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Leader of Africa• Most populous on continent = 140 million
• Largest oil reserves = 37 B barrels, 3 M barrels/day
• Largest economy = $600 B
• Great poverty = 70%, $2800 PPP
• Democracy with totalitarian military rule
• Christian and Muslim tension
• No national identity
People nor leaders agree on basics of who should rule and how.Should Nigeria remain as one nation?
NATIONAL QUESTION
Legitimacy • Young country
• Many constitutions and amendments
• Impulse toward fragmentation
• Military is only national organization
• Former British colony
• Sharia law in the north
• Hope beneath the skepticism and cynicism
Political TraditionsPRE-COLONIAL COLONIAL ERA• Trade Connections
• Early Islam Influence
• Kinship-based Politics
• Complex Political Identities
• Democratic Impulses
• Authoritarian Rule
• Interventionist State
• Individualism
• Christianity
• Intensification of Ethnic Politics
Political TraditionsINDEPENDENCE CHANGE• Parliamentary to Presidential
• Intensification of Ethnic Conflict
• Military Rule
• Personalized Rule/Corruption
• Federalism
• Economic Dependence on Oil
• Cultural Diffusion
• Sokoto Caliphate
• Slave Trade
• British Rule and Education
• National Question
• Corruption
Political CultureCHARACTERISTICS• Prebendalism
• State Control/Civil Soicety
• Modernity/Tradition
• Religious Conflict
• Geography
GEOGRAPHY• Northwest – Hausa-Fulani
• Northeast – variety
• Middle Belt – mix, capital
• Southwest – Yoruba
• Southeast – Igbo, Catholic
• Southern Zone – Ijaw, delta, oil
Cleavages CHALLENGES• Poverty/Distribution of Wealth
• Inequality/Income Distribution
• Health Issue/HIV/AIDS
• Literacy/Gender Equality
FRAGMENTATION• Ethnicity
• Religion
• North vs. South
• Urban/Rural
• Social Class
Civil Society• Citizens as subjects not participants
• Low efficacy• Low transparency• High corruption• Prebendalism• Election fraud
• Ijaw women and big oil
• Saro-Wiwa and MOSOP
• Boko Haram
• INEC
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
• Controversial Elections• Military Generals• Assassinations• Disqualifications• Recent Improvements
• Many Interest Groups• Labor• Business• Human Rights
• Freedom of the Press• Ethnic Bias• Long History
Political Parties Fluid and Changing
Based on Personalities
Localized
GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS
• Strong Executive• Military Leadership• Patrimonialsim• Para-statal Bureaucracy• State Corporatism• Majority/second ballot• At least 25% in 2/3 of states
• National Assembly• 3 per state in Senate• 360 single member districts in House• Plurality system/direction election
• Judiciary• Common law + custom• Sharia in the North• Judicial Review – military – independence
ConstitutionallyFederal
Democracy
3 Branches
PUBLIC POLICY
• National Question• Federal Character vs. True Federalism
• Loyalty Pyramid• Struggle for power• Battle over oil revenue
• Rentier State• Informal Economy• Revenue Sharing• Theft• Regulation
• Economic Structural Adjustment• Central bank policy• Privitization
• Democratization
MilitaryIn the Government
In the Baracks
Strong force for stability/against democratization
Videos• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KXhcgSeKlw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuAy8CtOVVg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UauX3uaUYxU
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/hunting-boko-haram/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9Gwf8UcgS0
• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/10811024/Nigerias-Boko-Haram-profile.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTzpd43HBzo
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjJVO8GASmw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZP1nAoajh0&list=UUgRvm1yLFoaQKhmaTqXk9SA&index=49&feature=iv&src_vid=sjJVO8GASmw&annotation_id=annotation_2339672109
• http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31111572