Ngon Ngu Phat Hoc - TK Thich Nhuan Chau Dich

8/3/2019 Ngon Ngu Phat Hoc - TK Thich Nhuan Chau Dich

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NGN NG PHT HCBrookzyporyn (Northwestern University)

Thch Nhun Chu dch---o0o---Ngun

http://thuvienhoasen.orgChuyn sang ebook 6-8-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc Lc

BO LU HAY PHIN DCHTRUNG TRUNG HOA V CHUTY TNG V MNG CMIN NAM V NG NAM CHUCC PHNG NG HIN I

---o0o---Khi truyn b rng ri sang chu , Pht gio thnh cng khi vtqua mt s vn ni bt t nhng gii hn v ngn ng trong mt s

trng hp phi phin chuyn thnh mt ngn ng rt khc vi ngn ngni ca n . Gio l o Pht c truyn t bng li ni qua v sngn ng v ting ni a phng. Cn Kinh tng, khi c vit ra, lic phin dch thnh hng t ngn ng ngay c trc thi k hin i. Dov ngun gc lch s khng cho php cc hc gi dng ngn ng ni trongvic ging dy, bi vit ny s tp trung vo nhng tng c vit ra,nhm kho st vic truyn dy qua li ni ch trong thi k Pht gio n.

C ng cc li dy t chnh kim khu ca c Pht c ghi chp li

chng? l vn ang cn tranh ci. Thng ta b (Sthavira) cho rngting Pli, ting ni ca ngi dn vng Trung n m b phi y ang sdng cho kinh lun ca h, chnh l ngn ng ca c Pht. Tuy nhin,gii nghin cu ngy nay li ch ra mt cch y thuyt phc rng,Pli l phng ng ca dn tc pha Ty, ng hn l Trung ty ca Trungn. Trong khi chnh c Pht l ra phi dng mt phng ng ca minng, c th l ngn ng c Ma-kit- (Magadha), ting ni a
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/


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phng ca vng m ngi i qua, hoc c th mt dng no t tingCi-n 1 ca cc c dn vng sng Hng. Khng ch ring li ni cac Pht c ghi li bng ngn ng y, m nhng ngn ng v hnhthi no trong kinh tng Pli tit l du tch mt s phin chuyn t

phng ng min ng sang phng ng min Ty. Do vy, rt an tm tha nhn rng trong giai on u ca s phin chuyn ngn ng y,ting ni c Pht dng c chuyn thnh phng ng ca nhng vng

bt c ni u m tng s Pht gio i qua.

Chnh c Pht quy chun cch dng ngn ng hay ting ni a phng trong vic truyn t gio l. Theo mt on kinh vn kh hiuc lu tr trong cc tng lut, c hai v tng, vn trc khi xut gial dng B-la-mn, thnh cu c Pht cho php c trnh by li giol theo hnh thc tng ng nh ting Sanskrit (trong kinh Ph-)

trnh khi s sai lc. Tuy vy, c Pht t chi li thnh cu v lin chdy cho cc thy t-kheo nn truyn dy gio l theo ngn ng ni ca chnha phng h. on kinh vn ny c hiu tng qut nh l s cho phpcch dng cc phng ng khc nhau trong vic truyn b Pht php; iuy ph hp vi tnh ph bin ca o Pht v nh cn bn l khin chogio php c ph cp n mi tng lp, l s phn ng vi t vi quannim cm ch v gio l ca B-la-mn.

Ban u, s duy tr gio l bng ngn ng bt bin c xem nh l tiuchun thit yu ca tnh xc thc, v iu ny gp phn ln lao thc y s

phn k v mt ngn ng v lan ta gio l khi o Pht ri khi qu hngl bnh nguyn sng Hng.

Cc kinh vn c truyn ming cho n nay u c t nhiu phinchuyn thnh cc phng ng khp vng Trung n d hiu v truyn brng ri hn. Ngy nay chng ta ch c bit c hai ngn ng: Pli vGndhr. Pli hin l mt phng ng ca min Ty n , trong khiGndhr l phng ng c dng rng ri vng Ty Bc ca tiu lc av, vi s ln mnh ca vng triu Qu Sng (Kushan) vng Bactria v

Trung , Pli tr thnh ngn ng kinh in ca Thng ta b, v Gndhrl ngn ng chnh ca b phi m-v-c.2 Cc t liu ng k sau ny cp mt ngn ng khc l Prkit 3 c nhiu b phi s dng, gi lting Paic, Apabhraa, v Maddhyoddeika. Apabhraa c quycho Chnh lng b (Sammityas) hoc Trng lo b (s: sthavira).Cn ting Maddhyoddeika c quy cho i chng b(Mahsaghika).


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Ban u, cc trng phi phi truyn b kinh in ca b phi mnh bngting Prkit. Mt s cc b phi, nh Thng ta b, vn gi li ngn ngTrung n ca h, trong khi mt s b phi khc b li cun vo phong trogi l phc hng ting Sanskrit v bt u Sanskrit ha nn vn hc m h c th bm. Cng vic Sanskrit ha nhn nh l mt tin trnh tim tintha nhn cho cc b phi c truyn b rng ri sang cc vng rng lntri qua s pht trin khc nhau ca cc a phng. Vn h ca phi Cn

bn Nht thit hu b (Mla-sarvstivda) ch c lu gi trong kinh inPht hc bng ting Sanskrit, nhng lp a tng c tit l cho bit nhiu dutch c bn ca n l ting Prkit. Nhng bn tho d dang cn lu li cho

bit rng trng phi m-v-c (Dharmaguptaka) cng tham d trongtin trnh Sanskrit ha, t nht l trong vng Trung . Nhiu bn tho

pht hin thm c Afghanistan t nm 1994 h tr cho quan imcho rng i chng b (Mahsaghika), v c bit l Thuyt xut th b

(Lokottaravda), dng mt hn hp c bit ca ting Prkit v Sanskrit c th c gi l ngn ng lai tp Sanskrit ca Pht gio (BuddhistHybrid Sanskrit) trong ngha chnh xc nht, v c th l iu lin quann nh maddhyoddeika; e: intermediate recitation), mt thut ng vncha c hiu mt cch ton trit.

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BO LU HAY PHIN DCH

Khi Pht gio bt u lan ta vt ra ngoi tiu lc a n , nhng ngitruyn b v cc mn bn a phi i din vi vn l lm sao truyn t gio l, nghi thc, v kinh vn trong mt mi trng hon tonkhc bit v ngn ng. C bn, c hai kh nng chnh h gp phi: bo trngn ng n nh vn thng dng, hoc l phin dch sang ngn nga phng. Lu gi bn nguyn n vn gip cho gii thc hnh cc mt vi li lc, trong s l ngha linh thing ca li kinh truynkhu v kinh vn c ghi chp ra t cch dng ca ngn ng linh thingc cho l pht xut t qu hng ca c Pht hoc l ngay chnh t li

ca c Pht; c tip tc tip cn vo cc ngun khc ca n , v mtcch quan trng, khng m h trong vn thut ng. iu y cng cungcp mt s lu thng hu ch chung trong lnh vc a chng (multiethnic)v a ngn ng (multilingual), khng cn l chuyn nh khi mt tro lutruyn b Pht gio tr nn c tn tr bi cc th lc thng tr v tim lcthng nht ca h. Mt khc, ngn ng n c l kh hiu i vi phnln cc mn bn ngoi n v c s tr ngi cho vn truyn o,


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c bit l trong nhng vng s dng ngn ng phi n-u. iu kh hiuny s khin to thun li sn sng thay i ngun gc n bng mtngn ng bn a, cho d nhu cu tt yu ca vn nghim trng l tmmt s tng ng ti thiu trong ngn ng thay th cho kh khn ca thutng Pht hc n . Nhng tho lun cn c c lu gi trong cc lungii ting Hn v Ty Tng ch ra r rng rng c mt s dch gi rt amtng v cc vn thuc phng php lun (methodological), ng vn(philological) v vn ha lin quan n cng vic dch thut. Nhng phnnh ca h trong lnh vc ny to nn kt qu l mt n lc thit nhmt phng thc ni lin hai s phn cch v vn ha v ngn ng.

