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TRAINING WORKSHOP ON
NON-WOVENS IN GEOTEXTILES
AT SURAT
BY
S.K. PURI
CHIEF GENERAL MANAGER - NHAI
5TH MARCH 2008
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National Highways
Total Length of NHs : 65,569 km (2% oftotal road length)
Roads carry 85% of Passenger and 70% ofFreight Traffic
NHs carry about 40% of traffic
NHAI is entrusted with implementation ofNational Highways Development Project(NHDP)
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Components of NHDP
Phase Length (Km) Cost
(Rs crore)
Focus
I Bal. 1738 Bal. 9071 Golden quadrilateral (GQ)- connecting Delhi-
Mumbai-Chennai- Kolkata-Delhi Total Length 5846
II Bal. 6736 Bal. 43623 North South& East west Corridors (NS-EW)Total Length 7300
III 12,109 80,626
State capital connectivity,High traffic density,Imp.centers of tourism &economic activity
IV 20,000 27,800 Widening & Strengthening to 2-lane with
Paved shoulders
V 6,500 41,210 Six laning of high density corridors
VI 1000 Km 16,680
Expressway for connecting important placesVII (Being identified) 16,680 Ring roads to cities, flyovers, by-passes
SARDP-
NE
588 5208 Special Accelerated Road Development
Programme for NE
ICTT
Cochin
17 557 International Container Transhipment Terminal
Total 48,688 2,41,454
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Definition, Type, Process and PropertiesDefinition, Type, Process and Properties
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Any permeable textile natural or synthetic, used with foundationAny permeable textile natural or synthetic, used with foundation
soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineering relatedsoil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineering related
material.material.
What is a Geotextile?What is a Geotextile?
Types of Geotextile
WovenNon-woven
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Needle Punched nonwoven
Thermally bonded nonwoven
Nonwoven GeotextilesNonwoven Geotextiles
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Method of production Process Form of fibre Polymer
Slit-flat tape PP (HDPE)
Wide loom (beam) Fibrillated yarn PP
Wide loom (creel) Multi-fi lament yarn PET (PA)
Woven
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Monofil woven fabric
PET multifilament woven fabric
Woven GeotextilesWoven Geotextiles
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Met f r t Pr ess For of f re Polymer
St t ed- ondedNonwoven base wit multi
filament stit yarn
PP orPE nonwoven
PE stit ing
Knitted Weft insertion filament yarn PE
War knitted Multi-filament yarn PE
Knitted GeotextilesKnitted Geotextiles
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Knitted base
Upper surface
Knitted GeotextilesKnitted Geotextiles
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Physical Properties
Property Value range
Thickness 0.25 7.5 mm
Stiffness Nil 25,000 mg-cm
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Mechanical PropertiesProperty Value Range
Compressibility Nil to high
Tensile strength (grab) 0.45-4.5 kN
Tensile strength ( wide width) 9-180 kN/m
Confined tensile strength 18-180 kN/m
Seam strength 50-100% of tensile
Cycle fatigue strength 50-100% of tensile
Burst strength 350-5200 k Pa
Tear strength 90-1300 N
Impact strength 14-200 J
Puncture strength 45-450 N
Friction behavior 60-100% of soil friction
Pullout behavior 50-100% of geotextile strength
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Hydraulic PropertiesProperty Value Range
Porosity (non wovens) 50-95%
Present open area (wovens) Nil to 36%
Apparent opening size ( sieve
size)
2.0 to 0.075 mm ( # 10
to # 200)
Permittivity 0.02-2.2s-1
Permittivity under load 0,01-3.0s-1
Transmissivity 0.01 to 2.0 x10-3m2/min
Soil retention: turbidity curtains Must be evaluated
Soil retention: silt fences Must be evaluated
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Endurance PropertiesProperty Value Range
Installation damage 0.70% of fabric strength
Creep response g.n.p.if
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Degradation PropertiesProperty Value Range
Temperature degradation High temperature accelerates
degradation
Oxidative degradation m.b.e. for long service lifetimes
Hydrolysis degradation m.b.c. for long service lifetimes
Chemical degradation g.n.p.unless aggressive chemicals
Radioactive degradation g.n.p.Biological degradation g.n.p.
Sunlight ( UV) degradation Major problem unless protected
Synergistic effects m.b.e.
