22 Nghien CUU Ton giao. Sd 10-2009

TON GIAO VA DAN TOC 0 MOT VAI SUY NGHI VE

PHAT GIAO THANG LONG THdl LY

I. Trieu Ly keo dai tif nam 1010 den nam 1225, tdn tai 215 nam, la trieu dai tdn tai lau va dai nhat treng lich sif phdng kien Viet Xam; trieu dai dau tien va duy nhat trong lich sii khi quan xam lifdc Phiidng Bic rue rich xam lifdc nifdc ta, da bi Ly Thiidng Kiet chii dgng dem quan danh up tdi bdi tren chinh manh dat ciia ke dinh xam liidc; trieu dai lay qud'c hieu niidc ta la Dai Viet; trieu dai ra ddi ban tuyen ngdn dgc lap dau tien ciia niidc ta, bai Nam qudc sOn hd; trieu dai van hgc, nghe thuat phat trien riic rd; trieu dai Phat giae phat trien den dinh cao vdi nhieu tdng phai va nhieu thien sii uyen tham ldi lac; la mgt trong nhiing trieu dial huy hoang chdi lgi nhat trong lich sii nild'c nha.

Difdi trieu Ly cd tdn tai ba thien phai:

thien phai Ty Ni Da Liiu Chi (Vinitaruci)

xuat hien tif nam 580, tdn tai trai dai

sudt trieu Ly; thien phai Ve Ngdn Thdng

xuat hien nam 820 tdn tai trai dai sud't

trieu Ly eho den trieu Trin; thien phai

Thao Difdng do nha Ly iPrp nen vao naiu

1069. Xhif vay, xet ve mat teng phai Phat

giiid thi khdng cc trieu dai nao phong

phii. da diing nhii tneu Ly. CJua dd ciing

phan anh khdng khi tii do h'-r thuat, tii

do tif tifdng cua t r i eu Ly. Xgay viec

NGUYEN HUNG HAU'*'

khdng chi de cao Phat giao ma cdn de cao

ca Nhd va Dao, khdng chi tiep thu tinh hoa

van hda An Do, Trung Hoa ma ca van hoa

Chiem Thanh ciing ndi len dieu dd.

Qua nghien ciiu phan tfch, chung ta tha'y r i n g thien phai Ty Ni Da Lifu Chi la sii ket hdp giiia Thien vdi Mat tren cd sd ndng co't la Thien. Yeu td Mat giao thay bang bac d nhieu nha sii. Dieu nay ed the chiing minh qua bai ke thi tich cua su: Tri Biit (1049-1117) (the he thif 12) co cau mat chii "Um ! Suru Suru Sre" (lim to rd, um td rd tat rf). Va cfing nhd yeu to Mat giao nay nd lam cho Phat giao, cu the la thien phai Ti Ni Da Lifu Chi gin vdi tin ngifdng phdng thuy, sam kf, ciu did, dieu phuc ta ma, bdc thudc chiia benh rat thinh hanh d Viet Nam liic bay gid. Dinh Khdng da doan trrfdc dddc Ly Cdng Uan ngiidi hiidng Cd Phap len ngoi vao nam ke (Ki Dau). Nhiing ldi noi cua La Quf An ph in nhieu deu h(3p vdi sam ngii. Triidc khi mat dng cdn pha het nhiing chd yem long mach cua Cao Bien, trdng cay gao de tran chd dat ciit long mach khien xuat hien de viidng ddi sau, va khuyen de tif dimg phap thuat yem tang, khdng de che ngifdi ngoai biet. Ong

*. GS.TS., Hoc vien Chinh tri-Hanh chi'nh Quo'c gia Ho Chi Minh.

Nguyen Hiing Hau. M()t vdi suy nghi ve Plicit gido. 23

cdn doan difdc ngay tho (mao), t hang

chugt (tf). nam ga (dau), hg Ly (cau tao

tif ba chii: thap , bat, tii) se len ngdi. Van

Htinh chuyen tu tap Dha ran i Samadhi ,

ndi ra nhi ing ldi sam ngii, khuyen vua

tan cdng quan Td'ng (980) se ta t thang,

biet trifdc sii ta t yeu nha Ly se thay nha

Le t reng vdng ba t h a n g niia. Thee t ruyen

thuyet, sii cen lam biia phep, biia chii, va

cen thac sinh lam vua Ly Than Teng sau

nay. Van H a n h cdn doan trifdc difpc sii

tha t bai cua quan Td'ng nam 980. Ong la

ngqdi gdp phan quan trgng difa Ly Cdng

Uan len ngdi vua, sang lap ra tr ieu Ly.

Khi mat vua Ly N h a n Teng cen cc bai

t ruy tan.

"Van Hanh thdng ba cei

Ldi sif nghiem sam thi

Tif lang que Cd Phap

Cheng gay t r an k inh ki"

(Viin Hiinh dung tam te

Chan phd cc sam thi

Hifdng quan danh cc phap

Tru tich t r an k inh ki)

Qua day ta thay Viin H a n h cdn la tru

cot ciia qud'c gia xa tac. Nhif vay, cac

thien sif phiii Ti Ni Da Lifu chi deu la

nhiing dai t r i thiic cii phach, thong hieu

Tam giiio. Hg cd cdng phd vua giiip nifdc

difdi nhieu h inh thifc khac nhau nhii trd

giiip t n e u dinh, giiip dan chdng ban,

chiia benh, bai trif cac hii tiic lac hau

n h i m gdp p h i n p h a t trie'n van hoa, tuyen

t ruyen dieu thien, giao due dao diic lanh

manh .

Diiy la ddng thien chiia diing trong

minh mot so' yeu to' ciia ma t giao, nhu'ng

ddi sd'ng tu b a n h lai mang dam mau sac

An Do. Nhif vay, ngay tif nhiing the ki

d i u tien khi P ha t giae du nhap cho den

the ki IX (trifdc khi thien phai Vo Ngdn

Thdng xuat hien) P ha t giao Viet Xam

mang nang mau sac An Do. Giai ddan

nay lai hau nhif t rung vdi thdi ki Bac

Thudc. Dieu do p h i n nao li gi l i r ang

chinh P ha t giac nay cung vdi tfn ngifdng

van hda ban dia da giiip cho nhan diin

Viet Xam t r a n h diidc sii ddng hoa ve van

hoa tif phfa Bac.

Neu thien phiii Ti Xi Da Lifu Chi van

cdn mang mau sac cua Pha t giao An Do

thi thien phai Vd Ngon Thong mang sac

thai cua P ha t giao Trung Quoc kha ro

net. Sii xuat hien cua thien phiii Vo Ngon

Thdng la do nhu cau phiii t n e n van hoii

ciia xa hgi nudc ta khi dd doi hdi cd sii da

dang hdn, phdng phu hdn. Bdi vay, ben

canh mgt tong phai thien mang dam mau

sac An Do, da xuat hien mgt phai thien

mang mau sac Trung Hoa. Sii xuat hien

thien phai Vd Ngdn Thdng ben canh

thien phai Ti Ni Da Liiu Chi phai chang

noi nen rang d Viet Nam the ki IX da

dien ra mgt cugc t r anh gianh anh hiidng

giiia van hda An Dg va van hoii Trung

Hoa ma dai dien la Pha t giao An Do va

Pha t giao Trung Hda? Sii bien mat cua

phiii Ti Ni Da Lifu Cbi thdi T r i n , phai

chang ndi len khuynh hiidng Trung Hoa

thdi ki nay da thiing the va de phai chang

la bifdc qua dg de van boa Trung Hoa ma

dai dien la Nho giao chiem the thifdng

phdng d thdi Le?

Ben canh hai thien phai t ren ta cdn

thay xuat hien thien phai Than Difdng.

T h l d Difdng la ten mgt vi thien sif thudc

phai Van Mon, met t rdng nam phiii thien

Nam Trung Qudc dd Van Yen thien sif d

mii Van Mdn sang lap. Sau Hue Nang,

24 Nghien cuu Ton giao. So 10 - Z0U9

thien Xam Phu'dng chia lam hai nhiinh

ldn: Thanh Xguyen (mat nam 740) va

Xam Xhiic (677 - 744)

Thee "Dgi Viet sd ki'. nam Ki Dau 1069. mua xuan thang hai vua Ly Thanh Tdng than chmh di danh Chiem Thanh bit dUdc vua nifdc ay la Che Cu va dan chung 5 van ngifdi. Mua ha thiing 6 dem quan ve. Mua thu thang 7 vua tii Chiem Thanh ve den ndi. diing tu d Thai Mieu. ddi nien hieu lii Thiin Vu nam thif nhat. ('he Cu xm diing ba chau Dia Li (nay thudc Binh Tri Thien). Ma Linh (nay thuoc huyen Ben Hai). Bd Chinh (nay Lhugc huyen Quing Trach. Bd Trach. Tuyen Hda) de chugc tgi. Vua bang long, tha cho Che Cu ve nudc. Trong dam tu binh cd mgt vi thien sii Trung Qudc ten la Thao Dudng. Thld Difdng theo thay sang Chiem Thanh hoang diidng Phat Phap. khong may gap chien tranh va bi bat lam lu binh. Sau khi ve kinh thanh Thang Long (thang 7/1069). vua chia tu binh him liip dich cho ciic quan cbdc. Lrong dd CO mgt vi Tang luc. Mgt hdm khi vi Tang luc nay di viing, Thio Difdng trdng liic liim phan sir' quel dgn, thay tren ban ehu cd cudn Xgfi luc chep tay, Thld Diidng ben lay xem. Thiiy treng sach cd nhieu cho ghi chep sai. khdng chiu du'dc Thao Dudng da d m but sifa chiia. Khi ve, l in dd sach Xgii luc thay cd nhieu chd sifa chiia, that ngiie nhien, vi Tang nay dem sii viec tau len vua, De hieu ro nggn ngudn, vua cho ggi ngifdi tu dd vao de hdi. Qua sii trinh bay cua ngu'di tu, vua biet ong la thien sif Thao Diidng, Tii viec h giai kmh siich tifdng tan. chinh xac va trudc tiii tri. phdng do cua thien sif. vua dii mdi thien su' den tru tri d chua Khai Qudc va jihdng chieu Qudc su, ve sau. phiii thien mang ten Thao Difdng dugc lii j) I'ii.

X'bu'ng neu nhin qua sii trinh bay tren

thi thien phai Thao Diidng xuat hien d

Viet X am mang tinh ngau nhien. Sii thiic

nhu ta da phan tich d tren, sii xua't hien

cua thien phai Thao Difdng cd ngudn gd'c

sau xa d nhiing dieu kien chfnh tri xa hgi

liic bay gid. Trifdc khi thien phiii Thao

Diidng xuat hien thi d Viet Nam da cd hai

thien phai: Ti Ni Da Liiu Chi va Vd Xgdn

Thdng. Thien phai Ti Xh Da Lifu Chi

mang sac thai cua Phat Giao An Do chi it

la den mia dau the ki XI. Thien phai Vo

Xgdn Thdng la ddng ihien tif Trung Hoa

sang. Triidc trieu Ly. cac trieu dai, chang

ban nhii nhu Xgd (939 - 965), Dinh (966 -

980), Tien Le (980 - 1009), tdn tai khdng

lau. Xha Ly (1010 - 1225) cai quan dat

nifdc tu'dng ddi lau dai vdi sii thdng nhat

dgc lap ve lanh thd. kinh te, chinh tri,

van boa. Dieu dd ddi hdi can cd mgt be tu

tudng dgc lap chd nha niidc Dai Viet liic

bay gid. Hai thien phai tren deu kheng

thdi man nhu eau nay bdi le mgt cai thi

nghieng ve An Do. mgt eai thi nga ve

Trung Hoa. Triidc tinh hinh dd Ly Thanh

Teng (1054 - 1068) da lap nen met thien

phai mdi - Thien phai Than Diidng.

Cd ldi cho nhiing li dc dd la sii ra ddi

ban tuyen ngdn dgc lap dau tien ciia niidc

ta; niim 1054, dat qud'c hieu nildc ta la

Dai Viet; nam 1040, vua khdng diing gam

vdc cua nha Tdng niia; nam 1075 nha

Tdng chuan bi diing binh danh nifdc ta;

biet tin dd Nhan Tdng da sai Ly Thifdng

Kiet, Tdng Dan dem hdn 10 van quan

sang dat Td'ng, danh up quan Tdng, giet

hdn 10 van, biit sd'ng quan d ba chau

Kham. Liem. Ung dem ve.

Xam 1077 dem diii bmh sang danh hai

chau Kham va Liem nudc Td'ng, ndi lay

tieng r ing nha Td'ng thi hanh phej) thanh

Nguyen Hiing Hau. M()t vdi suy nghi ve Phdt gido. 25

mieu (bien phap kinh te de Viidng An

Thiich de xcfdng) t an hai dan Trung Qudc,

nen dem quan sang hdi tgi de cifu giiip

nhau. Day la sti kien cd mgt khong hai

t rong lich sti Viet Nam, No chifng to nha

Ly h u n g cif mgt phiidng ngang ngiia,

tham chf nha Td'ng cdn ne sd. Nha sif hgc

Hoiing Xuan Han cho r i n g Ly Thiinh

Tong la vua d i u t ien cua niidc ta co dc lap

mgt de qud'c cd d a n h ngang vdi mgt nifdc

thien tii. Vua dat qud'c hicu Dai Viet

(1054), tdn cac vua triidc dd la Thai Td,

Thai Tong, coi cac nifdc nhd la chif h i u ,

mud'n ngan cam Chiem T h a n h thau phuc

nha Td'ng. Nha Ly cdn muo'n khoi phuc

nhiing phong tiac tap quan cua dan Viet

tii thdi cac vua Himg. Dieu dc the hien d

nhiing ngay s m h n h a t vua, ngiidi ta lay

tre ket thiinh mgt nggn niii ggi la Van

Thg Nam Sdn d ngdai ciia Quang Phiic.

tren nui liim nhieu hinh chim bay, mucng

chiiy, mucn ve la ki. Lai sai ngifdi biit

chifdc t ieng cua cam thii lam vui de ban

chd be toi. Ngay lifng chiing nui co rdng

Lhiin cuo'n quanh , ciim xen ciic Lhif cd,

Lreo lan vang nggc, sai con ha t thoi ken

siio trong hang nui , dang ca t au miia liim

VUI, cho Ciic quan an yen.

Chi qua mgt vai chi tiet dd cong vdi

nhiing t r an danh tan quan Td'ng da noi

len t inh t h i n dgc lap tii chu ciia thdi nay

cao chifa t i ing thay. Trong t inh hinh tii

tifdng va khdng khi dgc Lap tii chii dd,

viec xuat hien thien phai Thao Difdng

ch ic khdng phai la mgt sii viec ngiiu

nbien, nha t thdi.

Ly Thiinh Tdng di thee khuynh hifdng

cd tfnh chili tdng hdp, vifa ton simg Phat

giiio, liii vifa diic ca tifdng cua Balamdn

giiio nhii Pham Thien (Brahma), De Thfch

(Indra), de trong chua, phien dich am nhiic

Chiem Thanh, tiep thu nhiing tmh hoa van

boa cd thdi Himg Viidng cung vdi nhiing

tin ngu'dng chin gian ndng nghiep the bien

qua viec xay lau chung mot cot siiu canh

hinh hoa sen, cd lien he mat thiet vdi viec

di le c iu tii cua nha vua. Biing nhiing viec

liim dd Ong da xay diing mgt nen Phiit giiio

CO tinh chat tong hdp, dd la sii ket hop giiia

Thien. Tinh. Nho, l^ao. Khuynh hifdng nay

difg'c ket hdp vdi tfn ngiidng diin gian nong

nghiep, cdi hnh phii l inga-Yoni cua dan

Chiem Thiinh difdi anh hifdng it nhieu cua

Xbo giao, dac biet la Phat giao dii bien

thanh ngoi chiia Mgt Cdt gan lien vdi le

c iu tii, mong sii sinh boa. tuoi thg. phiic

trach lau dai (liien hiiu). .Xhif vay. thien

phiii Thao Diidng la sii chat Igc. ket tinh

ciia viin hoii Trung Hoa, viin hda An Do,

van boa Chiem Thanh va van hea Dili Viet,

trong do viin hda Dai Viet lam ndng cot,

diidc the hien trong "Truy to cdnh sdch"

cua Thao Difdng biing chu trifdng cc nhieu

diidng tu.

Ngoiii thien phiii Thao Difdng. Phat

giao 'i'hiing Long thdi Ly phiit t n e n kbii

miinh, cc kbii nhieu thien su' uyen tham

loi liic, tieu bieu lii thien sii Vien Chieu

(999-1090), the he thif b i y ddng Vo Ngon

Thong, t ru tri chua Cat Tifdng; Ly Thai

Tong: Man Giiic (1052-1096), chiia Cu'u

Lien Giiio Nguyen, the be thif tiim, ddng

Vd Ngdn Thdng; Tang Tho'ng Hue Sinh

(mat nam 1063), the be thif mudi ba,

ddng Ty Ni Da Liiu Chi,

2. Vien Chieu la ngifdi d i u tien da dat

cd sd If luan cho cen difdng di den gi;ic

ngg bang hanh dgng thiic tien hiing ngay

ciia P ha t giac Viet Nam.

Ong cho rijng ciii dep de cae ca, ciii quy

hiem khdng phai nam d dau xa. khdng

phai trii ngu trdng viidng qudc miiy mu

26 Nahien cuii ion aiao. Sd jO - ZUL/y

triiu tudng. ma nd n im ngay trong the

gidi 6 trgc bui bam nay khi dng ndi:

Te giac la loai siic thu hiem

An bing gai gdc. ngu trong bim

(Cif the siic do te thi bao

Xan u kinh ciic ngga u ne)

Dieu niiy ciing gid'ng nhii bdng hoa sen

(la xanh. bdng trang lai chen nhi vang)

nhiing nd moc len tif biin liy ma ngdi

chua Mgt Cot tren da md ta.

Xhif vay. ndi theo danh tii triet hgc thi

cai tuyet doi n im trong cai tiidng ddi. cai

tifdng ddi chifa diing cai tuyet dci. Chan

Xhu. Xiet Ban. Be de. Chan tam, Phat

khdng phai d dau xa ma ngay trudc mat

("xiic muc"), trong tam mdi ngiidi. Tu

tudng nay khdng cd gi mdi so vdi Thien

tdng Trung Qudc.

Xiet Ban nam treng the gidi t r i n tue.

vay con ngiidi t r in tuc mud'n dat den cai

nam trong the gidi tran tuc (Xiet Ban),

td't nha't nen bang con dudng t r in tuc nhu

gia gao. bo ciii. ganh nudc. quet dgn. v.v...

Day la mgt tif tifdng quan trgng cho viec

tu hanh. Bien I'dng menh mdng bao la bat

ngat, ndi bao chifa tat ca cac ddng sdng

du trong hay due. Theo nghia nay. thien

su Vien Chieu viei:

Bien rdng bad la dung nhieu ngudn nhe

Xdn cao giii mai bui hdng tran

(Son cao canh tiii dung tran trii

Hai khoat nang tham nap te luu)

Trong cugc sd'ng. ai hudng thien.

hifdng tdi cai tam bao la bat ngat nhu"

bien ca thi ngifdi dd tien dan den giai

thoat. Tu tifdng nay sau diidc Qud'c sii

Triic Lam lam ro hdn khi khuyen vua

ddng thdi cung la mgt vi Phat tii - Tran

Thai Tdng; "Di thien ha chi due vi due,

di thien ha chi tam vi tam" (Lay muo'n

ciia thien ha lam mud'n ciia minh. lay

tam ciia thien hii lam tam cua minh).

Dd cfing la tu tu'dng "Di chiing tam vi ki

tam". Theo tii tu'dng nay. cen ngiidi

hiidng thien bang viec phuc vu nhan

sinh. nhan quan xa hgi. va trong qua

trinh dd tam con ngiidi md rdng. khai

md dan d i n bad chiia tam nhieu ngiidi

tii hep den rdng. tii ndng den sau. tii gia

dinh. xdm. lang. xa. huyen. tinh den

qudc gia va thien ha. Cang trai rong bao

nhieu thi cang di d i n den giac ngg bay

nhieu. Xhu' vay, Phat giao Viet Nam

vach ra mgt cen dudng mdi di den giac

ngg. hoan toan khac vdi Phat giao An-

Trung, dd la eon difdng di den giac ngg

bang ciiu dan do the. va tren difdng nay

tam con ngu'di ngay cang khai md bao

trum thien ha. muon loai. viin phap. tiic

dat den tam Phat. Dieu nay dudc Tue

Trung Thiidng Si - ngdi sao sang choi

tren nen trdi Thien hgc Viet Nam - noi

kha re: "Tam cua mudn Inai tiic Phat

tam" (Van phap cbi tam tuc Phat tam).

Di den giac ngg bang each nhu vay,

Phat giao Viet Xam da mang trong

minh tinh than yeu nudc. Khdng the noi

yeu nudc thiidng dan ma lai khdng lay

nguyen vgng. mong mud'n cua dan lam

nguyen vong. mong mudn cua minh.

Xgiidc lai, da la ngiidi yeu nifdc chan

chinh thi phai lay nguyen vgng, mong

mud'n cua dan lam nguyen vgng, mcng

mudn cua minh, "Lay" d day khong phai

la cai lay chung chung triiu tu'dng 6

trdng tam. ma phai bang hanh dgng

thiet thiic cu the. Chinh quan diem nay

da d in Phat giao Viet Nam den chii

nghia yeu niidc chan chinh.

Nguyen Hiing Hau. Mdt vdi suy nghi ve Phdt gido... 27

Mat khac. da t den t am van phap ciing

cd nghia la hieu va nam diidc cai t rung

tam cd't loi, quy lua t ciia van vat. N i m

difdc quy luat thi mdi sdng dgc lap, tii dd,

tii tai diidc, vi tii do la n i m diidc t a t yeu.

0 day "Di chiing t am vi ki t am" tiic la lay

tam cua chiing s inh lam tam cua minh,

thay ciii t am ca n h a n ich ki cua minh

bang cai tam ddng loai. Neu vo tam la

triit bd Ciii t am nhd be cua minh thanh

cai tam bac la ciia mucn Idai, thi day

thiic sii la qua t r inh vn tam. Vd tiim la

tam tat c l . Ma t am ta t ca lai la vd tam.

Bien chiing d diiy la nhu' vay. Ciing giong

nhu khong cd gi lai la cd t a t ca va cd ta t

ca lai la khong cd gi. Sifc m a n h cua chii

"vc", "khdng", "bu!" ciia n h a Pha t la d chd

dd. Lien quan den dieu nay, Vien Chieu

Viet:

Nhiidc diit t am khcng vd sac sac

"Sac" "khdng" I n hien mac v i n xoay.

0 day, phai chang ddng gdp cua Phat

giao Viet Nam la da tim ra mgt con difdng

mdi vifa tifdng ddi cu the, thiet thiic, re

rang, viia tiidng ddi ngiin, de di den giiic

ngg? Lich sii Phat giao tii trifdc tdi nay

theo mgt khia canh nao dd cd the noi la lich

sif ngay cang n i t ngan con difdng den Niet

Ban. Neu xet d gee dg nay thi ddng gdp ciia

Phat giiid Viet Nam chd Phat giad the gidi

qua la khdng nhd. Hdn niia trdng Phat

giad, dac biet la Thien tdng, khi da giac ngg

thi con ngifdi hoan toan khdng bi trdi huge

bdi bat cii cai gi, mgi chap thii bi vd tung

ra, hg tu do, tii tai, vo tam, vo ngai, vo bd

uy, khdng chii tam, khdng thien chap, dd

dd khdng cdn tiio nghiep. Ndi mgt each

hinh anh, cd the vi mgi banh vi. suy nghi,

Cli cbi, ldi ndi ciia hg gidng nhif gieo mgt

hilt dice, nd khdng cdn nay mIm, sinh tii

luan hdi niia.

Tuy nghi, tuy thdi. nham van. dd la

h a n h dgng cua nhi ing ngifdi da giac ngg d

mgt dat niidc ma mgi ngiidi deu ban rdn,

hiim hd, hiing biii chd'ng giiic ciiu nildc,

neu cii 6m khif khif nhiing giao li nha

Phat , dong kin cifa chiia, thi tha t chang

hdp thdi dung luc cbiit nac. Di sau mgt

chiit ta thay P h a t la Thien. Trong Thien

c6 nhieu miic do, cd thien ldn. thien nho,

thien vi dai nhii Difc Phat , tif bd ngai

vang di t im con diidng cifu cluing sinh ra

khdi sdng me bien khd. Thien nhd nhif

lam mgt dieu tot lanh nho nhd, chang

ban cho ngu'di khd'n kho dong tien bat

gao. Ngiidi Pha t tif Viet Nam luen nhin

ra va lam thee nhi ing cai thien ldn, khi

diing giiia nga ba difdng can phai liia

chgn, dii cc p h i i vi pham gidi luat. Chap

vad nhiing gidi luiit de liim nhiing dieu

thien nhd ma bd qua nhiing cai thien ldn

thi chang khac niio nhif "ngu trung",

"ngu hieu" trong Nho giiio vay. Nhiing

ngifdi nay, thee Khdng Tif, mdi co k h i

niing thich nghi vdi dao li ma chifa co kha

niing quyen bien. 0 day, muo'n hdp thdi

dung luc, mud'n thee difc ldn phai bgc tap

Thifdng Si la khong trai vdi ngu'di ddi,

trgn liin cimg the ttic, p h i i difng trong

hang ngii dan tgc, e l m gifdm len ngiia

danh dudi quan xam lifdc. Dd chinh la tuy

nghi, quyen bien. Theo Lad Tif, cai difc

cao nha t la bat diic, cho nen cd difc. cai

dtic thap n h a t la khdng tha t difc, cho nen

vo difc. Da giac ngg thi mgi hanh dgng. cii

chi, suy nghi deu la Thien. Va d day danh

guic cifu nudc cung la Thien.

Thdi Ly - T r i n la thdi ki ma diio Pha t

la qudc giac, nhUng cung la thdi ki ve

vang oanh het n h a t t rong lich sii. Thien

ldn, dtic ldn, hdp thdi, diing luc, tuy nghi

liic niiy la phai cdu dan tgc, que hifdng.

28 Nghien cuu Ion giao. Sd 10 - Z009

dat nudc khdi ciii t h a m hda cua nan ngoai

xam. Vi c;ii thien ldn. diic Idn dd ma cac

Phiit tu san sang d m gUOm len ngiia. san

siing vi ])hiim gidi luat (cam sat sinh).

giet moL ngUdi de cifu mudn ngu'di. Trdng

bdiin canh nudc sdi Ida bdng. n h u n g

ngUdi Pha t tif khdng the giao dieu may

mdc dm khU khU gidi lua t la khdng dUdc

giet biii chung sinh trong dd cd c l ke thu.

quiin xam lu'ric dang tan sat ddng bao.

Khdng lhe vi mgt dieu thien nhd cho ca

nhan ma quen dieu thien Idn cho dan tgc.

Xhu viiy, d day jibii gidi la thee t inh t han

phii chap. Thien tdng Viet Xam cd t inh

than thUdng ngu'di. cifu ngu'di. dae biet

cu'u cen ngu'di la t ren het . Cha the ma

Phat giad Vict N a m cd ciiu;

Du xiiy chin cap phu dc

Khdng biing lam phuc cuu cho mgt ngu'di.

Ctiu mgt Cdn ngUdi cdn hdn ca xay chin

cap phu dc. Bdi viiy. viec cUu ca met dan

tgc. dat nudc. cUu mucn dan t ram bg la

cdng viec khiin thiet d p bach hdn c l , du

cd phai VI pbtim gidi luat . Chinh khai md

tiim di diin den guic ngd lumg cdn dUdng

thiim giii tich ciic vac viec cuu ddi kd d

Stit smh niii Phat giiio Viet Xam dii cd

nhiing ddng gdp to ldn t rong cdng cugc

chdng ngoai xam gianh lai dgc lap chii

quyen cho da t nUdc. Lich sif "chdng dich

boil" cua dan tgc Viet Xam cho den nay

dii chung mmh dieu dd. Au dd cfing la le

thu'dng t inh boi vi phuo'ng chiim cua nha

Phat la "Ldi lac quan sinh vd nga vi tha".

Thien tdng Viet Xam cdn di xa hdn; "Ldi

liic q u i n sinh vd tiim vi tam".

-Xhu viiy. ihien sU Vien Chieu d k m h

thiinh Thang Long the ki XI dii dat cd sd

ll luiin cho con dudng di den giac ngd ddc

diio cua Phiii guio Viet Xam.

3. Mgt vi th ien sU tieu bieu cua ddng

thien Ty Xi Da Luu Cbi, th ien sU Hue

Sinh (mat n a m 1063) chua Van Tue, kinh

thiinh Thiing Long, dii cd mgt tU tudng

bet siic uyen tbiim ve t r ie t li vd ngon,

T n e t If vd ngdn ciia nha Phat , theo

t ruyen thuye t . biit dau tit bgi Linh Sdn.

khi DUc P ha t cam canh hoa sen dUa len

cd y khai thi . d hgi chiing deu im lang,

cbi cd minh .Maha Ca Dieji

(Mahakasyapa ) mim cUdi. Pha t hen noi:

"Ta cd chinh phap n h a n t;ing. met biin

dieu tiim. p h a p mdn m a u nhiem, thuc

tu'dng vd tifdng, nay ta phd chuc cho

ngUdi". Ay la P h a t Di tdm truyen tdm cho

Ca Diep. Phep dd tif Ca Diep, theo truyen

thuyet , t ruyen xudng t ra i qua 28 ddi den

Bdddh idha rma (Bd De Da t Ma), vj sU nay

vUdt bien qua Deng Do d chua Thieu

Lam. sang lap ra Thien tdng T rung Quoc.

Bdddh idha rma trUdc khi vien tich cd de

nghi cac de til ndi len chd sd diic cua

minh. r ieng cd Hue Kha la khcng noi

niing gi (vd ngdn) chi bUdc ra d i n h le ngiii

ba lay rdi trd lai dUng nguyen chn cii.

Boddh idha rma ndi: XgUdi du'dc phan cot

tuy dao ta rdi. Dd la sii tiep no) phu'dng

chiim Di tdm truyen tdm. vi diid ban vo

ngdn. ngdn s inh li t an .

Triet li vd ngdn tiic t r iet li khdng Idi.

tr iet li ve sii im lang. Cai dd cd ve mau

thiiiin. vi dii t r iet If thi phai cd sii lap

luan. logic cha t che, chiing minh rd rang,

nhUng d day ta't d deu yen lang, gichg

nhu mgt con t huyen t rdng khdng vUdt

bien dUdi a n h tri ing huyen ao trong biii

thd cua thien sU Hue Siiih:

Tich tich liing gia nguyet

Khdng khdng do hai chu.

(Trang Lang Gia v i n g lang

Nguyen Hiing Hau. Mot vdi suy ngliive Phcit gido.. 29

Thuyen vUdt bien trdng khong)

XhUng ngifdi ta cung thUdng noi: Luc

yen lang (vd ngon) chfnh la luc noi nhieu

nhat . Theo dd mii xet thi t n e t If vo ngon

cdn phong phu hdn ca tr iet If hUu ngcn.

Hgc triet li huu ngdn thi de. nhUng hgc

va lam theo triet If vd ngon mdi khd. Cai

dd gid'ng nhif dieu Gamzatd'p ndi:" X' gUdi

ta can hai niim de bgc ndi. nhUng can den

sau mudi niim de hgc yen lang". Xhin

chung. mdi con ngUdi trdng cugc ddi deu

trai qua ba giai dean: vd ngon - hUu ngon

- vo ngdn. C<ii vd ngdn ban d i u la con

ngUdi chUa biet ndi. Trai qua giai doan

hUu ngdn dn Pio, dien thuyet , tuyen

truyen, co dong,.. . con ngUdi diit den muc

vien man d ve cugc ddi liin kinh nghiem

Sd'ng, da cc met be day kien tbUc cung

nhu t n thUc, vii khi anh hdang hdn cugc

ddi dang tii tU ta t dan, thi con ngUdi mdi

hieu ra cugc song cua minh tha t ngan

ngui. mgi ciii deu vo nghia, ngdn ngu

cung chiing giup ich dUdc gi nhieu hdn, va

ho mang theo biet bao dieu bi an trd ve

vdi cfit bui. Ciii vd ngcn sau khdng phai la

hoiin toan khong ndi, yen l ang t u y e t ddi

ma theo nghia ngay cang tien diin den

nam md. con ngUdi ngay cang it ndi, ngiiy

Cling yen lang.

Triet If vd ngon la tr iet li ve su im

lang. Su im lang ben ngoai lii sU phan

anh sti im lang ben trong. Chi c6 nhung

ngUdi diit tdi mgt t r inh do nha t dinh mdi

CO dUdc sii im lang. cdn diii da so' lii am i,

on ao, kbuecli trUdng, lang nhiing lit nhit,

Dan ta en cau "Thung rong keu to" la vay.

Neu ldi ndi lii quy thi yen lang cdn quy

hdn nhieu. Tuc ngu the gidi ciing co ciiu;

Ngon ngU la biic, yen lang hi vang.

NhUng ndi yen lang n h a t la nbUng ndi

sau thiim nhat . Nguyen Du cho rang

chan k inh chinh la k inh khdng chU.

Dudng Huyen Trang sang Tay True thinh

kinh lan dau dUdc toiin kinh khdng chU.

Mot vi thien sU dUa ra mgt hinh anh khii

hay: B i y chim hot giUa nhUng bong hoa

hUdng thdm ngad ngat. t ieng chim hot

cua biiy chim d diiu, dd hi ldi, cdn hUdng

thdm ngiio ngat , dd la sU im liing, ndi dd

tru ngu chan If. Day ciing la mgt diem

dac siic cua P ha t giao Thang Long./.