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CONSONANTS
I> Structure of the larynx & 4 different position of the glottis
II> Definition of & differences among consonantsIII> Consonant sounds
III.1> Plosives (stops) III.2> Fricatives III.3> Affricates
III.4> Nasals
III.5> Lateral
III.6> Approximants
III.4> Nasals
III.4.1> Definition
III.4.2> Classification
III.4.3> Characteristics
III.4.1> Definition
Nasals /m, n, 7/: the oral passage is completely closed (due to there is a complete closure of articulators e.g. two lips for /m/, the tip and the tooth ridge for /n/ and the tongue and the velum) and the air flow escapes through the nasal cavity.
Nasals and fricatives are also called continuants because they can be held so long as there is the air in the lungs to release through nasal cavity and oral cavity, respectively.
III.4.2> Classification
Bilabial
/m/
Alveolar
/n/
Velar
/ 7/
Voiced Voiced Voiced
Articulation of bilabial nasal stop
2 lips are pressed together
Velum is lowered
Articulation of alveolar nasal stop
Tongue blade is pressed against alveolar ridge
Velum is lowered
Articulation of velar nasal stop
Back of tongue is against the soft palate/velum
Velum is lowered
III.4.3> Characteristics
/m,n/ can occur in all positions in a word, e.g.: meet, mammal, mom
/7/ never occurs in initial position, only medially or at the end of a word, e.g.: English /17gl1~/, sing /s17/
/7/ never occurs after a long vowel or diphthong, only after /1 e ` ^ 4/
Pronunciation of –ng spelling- /7/: at final position of a morpheme, e.g.:
long /l47/, hang /h`7/- /7g/: in the middle of a morpheme, e.g.:
anger /`7g6/; exception: comparative & superlative adjectives, e.g.: longer /l47g6/, longest /l47g6st/
/7/: phonetically simple but phonologically complex
/n/ can occur before a velar sound /k,g/ /7/
E.g.: bang / b`7 /, bank / b`7k/Nasalization: final nasals nasalize the
preceding vowels/diphthongs, e.g.: pin [phĩn ], time [thãim], sing [shĩ7]
III.5> LateralIII.5.1> Definition
Lateral (liquid) /l/: produced by channeling the air on each side of the tongue, for which /l/ is called the lateral sound.
Is a sound “in which the passage of air through the mouth doesn’t go in the usual way along the center of the tongue; instead, there is a complete closure between the center of the tongue & the part of the roof of the mouth where contact is to be made…The only way for the air to escape is along the sides of the tongue” [Roach, 2000:61].
III.5.2> Classification
/l/: voiced, alveolar, lateral
III.5.3> Characteristics
Positions in a word:
-initial: love
-medial: killer
-final: feel
Light/clear [l]: pronounced when the air passes over one or both side(s) of the tongue with the tongue tip touching the alveolar ridge, e.g. listen.
Dark/velarized [ɫ]: formed by “the air passing the body of the tongue which is bunched up in the velar position” [Celce-Murcia et al., 2002: 44], e.g. toll, bell.
-Clear /l/: before a vowel, with the front of the tongue raised raised toward the alveolar ridge, e.g.: like, link -Dark /l/: after a vowel, with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum & lips rounded
Clear and dark /l/ are allophones of the same phoneme /l/ in complementary distribution
Devoiced /l/
-E.g.: clear, play
After /p,t,k/, at the beginning of a stressed syllable
III.6> ApproximantsIII.6.1> Definition
Formed when “the air stream moves around the tongue and out the mouth in a relatively unobstructed manner” [Celce-Murcia et al., 2002: 45]
Is a sound in which the articulators approach each other but do not close to each other to produce a “complete” consonant such as a plosive, nasal or fricative.
/l/ and /r/ are “called liquids because, in pronunciation of these sounds, the air passes through the mouth in a somewhat fluid manner.” [Avery & Ehrlich, 1995: 22]
III.6.2> Classification: Approximants
Bilabial Post-alveolar Palatal
w r j
Voiced Voiced Voiced
The tongue tip approaches the alveolar area but never actually makes contact with any part of the roof of the mouth.
The air escapes through an opening down in the middle of the oral cavity
The lips are slightly rounded.
The tongue tip is slightly further back in the mouth then /t,d/
2 lips approach each other
Tongue tip approaches the palate
III.6.3>Characteristics
Retroflex /r/: the tongue is slightly curled backwards with the tip raised
Voiceless & slightly fricative /r/: at the beginning of a syllable after /p,t,k/: print, tree, cream
Rhotic & non-rhotic /r/
- Rhotic: car /ka:r/, work /w3:rk/
occurs in final position (before a pause), & before a consonant (in American, Scottish, West of England accents)
-Non-rhotic: red/red/, car /ka:/, work /w3:k/Only occurs before a vowel; if after a vowel it
is not pronounced
/j,w/: phonetically like vowels, but phonologically like consonants
semi-vowels/semi-consonantsDevoiced /w,j/: slighltly fricatives after
initial /p,t,k/, e.g.: pure /pj$6/, tune /tju:n/, queue /kju:/, twin /tw1n/, quick /kwik/
Group of semi-vowels: /h,w,j/