General aging Actual record to date is excellent
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TYPICAL
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF GEOTEXTIL
ESTYPICAL
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF GEOTEXTIL
ES
Functi nStrengthrange
k perMass perunit area
gm persq mR ll i th
MetreR ll length
Metre
Separati n 0.5 5 70 - 500 3.8 to 5.5 (4.5) 50 to100
Filtration 0.3 2 70 - 250 2.5 to 4.5 50 to100
Drainage 1 5 500 - 2000 1.5 to 5.5 25 to 50
Reinforcement 30 - 1000 /A 3.8 to 5.5orstrips
50 to100orDefine
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DENSITY MELTING STRAIN CREEP
UNITSPOLYMER
g/cm3 C % CREEP
PE, PP 0.90 to 0.95 110 to 170 >100 HIGH
PET 1.38 >240 10 to 15 LOW
The polymers used for GeotextileThe polymers used for Geotextile
Abbreviation:PE: Polyethylene
PP: Polypropylene
PET: Polyester
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EN 12447Geotextilesandgeotextile-relatedproducts-Screeningtest
methodfordeterminingtheresistancetohhyyddrroollyyssiissinwater
EN 12226Geotextilesandgeotextile-relatedproducts- Generaltestsfor
ee aalluuaattiioonnfollowingdura ilitytesting
EN 14030(ISO12960)
Geotextilesandgeotextile-relatedproducts-Screeningtestmethodfordeterminingtheresistancetoaacciiddaannddaallkkaalliinnee
liquids
EN ISO13438Geotextilesandgeotextile-relatedproducts-Screeningtest
methodfordeterminingtheresistancetoooxxiiddaattiioonnatele atedoxygenpressure
EN ISO12225Geotextilesandgeotextile-relatedproducts-MMiiccrroobbiioollooggiiccaallresistance(soilburial)
Durability Test MethodsDurability Test Methods forGeotextileforGeotextile
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Functions and properties of GeotextilesFunctions and properties of Geotextiles
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The
functions
of
Geotextiles
The
functions
of
Geotextiles
Separator
Reinforcement
Drainage
Filter
Energyabsorber
ontainer
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Reservoirs, damsReservoirs, dams
Liquid wasteLiquid waste Solid wasteSolid waste
RoadsRoads RailroadsRailroads
Erosion protectionErosion protection
Retaining wallsRetaining walls
Drainage systemsDrainage systems
APPLICATIONS FOR GEOTEXTILESAPPLICATIONS FOR GEOTEXTILES
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1 ROADS1.1 APPLICATIONS IN FILTRATION AND DRAINAGE
Pa ementdrains
Sub-horizontaldrains
Curtains
Trenches
Settlementacceleration
applications
materialsGeotextiles
Geocompositedrain
(PVD)
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1 ROADS1.3 APPLICATIONS AS BARRIER
MEMBRANE-ENCAPSULATED SOILS- moisturebarrier
maintenanceofbasematerialproperties
forusein
lowcostpavements
in:wetregions
expansiveclays
goodbasesoils(lateriticsoils,..)
Materials
asphalt impregnated geotextiles
reinforced geomembranes
geogrids (when hard cracking)
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1 ROADS1.4 SEPARATION AND REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS
SEPARATION
GEOTEXTILES
GEOCOMPOSITES
REINFORCEMENT
GEOGRIDSGEOTEXTILES
GEOSTRIPS
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2 BENEFITSOF GEOSYNTHETICSEPARATORS2.1 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
-preventcontamination
-avoid build-upofporepressure
-avoid
loss
of
granular
material
Located at the interface between soil and aggregate
sub-base sub-gradeinterfacesembankments
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3 BENEFITS OF GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCEMENT
3.1PAVEMENT SYSTEMS
3.1.1 ASPHALT OVERLAY
3.1.2 BASE/SUBGRADE
3.2 EMBANKMENTSOVERSOFT SOILS
3.3SLOPES AND WALLS
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3.1 PAVEMENT SYSTEMS
3.1.1 ASPHALT REINFORCEMENTMECHANISMS GEOTEXTILE
GEOGRID
WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT
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3.1 PAVEMENT SYSTEMS
3.1.1 ASPHALT REINFORCEMENT
thinnonwoven geotextilescanbeusedwhen
crackingstillkeepstheaggregatesinterlocking
(tensilecharacteristicsarenotrequired)
protectorlayer- retardscrackpropagationbydeviation
moisturebarrier increaseslifetimeaftercracking
Note:
The asphalt impregnated geotextile do not acts as
a reinforcement, but as a protector layer and amoisture barrier.
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3.1 PAVEMENT SYSTEMS3.1.2 SOIL STABILIZATION
The use of a geosynthetic placed at the sub-grade/fill interface to increase the
support of construction equipment over a weak or soft sub-grade
ApplicationsTemporary roadways
Initial construction lift of permanent ways or embankments
Area constructions platforms
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3.1 PAVEMENT SYSTEMS3.1.3 BASE AND SUB-BASE REINFORCEMENT
The use of a geosynthetic placed as a tensile element at the bottom or
within a flexible pavement base or sub-base to:
-increase the service life
-obtain equivalent performance with a reduced structural section
-avoid subsidence problems (sinkholes)ApplicationsPermanents ways
Parking lots
Airport taxiways
Container loading facilities
Railway tracks
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3.1 PAVEMENT SYSTEMS
3.1.4 ADVANTAGES
-costsavingsinconstructionandmaintenance
-increaseofservicelife
-decreaseoreliminateover-excavationandrequiredgranularfill
inpavementssystems,lifecyclecostanalysisareimportanttoshowadditionalmaintenancecostsavings
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3.2 EMBANKMENTS OVER SOFT SOIL
3.2.1 Applications
-basal reinforcement
-piled embankments with basal reinforcement
-reinforcement over areas prone to subsidence
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3.2 EMBANKMENTS OVER SOFT SOIL
3.2.2 Basal reinforcement mechanisms
foundation extrusion
bearing capacity
rotationalstability
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3.2 EMBANKMENTS OVER SOFT SOIL
3.2.3 Piled embankments basal reinforcementdesign
Ultimate limitstates
Pilegroupcapacity
PilegroupextentVerticalloadingshedding
Lateralsliding
Overallstability
Serviceability analysis
Reinforcementstrain
Foundationsettlement
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3.2 EMBANKMENTS OVER SOFT SOIL
3.2.4 Construction
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3.3 REINFORCED SLOPES AND WALLS
3.3.1 applications
landslidereparation
bridgeabutment
increaseworkingarea
reducefilledareareducefillingmaterial
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3.3 REINFORCED SLOPES AND WALLS
3.3.2 types
Walls(angleofinclinationlargerthan80o)
Steepslopes
Blockwalls
.
