NIGERIA

Josh

Korn

Becca

Weinstein

Marryanne

Auld

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Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

Educated as a teacherBecame a politician & elected to Northern

Regions House of Assembly(1947)And Federal House of Representatives

Founder of Northern People’s CongressFirst prime minister of Nigeria

Will be assassinated in1966 military coup

1912-1966

Benjamin Namidi Azikiwe

1904-1996•1953- Leader of Nigeria’s Eastern region.

•1960-Governonr-General

•1963-Became first and only ceremonial president

•Well educated in American Universities

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Independence

October First, 1960

•1901-Nigeria became a British Protectorate

•1914-Birtian allowed some self-governing

•1947-Britian gave Nigerian’s a higher authority

•1951-New constitution providing representation for a regional basis

•1954-New constitution dividing Nigeria into three regions

•Oct. 1, 1960- became and independent country

The Future

•1966-Military coup over throws new gov.

•1966-1976-Their will be a succession of military coup’s

•1979-1983-A second republic forms

1999-A new constitution will be formed

Nigerias position on

Pan-Africanism•Nigeria is a place naturally abundant with many resources such as rubber,cocoa, and oil

•During the Biafran conflict, Nigeria will strongly oppose secession

Nigeria opposes a unified Africa in order to keeps its resources for itself

•The war with Biafra will show that Nigeria wants to keep itself as one

Bibliographywww.cenbank.org/currencymgt/blodata/Alhaji%20Z

www.dawodu.com/balewa2.jpgwww.stoveco.com/Nigeria

www.rss.co.ZAwww.crwflags.com/fotw/ima/ges/h/ng-blaf.gif

www.cia.govwww.nigeria.com

KenyaKenya

As presented by Greg, Mike, and Jessica

As presented by Greg, Mike, and Jessica

Kenyan LanguageKenyan Language

•Official Kenyan language is English

•Practiced language among locals is KiswahiliGovernment uses Swahili as well, but English is official language

Pan-AfricanismPan-Africanism

• Kenya in favor of a united Africa as a way to end colonialism and gain independence

• Pan-Africanism would provide Kenya and all of Africa with numerous economic benefits

• Kenya in favor of a united Africa as a way to end colonialism and gain independence

• Pan-Africanism would provide Kenya and all of Africa with numerous economic benefits

Kenyan IndependenceKenyan Independence

• Kenya will be independent December 12th of this year, 1963

• Independence campaign led by Jomo Kenyatta

• Kenyatta imprisoned in 1952 under the British state of emergency because of his role in the fight for independence

• December 12, 1963 Kenyatta becomes first prime minister of independent Kenya

• Kenya will be independent December 12th of this year, 1963

• Independence campaign led by Jomo Kenyatta

• Kenyatta imprisoned in 1952 under the British state of emergency because of his role in the fight for independence

• December 12, 1963 Kenyatta becomes first prime minister of independent Kenya

Kenya-EconomyKenya-Economy

• The per capita income in 2004 was $480• The poverty reached over 56% in 2003• The GNI (gross national income) was 15.5

billion

• The per capita income in 2004 was $480• The poverty reached over 56% in 2003• The GNI (gross national income) was 15.5

billion

Kenya TodayThe avrage life expectancy at birth is 45.4 years

BibliographyBibliography• Web Recourseshttp://kenya.rcbowen.com/government/kenyatta.html

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1952kenyatta-kau1.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter8.shtml

• Web Recourseshttp://kenya.rcbowen.com/government/kenyatta.html

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1952kenyatta-kau1.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter8.shtml

GHANAGHANAAnd its road to

independence

And its road to

independence

By: Alex, Helen ,

and Lisa

Born in Nkroful, Gold Coast as Francis Nwia Kofi Ngonloma

Earned Masters of Science in education and Master of Arts in Philosophy

Elected president of the African Students Organization of America and Canada

Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

Pan-africanismPan-africanism

Since Ghana was the first country to earn independence, Dr. Nkrumah urged others to do the same

Ghana wanted to help end all colonial rule and make Africa independent from foreign control

Ghana wants to make a unified Africa, a common nation-state for all Africans

Since Ghana was the first country to earn independence, Dr. Nkrumah urged others to do the same

Ghana wanted to help end all colonial rule and make Africa independent from foreign control

Ghana wants to make a unified Africa, a common nation-state for all Africans

“Long may the links between Africa and the peoples of African descent continue to hold us together in fraternity.”

-Dr. Kwame Nkrumah

Pan-AfricanismOur Opinion

We support independence but disagree with Ghana’s position on Pan-Africanism

Ghana is a strong nation on its own, supporting Africa with our resources would weaken our economical status

Africa would be a stronger continent if each nation learned to independently support themselves

Ghana was formerly called The Gold Coast

1471- the Portuguese settled in the Gold Cost

1482 -Portuguese traders built Elmina Castle

other Europeans began to trade with the natives

Imperialism

1642- Portuguese traders left the Gold Coast British became the dominant power

1844- British protectorate arranged

IndependenceIndependence

1930’s-Communists stirred discontent through Ghana

Post WWII-Ghanaians protested imperialism inspired by other countries’ efforts

1947-First Ghanaian political party formed 1948-Watson commission recommended drafting of

constitution to prelude self-rule 1949-Coussey Committee Report-mechanisms for

inclusion of Africans in government 1951-Constitution drafted 1954-General elections

1930’s-Communists stirred discontent through Ghana

Post WWII-Ghanaians protested imperialism inspired by other countries’ efforts

1947-First Ghanaian political party formed 1948-Watson commission recommended drafting of

constitution to prelude self-rule 1949-Coussey Committee Report-mechanisms for

inclusion of Africans in government 1951-Constitution drafted 1954-General elections

Independence: 3/6/1957

Name changed to Ghana at independence

1st Sub-Saharan African country to gain independence

Independence

1951-Constitution drafted

BibliographyBibliography

http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/independence.php

http://www.greatepicbooks.com/epics/november97.html

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1961nkrumah.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana http://www.ghana.co.uk/

http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/independence.php

http://www.greatepicbooks.com/epics/november97.html

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1961nkrumah.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana http://www.ghana.co.uk/

EthiopiaEthiopia

SelamSelamMax, Rachel, Dan i

Pan-Africanism•All African states have right to freedom.

•States must show united front to the world.

•Cooperation in

Politics

Economies

Defense

Health Care

And in all issues that may affect our continent.

Emperor Haile Selassie

Emperor Haile Selassie1892- 1974

•Reigned from 1930-1974 as an Autocratic ruler.

•1955 Salassie revised the EthiopianConstitution and installed a National Assembly

•Established a National Judiciary

•In the 1970’s Ethiopia's droughtwill lead to famine causing a coup d’etat removing Salassie from power in 1974

Modern History of EthiopiaFree Since 200 B.C.

•1889-1913: Joins World Community

•1930: Haile Sellasie crowned Emperor

•1936-1941: Occupied by Italy

•1941: Haile Sellasie returns to power

•1963: Host of the Organization of African Unity

The Future Of EthiopiaThe Future Of Ethiopia• Overall Living Conditions Poor• 1970’s and 1980’s: Drought And Famine• 1974: Haile Selassie Falls From Power• 1977: Somalia Invades Ethiopia• 1987: Mengitsu Regime Comes To Power• 1991: Military Junta Overthrown• 1993: Eritrea Gains Independence• 1995: Federation Of 10 Ethnically Different Administrative Regions

• Late 1990’s: War With Eritrea

• Overall Living Conditions Poor• 1970’s and 1980’s: Drought And Famine• 1974: Haile Selassie Falls From Power• 1977: Somalia Invades Ethiopia• 1987: Mengitsu Regime Comes To Power• 1991: Military Junta Overthrown• 1993: Eritrea Gains Independence• 1995: Federation Of 10 Ethnically Different Administrative Regions

• Late 1990’s: War With Eritrea

BibliographyBibliography• http://oneafricanow.com

• http://www.africaunion.org/root/au/aboutau/founders/oau_founders

• http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/22.htm

• http://www.libeam.org/history/articles/1892-1975-haile-selassie/index.php

• http://cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/et.htm/

• http;//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1072164.stm

• http://www.ethiopiantreasures.taucansurf.com/pages/dergue.htm

• http://oneafricanow.com

• http://www.africaunion.org/root/au/aboutau/founders/oau_founders

• http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/22.htm

• http://www.libeam.org/history/articles/1892-1975-haile-selassie/index.php

• http://cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/et.htm/

• http;//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1072164.stm

• http://www.ethiopiantreasures.taucansurf.com/pages/dergue.htm

SarahLindsay

Youngeun

CameroonCameroon

Timeline of Cameroon Imperialism and Independence

Timeline of Cameroon Imperialism and Independence

1858- 1st European settlement founded in Cameroon

1884- Cameroon becomes a German protectorate

1907- 2nd German governor develops colonies and railroads

1916- WWI breaks out-->Britain and France force Germany out of Cameroon

1919- a declaration is formed splitting Cameroon between Britain and France

1939/1940- WWII breaks out

1955- revolts from the UPC arise in French Cameroon

1958- Ahmadou Ahidjo forms the party I’lUnion Camerounaise

January 1st, 1960- Adhijo declares independence in French Cameroon

1960- Adhijo becomes the first president of Cameroon

1961- Referendum in British Cameroon

May 20, 1972- Constitution made with the help with the URC

1858- 1st European settlement founded in Cameroon

1884- Cameroon becomes a German protectorate

1907- 2nd German governor develops colonies and railroads

1916- WWI breaks out-->Britain and France force Germany out of Cameroon

1919- a declaration is formed splitting Cameroon between Britain and France

1939/1940- WWII breaks out

1955- revolts from the UPC arise in French Cameroon

1958- Ahmadou Ahidjo forms the party I’lUnion Camerounaise

January 1st, 1960- Adhijo declares independence in French Cameroon

1960- Adhijo becomes the first president of Cameroon

1961- Referendum in British Cameroon

May 20, 1972- Constitution made with the help with the URC

Amadu AhidjoAmadu Ahidjo• 1st President of

Federation of Cameroon in 1960

• Reelected in 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980

• Banned all other political groups to establish dominance

• Suppressed rebellions

• 1st President of Federation of Cameroon in 1960

• Reelected in 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980

• Banned all other political groups to establish dominance

• Suppressed rebellions

•Early 1970’s, created unpopular constitution and unitary control•Cameroon one of the most stable countries in Africa•1983, feud with Paul Biya; fled the country

Francophone orAnglophone?

Francophone orAnglophone?

As a result of colonization…• English speaking people lived in British

Cameroon

After World War 2…• British Cameroon joined Cameroon• 80% French• 20% English

As a result of colonization…• English speaking people lived in British

Cameroon

After World War 2…• British Cameroon joined Cameroon• 80% French• 20% English

Pan-AfricanismPan-AfricanismAgainst a Pan-African Nation…

-Strong stable central government-Improving economy-30% unemployment-Valuable exports; ex. Petroleum-Among highest per capita and

school attendance rates in sub-Saharan Africa-Slowly improving education

and technology

Against a Pan-African Nation…-Strong stable central government-Improving economy-30% unemployment-Valuable exports; ex. Petroleum-Among highest per capita and

school attendance rates in sub-Saharan Africa-Slowly improving education

and technology

Successes and Problems in the Future

Successes and Problems in the Future

•After 1963 (year of the Pan-African conference), there are some successes and problems that rise in the future.

•1961-1963: A large insurrection occurs, believed to have started by the Cameroonian Party.

•1966: National Cameroonian Party forms.

•1970’s: Country is a stable and prosperous nation with good relations with other nations. Less affected with the oil crisis than most African nations.

•1989: Anti-government is increased by 2 events: 1. Celebration of French Revolution. 2. Fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe.

•1984: Biya changes country’s name to the Republic of Cameroon.

•1994: Conflict between Cameroon and Nigeria.