Trong tin trnh lch s c hai kh nng ny lu gi li ngun gc n v phin dch thnh ngn ng a phng c vn dng, c khi cng lcc hai. C i lc ngn ng a phng c chn phin dch chnh n

li tr nn ngn ng vt gii hn ngn ng mang tnh tn ngng (cngha l cch din t c dng trong kinh in v trong nghi l) trong khicc hnh thi c bit ca Pht gio vt xa hn cc ranh gii ngn ng, nhtrng hp Trung Hoa v Ty Tng. Mc d khng c mt truyn thngPht gio no a ra nhng mnh lnh quy nh hoc chng li cchs dng mt ngn ng chuyn bit, nhng trong nhiu trng hp,h thy c mt khuynh hng tim tin nhng u n khi nhn v phangn ng vit ca kinh in l linh thing, v iu ny gim tr phn lnngun gc cng khai n s thay i c tnh ngn ng trong thi k uca vic truyn b kinh in n qua li ni. Bt k ni u m ngnng ca kinh in cha c ng nht vi ting ni a phng, th smhay mun, ngn ng a phng cng tr thnh quen thuc vi s pht sinhmt th loi rt phong ph nhng khng nm trong h kinh in Pht gionh lun gii, truyn k, sch gio khoa, thi ca, kinh nht tng, v nhng thkhc. C khi nhng iu ny dn n s pht trin mt ngn ng vn hcmi theo cch ring ca n. V d nh cch cc dng cc ngn ng

Newari, Tamil, v C Java bn cnh ting Sanskrit; v dng ngn ngThi, Nht Bn, Mng C bn cnh ting Pli; dng ch Hn bn cnh tingTy Tng.

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TRUNG

Mt trng hp th v nht minh ha cho nhng kh tnh a dng l vngTrung , ni m nhiu hnh thi ca Pht gio cng tn ti trong hu bn


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thin nin k th nht. Trc ht, c mt s nhm dn tc, ng k nhtl nhm ngi s dng hai phng ng Tocharian (dng ngn ng n-umin Cn ng), nhm ngi s dng hai phng ng Saka, Tumshuq vKhotanese (Trung Iranian), v nhm ngi s dng phng ng Uigur (mtdng ngn ng thuc Th Nh K), ni vn tip tc dng ngn ng Sanskritnh l ngn ng chnh thng nhng cng phin dch kinh in thnh ngnng a phng ca mnh v kt tp cc kinh in Pht gio ring ca mnh.

Nhng nhm dn tc ny phin dch kinh in t ting Sanskrit, cchng t bi s tn ti ca mt s ng k cc bn tho song ng v Kinhvn, cc th bn m v ho nhong ca mt trong cc phng ng cthm vo cc bn kinh ting Sanskrit gia dng, cng nh trong cc bnkinh, t nht l trong trng hp Tocharian v Uigur, ni cc bn dch tingSanskrit v phng ng c trnh by xen k nhau tng ch hoc tngdng trong cng mt hng.

Th hai l trng hp Trung Hoa v Ty Tng, c hai u phin dch kinhin Pht gio sang ngn ng ring ca mnh t khi nguyn ca victruyn b o Pht trn cc t nc ny.

Cui cng l trng hp c bit ca nc Sogdian, 7 nhng ngi sdng ngn ng khc ca Trung Iran, ngn ng ca nhng thng nhn c cng trong vic truyn b Pht gio v vn ha n t vngtriu ch Qu Sng sang Trung Hoa. H bt u cng cuc phindch kinh in Pht gio sang ting Sogdian t hu bn th k th nht, h

cng lm nh vy khi dch kinh in t gc n sang ting Hn. Tt cnhng vic ny u c kt tp t nhng th bn tm thy c vngTrung , v c bit l t cc bn kinh khc trn trong ng n Hong,ni kinh in gm nhiu ngn ng cng c tm thy.

Theo Jan Nattier, khng c bn kinh Pht gio n no c dch sangngn ng a phng c tm thy Kashgar, tnh l min Vin Tyca thung lng Tarim. n nay, nhng th bn tm thy c Afghanistan xc minh cho quan im ny, v hu nh cc bn kinh y u

vit bng cc ngn ng n , nhng lc khng r l bn kinh dch haynghi thc tr tng c vit bng ting a phng v mt mc ch c bit.

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TRUNG HOA V CHU

Ngay khi Pht gio truyn n Trung Hoa, thc t chng t rng nhtthit cn phi phin dch cc kinh in Pht gio sang ting Hn. L do cavic ny c l l s khc bit r nt v ng php v pht m gia ngn ngn v Trung Hoa. Mt l do khc l s chuyn hng truyn bPht gio sang Trung Hoa, ni l hc t bin c cao v nn vn hc rttinh t, c nh gi rt cao, khu bit vi nhng h thng gi tr v quannim thm m khc. K thut phin dch tri qua nhiu dng thc vnhiu thi k khc nhau, bt u t An Th Cao, tng s dch kinh vo th kth 2, ngi khuch trng cch dng ng vng v cc kha cnh khcca ngn ng ni. Khuynh hng ny kt hp cht ch vi cc yu t cangn ng bn a theo hng th k, c tiu biu bng n lc p dng tng ca o gio din t tng v thut ng Pht hc, v c vit ra

theo phong cch rt c tnh vn hc.

Mt tiu chun mi c t ra vo thk th 5 khi nh phin dch ni tingCu-ma-la-thp (350-409/413) m u ban phin dch, mt i ng nhngchuyn gia ngi nc ngoi v trong nc, thng c s bo tr catriu nh, cng nhau coi sc tng bc lin quan trong tin trnh phin dch.S thnh lp tng t nh vy c din ra vi ln trong lch s Pht giovng Trung v ng . Chng hn nh Ty Tng trong thi k cnch quyn, v sau l Trung v Trung Hoa i vi nhng bn dchTam tng kinh in ca Tangul, Mng C v Mn Chu.

Khi vn ha Trung Hoa tr thnh m hnh tri khp vng ng , Pht giocng pht trin theo . Vi hnh thi ngn ng ting Hn, Pht gioc truyn b sang Cao Ly, Nht Bn, v Vit Nam. Ngn ng vn hcTrung Hoa tr thnh ngn ng trong vn hc kinh in Pht gio khp vngng . Trung nh c cp trn, kinh dch sang ting Hn cdng nh l bn gc cho vic phin dch sang ting Sogdian, v cng dng dch sang ting Uigur v mt s sang ting Ty Tng. Gia th k th 11v 13, mt s bn dch ng k trc ht l bn dch kinh t ting Hn, ri

c bn ting Ty Tng c dch sang ting Tangut v Xixia, mt ngnng khc l Hn- Tng (Sino-Tibetan) c dng trong vng triuTangut vng ty bc Trung Hoa trc khi ni ny b thn tnh bi ThnhCt T Hn (Genghis Khan).

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TY TNG V MNG C

Pht gio n Ty Tng vo khong th k th 7. Hin nhin l kinh inPht gio c dch sang bn ng rt sm, nhng khng ha nhp c vodng vn hc mang tnh di sn ang c nh Trung Hoa, ng nh ngunt liu truyn thng cho chng ta bit rng ch vit Ty Tng c to rac bit l phin dch kinh in Pht gio. Mt s bn dch c xa cnc lu gi. Ng php Ty Tng thng l rt kh, nu khng ni l ngcvi cch dng ca ngi Ty Tng, v n lc ca h l m phng cu trc tng t gc ting n , v khc vi ch vit Ty Tng vn dng din tcng mt thut ng Pht hc. Mt c bit im khc l bi cnh Trung Hoalin quan n vai tr ca Pht gio Ty Tng. Dng nh t bui u,Pht gio ng vai tr ch yu trong th ch chnh tr quc ni v nhnc s ng h ng k t triu nh. Mi quan h mt thit ca triu nh

vo u th k th 9 dn n mt s kin ni bt trong lch s phin dchkinh in Pht gio. Vi quan im thit nh mt tiu chun chung cho

phng php phin dch v a ra mt cch gii thch d hiu cho mingi, nh vua ban hnh mt sc lnh ph cp cho cc nh phin dch. thc thi sc lnh, b phn c trch phin dch triu nh n hnh mtdanh mc gm 9.500 thut ng Sanskrit chuyn mn v chun mc tngng trong ngn ng Ty Tng, cng mt chuyn lun gii thch vic phindch vi chng 400 thut ng Pht hc. Sau , cc bn dch mi c rai v cc bn dch c c tu chnh li theo theo nhng nguyn tc mi ny

v vn tip tc c tun th cho n sau khi triu i ny suy tn vo giath k th 9, mi cho n giai on chm dt thi k phin dchkinh in vo th k th 15. Vic ny dn n mt hin tng c

bit trong lch s Pht gio th gii: ngn ng ca hu ht cc bn dch tingTy Tng rt chun mc v thng l khng can thip vo quy lut ng

php ca ting Ty Tng, trung thnh vi ngun gc ting Sanskrit n mc khng bao gi tip cn vi mt ngn ng no khc na phin dchkinh in Pht gio.

Cng nh Pht gio Trung Hoa i vi cc nc ng , ngn ng c Ty

Tng tr thnh ngn ng kinh in chnh thc cho nhiu quc gia vngTrung . Trong giai on cui cng ca thi k dch thut, ngi Uigur dch c vi tc phm kinh in t ting Ty Tng. Sau khi ngiMng C n nh c trong nhng min thuc Pht gio Ty Tng vo thk 16, kinh in Ty Tng li tip tc c dch sang ting Mng C.Vo th k 18, triu nh Trung Hoa cn h tr cho n khi hon thnhhai cng trnh phin dch tng kinh ting Mng C l Cam Chu Nh


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(Bkagyur; Kanjur) v an Chu Nh (Bstan gyur; Tanjur), hai tng kinhny u c dch t ting Ty Tng. Cc v Lt-ma Mng C vit cc lungii bng ting Mng C, nhng ting Mng C khng bao gi thnh cngtrong vic thay th ting Ty Tng nh l ngn ng chnh trong nghil v kinh in. T vng Ni Mng pha ng cho n vng tho nguynBuryatia v Kalmyk pha Ty, ngi Mng C tip tc nghin cu Phtgio bng ting Ty Tng. Tng t nh trng hp Mng C, triu iHong Cn Long Trung Hoa, vn xut thn t Mn Chu, bo hcng trnh phin dch

kinh in Pht gio sang ting Mn Chu (Manchu). D nhng kinh nyc dch t bn ting Hn c hiu chnh, nhng tng kinh y li theokiu mu ca tng Cam Chu Nh (Bkagyur ; Kanjur) ca Ty Tng. Tuynhin, n lc ln lao ny ch yu l thin chnh tr v, khng nh trng

hp ca Mng C, khng dn n mt tc dng nh mt nn vn hc Phtgio cho Mn Chu.

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MIN NAM V NG NAM CHU

Khi o Pht truyn b n bt k ni no Min Nam v ng Nam chu, kinh in Pht gio li khng c phin chuyn qua ngn ng bnx, m vn gi nguyn dng n . Nh vo nn tng ca cc Tng s n

ang hong truyn Pht php m kinh in c tip tc truynb bng ting Pli hoc Sanskrit. D kinh in ca phi Thng ta b cvit bng nhiu th ting khc nhau nh Sinhalese, Burmese, Thi vKhmer, nhng mi cho n thi cn i, ngn ng trong kinh vn lun lunl ting Pli, v ting Pli vn gi vai tr trung gian trong cc nghi l vnghin cu Pht hc Sri Lanka v cc quc gia Pht gio Thng ta b vng ng Nam nh Burmese, Thi v Khmer. Tuy nhin, ring tng bkinh, li c dch sang nhiu th ting a phng nh Burmese, Khmer,Lanna Thai v Mon, Thi t th k th 11 tr i, v trong s ny, mt vi

th ting a phng khc nh Arakanese, Lao, Shan, Tai Khun, Tai Lue,vn hc Pht gio bn a c pht huy phong ph. Ting Sanskrit cdng trong trong nhng truyn thng Pht gio khc, phn ln l Pht gioi tha hoc c Tan-tra tha, Min in, Lo v Kam-pu-chia trc khiPht gio Thng ta b du nhp vo , v Java v Bali.

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CC PHNG NG HIN I

Tt c nhng ngn ng ny u thay i rt nhiu trong khong 50 nm gny. phng Ty, cc hc gi bt u nghin cu Pht hc t gia th k19, khi tng kinh Pht u tin c dch sang ngn ng Ty phng. Sau khng lu, hc gi khp cc nc chu bt u mt cch c h thng phin dch kinh in Pht gio t ngn ng kinh in chnh thng sangngn ng hin i ca a phng mnh, c bit l khi s kin ny dnn mt bc ngot gia hai ngn ng khc nhau c cng mt gc. Kt qul, ngi ta kh tm thy mt ngn ng vn hc (literary language) notrong th gii ngy nay, ngoi tr chu Phi, m khng c dng

phin dch kinh in Pht gio. V cng hp l khi ni rng ngynay, ting Anh thay th cho ting Hn nh l phng tin thngdng nht c dng cho vic truyn b t tng v vn hc Pht gio.

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1 Gangetic koine: ting Ci-n (ngn ng Hy Lp c dng nhng nc min ng a Trung Hi)

2 Dharmaguptaka, m-v-c,Hn dch Php Chnh, PhpTng, Php H, Php Mt.

3 Prkit : Khi u ca giai on Trung k ngn ng Indo-Aryan l do

Pini tin phong, v ngn ng ca gii bnh dn vn pht trin nhanh hnngn ng ca tng lp tr thc. T Saskta c ngha l trau chut, bngby, chnh xc (ng vn phm), ngc hn vi t Prkta c ngha l (lini) ca gii bnh dn. Cng nh ting Sanskrit c gii thch trong ngha rt rng, c th i biu thch hp cho ngn ng Indo-Aryan c; ting

Prkit cng vy, cng c gii thch vi ngha rt rng, c th i biuthch hp cho giai on trung k ngn ng Indo-Aryan.

4 Apabhraa: dng t ng khng chun mc, c dng i li cc

quy tc vn phm hoc c dng vi ngha khng cht ch trong tingSanskrit. L mt hnh thc thp nht ca phng ng Prkit c giibnh dn s dng.

5 Nguyn vn Anh ng: church. C khi c dng trong bi ny vi ngha ngn ng chnh gc, ni m kinh in Pht gio pht xut


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l n . nhng ng cnh ny, chng ti tm dch l ngn ng chnhthng.

6 Phin m l Hi-ht, hoc Hi-hi. Ni pht sinh o Islam. M ngy nayquen gi l Hi gio.

7 Nc vng Ty Vc thi c. i ng gi l Khang quc.

; C: n shgo, tk. 2; Cao tng x An Tc, n Trung Quc nm148 v l ngi u tin dch Kinh sch Pht gio ra ting Hn, nht lkinh sch v cc php tu thin, nh An-ban th (s: - npnasati). V vyS c xem l ngi lp ra Thin tng trong thi Pht php c truynqua Trung Quc ln u.

An Th Cao l hong t nc An Tc (e: parthie) nhng xut gia i tu vsang Trung Quc, sng trn 20 nm y. S l danh nhn u tin cghi r trong lch s Pht gio Trung Quc, l ngi thc y cc cngvic dch kinh in c h thng. t c nh vy, S thnh lp nhngvn phng chuyn dch kinh sch. S lng nhng bn dch ca S c ghichp li t nm 34 n 176. Nhng bn dch ny c chia lm hai loi: 1.

Nhng tc phm chuyn v Thin (s: dhyna) vi nhng k thut nh An-ban th , qun Bin x (p: kasia), qun thn (p: kyagta-sati). 2. Kinh

sch vi nhng ni dung xp t theo h s v d nh Ng un (s:pacaskandha), Lc x. S thng s dng t ng o Lo (Lo T)

dch kinh sch sang Hn vn.

Ngun: Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Mac Millan Refference. USA. 2003.Do R.E. Buswell ch bin.

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HT

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Ngon Ngu Phat Hoc - TK Thich Nhuan Chau Dich