reinforcementspacing
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4. REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Mainlymechanicalcharacteristics
Tensilestrength(ISO10319)
Seamtensilestrength(ISO10321)Punctureresistance(ISO12236)
Impacttest(ISO13433)
Mainlyhydrauliccharacteristics(forseparation)
Openingsize(ISO12959)
Permeabilitynormaltotheplane(ISO11058)
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Technical Requirement as per MoSRTHSpecifications for use in subsurface drains
Breaking load not less than 10 kN/m
Minimum Failure strain of 10%
Apparent opening size 0.22mm 0.43 assoil properties
Allow water flow @ not less than
10lit/sqm/sec Minimum puncture resistance of 200 N
Minimum tear resistance of 150N
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Technical Requirement as per MoSRTH
Specifications for use in Highway Pavement
Minimum Tensile strength 36.3 Kg
Elongation 50% Asphalt Retention 10 kg/10sqm
Melting Point 150C
Surface Texture- heat Bonded on one sideonly
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Technical Requirement as per MoSRTH
Specifications for use in Protection Works
Aperture : Rectangular, square or oval
Colour : Black Strength : Min 10kN/m
Elongation: Max 15%
Form : GR1-GG3 standards Life : Min 8 years
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Typical Specification of NHAISeparation and drainage
Properties Units Fabric
PHYSICAL
Grab TensileStrength KN 0.900
Grab Tensile Elongation % 50
Mullen Burst KPA 2750
Puncture KN 0.575
Trapezoid Tear KN 0.355
UVResistance %@hr 70/500
HYDRAULIC
ApparentOpeningSize(AOS) Mm 0.150
Permittivity Sec 1.5
FlowRate 1/min/m2 3225
LifePeriod Years 120
MINIMUM AVERAGE ROLL VALUES
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Distribution of Geotextiles in the UnitedKingdomDistribution of Geotextiles in the UnitedKingdom
Nonwovens Wovens Knitted Extruded
55 65 10 35
5 3 ~ 10
2 10 15 20
10 2 15 5
3 2 5 21 ~ ~ ~
1 1 ~ ~
2 ~ ~ ~
6 2 5 5
6 2 5 5
4 10 45 15
5 3 ~ 3
Dams
Canals
Tunnels
Roads
Rail
Structures
Drainage
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Embankments
Other
Erosion
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Distribution of Geotextile Use in SouthA
siaDistribution of Geotextile Use in SouthA
sia
Nonwovens Wovens Knitted Extruded
45% 35% 5% 15%
Nonwovens Wovens Knitted Extruded55 35 10 35
5 8 ~ 10
2 25 15 20
10 2 15 5
3 2 5 2
1 ~ ~ ~
1 1 ~ ~2 ~ ~ ~
6 2 5 5
6 2 5 5
4 10 45 15
Percentage distribution of Geotextile type in the South Asia
Percentage distribution of Geotextile type per application
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Embankments
Erosion
Dams
CanalsTunnels
Roads
Rail
Structures
Drainage
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History of Geotextiles in IndiaHistory of Geotextiles in India Used commercially since early 80s
However, during 80 90 the use was restricted to
separation, filtration and drainage application for both non-
woven and woven type
Indian manufacturer like Hitkari, Tata Mills etc.
participated in production of non-woven type for civil
engineering application
Major boost in usage came after 1995 with major ports andhighway development projects.
Application included marine protection below rip-raps and
armour layers for separation and filtration for land
reclamation projects.
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Few Examples of NHAI ProjectsFew Examples of NHAI ProjectsProject Purpose Qty.
Visakhapatnam In Marshy/ Slushy Soils 1,08,100 sqm
Vallarpadam,
Cochin
Geotextile (non woven) as
separation/ filtration layer
4,30,260 sqm
Tuticorin Below sub-grade 2,55,000 sqm
Paradip (i) for high embankment over land
drains(ii) below sub-grade
1,04,250 sqm
40,640 sqm
JNPT Package II
(SH-54 & Aamra
Marg)
Woven geotextile below
embankment
64,600 sqm
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THANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTENTIONTHANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTENTION