Next-Generation Smart Grids - IEEE · Next-Generation Smart Grids: Completely Autonomous Power Systems (CAPS) Qing-Chang Zhong Dept. of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering The

Next-Generation Smart Grids:Completely Autonomous Power Systems

(CAPS)

Qing-Chang Zhong

Dept. of Automatic Control and Systems EngineeringThe University of Sheffield

United Kingdom

Dept. of Distribution NetworksChina Electric Power Research Institute

China

[email protected]

Q.-C. Zhong ([email protected], Univ. of Sheffield/CEPRI) IEEE PELS DL on Next-Generation Smart Grids (CAPS)

The University of Sheffield

Sheffield Medical School (1828),University Charter granted (1905)

5 Nobel Prize winners

QS World University Rankings: 71st

One of the Red Brick universities

25,000 students from 117 countries,over 6,000 staff

ACSE: The only department incontrol in the UK, the largest in EUand one of the best in the world.

toengineering,

was


Power systems

“. . . the greatest engineering achievement ofthe 20th century.” (National Academy of Engineering ’2000)

“. . . the largest and most complex machineengineered by humankind.” (P. Kundur ’94)


Power systems

“. . . the greatest engineering achievement ofthe 20th century.” (National Academy of Engineering ’2000)

“. . . the largest and most complex machineengineered by humankind.” (P. Kundur ’94)


Evolution of power systems

Centralised Generation

500 kV TransmissionPower Plant

Generation

TransmissionSystem

DistributionSystem(12kV)

UndergroundDistribution Transfomer

ResidentialCustomer

Commercial/IndustrialCustomer

ResidentialCustomer

OverheadDistributionTransformer

UrbanCustomers

69 kV Sub-transmission

230 kVTransmission

Distribution Substation(69/12 kV)

High-Voltage Substation(230/69 kV)

Extra-High-Voltage Substation(500/230 kV)

Distribution Line

Underground Cable

To OtherHigh-VoltageSubstations

Karady G and Holbert K 2004

DistributedGeneration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid.

Smart Grid

DOE: Smart Grid System Report





Generation

TransmissionSystem



ResidentialCustomer


ResidentialCustomer


UrbanCustomers


230 kVTransmission




Distribution Line

Underground Cable





Smart Grid






Generation

TransmissionSystem



ResidentialCustomer


ResidentialCustomer


UrbanCustomers


230 kVTransmission




Distribution Line

Underground Cable





Smart Grid



What’s next?

Next-Generation Smart Grids:

Completely Autonomous Power Systems (CAPS).


What’s next?

Next-Generation Smart Grids:

Completely Autonomous Power Systems (CAPS).


Outline of the talk

Why? — Challenges faced by power systems

What is the root cause? — Fundamentals

How? — Technical route

What is the solution? — Architecture

Summary


Challenges being faced by power systems

Ageing infrastructure (mostly over 100 years old)

FaultsBlackouts


Largest blackouts in the history

Generated from the data at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_outages




FaultsBlackouts

Fast growth of electricity consumption

Civilisation: > 30 cities with 10+ million people by2020 (Wiki)Digital economy: Data centres to consume 20%electricity in the USA by 2030 (EPRI)


Energy Consumption Estimates by End-Use Sector, 1949-2010

Residential, By Major Source Commercial, By Major Source

Industrial, By Major Source Transportation, By Major Source

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Quadrilli

on B

tu

Natural Gas

Natural Gas

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Quadrilli

on B

tu

NaturalGas

ElectricalLosses¹

ElectricalLosses¹

ElectricalLosses¹

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy

Coal

Renewable Energy

Coal

Petroleum

Electricity²

Petroleum

Petroleum

Electricity²

Petroleum

RenewableEnergy

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Quadrilli

on B

tu

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Quadrilli

on B

tu

Electricity²

Natural Gas

Coal

http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/archive/038410.pdf.




FaultsBlackouts



Demand of high energy efficiency

Large-scale utilisation of renewable energy, EVsand energy storage systems etc.




FaultsBlackouts








FaultsBlackouts






How to address the challenges?

Upgrading the system, e.g. by introducing

Phase Measurement Units (PMU)Wide-Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS)


PMUs and WAMS in China

Xinjiang

PMU at Substation

PMU at Power Plant

WAMS Central Station

Tibet

Jiangsu

Shanghai

Zhengehou

East

South

Yunnan

Kunming

Guizhou

Chuan–Yu

Central

Henan

NanjingThree Gorge Power Plant

North

Northeast

Shenyang

Beijing

Northwest

Guangdong

Guangzhou

X.R. Xie, Y.Z. Xin, J.Y. Xiao, J.T. Wu, and Y.D. Han. WAMS applications in Chinese power systems. IEEE Power & Energy Magazine. Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 54-63, Jan.-Feb. 2006.





Strengthening the system, e.g. by introducingHVDC and HVAC links





Strengthening the system, e.g. by introducingHVDC and HVAC links


The mainland Chinese power system

800kV 6400 MW, 2018

Taiwan

800kV 6400 MW, 2011

800kV 6400 MW,2015

800kV 6400MW, 2014

800kV 6400MW, 2016

800kV 6400 MW, 2012

800kV 6400 MW, 2019

800kV 6400 MW, 2018

800kV 5000-6000 MW, 2015

3000 MW, 2011

800kV 6400 MW, 2015

3000 MW, 2013800kV 5000 MW, 2009

800kV 6400 MW, 2018

3000 MW, 2009

3000 MW, 2010

800kV 6400MW, 2016

1500 MW, 2008

800kV 6400 MW, 2015

3000 MW, 2011

1200 MW, 2011

1000 MW, 2012

3000 MW, 2016

Xinjiang

Gansu

Qinghai

Xizang

Yunnan Guangdong

Heilongjiang

Jilin

Fujian

Zheijang

Anhui

Jiangsu

Inner Mongolia

Shanxi

Shandong

Hebel

Beijing

Ningula

Liaoning

Janjin

Shianxi

Sichuan &

Chongqing

Guanqxi

Guizhou

Henan

Hubei

Hunan

Jiangxi

Bangkok

Shanghai

NEPG

NCPG

NWPG

CCPG

SCPG

Hainan

ECPG

X-P. Zhang, C. Rehtanz and Y. Song., ‘‘A grid for tomorrow,’’ Power Engineer , vol.20, no.5, pp.22-27, Oct.-Nov. 2006.


The US power system

Source: http://views.cira.colostate.edu/fed/Egrid/.


These actions are all important and effective.But are we doing enough?Let’s go one step back and recall the challenges:

Ageing infrastructure



Large-scale utilisation of renewable energy, EVsand ESS etc.

What do these challenges really mean/what isfundamental behind these challenges?/What willthese make future power systems look like?

⇓

Power electronics-based.Q.-C. Zhong ([email protected], Univ. of Sheffield/CEPRI) IEEE PELS DL on Next-Generation Smart Grids (CAPS)







⇓








⇓








⇓








⇓


Fundamental challenge

Future power systems will be

power electronics-based,

with a huge number of heterogeneous players.

Less of a power problem but more of a systems problem

How to guarantee system stability?How to organically expand power systems withoutjeopardising stability?

No longer able to heavily rely on communication networks

It is fine for monitoring, information systems and high-levelfunctions.But for low-level control, this will cause a great concern ofreliability.

No longer manageable with human interaction
































!

"

#$%&'()$% *(+$%, -./01

Is there ONE simple mechanism to enable organic growth andautonomous operation of power systems?Is it possible for new add-ons to play an equal role as conventionalgenerators in regulating the system stability?Is it possible for the majority of loads to play the same role too?If yes, can these happen regardless of size and capacity?


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Conventional electricity generation

M

M M

Rs , L Rs , L

Rs , L

Rotor field axis

( 0=θ )

Field voltage

Rotation

N

Conventionally, the generation of electricity is dominated by synchronousgenerators.


Why synchronous generators (SG)?

The real power P flowing out of an SG is

P =VE

Xssin(θ −θg )

where E and V are the RMS values of the generated voltage and theterminal voltage. Moreover, an SG obeys the swing equation

J θ = Tm−Te −Dpθ

and a power system can be regarded as a system of coupled oscillators.Because of the sin term, an SG can synchronise with the grid or an SG.

The underlying principle that holds a power system is

the synchronisation mechanism of SG

This will be adopted to construct the next-generation smart grids, CAPS.




P =VE

Xssin(θ −θg )










P =VE

Xssin(θ −θg )








New add-ons of generation

Renewable energy

WindSolarTideWave etc

Electric vehicles

Energy storage systems

It is a real mess.

Is there anything in common?



Renewable energy


Electric vehicles


It is a real mess.




Renewable energy


Electric vehicles


It is a real mess.



Inverters: —Common devices for smart grid integration

+

-

Rs, Ls va

vb

vc

ia

ib

ic

ea

eb

ec

VDC

C

Are we able to make inverters have the vital synchronisation mechanism?


Inverters: —Common devices for smart grid integration

+

-

Rs, Ls va

vb

vc

ia

ib

ic

ea

eb

ec

VDC

C

Are we able to make inverters have the vital synchronisation mechanism?


Our solution: Synchronverters

Synchronverters are inverters

that mimic synchronousgenerators (SG).

Dynamically behave like SG and

hence possess the inherentsynchronisation mechanism.

Can operate autonomously

without communication.


The basic idea

Taking the mathematical model of a synchronous generator as thecore of the controller for an inverter.

Converting the generated voltage e to PWM signals to drive theswitches so that the average values of ea, eb and ec over aswitching period is equal to e.

Feeding back the phase current i to the mathematical model asthe stator current.

Te Formulas of Te, Q, e

s

1

Dp

Tm

-

θ θ&

i

e

Mf if

Q

Js

1

-

+

-

Ls , Rs va

vb

vc

ia

ib

ic

ea

eb

ec

VDC

C

vga

vgb

vgc

Circuit Breaker

Lg , Rg


The basic idea





s

1

Dp

Tm

-

θ θ&

i

e

Mf if

Q

Js

1

-

+

-

Ls , Rs va

vb

vc

ia

ib

ic

ea

eb

ec

VDC

C

vga

vgb

vgc

Circuit Breaker

Lg , Rg


The basic idea





s

1

Dp

Tm

-

θ θ&

i

e

Mf if

Q

Js

1

-

+

-

Ls , Rs va

vb

vc

ia

ib

ic

ea

eb

ec

VDC

C

vga

vgb

vgc

Circuit Breaker

Lg , Rg


The complete controller

Js

1

Te

s

1

Dp

Tm

-

θ θ&

i

e

rθ&-

Dq

rv

Qset -

-

Mf if

Ks

1

Q

n

p

θ& Pset

PWM generation

From

\to th

e po

wer

par

t

fbv

Reset gθ

Amplitude detection

cθ

mv

Formulas of Te, Q, e

PLL

Four parameters

No conventional PI control

No dq transformation etc

Frequency regulation via frequency droop control

Voltage regulation via voltage droop control

Real power and reactive power control


Experimental results

Frequency regulation

49.85

49.90

49.95

50.00

50.05

50.10

50.15

940.0

960.0

980.0

1000.0

1020.0

1040.0

1060.0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Gri

d fr

eque

ncy

[Hz]

P [W

]

Time [sec]


So, all the generators can have the vitalsynchronisation mechanism and take part in the grid

regulation.

How about the loads?


So, all the generators can have the vitalsynchronisation mechanism and take part in the grid

regulation.

How about the loads?


Load types

Many different types of loads exist in a power system:

Home appliances

Lighting devices

Elevators

Computers/servers

Air-conditioners

Machines

...



Load types

Many different types of loads exist in a power system:

Home appliances

Lighting devices

Elevators

Computers/servers

Air-conditioners

Machines

...



Motor50%

Internet>10%

Lighting

20%Other20%

(EPRI)

The majority of loads (will) have a front-end rectifier because

Motors are often equipped with AC drives to improve efficiencyand performance

Light bulbs are being replaced with energy-efficient devices, e.g.LED

Internet devices consume DC electricity

If these loads (rectifiers) are made to behave like synchronous motorsthen the majority of loads in a power system will have thesynchronisation mechanism we are looking for.


Motor50%

Internet>10%

Lighting

20%Other20%

(EPRI)







Motor50%

Internet>10%

Lighting

20%Other20%

(EPRI)







Motor50%

Internet>10%

Lighting

20%Other20%

(EPRI)







Motor50%

Internet>10%

Lighting

20%Other20%

(EPRI)







Running rectifiers as synchronous motors

Vo

Vref mT θ&

eT

Q

v Qref Mfif i

1

Js

1

s

Formulas of Te, Q

and e

Dp

1

Ks

PWM generation

STA

ip

KK

s+

To/from

the power part

e

c

v Reset

Angular frequency



0 10 20 30 40 50310

312

314

316

318

320

Time [s]

Spee

d [r

ad/s

]

θg θ

0 10 20 30 40 50−50

0

50

100

150

P [W

]

Time [s]

0 10 20 30 40 500

20

40

60

Vdc

[V

]

Time [s]0 10 20 30 40 50

−150

−100

−50

0

50

Q [V

ar]

Time [s]

38.9 38.92 38.94 38.96 38.98 39−20

−10

0

10

20

30

Time [s]

Vol

tage

/Cur

rent

[V/A

]

va

ia

1) Circuit breaker turned on at t=2s;2) Load R=50Ω connected at t=4s;3) PWM signals enabled at t=10s withVref =40 V and the Q-loop disabled;4) The Q-loop enabled at t=20s;5) Vref changed to 50 V at t=30s;6) The load changed to R=30Ω at t=41s.


So, we have made

inverters to have the synchronisation mechanismof synchronous generators

the majority of loads to have the samesynchronisation mechanism

Is there any problem left?

— There is a dedicated synchronisation unit.


So, we have made






So, we have made






Inverters

Js

1

Te

s

1

Dp

Tm

-

θ θ&

i

e

rθ&-

Dq

rv

Qset -

-

Mf if

Ks

1

Q

n

p

θ& Pset

PWM generation

From

\to th

e po

wer

par

t

fbv

Reset gθ

Amplitude detection

cθ

mv


PLL

Rectifiers

Vo

Vref mT θ&

eT

Q

v Qref Mfif i

1

Js

1

s

Formulas of Te, Q

and e

Dp

1

Ks

PWM generation

STA

ip

KK

s+

To/from

the power part

e

c

v Reset

Angular frequency

Problems withdedicatedsynchronisationunits (PLL etc)

Fight with eachother

Cause instability

Reduceperformance

?Is it possible to get rid ofthe dedicatedsynchronisation unit,although it is believed tobe a must-havecomponent?


Inverters

Js

1

Te

s

1

Dp

Tm

-

θ θ&

i

e

rθ&-

Dq

rv

Qset -

-

Mf if

Ks

1

Q

n

p

θ& Pset

PWM generation

From

\to th

e po

wer

par

t

fbv

Reset gθ

Amplitude detection

cθ

mv


PLL

Rectifiers

Vo

Vref mT θ&

eT

Q

v Qref Mfif i

1

Js

1

s

Formulas of Te, Q

and e

Dp

1

Ks

PWM generation

STA

ip

KK

s+

To/from

the power part

e

c

v Reset

Angular frequency



Cause instability

Reduceperformance



Inverters

Js

1

Te

s

1

Dp

Tm

-

θ θ&

i

e

rθ&-

Dq

rv

Qset -

-

Mf if

Ks

1

Q

n

p

θ& Pset

PWM generation

From

\to th

e po

wer

par

t

fbv

Reset gθ

Amplitude detection

cθ

mv


PLL

Rectifiers

Vo

Vref mT θ&

eT

Q

v Qref Mfif i

1

Js

1

s

Formulas of Te, Q

and e

Dp

1

Ks

PWM generation

STA

ip

KK

s+

To/from

the power part

e

c

v Reset

Angular frequency



Cause instability

Reduceperformance



Inverters

Js

1

Te

s

1

Dp

Tm

-

θ θ&

i

e

rθ&-

Dq

rv

Qset -

-

Mf if

Ks

1

Q

n

p

θ& Pset

PWM generation

From

\to th

e po

wer

par

t

fbv

Reset gθ

Amplitude detection

cθ

mv


PLL

Rectifiers

Vo

Vref mT θ&

eT

Q

v Qref Mfif i

1

Js

1

s

Formulas of Te, Q

and e

Dp

1

Ks

PWM generation

STA

ip

KK

s+

To/from

the power part

e

c

v Reset

Angular frequency



Cause instability

Reduceperformance



Self-synchronised synchronverters

Formulasof e, Q, Te

Js

1

Dp

nθ&1

s

1Pset

e

Tm

−

−

Te

−

Q

θ.

