 15-16) in order to

(A) show that Shakespeare had a compelling reason to keep a low profile

(B) demonstrate that these authors could not havewritten Shakespeare’s works

(C) illustrate similar ludicrous conspiracy theories about Shakespeare’s contemporaries

(D) prove that in fact we know quite a bit about Shakespeare’s life and times

(E) suggest that Shakespeare, too, may have beenmistreated by the English government

7. The author’s primary purpose is to

(A) challenge an assumption(B) refute a misconception(C) propose an alternative explanation(D) reveal a historical fallacy(E) provide new evidence in support of a theory


Napoleon was asked whether he preferredcourageous generals or brilliant generals. Neither,he replied; he preferred lucky generals. A societythat cannot accept the concept of luck is one thatseeks to attach blame to every undesired outcome.Unless we can accept bad luck we are destined tobe governed by a risk-blame-litigation-compensation culture that suffocates initiative.

For some, this culture can be rewarding.Tripping over an uneven paving stone, plus a notefrom a compliant doctor, plus the assistance of anenterprising lawyer, can yield untold riches—sometimes even without tripping. But for others,this culture is threatening. All the traditional risksencountered in our daily lives are now overhungby legal and financial risks. The whole world isnow struggling to come to grips with this culture.

8. As used in line 12, “enterprising” most nearlymeans

(A) opportunistic(B) well-known(C) successful(D) expensive(E) financial

9. In context, the word “others” (line 13) refers to

(A) individuals who worry about bad luck(B) doctors, lawyers, and other profiteers(C) individuals who deny the existence of luck(D) those who seek to profit from their bad luck(E) those blamed for the consequences of bad luck

2 2Unauthor ized copying or reuse ofany par t o f th i s page i s i l l ega l .

Line(5)

(10)

(15)

Line(5)

(10)

(15)



The following passage is an excerpt from acollection of essays on ecology written by aprofessor of zoology.

Every species has its niche, its place in thegrand scheme of things. Consider a wolf-spider asit hunts through the litter of leaves on thewoodland floor. It must be a splendid hunter; thatgoes without saying for otherwise its line wouldhave long since died out. But it must be proficientat other pursuits, too. Even as it hunts, it mustkeep some of it eight eyes on the lookout for thethings that hunt it; and when it sees an enemy itmust do the right thing to save itself. It mustknow what to do when it rains. It must have alifestyle that enables it to survive in the winter. Itmust rest safely when the time is not apt forhunting. And there comes a season of the yearwhen spiders, as it were, feel the sap rising in theireight legs. The male must respond by going tolook for a female spider, and when he finds her, hemust convince her that he is not merely somethingto eat—yet. And she, in the fullness of time, mustcarry an egg-sack as she goes about her hunting,and later must let the babies ride on her back.They, in turn, must learn the various forms offending for themselves as they go through thedifferent months of the spider’s life until they, too,are swift-running, pouncing hunters of thewoodland floor.

Wolf spidering is a complex job, not somethingto be undertaken by an amateur. We might saythat there is a profession of wolf-spidering. It isnecessary to be good at all its manifold tasks tosurvive at it. What is more, the profession ispossible only in very restricted circumstances. Awoodland floor is necessary, for instance, and theright climate with a winter roughly like that yourancestors were used to; and enough of the rightsorts of things to hunt; and the right shelter whenyou need it; and the numbers of natural enemies

must be kept within reasonable bounds. Forsuccess, individual spiders must be superlativelygood at their jobs and the right circumstance mustprevail. Unless both the skills of spidering and theopportunity are present, there will not be any wolf-spiders; the “niche” of wolf-spidering will not befilled.

“Niche” is a word ecologists have borrowedfrom church architecture. In a church “niche”means a recess in the wall in which a figurine isplaced; it is an address, a location, a physicalplace. But the ecologist’s “niche” is more thanjust a physical space: it is a place in the grandscheme of things. The niche is an animal’s (or aplant’s) profession. The niche of the wolf-spider iseverything it does to get its food and raise itsbabies. To be able to do these things it must relateproperly to the place where it lives and to the otherinhabitants of that place. Everything the speciesdoes to survive is its niche. The physical livingplace in an ecologist’s jargon is called the habitat.The habitat is the “address” or “location” in whichindividuals of the species live. The woodlandfloor hunted by the wolf-spiders is the habitat, butwolf-spidering is the niche.

10. Based on the passage as a whole, the author’sprimary purpose is to

(A) develop a metaphor(B) offer an explanation(C) propose a theory(D) raise a question(E) illustrate a paradox

11. The word “place” (line 1) most nearly means

(A) purpose(B) location(C) status(D) role(E) setting


Each passage below is followed by questions about its content. Answer the questions based on what is statedor implied in each passage and in any introductory material.

Line(5)

(10)

(15)

(20)

(25)

(30)

(35)

(40)

(45)

(50)

(55)

(60)


12. In line 8, the author mentions that a wolf spiderneeds to keep “some of its eight eyes on thelookout for” its

(A) circumstances(B) pursuits(C) offspring(D) predators(E) prey

13. The complex job of the wolf spider referred to inthe second paragraph (line 27) is

(A) finding its proper niche(B) finding the right circumstances(C) everything it must do to survive and reproduce(D) maintaining its place in the food chain(E) contributing to its environment

14. If wolf spiders were not “superlatively good attheir jobs” or if the “right circumstances” did notprevail as discussed in the second paragraph,which of the following would be the most likelyeventual consequence?

(A) The wolf-spider’s habitat would change.(B) The wolf-spider’s line would end.(C) The wolf-spider’s niche would change.(D) The wolf spider would acquire new natural

enemies.(E) The wolf-spider would have competitors for

its niche.

15. The primary function of the second paragraph(lines 27-44) is to

(A) elaborate on the aspects that constitute a species’ job

(B) propose an alternative view of a species’ job at odds with the framework outlined in the first paragraph

(C) point out that a species’ merely being good at its job is not enough to guarantee the survival of that species

(D) concede that the survival of any species requires the continuous improvement of its “job skills”

(E) demonstrate that the profession of any species is highly limited

16. If the author used the word “niche” in the sameway as its architectural meaning (lines 45-49), awolf-spider’s niche would refer to its

(A) environment(B) lifestyle(C) opportunity(D) specialty(E) design

17. Which of the following is probably the mostserious limitation to the author’s likening ananimal’s niche to a human profession?

(A) An animal’s niche is a much more complex job than any human profession.

(B) The word “niche” can be used in varying contexts with different meanings.

(C) Different animals have widely different niches.

(D) Unlike a human being, an animal can neither choose nor change its profession.

(E) An animal must contend with evading predators as well as with finding prey.




In this excerpt from With a Daughter’s Eye, authorand anthropologist Mary Catherine Batesonrecounts some childhood memories with her parentsMargaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, themselvesworld-famous anthropologists.

In Holderness, New Hampshire, where we spentmany summers, a long field runs down toward thelake. At the bottom, near the strip of woods thatshields the shore, lies a broad patch of springy moss.My mother picked this place to wander alone withme, especially in the early morning. Sometimes wefound spider webs between protruding grass stemsstretched flat above the moss, with dewdrops stillshining on them. She showed me these as fairytablecloths, with crystal goblets and silver plates stillspread out, for the feckless fairies went off to sleepat dawn without cleaning up. Searching along theground we found their serving bowls, the bases ofacorns. She showed me red-tipped lichens as small aspinheads—fairy roses. “Once upon a time,” mymother would narrate, “a king and a queen lived in thekingdom between the grass stems.” The labors andloves of this king and queen grew out of each otherwith the same elegance connecting the parts andgrowth cycles of a flowering plant. The flower ispollinated, seed is formed, scattered, and germinated.Look! Fairies use the silk in the milkweed pods to stufftheir mattresses. Blow on the dandelion down to makea wish. Pause in the middle of fantasy to see thenatural world as fragile and precious, both caressed andthreatened by human dreaming.

My father showed me intricacies between the grassstems of another sort, a moth or beetle living out quitedifferent dramas. When I look at the field with hiseyes, I see myriad complex symmetries andrelationships, in which the position of the spider-webabove the moss hints at the pathways of foraginginsects. Worlds can be found by a child and an adultbending down together and looking under the grassstems or at the skittering crabs in a tidal pool. Theycan be spun from the stuff of fantasy and tradition.And worlds can be created in miniature from all sortsof materials, such as the aquariums I constructed withmy father. An aquarium is bounded, like a city, but thediscipline that goes into building it is different, for it is

alive. In the fantasy world, the discipline is primarilyaesthetic: Here is the forest and here the open valley—and here the dragon lurks. In an aquarium, the needsand relationships of living creatures must be balanced.Newly spawned swordtails swim among the waterplants, seeking shelter lest they be devoured. Thesnails moving sedately on the glass control the algae;on the sandy bottom catfish prowl continually,scavenging the pollution of living that never occurs infairy tales.

We live in a world in which no microcosm—no tidepool, no forest, no family, no nation—is completelyseparate. My parents were scientists and teachers whothought of worlds, and drew me into them. There wereworlds to be built and worlds to be imagined; worlds tobe held in two hands and cherished, and worlds ofabstract argument. The meadow mornings of fantasywith my mother, the hours assembling aquariums withmy father: each parent found uniquely personal ways togive me a sense of the integrity of the biosphere.

18. Based on the first paragraph (lines 1-26), it can beinferred that the mother’s primary concern intelling stories was to

(A) protect her daughter from the harsh realities of the real world

(B) create a fantasy world that she and her daughter could share together

(C) entertain her daughter, whom she felt was too young to comprehend scientific principles

(D) provide some relief from the rigorous lectures the daughter received from her father

(E) present the natural world in an engaging way that her daughter could understand

19. Based on the second paragraph as a whole, the“intricacies . . . of a different sort” (lines 26-27)that the father introduced his daughter to refers to

(A) the father’s fantasy world(B) the realities of life in nature(C) the various activities they shared(D) another patch of land apart from the springy

moss(E) insects and animals other than spiders


Line(5)

(10)

(15)

(20)

(25)

(30)

(35)

(40)

(45)

(50)

(55)

(60)


20. The author’s observation that an aquarium is“bounded” (lines 37-39) implies that a city, unlikean aquarium,

(A) is built with many materials(B) requires long-range planning(C) is not a self-contained ecosystem(D) contains tangible structures(E) is a genuine “world”

21. As used in lines 39-44, the meaning of the word“discipline” is

(A) creativity(B) punishment(C) organized behavior(D) complex structure(E) fundamental requirement

22. In the last sentence of the second paragraph (lines47-51), the author states that pollution does notoccur in fairy tales because fairy tales

(A) oversimplify the complexities of actual life(B) rarely depict harsh realities of any sort(C) take place in the past, when pollution was not

a problem(D) bear little resemblance to the concerns of

living persons(E) are products of someone’s imagination

23. The author’s discussion in the final paragraph(lines 51-62) indicates that regarding the time theyspent with their daughter, both parents

(A) had little contact with each other(B) had similar goals, despite different approaches(C) could not have had more different

personalities(D) had different expectations for their daughter(E) preferred to spend time with her

independently

24. As used in line 62, “integrity” means

(A) honesty(B) variety(C) unity(D) immensity(E) reality



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20 Questions

Directions: You may use any available space in your booklet for scratch work, but only your answersheet will be graded. When you have determined the answer to a question, fill in the correspondingoval on your answer sheet.

Notes:

1. You may use a calculator. All numbers used are real numbers. All figures lie in a plane unlessotherwise indicated.

2. Figures that accompany problems are intended to provide useful information useful in solvingthe problems. They are drawn as accurately as possible EXCEPT when a specific problem statesthat the figure is not drawn to scale.

A = πr2A = lw A = bh V = lwh V = πr2h c2 = a2 + b2 Special Right Triangles

C = 2πr

The number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360. The measure in degrees of a straight angle is 180. The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180.


1. If x = 4 and y = 20, what does equal?

(A) 4(B) 11(C) 12(D) 14(E) 24

2. If j is an integer and lies between 7 and 8,

what does j equal?

(A) 5(B) 6(C) 7(D) 8(E) 9

3. In the figure above, . What is the valueof x ?

(A) 30(B) 60(C) 150(D) 180(E) 300

22x + y

38j

Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

5x° x°

l1 l2

l1 || l2


4. In the figure above, w, x, y, and z representmissing numbers. The product of numbers in anyrow or column inside the square must equal thenumber in the corresponding position outside thesquare. What does w equal?

(A) 3(B) 5(C) 8(D) 48(E) It cannot be determined from the information

given.

5. The ratio of 0.8 to 1 is equal to which of thefollowing ratios?

(A) 1 to 8(B) 8 to 1(C) 4 to 5(D) 5 to 4(E) 8 to 100

6. At a certain candy store, peanuts cost $1.50 perpound and cashews cost $2.00 per pound. If a10-pound mixture of peanuts and cashews costs$18.00, how many pounds of the mixture arepeanuts?

(A) Two(B) Four(C) Five(D) Six(E) Eight

7. In the figure above, point P lies on a line (notshown) that has a positive slope. Which of thefollowing labeled points could also lie on the line?

(A) A(B) B(C) C(D) D(E) E

8. The slope of the line given by y – 2x = 6 is

(A) – 3

(B) – 2

(C) –

(D)

(E) 2

9. If xy = 2 and x2y = 16, what is the value of y ?

(A)

(B)

(C) 2

(D) 4

(E) 8


E

D

B

x

A

P

C

y15 w

30 x 6

24 y z

1212

1412


10. A certain class consists of b boys and g girls. If a

student is picked at random from this class, the

probability that the student is a girl is . What is

the value of ?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

11. If f (x) = 8 – x3, then f (– 2) =

(A) 16(B) 4(C) 0(D) – 4(E) – 16

12. The average (arithmetic mean) of 5 numbers isgreater than 80 and less than 86. If three of thenumbers are 94, 82, and 76, which of thefollowing could NOT be the other two numbers?

(A) 93 and 84(B) 88 and 95(C) 87 and 85(D) 84 and 80(E) 63 and 89

13. Let k be the greatest of 3 consecutive positiveintegers whose sum is t. In terms of t, what is thesum of the next 3 consecutive integersimmediately following k ?

(A) t + 3(B) t + 6(C) t + 9(D) t + 12(E) t + 18


14. If x = 40 in the figure above, what is thevalue of y ?

(A) 100(B) 80(C) 60(D) 40(E) 20

15. What are all values of x for which | x – 8 | > 6 ?

(A) x > 14

(B) – 14 < x < 14

(C) – 2 < x < 14

(D) x < – 14 or x > 14

(E) x < 2 or x > 14


bg

47

3734437337

y°

x°

120°


16. In the figure above, 4 circles each of radius 1 are

placed inside a square. If the total area covered by

the circles is c and the area of the square is s, what

is the value of ?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

17. If xy2z3 < 0, then which of the followingmust be negative?

(A) x

(B) xy

(C) yz

(D) xz

(E) xz2

18. If = 4, then x =

(A)

(B)

(C) 2

(D) 4

(E) 16

Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

19. Two numbers from set A are selected at randomwithout replacement and their sum recorded.How many different sums are possible?

(A) Thirty-six(B) Thirty(C) Fifteen(D) Eleven(E) Nine


cs

4

24

4

2

x 0

x12

12

116

π

π

π3π

3π


20. The figure above shows a cube with edge 1.Whatis the distance from any vertex to the center of thecube?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)


2232

12

2

3



24 Questions




Example:



1. A classic is ------- literary work that may fall outof favor with a generation of readers, and yetsooner or later will be rediscovered by anothergeneration.

(A) an enduring (B) an authoritarian (C) a derivative (D) an exclusively

(E) a conservative

2. The effect of the introduction of improved footballhelmets on the game’s safety was -------: becausethe new helmets encouraged a more dangerousstyle of play, the number and severity of headinjuries increased.

(A) exhilarating (B) presupposed (C) aggressive (D) counterintuitive

(E) fortifying

3. Far from being ------- by a succession of setbacksin his life, native American Billy Mills wasinspired by his adversity and went on to win anOlympic gold medal.

(A) daunted (B) validated (C) discredited(D) prohibited (E) vindicated

4. The committee’s recommendation represented notsimply ------- change for the sake of appearances,but rather a profound departure from theadministration’s previous policy.

(A) an unexpected (B) a redundant(C) an inexpedient (D) a cosmetic

(E) a political

5. The virtues of meals by the best chefs are not ------but rather subtle, and require the discriminatingpalate of the connoisseur to ------- fully.

(A) gullible . . encompass(B) consuming . . savor(C) sagacious . . distinguish(D) flagrant . . appease(E) conspicuous . . appreciate

6. The heroic rescuer was remarkably ------- abouthis feat: as soon as the news crews arrived tointerview him for saving so many lives, he quietly------- the scene.

(A) eloquent . . persevered with(B) meritorious . . exempted from(C) unassuming . . retired from(D) conscientious . . commenced with(E) accommodating . . profited from

7. Benjamin Franklin was the ultimate -------: he wasless concerned with speculating than with testinghis ideas experimentally.

(A) idealist (B) catalyst (C) dogmatist(D) theoretician (E) empiricist

8. After months of an unrelentingly ------- scheduleon the campaign trail, the investigative journalistwas left completely -------.

(A) dilatory . . listless(B) soporific . . burgeoning(C) frenetic . . enervated(D) torpid . . moribund(E) noisome . . obdurate



Passage 1

While writers acknowledge that there is somedifference between the humorous and the witty, there ismuch confusion among them concerning whatprecisely distinguishes one mode of expression fromthe other. Both wit and humor involve bringingtogether ideas intended to arouse amusement. Theelement prominent in wit is the sudden and unexpecteddisplay of resemblance between two apparentlydissimilar ideas. Mark Twain defined wit as “thesudden marriage of ideas which, before their union,were not perceived to have any relation.” The chiefcharacteristic of humor, on the other hand, is thesudden and unexpected recognition of two apparentlysimilar ideas as incongruous.

Passage 2

Wit and humor are common strategies employed byvisual artists. Wit and humor remain outside the realmof serious critical inquiry, however, because of theiruncomfortable proximity to seemingly lowbrow formsof popular entertainment like cartoons. One of myfavorite moments in art history occurs when RoadRunner, to evade Wile E. Coyote, paints a deft illusionof a tunnel opening in the side of a mountain and thenneatly escapes through it. Wile E. Coyote, of course,slams into the mountain because for him, the tunnel isjust paint; he doesn’t get the joke. This scenario neatlyillustrates the difference between wit and humor: RoadRunner’s cerebral ingenuity is supremely witty, andWile E. Coyote’s painful corporeal blunder isprofoundly humorous.

9. The primary purpose of Passage 1 is to

(A) prove a point(B) draw a distinction(C) illustrate a paradox(D) discuss an example(E) offer a definition

10. The author of Passage 1 would probably agree thatwit and humor are each characterized by which ofthe following?

(A) amusing situations(B) creative distinctions(C) a figure of speech(D) a matter of opinion(E) an element of surprise

11. The author of Passage 2 probably uses the phrase“art history” (line 20) in order to

(A) emphasize his view that even cartoons meritcritical analysis

(B) demonstrate the breadth of his knowledgeregarding art

(C) offer a concession to visual artists who tend tolook down on highbrow entertainment

(D) qualify his basic argument that wit and humorare employed primarily by visual artists

(E) refute the suggestion that cartoons are popularentertainment

12. The primary difference between Passage 1 andPassage 2 concerns each author’s respective focuson a different

(A) tone(B) diction(C) subject(D) medium(E) syntax


The two passages below are followed by questions based on their content and on the relationship between thetwo passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages and in anyintroductory material that may be provided.

Line(5)

(10)

(15)

(20)

(25)


Questions 13-24 are based on the followingpassage.

The following excerpt is from a book of literarycriticism written by John Gardner, noted author andcritic.

The language of art critics, and of artists of thekind who pay attention to critics, has becomeexceedingly odd: not talk about feelings orintellectual affirmations—not talk about moving andsurprising twists of plot or wonderful characters andideas—but sentences full of large words likehermeneutic, heuristic, structuralism, formalism, oropaque language, and full of fine distinctions—forinstance those between modernist and post-modernist—that would make even an intelligentcow suspicious. Though more difficult than everbefore to read, criticism has become trivial.

The trivial has its place, its entertainment value.I can think of no good reason that some peopleshould not specialize in the behavior of the left-sidehairs of an elephant’s trunk. Even at its best, itsmost deadly serious, criticism, like art, is partly agame, as all good critics know. My objection is notto the game but to the fact that contemporary criticshave for the most part lost track of the point of theirgame, just as artists, by and large, have lost track ofthe point of theirs. Fiddling with the hairs on anelephant’s nose is indecent when the elephanthappens to be standing on the baby.

At least in America, art is not thought capable,these days, of tromping on babies. Yet it does so allthe time, and what is worse, it does so with a blandsmile. I’ve watched writers, composers, andpainters knocking off their “works” with their lefthands. Nice people, most of them. Artists aregenerally pleasant people, childlike both in love andhate, intending no harm when they turn out badpaintings, compositions, or books. Indeed, theirambition guarantees that they will do the best theyknow how to do or think they ought to do. The error isless in their objects than in their objectives. “Art isplay, or partly play,” they’ll tell you with an engagingsmile, serving up their non-nutritious fare with themurderous indifference of a fat cook serving uphamburgers. What they say is true enough, as far as itgoes, and nothing is more tiresome than the man whokeeps hollering, “Hey, let’s be serious!” but that iswhat we must holler.

In a world where nearly everything that passes forart is tinny and commercial and often, in addition,hollow and academic, I argue—by reason and bybanging the table—for an old-fashioned view of whatart is and does and what the fundamental business ofcritics therefore ought to be. Not that I want joy takenout of the arts; but even frothy entertainment is notharmed by a touch of moral responsibility, at least anevasion of too fashionable simplifications. My basicmessage is as old as the hills, drawn from Homer,Plato, Aristotle, Dante, and the rest, and standard inWestern civilization down through the eighteenthcentury: one would think all critics and artists shouldbe thoroughly familiar with it, and perhaps many are.But my experience is that in university lecture halls, orin kitchens at midnight, after parties, the traditionalview of art strikes most people as strange news.

The traditional view is that true art is moral: it seeksto improve life, not debase it. It seeks to hold off, atleast for a while, the twilight of the gods and us. I donot deny that art, like criticism, may legitimatelycelebrate the trifling. It may joke, or mock, or whileaway the time. But trivial art has no meaning or valueexcept in the shadows of more serious art, the kind ofart that, if you will, makes the world safe for triviality.The art which tends toward destruction, the art ofcynics and nihilists, is not properly art at all. Art isessentially serious and beneficial—a game playedagainst chaos and death, against entropy. It is a tragicgame, for those who have the wit to take it seriously,because our side must lose: a comic game because onlya clown with sawdust brains would take our side andeagerly join in.

Like legitimate art, legitimate criticism is a tragic-comic holding action against entropy. Art buildstemporary walls against life’s leveling force, againstthe ruin of what is splendidly unnatural in us:consciousness. Art rediscovers, generation bygeneration, what is necessary to humanness. Criticismrestates and clarifies, reinforces the wall.

13. Based on the passage as a whole, the author’s tonecan best described as which of the following?

(A) hopeful(B) mocking(C) indifferent(D) urgent(E) objective


Line(5)

(10)

(15)

(20)

(25)

(30)

(35)

(40)

(45)

(50)

(55)

(60)

(65)

(70)

(75)

(80)


14. As used in line 9, the word “fine” most nearlymeans

(A) aesthetic(B) excellent(C) sophisticated(D) subtle(E) impressive

15. The main point of the first paragraph (lines 1-13) isthat

(A) artists should not concern themselves with the opinions of critics

(B) academic jargon masks how inconsequential art criticism has become

(C) art critics have lost touch with their public(D) art critics should use simpler, more

understandable language(E) artists have become suspicious of art critics

16. The purpose of the first half of the secondparagraph (lines 14-19) is to

(A) offer a concession(B) raise a question(C) counter a proposal(D) create a dichotomy(E) offer an example

17. The author places the word “works” (line 30) inquotes in order to underscore his

(A) distinction between art and art criticism(B) personal experience with persons in a wide

range of arts(C) point that the creation of art is not easy(D) admiration for artists who treat their craft as a

profession(E) contempt for much of contemporary art,

music, and literature

18. Which of the following is implied in the author’sdiscussion in the third paragraph (lines 26-44)?

(A) Even bad art requires more than creative talent.

(B) Too much of anything, even art, can have harmful consequences.

(C) Artists are largely unaware of what is at stake in the corruption of art.

(D) Art should be created for the sake of art alone.(E) Artists create their work with the best of

intentions.

19. The author uses the phrase “nearly everything thatpasses for art” (lines 45-46) in order to

(A) suggest that he would usually disagree with this label

(B) emphasize that he is remaining open-minded about art

(C) argue for objective standards of art(D) criticize those who argue for higher standards

in art(E) highlight the amount of art being produced

today

20. The author probably uses the phrase “banging thetable” (line 48) in order to

(A) ask for a turn to speak at last(B) stress the urgency of his message(C) show that he is not above old-fashioned

theatrics(D) admit that his views on art are sometimes

unreasonable(E) distract the attention of art critics

21. The phrase “kitchens at midnight, after parties”(line 60) refers to the

(A) author’s informal discussions about art(B) author’s debates with university professors(C) author’s conception of the ridiculous state of

current art criticism(D) earlier metaphor of artists creating non-

nutritious fare(E) typical gatherings after art openings



22. In the final sentence of the fifth paragraph (lines62-77), the author express the view that art is agame that

(A) anyone can play(B) can never ultimately be won(C) must be played according to set rules(D) thrives on competition(E) should not be taken so seriously

23. According to the final sentence in the passage,which of the following should be the primaryfunction of art criticism?

(A) To reinforce all styles of art, regardless of individual merit

(B) To describe and explain art, but neither to celebrate nor to criticize particular works or artists

(C) To remain as detached as possible from the increasingly commercial aspects of art.

(D) To popularize art to a wider audience by explaining art in simple terms.

(E) To illuminate the moral mission of art, and to remind artists when they stray too far from that mission

24. Based on the passage as a whole, with which ofthe following statements would the author mostlikely agree?

(A) Art criticism is nothing more than a game.(B) The fundamental goal of art is not mere

entertainment.(C) Art should not joke or be playful.(D) Even cynical or destructive art serves a useful

purpose.(E) Trivial art is meaningless, if not a

contradiction in terms.




35 Questions


5 5Unauthor i zed copy ing o r reuse o fany par t o f th i s page i s i l l ega l .

In each of the following sentences, some part of the sentence or the entire sentence is underlined. Below eachsentence you will find the original underlined portion, followed by four alternative ways of writing theunderlined part. Choice A is always the same as the underlined part. Select choice A if you think that theoriginal version is better than any of the suggested changes. Otherwise, select the choice that produces themost effective sentence while still retaining the original meaning.

Pay attention to acceptable usage in grammar, sentence construction, and punctuation. These questions testcorrectness and effectiveness of expression, so follow the requirements of standard written English. Aneffective sentence will be clear and exact, without awkwardness, redundancy, or ambiguity.

Example:

Most people seem to prefer realisticart than abstract art.

(A) than abstract art(B) than they do abstract art(C) to abstract art(D) instead of abstract art(E) rather than art that is abstract

1. Alison worked daily to improve her dancetechniques, this rigorous practice finally paid offwhen she was accepted into a highly prestigiousballet company.

(A) this(B) therefore(C) and this(D) of which(E) that

2. Marie Curie used her considerable scientific skillsto isolate the radioactive element radium and shecould research the atomic properties of matter.

(A) and she could research(B) as well as researching(C) and so to research(D) and the research of(E) and to research

3. For many centuries, using water and coal forpower is more efficient than using oil.

(A) using water and coal for power is moreefficient

(B) using water and coal for power was moreefficient

(C) being able to use the power of water and coalis more efficient

(D) there was more efficiency in using water andcoal

(E) to use water and coal was more efficient

4. Henry Ford, envisioning a cheap and reliable carwhich would be called the Model T, and this newvehicle was designed with mass production inmind.

(A) and this new vehicle was designed(B) the design of this new vehicle was(C) this new vehicle having been designed(D) his design of this new vehicle was(E) designed this new vehicle


5. Native Americans are often treated as a singlegroup, but they actually comprise many distincttribes, each with its own language and culture.

(A) each with its own language and culture.(B) each having their own rules and culture.(C) when they each have their own rules and

culture.(D) which has its own language and culture.(E) they each have a language and culture of their

own.

6. The film critic blasted the remake of Breakfast atTiffany’s , arguing that the leading actress had beencast not so much for her acting ability but for herphysically resembling Audrey Hepburn.

(A) but for her physically resembling AudreyHepburn

(B) the reason being her physical resemblance ofAudrey Hepburn

(C) the reason was her physically resemblingAudrey Hepburn

(D) as well as for her physically resemblingAudrey Hepburn

(E) as for her physical resemblance to AudreyHepburn

7. Because she was young was why Kim, a collegestudent applying for jobs, felt that she was beingdenied a position.

(A) Because she was young was why Kim, acollege student applying for jobs, felt thatshe was being denied a position

(B) Kim, a college student applying for jobs, feltthat she was being denied a positionbecause she was young

(C) Because she was young, Kim felt that this waswhy she was being denied a job as acollege student

(D) Kim, a young college student looking for ajob, feeling that she was being denied aposition

(E) A college student, Kim, felt that because shewas a college student applying for jobs, shewas being denied a position

8. Although small scale earthquakes occur regularlyon the island, causing the land to shake for nomore than a few seconds.

(A) causing the land to shake for no more(B) and yet it shakes for no more(C) they do not cause it to shake for more(D) and they do not cause it to shake for more(E) yet causing to shake for more

9. Possibly the most colorful linguistic dialect in theUnited States, the South is characterized by itslazy drawls and slurred syllables.

(A) the South is characterized by its(B) the South has such characteristics as(C) the South includes among its characteristics(D) southern accents are characterized by their(E) southern accents are including such

characteristics as

10. The television series, once close to beingcancelled, is now one of the most popular showson the air.

(A) The television series, once close to beingcancelled, is

(B) The television series was once close to beingcancelled, it is

(C) The television series that once having beenclose to cancellation, is

(D) The television series, because it was so closeto being cancelled, is

(E) The television series was once close to beingcancelled, and it is

11. Thomas Edison was one of this century’s mostnotable inventors, this includes the creation of theelectric light bulb and the telegraph.

(A) inventors, this includes the creation of(B) inventors, which includes the creation of(C) inventors, whose creations include(D) inventors; his creations include(E) inventors; this creations includes

5 5Unauthor i zed copy ing o r reuse o fany pa r t o f t h i s page i s i l l ega l .


12. Now that Siena won first place in several regionalA

tournaments, she appears somewhat excited aboutB C

traveling to the capital to compete in the tennisD

finals. No errorE

13. The construction of the company’s headquartersA

required hiring additional personnel, increasingB C

factory output, and added office space. No errorD E

14. The remarkable leadership skills exercised byA

General Grant in the Battle of Fort Donelson wereB C

attributable to his military experience. No errorD E

15. On hockey teams, players are asked to determineA

which of their peers seems most capable to beB C D

captain. No errorE

16. A recently established body of minority voters

have met with officials from the federal A

government to express its distress over recent B C

instances of electoral discrimination. No errorD E

17. Many of the citizens which voted in the electionA B

thought the campaign’s central issue so trivialC

that they were almost indifferent to the race’s D

outcome. No errorE

18. That Frank Wildhorn composes so prolifically forA B

the Broadway stage and he knows so little aboutC

reading music is surprising. No errorD E

The following sentences contain errors in grammar, usage, idiom, and diction (choice of words).

Some sentences are correct.No sentence contains more than one error.

In choosing answers, follow the requirements of standard written English, the kind of English found in mostcollege textbooks.

You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined and lettered. (Assume that elements of the sentencethat are not underlined are correct and cannot be changed.) If there is an error, select the one underlined partthat must be changed to make the sentence correct.

If there is no error, select choice E.

Example:

No matter how hard an artist tries, noA

individual is truly free from the influencesB C

of their predecessors. No errorD E



19. If one is interested in becoming truly A

knowledgeable about archeology, B

you should attend digs at actual excavation C

sites as well as study textbooks. No errorD E

20. A ranger at the state park explained to the A

students that an extremely large percentage of theirB

wildlife relies on insects as a source of food. C D

No errorE

21. Some advanced math concepts are difficult forA B

students to understand because they call forC D

students to think three-dimensionally. No errorE

22. Public speaking often causes a political candidate’sA

stomach to turn, thereby preventing him or herB C

to speak clearly. No errorD E

23. There has always been some degree of tensionA

between my roommate and I because we eachB

prefer such different environments in which toC D

study. No errorE

24. Each of the journalists—both expecting to winA

a major literary prize—hope to hear from the B C

Pulitzer Prize committee soon. No errorD E

25. In his last work on the American Civil War,A

historian Shelby Foote argued that the South’sB

economic resources were not as vast as the North.C D

No errorE

26. After Mary Lou Retton won a gold medal in theA

1988 Olympics, many young girls who wanted toB

become a gymnast like her enrolled in gymnasticsC D

programs across the country. No errorE

27. The Supreme Court Justice began to question hisA

stance on burning flags in public when he B C

discussed them with veterans of the armed forces. D

No errorE

28. No matter how diligent some students work, theyA B

are susceptible to making careless spelling and C

punctuation errors so they should have someone

proofread their papers. No errorD E

29. Dogs are such loyal creatures that it is notA

uncommon for them to travel many miles homeB

after separating from their owners. No errorC D E




(1) The phrase “a cappella” means “withoutaccompaniment” in Italian. (2) In English a cappellausually refers to a style of singing without beingaccompanied by music of any kind. (3) Singing of thistype can be performed individually or in a group. (4) Inthe United States, a cappella singing groups arebecoming more and more common, being morepopular on college campuses especially. (5) If you arein a college, there is probably a singing group there.

(6) The a cappella singing style, having its originsin African and Slavic folk singing, requires participantsto create their own harmonies, usually in four parts. (7)Usually, a cappella groups will write arrangements ofclassic jazz and folk songs, adding and simplifying thepiece for four voice parts. (8) These groups usuallyperform from memory, sometimes doing dance moveswhile singing.

(9) My own a cappella singing group is all-femaleand is called the “Grace Notes.” (10) We perform anarrangement of “Love Me Tender,” among otherpieces, and also a very funny arrangement of “In theStill of the Night.” (11) We sing on our college campusand also sometimes for parties and social events. (12) Iauditioned for my group and was happy to get in, sinceI enjoy singing. (13) It’s a lot of fun, and I recommendit highly. (14) For me, a cappella singing means agroup of friends who have a good time together andenjoy singing for other people.

30. What is the best way to combine sentences 2 and 3, reproduced below?

In English a cappella usually refers to a style ofsinging without being accompanied by music ofany kind. Singing of this type can be doneindividually or in a group.

(A) In English a cappella usually refers to a styleof singing without musical accompaniment,and can be performed individually or in agroup.

(B) Usually referring in English to a style ofsinging without a piano or any otheraccompaniment, singing of this type canalso be performed individually or in agroup.

(C) Referring to a style of singing in Englishwithout a piano or any otheraccompaniment, singing of this type canusually be performed individually or in agroup.

(D) It usually refers to a style of singing without apiano or any other accompaniment, and itcan also be performed individually or in agroup.

(E) Singing of this type in English usually refersto a style of singing without a piano or anyother accompaniment and can be performedindividually or in a group.

Directions: The following passage is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need to berewritten. Read the passage and select the best answers for the questions that follow. Some questions areabout particular sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice.Other questions ask you to consider organization and development. In choosing answers, follow therequirements of standard written English.



31. Which of the following is the best revision ofsentence 4, reproduced below?

In the United States, a cappella singing groups arebecoming more and more common, being morepopular on college campuses especially.

(A) (as it is now)(B) Especially on college campuses, in the United

States a cappella singing groups arebecoming more and more common.

(C) A cappella singing groups are becomingincreasingly common in the United States,especially on college campuses.

(D) On college campuses, especially in the UnitedStates, a cappella singing groups arebecoming more and more common.

(E) Especially in the United States, a cappellasinging groups on college campuses arebecoming more and more common.

32. How should the underlined portion of sentence 6be revised?

The a cappella singing style, having its origins inAfrican and Slavic folk singing, requiresparticipants to create their own harmonies, usuallyin four parts.

(A) (as it is now)(B) which has its origins in African and Slavic

folk singing(C) has its origins in African and Slavic folk

singing(D) and having its origins in African and Slavic

folk singing(E) the origins of which are in African and Slavic

folk singing

33. In sentence 7, reproduced below, which is the bestword replacement?

Usually, a cappella groups will be writingarrangements of classic jazz and folk songs,adding and simplifying the piece for four voiceparts.

(A) replace “Usually” with “Possibly”(B) replace “will be writing” with “will write”(C) replace “adding and simplifying” with “adding

plus simplifying”(D) replace “jazz and folk songs” with “jazz songs

and folk songs”(E) replace “the piece” with “pieces”

34. Which of the following is the best revision ofsentence 10, reproduced below?

We perform an arrangement of “Love Me Tender,”among other pieces, and also a very funnyarrangement of “In the Still of the Night.”

(A) (as it is now)(B) We perform pieces, among others, of “Love

Me Tender,” and a very funny arrangementof “In the Still of the Night.”

(C) Among other pieces, we perform anarrangement of “Love Me Tender” and avery funny arrangement of “In the Still ofthe Night.”

(D) We perform among other pieces, anarrangement of “Love Me Tender,” and “Inthe Still of the Night.”

(E) In addition to an arrangement of “Love MeTender,” among other pieces, we perform avery funny arrangement of “In the Still ofthe Night.”

35. Omitting which of the following sentences wouldbest improve the unity of the final paragraph?

(A) sentence 10(B) sentence 11(C) sentence 12(D) sentence 13(E) sentence 14



Unauthor ized copying or reuse ofany part of th is page is i l legal .

Ref

eren

ceIn

form

atio

nSECTION 6

Time — 25 Minutes18 Questions

Directions: This section contains two types of questions. You have 25 minutes to complete bothtypes. For questions 1-8, solve each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given. Fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet. You may use any available space for scratchwork.

Notes:



3. Unless otherwise specified, the domain of any function f is assumed to be the set of all realnumbers x for which f(x) is a real number.


C = 2πr


1. If 2(x + 5) = 22, then x + 5 =

(A) 11(B) 15(C) 16(D) 20(E) 38

2. From the dessert menu at a certain restaurant, adiner can choose from 5 types of ice cream and4 types of topping. How many combinations ofan ice cream and a topping are there?

(A) 9(B) 10(C) 16(D) 20(E) 25

6 6


3. In the figure above, 4 congruent equilateraltriangles are combined to form equilateraltriangle ABC. If the perimeter of triangle ABCis 24, what is the perimeter of one of thesmaller triangles?

(A) 4(B) 6(C) 12(D) 18(E) 24

4. If the origin is the midpoint of the linesegment between the points (4, 2) and (x, y), then (x, y) =

(A) (8, 4)(B) (2, 1)(C) (2, – 4)(D) (– 4, 2)(E) (–4, –2)

5. Let x <> y be defined by x <> y = x + 2y forall values of x and y. If 6 <> n = 36, whatis the value of n ?

(A) 12(B) 15(C) 21(D) 30(E) 42

pq + rs + tu

6. The expression above represents an odd integer.At most, how many of the integers p, q, r, s, t,and u could be even?

(A) One(B) Two(C) Three(D) Four(E) Five

7. In the figure above, points A, B , and C havecoordinates (0, –1), (0, 3), and (4, 6)respectively. What is the area of triangle ABC ?

(A) 16(B) 10(C) 8(D) 5(E) 4

8. Cylinder A has volume v. If Cylinder B hastwice the radius of Cylinder A and twicethe height, what is the volume of CylinderB in terms of v ?

(A) 2v(B) 4v(C) 6v(D) 8v(E) 16v

C

A

B

x

y

Unauthor ized copy ing or reuse ofany part of th is page is i l legal .6 6



9. What is the coordinate of the point on a numberline that is exactly midway between the pointswith coordinates 15 and 18 ?

10. What is the least three-digit positive integer that isa multiple of 3 ?

11. In the figure above, x + y =

94

Directions: Each of the 10 questions requires you to solve the probelm and enter your answer bymakring the ovals in the special grid, as shown in the examples below.

Answer: 2.25 Answer: 9 / 4 or

Note: You may start your naswers in anycolumn, space permitting. Columns notneeded should be left blank.

Answer: .01Either position is correct.


x°y°

80° 60°


12. If 2x + 1 = 32, then 2x =

13. The remainder when n is divided by 8 is 5. What is the remainder if 2n is divided by 8 ?

14. On a blueprint of a building,0.5 inchesrepresents 5 feet. If the area of a square room inthis building is 100 square feet, what is theroom’s area, in square inches, as represented onthe blueprint?

m, 2m, . . .

15. The first term in the sequence above is m, andeach term after the first is twice the preceedingterm. If the difference of the first and fifth termsis 75, what is the value of m ?

16. In the figure above, three squares of side 1 areremoved from the larger square of side 5. Whatis the perimeter of the resulting polygon,indicated with a solid line?



17. If y varies inversely as x2 and if y = 100

when x = 1, what is y when x = 2 ?

Note: figure not drawn to scale

18. The figure above shows the graph of y = p – x2, where p is a constant. If thelength of JK is 10, what is the value of p ?




19 Questions




Example:



1. It was hard not to laugh at the kitten’s -------gestures intended to frighten us away from its foodbowl.

(A) menacing (B) cunning (C) vivacious(D) apathetic (E) domesticated

2. After years of feeling that their legitimate concernswere merely ------- to mainstream interests, agrowing faction of marginalized citizens haverejected ------- and become more vocal.

(A) arbitrary . . boycotts(B) nefarious . . lobbying(C) clamorous . . narcissism(D) squandered . . reclamation(E) peripheral . . passivity

3. The effects of Brian Regan’s brilliant comedyroutine are ------- as well as -------; they sneak upon an unsuspecting audience, slowly gathering anoverwhelming comic force.

(A) cumulative . . insidious(B) eccentric . . negligent(C) vivid . . earnest(D) prominent . . surreptitious(E) austere . . acquisitive

4. By dismissing his opponent’s views as -------, thespeaker hoped that the audience would fail tonotice that his own position was anything but -------.

(A) tenable . . debatable(B) irrefutable . . preposterous(C) spurious . . plausible(D) partisan . . dubious(E) moderate . . inscrutable

5. Sadly, most academic prose is perplexing if notdownright -------, and certainly not a model ofwriting to be emulated by students.

(A) archetypal (B) impenetrable (C) nondescript (D) creative

(E) ostensible

6. Only the aging actor’s biggest fans were able tooverlook that his heart was no longer in his------- performances, and that he relied on ------- when nuanced portrayals were required.

(A) mercenary . . paradigms(B) perfunctory . . histrionics(C) laborious . . parodies(D) callow . . machinations(E) trenchant . . kudos


Passage 1

History claims to offer an authoritative account ofthe past based on a critical analysis and evaluationof the evidence. Historians assess the reliability ofdifferent sources, and also determine what theavailable evidence might mean, selecting particularpieces of evidence and fitting them together indifferent patterns in an effort to develop moregeneral interpretations (though some historiansbelieve that the evidence can be left to ‘speak foritself’).

It is not easy, however, to study how historiansactually interpret historical evidence. The writingsof historians present the results of theirinterpretation, but only rarely do they discuss theprocess of that interpretation. Moreover, theinterpretation process is at least partly intuitive andunconscious—the meaning of some historical datawill seem “obvious” to one historian, who will thenhave to work back and determine why so as toconvince other historians. The process ofdeveloping insights and ideas must be distinguishedfrom the ways in which these insights must bejustified in presenting them to other historians.

Historians make sense of evidence by relating itto what they already know. Indeed, new evidencesometimes forces us to modify what we “knew”earlier. The key point is that virtually any bit ofevidence can have different meanings and can beaccorded different significances by differenthistorians, all depending on a variety of factors.First, historians of a given period share a great dealof knowledge and a great number of assumptionsabout the status of historical knowledge, and to agreat degree embrace a common framework ofunderstanding, especially about the relation betweenpast and present. This fact explains why historicalinterpretations are frequently “of their time,” datedin retrospect. Moreover, historians’ specializationsincline them to particular views: political historians,military historians, economic historians—to namebut a few specialties—all view the ancient worlddifferently. Finally, the individual historian’s

personal experiences and preconceptions may affect hisor her interpretations by suggesting particular ways ofreading the evidence, without giving any authority tosuch readings. Historians’ social and political beliefsespecially affect their interpretations of the historicalrecord—however much they may vociferously denyany such influence.

Inevitably, historical interpretation is highlysubjective, hence the nervousness of many historiansabout the status of their interpretations, and theirdiffidence about admitting the role and importance ofimagination in their work. For the historian’s task isessentially one of imagination: thinking of ways inwhich evidence might be understood, makingproductive connections with other bits of evidence, andoffering suggestions as to how the gaps in the evidencemight plausibly be filled.

Passage 2

For the historian, the relationship of art to truth isexacting, though it may seem rather narrow. Whatmore is there to be said, after all, but that the historianhas to tell the truth? At least, that is ideally what he issupposed to do. Some would say that art does notcome into it at all. But art does come into it. Allsciences are devoted to the quest for truth, and truthcan neither be apprehended nor communicated withoutart. History, therefore, is an art, like all the othersciences.

Ironically, many great historians who repudiate theuse of art as unfit for the science of history themselvesshow great artistic skill in the treatment of theirmaterial. Historians must marshal their facts and shapetheir arguments. They must interweave theirarguments with their narratives, relate the smallparticular incident to their general argument, andanalyze the myriad forces at work in the shaping ofhistory.

These are the skills of an artist. Historical materialcannot be understood without an aesthetic sense. Theaccumulation of facts is useless unless they are relatedto each other and seen in proportion. Not all facts areborn equal; there is a hierarchy of facts. To arrange


Line(5)

(10)

(15)

(20)

(25)

(30)

(35)

(40)

The two passages below are followed by questions based on their content and on the relationship betweenthe two passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages and in anyintroductory material that may be provided.

(45)

(50)

(55)

(60)

(65)

(70)

(75)

(80)

(85)


them rightly, to distinguish the important from thetrivial, to see their bearing one upon another, requiresartistic skill. Without art there may be accumulationsof statements, there may be calendars or chronicles, butthere is no history. If the historian aspires to more thanamassing a mere catalogue of unrelated and thereforeunintelligible statements, he must approach his materialas any other creative artist does: with the sense that itcontains some essential and permanent truths which itmay be his skill or good fortune to release.

A historian’s artistic license is severelycircumscribed, however. The poet, the dramatist, thenovelist are free to exercise their imagination as widelyas they choose. But the historian is not allowed solong a tether. The historian can use only what he hasbefore him: he cannot invent evidence, and he cannotreject it, either, except within very narrow limits. Hemust even find a place for the awkward fact that doesnot fit with the scheme of events as he had firstenvisioned it. If new facts destroy his theory, he mustabandon it and start again.

The historian gains his knowledge through evidencethat is at best contradictory, ambiguous, andincomplete. Even the greatest historian can neverreach more than a partial and personal version of truthas it once was. All efforts of historical scholarship areultimately reduced to a matter of opinion. Yet neitherthe uncertainty nor the personal nature of his ownjudgments exonerates the historian from applying theutmost of his critical faculties and scholarly abilities toestablishing the truth according to his own lights.

7. In context, regarding the notion that historicalevidence “can be left to speak for itself” (lines 11-12), the author of Passage 1 would probably

(A) agree that it is theoretically possible, but impossible in practice

(B) agree that it is possible and even desirable in practice

(C) disagree tentatively, without wishing to rule out the possibility

(D) disagree in both theory and in practice(E) consider it too absurd a notion to take

seriously

8. In line 16, the quotation marks around the word“obvious” serve to

(A) assert that facts are not meaningful in the same way that ideas are

(B) highlight a problematic term that deserves further analysis

(C) emphasize that what seems self-evident to one historian may not be so for others.

(D) call attention to a little-understood aspect of historical study

(E) remind the reader that nothing is obvious to any historian

9. In line 28, the quotation marks around the word“knew” serve to

(A) suggest that earlier historians were unaware of the extent of their ignorance

(B) criticize historians for feeling intellectually superior

(C) demonstrate that historians actually know more than they realize

(D) indicate a potential weakness of all historical research

(E) underscore that historians are sometimes mistaken

10. The phrase “without giving any authority to suchreadings” (lines 47-48) most nearly means without

(A) providing written evidence(B) claiming the right to make personal judgments(C) suggesting a more plausible explanation(D) justifying one particular analysis over any

other(E) explaining how to interpret history

11. From the context, historians who “vociferouslydeny” the influence of their social and politicalbeliefs (lines 50-51) do so because they

(A) believe that historians and other scholars are entitled to their privacy

(B) resent the implication that their social and political beliefs are questionable

(C) hope to minimize the influence they have on the social and political beliefs of others

(D) realize that such biases undermine the apparent objectivity of their field

(E) wish to hide their personal beliefs from public scrutiny


(90)

(95)

(100)

(105)

(110)

(115)


12. Based on the first paragraph of Passage 2 (lines62-71), the author of Passage 2 would probablyrespond to the “nervousness” and “diffidence”(lines 52-56) of historians regarding the status oftheir conclusions by

(A) suggesting that historians should indeed be concerned about their reputations

(B) reminding historians that there is nothing to be nervous about if they simply tell the truth

(C) pointing out that historians are not the only scholars who rely on an aesthetic sense

(D) encouraging historians to have more confidence in their analysis and conclusions

(E) emphasizing that a little tentativeness is better for historians than overconfidence

13. The function of the question “What more is thereto be said . . . tell the truth?” (lines 63-65) in thefirst paragraph of Passage 2 is to

(A) ask whether historians are always honest(B) convey the author’s opinion of the importance

of truth in history(C) represent the bare minimum historians ought

to accomplish(D) characterize the author’s ideal of a

philosopher-historian(E) present a simplistic view of the historian’s

task

14. Based on the sentence “Moreover, theinterpretation process . . . other historians.” (lines17-22), the author of Passage 1 would probablysay that the great historians who reject the role ofart in their work (lines 72-75) do so because they

(A) may be unaware of the degree to which their reasoning is subjective.

(B) prefer to leave the study of art to artists and art critics.

(C) believe that art and interpretation should not play a role in any scholarly pursuit.

(D) believe that nothing is obvious to any historian, despite appearances to the contrary.

(E) believe that their conclusions need not be justified to other historians.

15. In the third paragraph of Passage 2 (lines 81-95),the author argues that

(A) art is more important to a historian than facts(B) history consists of more than simply a

chronology of facts(C) historians should study art as well as history(D) historians should make their statements more

readable and intelligible(E) historians should be more creative

16. As used in line 103, “awkward” most nearlymeans

(A) ambiguous(B) incompatible(C) confusing(D) intricate(E) unimaginative

17. The function of the fourth paragraph of Passage 2(lines 96-106) is to

(A) explain the ways in which historians are limited in the use of their imagination

(B) criticize historians for not being more inventive

(C) propose that historians be allowed greater artistic freedom in interpreting historical evidence

(D) encourage historians to read more fiction, especially the work of poets and novelists

(E) suggest that historians should be more creative, like poets and novelists

18. The last sentence of Passage 2 (lines 112-116) isintended to express the author’s belief that

(A) history is neither an art nor a science, but a unique hybrid of the two

(B) the study of history would be improved if historians were more able to express their opinions

(C) historical truth is an illusion, and therefore history is not truly a science

(D) historians must be allowed more leeway given the insurmountable uncertainty surrounding all historical matters.

(E) historians must strive to present history to the best of their ability, notwithstanding the challenges they face



19. Unlike the author of Passage 1, the author ofPassage 2

(A) refers to specific historical specialties(B) challenges the belief that historians are any

more imaginative than are scholars in other fields

(C) cites specific historical examples(D) discusses the role of interpretation in

disciplines other than history.(E) adopts a neutral attitude towards the topic



Ref

eren

ceIn

form

atio

n


16 Questions

Directions: You may use any available space in your booklet for scratch work, but only your answersheet will be graded. When you have determined the answer to a question, fill in the correspondingoval on your answer sheet.

Notes:




C = 2πr



1. If x + y = 12 and x = 2y, then x =

(A) 3(B) 4(C) 6(D) 8(E) 24

2. Team M has 24 members, and Team N has 48

members, with no members in common. If

of the members of Team N join Team M, how

many members will Team M have then?

(A) 16(B) 32(C) 36(D) 40(E) 60

13


3. The median of a set of 5 consecutive integers is86. What is the least of those 5 integers?

(A) 81(B) 82(C) 83(D) 84(E) 88

4. A certain bakery sells pumpkin pies forThanksgiving. The net amount P, in dollars,earned by the bakery from selling n pumpkin piesthe week before Thanksgiving is given by thefunction P(n) = 15n 300. If the bakery sells 40pies, what is the net amount it earns?

(A) $75(B) $225(C) $300(D) $450(E) $600

5. The product of 2, 3, and x is equal to the sum of 2x and

(A) 3(B) 4(C) 6(D) 3x(E) 4x

6. Four runners, J, K, L, and M, enter a race. Lfinishes before M, and J finishes immediatelyafter K. If there are no ties in the race, inwhich of the following positions could Lfinish?

I. FirstII. Second

III. Third

(A) I only(B) II only(C) III only(D) I and III only(E) I, II, and III

7. If x2 + y2 = 4, then (4x)2 + (4y)2 =

(A) 16(B) 32(C) 64(D) 128(E) 256

8. If x, y, and z are positive integers, and y = x + 1,and z = 3y, then which of the following is apossible value of x + y + z ?

(A) 17(B) 18(C) 19(D) 20(E) 21

8 8Unauthor ized copy ing or reuse ofany part of th is page is i l legal .


9. If p pencils cost c cents, then at this rate howmany cents will 10 pencils cost?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E) 10pc

10. Let the function f be defined by f (x) = x2 .If n is a number such that f (n + 3) = f (n) + what is the value of n ?

(A) –1

(B) 0

(C) 3

(D) No such solution exists.

(E) An infinite number of solutions exists.

A B C D E


11. If AD > BE in the figure above, then which ofthe following must be true?

(A) BC > CD(B) CD > BC(C) AC > CE(D) AB > DE(E) AB + DE > BD

Questions 12 and 13 refer to the following table,which shows the results of a survey of 60 womenand 40 men.

FAVORITE PETS

Cat Dog Other

Women 45 12 3

Men 8 26 6

12. What percentage of women surveyed listed“dog” as their favorite pet?

(A) 8%(B) 12%(C) 18%(D) 20%(E) 24%

13. A man and a woman are selected at randomfrom among the persons surveyed. How manytimes more likely is the man to have listed“other” as his favorite pet than the woman wasto have listed “other” as her favorite pet?

(A) Two(B) Three(C) Four(D) Five(E) Six

8 8Unauthor ized copy ing or reuse ofany part of th is page is i l lega l .

3,

c10p10pc

10cpp

10c


14. According to the table above, if f ( f (x)) = 7, then x =

(A) 1

(B) 3

(C) 4

(D) 5

(E) 7

15. The figure above represents the graph of which of the following equations?

(A) y = | x – 4 |(B) y = | x + 4 |(C) y = | x | – 4

(D) y = | x | + 4

(E) y = |– x – 4 |

16. In the figure above, the two circles with centersJ and K each have a radius of 3. What is theperimeter of the combined figure, indicatedwith a solid line?

(A) 16π(B) 12π(C) 8π(D) 6π(E) 4π


(4,0)

(0,4)

x

y

x f(x)

1 3

2 4

3 5

4 6

5 7



14 Questions



1. When the architect sketched his plans for thecastle, conventional Gothic designs wereemployed, but it was not strictly adhered to byhim.

(A) conventional Gothic designs were employed,but it was not strictly adhered to by him

(B) conventional Gothic designs were employed,but he did not adhere to it strictly

(C) conventional Gothic designs were employedby him and not strictly adhered to

(D) he employed conventional Gothic designs, butthey had not been strictly adhered to

(E) he employed, but did not strictly adhere to,conventional Gothic designs

2. The historical term “McCarthyism” referring toSenator Joseph McCarthy’s vitriolic pursuit ofCommunism within American borders during the1950s.

(A) referring to Senator Joseph McCarthy’svitriolic pursuit

(B) referring to vitriolic pursuit by Senator JosephMcCarthy

(C) which refers to Senator Joseph McCarthy’svitriolic pursuit

(D) refers to Senator Joseph McCarthy’s vitriolicpursuit

(E) is when vitriolic pursuit by Senator JosephMcCarthy

In each of the following sentences, some part of the sentence or the entire sentence is underlined. Below eachsentence you will find the original underlined portion, followed by four alternative ways of writing theunderlined part.

Choice A is always the same as the underlined part. Select choice A if you think that the original version isbetter than any of the suggested changes.

Otherwise, select the choice that produces the most effective sentence while still retaining the originalmeaning.

Pay attention to acceptable usage in grammar, sentence construction, and punctuation. These questions testcorrectness and effectiveness of expression, so follow the requirements of standard written English. Aneffective sentence will be clear and exact, without awkwardness, redundancy, or ambiguity.

Example:

Most people seem to prefer realisticart than abstract art.

(A) than abstract art(B) than they do abstract art(C) to abstract art(D) instead of abstract art(E) rather than art that is abstract


3. Each summer hundreds of thousands of touriststravel to Florence, a city famous for its manychurches and museums.

(A) Each summer hundreds of thousands oftourists travel to Florence, a city famous forits many churches and museums

(B) Famous for its many churches and museums,hundreds of thousands of tourists travel toFlorence each summer

(C) Hundreds of thousands of tourists travel toFlorence each summer famous for its manychurches and museums

(D) Hundreds of thousands of tourists had traveledto Florence each summer, which is knownfor its many churches and museums

(E) Each summer, famous for its many churchesand museums, hundreds of thousands ofpeople visit Florence

4. Peat, unlike most household sources of heatingenergy, were once used as a building material.

(A) were once used as a building material(B) was once used as a building material(C) once being used as a building material(D) having been used once as a building material(E) once used as a building material

5. Caesar’s northern armies invaded the region thatwas to become modern-day Belgium, ravaging theland and the defeated barbarians were driven toflight.

(A) land and the defeated barbarians were drivento flight

(B) land with the defeated barbarians having beendriven to flight

(C) land, and the driving of the defeatedbarbarians to flight

(D) land and driving the defeated barbarians toflight

(E) land; driving to flight the barbarians defeated

6. Overcoming severe physical limitations to becomea prominent lecturer and author, historians viewHelen Keller as one of the twentieth century’smost remarkable figures.

(A) Overcoming severe physical limitations tobecome a prominent lecturer and author,historians view Helen Keller

(B) Historians who view Helen Keller asovercoming severe physical limitations tobecome a prominent lecturer and authorview her

(C) Helen Keller’s overcoming severe physicallimitations to become a prominent lectureran author led to her being viewed

(D) Because Helen Keller overcame severephysical limitations to become a prominentlecturer and author, historians view her

(E) Based on her overcoming severe physicallimitations to become a prominent lecturerand author, Helen Keller is viewed byhistorians.

7. Having planned the event far in advance, that theweather forced its cancellation disappointed thereunion committee greatly.

(A) that the weather forced its cancellationdisappointed the reunion committee greatly

(B) the weather’s forcing its cancellation was agreat disappointment to the reunioncommittee

(C) the reunion committee’s disappointment at theweather’s forcing its cancellation was great

(D) the reunion committee found the weather’sforcing its cancellation greatlydisappointing

(E) the reunion committee was greatlydisappointed in the weather forcing itscancellation



8. The more we practice speaking a new foreignlanguage, the more accustomed you will becometo thinking in that language.

(A) The more we practice speaking a new foreignlanguage

(B) The more you practice speaking a new foreignlanguage

(C) The more speaking a new foreign language ispracticed

(D) As the practice of speaking a new foreignlanguage increases

(E) As people practice speaking a new foreignlanguage more

9. The American West was once a haven fortravelers, some craving wealth, some desiringfame, and some seeking individual freedom.

(A) fame, and some seeking individual freedom(B) fame, and individual freedom was sought by

some(C) fame, and some individuals seeking freedom(D) fame, and some because of individual freedom(E) fame, individual freedom being sought by

some

10. Ironically encumbered by its many decades ofexperience in the industry, the company’s strugglewith ways to reinvent itself was hopeless.

(A) the company’s struggle with ways to reinventitself was hopeless

(B) the company’s hopeless struggle was withways to reinvent itself

(C) ways to reinvent itself was what the companystruggled with hopelessly

(D) ways to reinvent itself with which thecompany hopelessly struggled

(E) the company struggled hopelessly with waysto reinvent itself

11. In 1926 The Great Gatsby was the defining workof literature of the American Gilded Age, it waswritten by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

(A) In 1926 The Great Gatsby was the definingwork of literature of the American GildedAge, it was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

(B) In 1926 F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The GreatGatsby, the defining work of the AmericanGilded Age.

(C) By F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1926, The GreatGatsby, the defining work of the AmericanGilded Age, was written.

(D) With writing by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1926,The Great Gatsby was the defining work ofliterature of the American Gilded Age.

(E) The defining work of literature of theAmerican Gilded Age, F. Scott Fitzgeraldwrote The Great Gatsby in 1926.

12. Even the president of the corporation is expectedto dress in casual clothing, this policy creates anextremely relaxed work environment.

(A) this policy creates an extremely relaxed workenvironment

(B) with this policy creating an extremely relaxedwork environment

(C) and an extremely relaxed environment inwhich to work being the result of thispolicy

(D) and this policy creates an extremely relaxedwork environment

(E) an extremely relaxed work environment iscreated by this policy

9 9Unau tho r i zed copy ing o r r euse o fany pa r t o f th i s page i s i l l ega l .


13. Since the songs of the French singer Edith Piaf areless well known than her American contemporariesof the time, many people today are surprised todiscover that she was at one time enormouslypopular with American audiences.

(A) Since the songs of the French singer EdithPiaf are less well known than her Americancontemporaries of the time

(B) Since the songs of the French singer EdithPiaf are less well known than her Americancontemporaries

(C) Because the songs of the French singer EdithPiaf are less well known than those of herAmerican contemporaries

(D) The songs of the French singer Edith Piafbeing less well known than her Americancontemporaries

(E) The songs of the French singer Edith Piafhaving been less well known than herAmerican contemporaries were

14. Although Ireland’s government censors had longstifled artistic expression, the country is nowdiscovery the tremendous talents of its native poetsand novelists.

(A) Although Ireland’s government censors hadlong stifled artistic expression, the countryis now discovery the tremendous talents ofits native poets and novelists.

(B) Artistic expression that was once being stifledby Ireland’s government censors, but nowthey are discovering the tremendous talentsof their native poets and novelists.

(C) The government censors had long stifledartistic expression, but Ireland is nowdiscovering the tremendous talents of theirnative poets and novelists.

(D) Artistic expression was long stifled byIreland’s government censors, and so nowthey are discovering the tremendous talentsof their native poets and novelists.

(E) Now discovering the tremendous talents of itsnative poets and novelists, Ireland’sgovernment censors had stifled artisticexpression for a long time.



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