•1996: Border between Cameroon and Nigeria clashes. Then both agree to a UN mediation.•1997: Biya is elected president in ballot. Boycotted by opposition parties.

•1998: Cameroon classed as most corrupt by the business monitor transparency international.

BibliographyBibliography

The Crawfurd homepage homepage.1996-2003. February 10,2006. <http://crawfurd.dk/africa/cameroon_timeline.htm>

BBC News. Friday 9 2005. Timeline Cameroon. February 13 2006.<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1021488.stm>African History Timeline:Independent Cameroon.homepage.1998. February 13

2006. < <http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-camer.htm>

The Crawfurd homepage homepage.1996-2003. February 10,2006. <http://crawfurd.dk/africa/cameroon_timeline.htm>

BBC News. Friday 9 2005. Timeline Cameroon. February 13 2006.<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1021488.stm>African History Timeline:Independent Cameroon.homepage.1998. February 13

2006. < <http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-camer.htm>

AlgeriaAlgeriaPeople’s Democratic Republic of Algeria

Jeremy Marina Jessica

Jomo KenyattaJomo Kenyatta•Many names-Jomo Kenyatta is the most commonly known

Became politically interested in the Kikuyu Central Association in 1924

•1929-Sent to Enlgand to advocate for return of Kenya’s land

•1945-Organized World Trade Union and Fifth Pan-African Congress

•1947-Becomes KAU president.

•1952-Arrested with other leaders for organizing Mau Mau •1963-Becomes prime minister of free Kenya, urging whites to stay in Kenya

Elected president in 1964, 1966, 1970, and 1974

•Dies in 1978 in sleep

Born in 1889 in British East Africa (Kenya)

Basic FactsBasic Facts

• Capitol-Algiers• Ethnicity- 99% Berber Arab and 1% European• Religion-99% Sunni Muslim• Official Language-Arabic• Independence- From France, July 5, 1962• Legal System- based on French and Islamic law• Natural Recourses oil and natural gas

• Capitol-Algiers• Ethnicity- 99% Berber Arab and 1% European• Religion-99% Sunni Muslim• Official Language-Arabic• Independence- From France, July 5, 1962• Legal System- based on French and Islamic law• Natural Recourses oil and natural gas

Colonial HistoryColonial History• Colonized by France

– Started in 1830– Fully imperialized by 1900

• Large resistance movement began in 50’s• That was National Liberation Front (FLN)

– Used guerilla tactics– Very brutal and very bloody struggle

• Compromise with France reached in March ’62

• Official independent July 5, 1962

• Colonized by France– Started in 1830– Fully imperialized by 1900

• Large resistance movement began in 50’s• That was National Liberation Front (FLN)

– Used guerilla tactics– Very brutal and very bloody struggle

• Compromise with France reached in March ’62

• Official independent July 5, 1962

Ahmed Ben BellaAhmed Ben Bella• Born 1918-• In power 1963-1965• Soldier in WWI• Involved in independence movement

– Founded ‘National Liberation Front’ (FLN)

• Captured in 1952 by France, released in 1962– Year France and FLN reached compromise

• Ran unopposed for President• Ousted in coup in 1965• Succeeded by Boumedienne

• Born 1918-• In power 1963-1965• Soldier in WWI• Involved in independence movement

– Founded ‘National Liberation Front’ (FLN)

• Captured in 1952 by France, released in 1962– Year France and FLN reached compromise

• Ran unopposed for President• Ousted in coup in 1965• Succeeded by Boumedienne

Predictions for the FuturePredictions for the Future• First president: Ahmed Ben Bella (1962)

– Arab-Islamic socialist state with one party: FLN• Second President: Boumedienne comes to power in a

bloodless coup in 1965– He will be credited for creating Modern Algeria

• Third President: Chadli Benjedid (1978), re-elected– Many riots due to failing economy– He will remake the constitution allowing other

parties: FIS• 1991 military takeover, Boudiaff became president

– FIS will use terrorism against government 1999• Bouleflika will be elected president

– Goals: stability and security– Berbers will struggle for emancipation (freedom)

• First president: Ahmed Ben Bella (1962)– Arab-Islamic socialist state with one party: FLN

• Second President: Boumedienne comes to power in a bloodless coup in 1965– He will be credited for creating Modern Algeria

• Third President: Chadli Benjedid (1978), re-elected– Many riots due to failing economy– He will remake the constitution allowing other

parties: FIS• 1991 military takeover, Boudiaff became president

– FIS will use terrorism against government 1999• Bouleflika will be elected president

– Goals: stability and security– Berbers will struggle for emancipation (freedom)

Pan-Africanism In Algeria

Pan-Africanism In Algeria

•Algeria is against Pan-Africanism•99% Muslim•There are currently anti-government riots•Member of Arab League•Consider themselves Arab, not African

•Algeria is against Pan-Africanism•99% Muslim•There are currently anti-government riots•Member of Arab League•Consider themselves Arab, not African

BibliographyBibliography

• www.rulers.org/indexB2.html• http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856564.html

• http://www.marxists.org/history/algeria/

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter6.shtml

• http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/algeria.html

• www.rulers.org/indexB2.html• http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856564.html

• http://www.marxists.org/history/algeria/

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter6.shtml

• http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/algeria.html

SudanSudan

SUDAN

By Mark and Andrew

Sudan FactsSudan Facts

• people called Sudanese• Population 40.2 million• official language is

Arabic• Sudan is the largest

country in Africa • Islam is the official

religion, Christianity and indigenous beliefs also practiced.

• Industry is mainly made up of car assembly.

• people called Sudanese• Population 40.2 million• official language is

Arabic• Sudan is the largest

country in Africa • Islam is the official

religion, Christianity and indigenous beliefs also practiced.

• Industry is mainly made up of car assembly.

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A Brief HistoryA Brief History

1899- Egypt and Great Britain rule over Sudan equally

1953- Anglo-Egyptian Agreement ends Anglo-Egyptian rule

1955- First civil war begins between rebels in the South and and northern government

1956- Sudanese independence

2003- Separate conflict in in Western Sudan where almost 2 million lives were affected

2005- Civil war ends with Naivasha peace treaty

1899- Egypt and Great Britain rule over Sudan equally

1953- Anglo-Egyptian Agreement ends Anglo-Egyptian rule

1955- First civil war begins between rebels in the South and and northern government

1956- Sudanese independence

2003- Separate conflict in in Western Sudan where almost 2 million lives were affected

2005- Civil war ends with Naivasha peace treaty

Independence

Independence

• In February 1953 UK agreed for Sudanese self-government– Former British colony

• Officially became independent on January 1st, 1956

• Problems quickly arose from mixing of races, ethnicities and tribes– Arabs and Muslims

• Most blacks are Muslim and considered below Arabs in society

• Nonstop Civil War from 1955-72– Plagued by Civil War once

again today in Darfur between Fur, Masalit, and Zagahawa tribes.

• In February 1953 UK agreed for Sudanese self-government– Former British colony

• Officially became independent on January 1st, 1956

• Problems quickly arose from mixing of races, ethnicities and tribes– Arabs and Muslims

• Most blacks are Muslim and considered below Arabs in society

• Nonstop Civil War from 1955-72– Plagued by Civil War once

again today in Darfur between Fur, Masalit, and Zagahawa tribes.

P.M. Ibrahim AbboudP.M. Ibrahim Abboud

• Born in 1900• Became commander in

chief in 1956 when Sudan gained its independence

• Was in 5th year as Prime Minister in 1963

• Gained power through a military coup in 1958

• Lost power one year later in 1964

• Was a dictator,general and political leader

• Died in 1983

• Born in 1900• Became commander in

chief in 1956 when Sudan gained its independence

• Was in 5th year as Prime Minister in 1963

• Gained power through a military coup in 1958

• Lost power one year later in 1964

• Was a dictator,general and political leader

• Died in 1983

Position on Pan-Africanism

Position on Pan-Africanism

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-The Sudanese economy is poor and lacks development•Sudan would prefer sharing the wealth of a unified Africa

-Violence is a result of ignorance, therefore Sudan would greatly benefit from the education that Pan- Africanists support and have based many books on (e.g human philosophies, culture, literature)

Already, The African Union, makes

peaceful interventions in Sudan

Sudan’s Bloody FutureSudan’s Bloody Future

• Sudan broke out into civil war which ended in 1972

• Another civil war broke out in 1983

• Over 2 million people have died in the wars

• A coalition government run by the National Congress Party and the Sudan’s peoples movement

• New constitution on June 30 1998

• Sudan broke out into civil war which ended in 1972

• Another civil war broke out in 1983

• Over 2 million people have died in the wars

• A coalition government run by the National Congress Party and the Sudan’s peoples movement

• New constitution on June 30 1998

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

BibliographyBibliography• www.Wikipedia.org• www.State.gov• www.google.com• www.observer.gm• www.sharon.k12.ma.us• Cnn.com• BBCNews.com

• www.Wikipedia.org• www.State.gov• www.google.com• www.observer.gm• www.sharon.k12.ma.us• Cnn.com• BBCNews.com

Tanzania

Rachel Ally , and HannaRachel Ally , and Hanna

Tanzania TimelineTanzania Timeline

1885Tanganyika made a part of German East Africa

Zanzibar made aBritish Protectorate 1890

1914-1918WWI

Tanganyika Independent1961

1963Zanzibar independent

United Republic ofTanganyika-ZanzibarApril 26, 1964

1967East African Community formed

The Road to independence…•End of WWI in British Control

•1930’s-1950’s:National Movement

•1954-Tanganyika African NationalMovement

•Dec.9,1961-Tanganyikan Independence

•Dec.10, 1963- Zanzibar Independence

•Act of Union:April 26, 1964-Tanzania

The road to independence…

Julius NyerereJulius Nyerere

•1922-1999

•Born in Tanganyika and went to University of Edinburg

•Involvement in Tanganyika’s politics eventually lead to him being president in 1962

•Architect of a united Tanganyika-Zanzibar

•Policy of “ujamaa” or family hood•Mix of socialism in African traditional living•Were a economic failure

•He was a Pan-Africanist•Supported the ANC and PAC

Tanzania in the FutureTanzania in the Future

April 26, 1964: Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge, formation of Tanzania1978-1980: war with Uganda, ousted Idi Amin1995: first multiparty electionBenjamin William Mkapa elected president1998: bombing of US embassy in Dar es Salaamtrying to fix lots of problems: deforestation, pollution, HIV/AIDSCurrent president: Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete

Benjamin William Mkapa

Pan AfricaPan

Africa•Tanzania’s position: YES

•We are one of the world’s poorest countries

•Will help our economy, because wealthier countries can help us

•More resources•Fewer wars over like the one with

Uganda, because all countries are one

•Tanzania’s position: YES•We are one of the world’s poorest

countries•Will help our economy, because wealthier countries can help us

•More resources•Fewer wars over like the one with

Uganda, because all countries are one

Tanzania Today

•United Republic of Tanzania• made up of Tanganyika- Zanzibar

•Official languages are Swahili and English•Capital Dodoma•About the size of two Californias•Life expectancy ~46 years for females and ~45 years for males•One of the world’s poorest countries

BibliographyBibliographyhttp://www.biography.com/search/article.jsp?aid=9426081&search

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/441768.stm

http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm

http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar546810

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tz.html

http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar546801

http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nyerere/biography.htmMarxist biography of Julius Nyerere – President of Tanganyika

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108028.html

http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/tanzaniaind.html

www.tanzaniatouristboard.com/about_RepublicofTanzania

http://www.biography.com/search/article.jsp?aid=9426081&search

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/441768.stm

http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm

http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar546810

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tz.html

http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar546801

http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nyerere/biography.htmMarxist biography of Julius Nyerere – President of Tanganyika

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108028.html

http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/tanzaniaind.html

www.tanzaniatouristboard.com/about_RepublicofTanzania