Mfif

iQset 1

Ks

PI

θ

1Ls+R

rθ.

−

nθ.

1

gi

Dq

SC

SP

T∆

si

2

SQ

nV

gV−

gv

A mechanism is introduced to generate the reference frequency

A mechanism is introduced to synchronise with the grid before connection



0 10 20 30 40 50 6049.9

50

50.1

50.2

Freq

uenc

y [H

z]

Time [s]

Synchronverter frequency

0 10 20 30 40 50 60−20

0

20

40

60

80

100

P [W

]

Time [s]

Real power

0 10 20 30 40 50 6049.9

50

50.1

50.2

Freq

uenc

y [H

z]

Time [s]

Grid frequency measured by a PLL

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

−20

0

20

40

60

80

Q [V

ar]

Time [s]

Reactive power


Self-synchronised PWM rectifiers

mT

eT

Q

Mfif

1

Js

1

s

e

c

ifpf

KK

s+

1

s sL R+

nθú

gθ∆ û

rθú

i

v

v 1 2

is S

1

Ks−

θü

ivpv

KK

s+

Qref

Vref

Vo

θ∆ ý

Formulas of Te, Q

and e

A mechanism is introduced to generate the reference frequency

A mechanism is introduced to synchronise with the grid before connection



0 10 20 30 40 50313

313.5

314

314.5

315

315.5

316

Time [s]

Freq

uenc

y [r

ad/s

]

θg θ

0 10 20 30 40 50−50

−25

0

25

50

75

100

P [W

]

Time [s]

0 10 20 30 40 500

10

20

30

40

50

60

Vo [

V]

Time [s]0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

−100

−75

−50

−25

0

25

50

Q [V

ar]

Time [s]

29.8 29.85 29.9 29.95 30−20

−10

0

10

20

30

Time [s]

Vol

tage

/Cur

rent

[V/A

]

v

aia

1) Circuit breaker turned on at t=3s;2) Load R=50Ω connected at t=5s;3) PWM signals enabled at t=10s withVref =40 V and the Q-loop disabled;4) The Q-loop enabled at t=20s;5) Vref changed to 50 V at t=31s;6) The load changed to R=30Ω at t=42s.


So, we have indeed made it.

All new add-ons of generation can behave likesynchronous generators.

The majority of loads can behave likesynchronous motors.

They all possess the inherent synchronisationmechanism, without a dedicated synchronisationunit, so they are naturally held together.

















Architecture for next-generation smart grid

Coal Plants

Industrial Power Plants

Motors

Lighting

Electronic Apparatus Wind Farms Solar Farms

Energy Storage Systems

Nuclear Plants

Hydro-Electric

Plants

Medium Sized

Power Plants

Electric Vehicles

SG

SG

SG

SG

SG

SV

SV

SV

SV

SV

SV

SV

SV

SV

HVDC

Transmission

and

Distribution

@Qing-Chang Zhong, 2013.


Summary

Due to the integration of a huge number of renewableenergy etc into the smart grid, it is no longer possible tocoordinate its operation by human interaction.

An architecture (CAPS) for the next-generation smartgrids has been established

to standardise the interface of integration,to achieve completely autonomous operation, withminimum demand on communication for control.

A technical route based on the synchronisationmechanism of SG has been demonstrated, through

operating inverters as synchronous generators,operating rectifiers as synchronous motors.

The dedicated synchronisation units that were believedto be a must-have for converters have been removed.


Further reading

Completely Autonomous Power Systems (CAPS)Next Generation Smart Grids

Qing-Chang Zhong

SV

SV

SV SV

SV

SV

SV

SGSG

HVDC

Wind Farms

Solar Farms

Electric Vehicles

Nuclear Plants

Coal Plants

Electronic Apparatus

SG

Hydro Plants

SV

Motors

Lightings

Transmission and

Distribution

Lighting

(to appear in 2015)


Something more mathematical?

Antonio VisioliQing-Chang Zhong

Control of Integral Processeswith Dead Time

Advances in Industrial Control

1


Acknowledgements:Collaborators and funding bodies

Fred C. Lee, Virginia Tech, USA, Member of National Academy of Eng. andPast President of IEEE PELS, for the challenging questions and fruitfuldiscussions that have helped finish the last mile of this 10-year journey.George Weiss, Tel Aviv University, Israel, for the collaborative work onsynchronverters.Dushan Boroyevich, Virginia Tech, USA, Immediate Past President of IEEEPELS, for the collaborative work on the equivalence of PLL and droop control.Research Assistants and Associates

Tomas Hornik, Turbo Power Systems, UK, for the help with the exp.about synchronvertersLong Nguyen, add2 Ltd, UK, for implementing the idea ofself-synchronised synchronvertersZhenyu Ma, China, for implementing the idea of applyingsynchronverters to rectifiersWen-Long Ming, Zhaohui Cen and Yu Zeng, Univ. of Sheffield, forgetting the real-time simulation and the video done

Funding agencies

EPSRCRoyal Academy of EngineeringTechnology Strategy Board


Acknowledgements: Industrial partners


References[1] Q.-C. Zhong and T. Hornik, Control of Power Inverters in Renewable Energy andSmart Grid Integration. Wiley-IEEE Press, 2013.[2] Q.-C. Zhong, Completely Autonomous Power Systems (CAPS): Next GenerationSmart Grids, Wiley-IEEE Press, to appear in 2015.[3] Q.-C. Zhong and G. Weiss, “Synchronverters: Inverters that mimic synchronousgenerators,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1259–1267, Apr. 2011.[4] Q.-C. Zhong, P.-L. Nguyen, Z. Ma, and W. Sheng, “Self-synchronisedsynchronverters: Inverters without a dedicated synchronisation unit,” IEEE Trans.Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 617–630, Feb., 2014.[5] Q.-C. Zhong, “Robust droop controller for accurate proportional load sharingamong inverters operated in parallel,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 4, pp.1281–1290, Apr. 2013.[6] Q.-C. Zhong, “Harmonic droop controller to reduce the voltage harmonics ofinverters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 936–945, Mar. 2013.[7] Q.-C. Zhong and T. Hornik, “Cascaded current-voltage control to improve thepower quality for a grid-connected inverter with a local load,” IEEE Trans. Ind.Electron., vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1344–1355, Apr. 2013.[8] Q.-C. Zhong and Y. Zeng, Control of Inverters via a Virtual Capacitor to AchieveCapacitive Output Impedance, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. x, pp. x–x,2014, to appear.[9] T. Hornik and Q.-C. Zhong, “A current control strategy for voltage source invertersin microgrids based on H∞ and repetitive control,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.26, no. 3, pp. 943–952, Mar. 2011.


IEEE PELS IFEC’2015International Future Energy Challenge

Well-established international colleague students competition since 2001Four prizes: $10,000, $5000, $3000 and $1000IFEC’2015 General Chair: Dehong Xu, ChinaTwo topics:

Topic A: High-efficiency Wireless Charging System for ElectricVehicles and Other Applications, Univ of Michigan, Dearborn, USA(Topic Chair: Kevin Bai & Wencong Su, USA)Topic B: Battery Energy Storage with an Inverter that MimicsSynchronous Generators, Univ of Sheffield, UK (Topic Chair:Qing-Chang Zhong)

Key dates:

Proposals due: Sept. 15, 2014Notification of acceptance: Nov. 1, 2014Final on-site competition: July 2015

Financial support for travel, and also for components (Topic B)One team per university of undergraduates with maximum two advisorypostgraduates

http://www.energychallenge.org/


Thank you.

[email protected]


Architecture for next-generation smart grid

Coal Plants

Industrial Power Plants

Motors

Lighting

Electronic Apparatus Wind Farms Solar Farms

Energy Storage Systems

Nuclear Plants

Hydro-Electric

Plants

Medium Sized

Power Plants

Electric Vehicles

SG

SG

SG

SG

SG

SV

SV

SV

SV

SV

SV

SV

SV

SV

HVDC

Transmission

and

Distribution

@Qing-Chang Zhong, 2013.


Documents

Next-Generation Smart Grids - IEEE · Next-Generation Smart Grids: Completely Autonomous Power Systems (CAPS) Qing-Chang Zhong Dept. of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering The