NigeriaNigeria

NigeriaNigeria

Most populous country in Africa, about 135 million. Most populous country in Africa, about 135 million. Pervasive “national question”Pervasive “national question”Over 2.3% growth rateOver 2.3% growth rateOfficial language: EnglishOfficial language: EnglishSize of CA/NV/AZ combinedSize of CA/NV/AZ combinedOne of least homogenous countries in world (#129, US is #82). One of least homogenous countries in world (#129, US is #82). 250 ethnic groups250 ethnic groupsUrban areas highly sophisticatedUrban areas highly sophisticatedMajor oil producer, US gets 25% of its oil here. Another rentier Major oil producer, US gets 25% of its oil here. Another rentier state!state!Country has $40B debtCountry has $40B debtOfficial Language: EnglishLiteracy Rate: Male: 75.7% Female: 60.6%Life expectancy: 51 years5.66 children per womanGDP per capita: $1,500Ruled for longer by soldiers than governmentRuled for longer by soldiers than governmentEnvironmentalist/activist Ken Saro-Wiwa killed in 1995Environmentalist/activist Ken Saro-Wiwa killed in 19952/3rds actually vote2/3rds actually vote

Nigerian LeadersNigerian LeadersJames Wilson Robertson 15 Jun 1955 - 16 Nov 1960 James Wilson Robertson 15 Jun 1955 - 16 Nov 1960 Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe 1 Oct 1960 - 1 Oct 1963 Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe 1 Oct 1960 - 1 Oct 1963 Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe 1 Oct 1963 - 16 Jan 1966 Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe 1 Oct 1963 - 16 Jan 1966 Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi 16 Jan 1966 - 29 Jul 1966 militaryJohnson Aguiyi-Ironsi 16 Jan 1966 - 29 Jul 1966 militaryYakubu Gowon 1 Aug 1966 - 29 Jul 1975 military Yakubu Gowon 1 Aug 1966 - 29 Jul 1975 military Murtala Ramat Mohammed 29 Jul 1975 - 13 Feb 1976 Murtala Ramat Mohammed 29 Jul 1975 - 13 Feb 1976 military military Olusegun Obasanjo 14 Feb 1976 - 1 Oct 1979 military Olusegun Obasanjo 14 Feb 1976 - 1 Oct 1979 military Shehu Shagari 1 Oct 1979 - 31 Dec 1983 Shehu Shagari 1 Oct 1979 - 31 Dec 1983 Muhammadu Buhari 31 Dec 1983 - 27 Aug 1985 military Muhammadu Buhari 31 Dec 1983 - 27 Aug 1985 military Ibrahim Babangida 27 Aug 1985 - 4 Jan 1993 militaryIbrahim Babangida 27 Aug 1985 - 4 Jan 1993 militaryIbrahim Babangida 4 Jan 1993 - 26 Aug 1993 military Ibrahim Babangida 4 Jan 1993 - 26 Aug 1993 military Ernest Shonekan 26 Aug 1993 - 17 Nov 1993 Ernest Shonekan 26 Aug 1993 - 17 Nov 1993 Sani Abacha 17 Nov 1993 - 8 Jun 1998 military Sani Abacha 17 Nov 1993 - 8 Jun 1998 military Abdulsalam Abubakar 9 Jun 1998 - 29 May 1999 military Abdulsalam Abubakar 9 Jun 1998 - 29 May 1999 military Olusegun Obasanjo 29 May 1999-29 May 2007Olusegun Obasanjo 29 May 1999-29 May 2007Umaru Musa Yar'Adua 29 May 2007 - presentUmaru Musa Yar'Adua 29 May 2007 - present

250 Different Tribal Groups250 Different Tribal Groups

Hausa-Falani: northern Nigeria Hausa-Falani: northern Nigeria MuslimsMuslims

Yoruba: Southwest, 50% Christian, Yoruba: Southwest, 50% Christian, 50% Muslim50% Muslim

Igbo: SE Nigerian CatholicsIgbo: SE Nigerian Catholics

Overall: 50% Muslim, 40% Christian Overall: 50% Muslim, 40% Christian 10% Catholic10% Catholic

NW and NE are MuslimNW and NE are Muslim

History to IndependenceHistory to IndependencePrecolonial: trade connections via Niger, kinship based politics, Precolonial: trade connections via Niger, kinship based politics, complex political identities in many groups, democratic complex political identities in many groups, democratic accountabilityaccountability early on early onColonized by UK: authoritarian rule by chiefs only accountable to Colonized by UK: authoritarian rule by chiefs only accountable to UK. Led to chiefs becoming individualistic, spread of Christianity, UK. Led to chiefs becoming individualistic, spread of Christianity, ethnic politicsethnic politics1833: Slave trade abolished1833: Slave trade abolished1861: British consulate, Lagos1861: British consulate, Lagos1886: Royal Niger Company. By 1893, protectorate over Yoruba. 1886: Royal Niger Company. By 1893, protectorate over Yoruba. 1900—all1900—allBritish introduce education, only in South, leads to northerners British introduce education, only in South, leads to northerners being perceived as “backwards”being perceived as “backwards”1946-47: Richards Constitution calls for central legislature + 3 1946-47: Richards Constitution calls for central legislature + 3 regional housesregional houses1951: 21951: 2ndnd (MacPherson) Constitution (MacPherson) Constitution1954: 31954: 3rdrd (Lyttleton) Constitution: Federation (Lyttleton) Constitution: FederationIndependence October 1, 1960 (UK)Independence October 1, 1960 (UK)

Themes after IndependenceThemes after Independence

Parliamentary-style government Parliamentary-style government replaced by Presidential systemreplaced by Presidential systemIntensification of ethnic conflictIntensification of ethnic conflictMilitary rule; Biafra civil war ended in Military rule; Biafra civil war ended in the Igbo not secedingthe Igbo not secedingPersonalized rule and corruptionPersonalized rule and corruptionFederalism (but didn’t work under Federalism (but didn’t work under authoritarian military leaders)authoritarian military leaders)Economic dependence on oilEconomic dependence on oil

History after IndependenceHistory after Independence

1960-66: 11960-66: 1stst Republic. Balewa PM, assassinated in Republic. Balewa PM, assassinated in 1966. Ironsi replaces. Assassinated. Gowon becomes 1966. Ironsi replaces. Assassinated. Gowon becomes PM.PM.1966-70: Civil War (eastern Igbo region failed in 1966-70: Civil War (eastern Igbo region failed in secession bid)secession bid)1970-79: No stable regimes, Gowon gone in ’75, 1970-79: No stable regimes, Gowon gone in ’75, replaced by Muhammed. Obasanjo takes over in 1976.replaced by Muhammed. Obasanjo takes over in 1976.1979-83: 21979-83: 2ndnd Republic, Shagari elected. Republic, Shagari elected. 1983: Shagari overthrown1983: Shagari overthrown1985-93: Babangida rule; fail to create 31985-93: Babangida rule; fail to create 3rdrd Republic, Republic, resignedresigned1993-98: Sani Abacha leads coup & military 1993-98: Sani Abacha leads coup & military dictatorshipdictatorship1999: 41999: 4thth Republic, Obasanjo elected President Republic, Obasanjo elected President2003: Obasanjo reelected2003: Obasanjo reelected

HistoryHistoryRocketing oil prices provided the Nigerian government with a Rocketing oil prices provided the Nigerian government with a chance to go on a spending spree of reckless proportions and the chance to go on a spending spree of reckless proportions and the country quickly became a hotbed of foreigners rushing to Nigeria country quickly became a hotbed of foreigners rushing to Nigeria with their with their dashdash (bribe) money. (bribe) money. By the early 1980s the world recession sent oil prices plummeting By the early 1980s the world recession sent oil prices plummeting again and plunged Nigeria into a cycle of massive debt, soaring again and plunged Nigeria into a cycle of massive debt, soaring inflation, large-scale unemployment and widespread corruption. In inflation, large-scale unemployment and widespread corruption. In 1993 the country came under the iron-fisted rule of General 1993 the country came under the iron-fisted rule of General Abacha. Abacha. Obasanjo had consolidated Nigeria's position as West Africa's Obasanjo had consolidated Nigeria's position as West Africa's political heavyweight and a key player in the Commonwealth, but political heavyweight and a key player in the Commonwealth, but the country was still beset by ethnic and religious violence, the country was still beset by ethnic and religious violence, especially in Lagos, the Central Plateau and the southern oilfieldsespecially in Lagos, the Central Plateau and the southern oilfieldsThe Nigerian Constitution, the one promulgated on May 29, 1999 and currently in operation is, like its predecessors (1960, 1963, 1979, 1989, 1995), a very bulky document, a product of efforts by the ruling blocs to accommodate all their major factions. – The Abdulsalami Abubakar regime bequeathed the present

1999 Constitution which was largely drafted by a few hand-picked persons.

– In presidential elections in April 2003 Obasanjo claimed an In presidential elections in April 2003 Obasanjo claimed an overwhelming victory, although independent observers overwhelming victory, although independent observers expressed reservations over irregularities and intimidation. expressed reservations over irregularities and intimidation.

The 1The 1stst Republic Republic

Modeled after UK system with American Modeled after UK system with American componentscomponentsHouse of Representatives acted like House of Representatives acted like CommonsCommonsPM and CabinetPM and CabinetSenate (like Lords, had tribal chiefs)Senate (like Lords, had tribal chiefs)3 things like America: 1) Federation 2) 3 things like America: 1) Federation 2) Written Constitution 3)Supreme court Written Constitution 3)Supreme court could review lawscould review lawsWas British Commonwealth member, Was British Commonwealth member, changed to Republic in 1963, President is changed to Republic in 1963, President is now head of statenow head of state

22ndnd Republic (1979)/3 Republic (1979)/3rdrd Republic (1992)/4 Republic (1992)/4thth Republic (1999) Republic (1999)

#2:#2:Successful Presidential candidate must win a majority of Successful Presidential candidate must win a majority of the popular vote with at least 255 of the vote in 12 of 19 the popular vote with at least 255 of the vote in 12 of 19 statesstatesDissolved in 1983 coup: Buhari banned political party Dissolved in 1983 coup: Buhari banned political party activity, dissolved legislatureactivity, dissolved legislatureBabangida takes over 1985, continues policies, but plans Babangida takes over 1985, continues policies, but plans for return to civil rule.for return to civil rule.#3:#3:19 states become 30, National Assembly and Senate 19 states become 30, National Assembly and Senate elected 1992 with new constitution.elected 1992 with new constitution.1993: Presidential election. Abiola wins, election result 1993: Presidential election. Abiola wins, election result nullified.nullified.44thth republic—1999, Obasanjo wins republic—1999, Obasanjo winsObasnajo reelected oi 2004, about 12 candidates killed Obasnajo reelected oi 2004, about 12 candidates killed in elections for Parliament in 2003.in elections for Parliament in 2003.

Nigerian Executive BranchNigerian Executive BranchPresident: Head of state AND Head of Government.President: Head of state AND Head of Government.4 yr term according to Constitution (2 max)4 yr term according to Constitution (2 max)Elections June 1993, June 1995, won by Abiola (then put in Elections June 1993, June 1995, won by Abiola (then put in Abacha’s jail), better elections since thenAbacha’s jail), better elections since thenRules under a system of patrimonialism—President is the head Rules under a system of patrimonialism—President is the head of an extensive patron-client system. But impulse towards of an extensive patron-client system. But impulse towards democracy was stronger than clientelism under Generals. We democracy was stronger than clientelism under Generals. We don’t know what will happen under civilian leadership.don’t know what will happen under civilian leadership.Cabinet members must come from all of the 36 states.Cabinet members must come from all of the 36 states.There is a vice-president elected on same ticketThere is a vice-president elected on same ticketLeads bloated, corrupt bureaucracy (British had developed Leads bloated, corrupt bureaucracy (British had developed system and let Nigerians take lower jobs)system and let Nigerians take lower jobs)Many Nigerian government agencies are actually para-statels, Many Nigerian government agencies are actually para-statels, corporations owned by the state and designated to provide corporations owned by the state and designated to provide commercial and social welfare services (water, electricity, commercial and social welfare services (water, electricity, public transportation, steel, defense, petroleum). public transportation, steel, defense, petroleum). Result is actually “state corporatism”Result is actually “state corporatism”

2007 Presidential Election2007 Presidential Election

Umaru Yar'Adua was picked by Obasanjo to Umaru Yar'Adua was picked by Obasanjo to lead his People's Democratic Party ticket lead his People's Democratic Party ticket with Goodluck Jonathan as VPwith Goodluck Jonathan as VP

The opposition The opposition All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) chose Muhammadu Buhari(ANPP) chose Muhammadu Buhari

Yar’Adua won elections; domestic and Yar’Adua won elections; domestic and international observers said the elections international observers said the elections were deeply flawed. were deeply flawed.

Yar'Adua/Jonathan have been battling a Yar'Adua/Jonathan have been battling a crisis of legitimacy since the vote.crisis of legitimacy since the vote.

Nigerian Legislative BranchNigerian Legislative BranchThe legislative branch is also known as the "National Assembly". This branch can further be divided into: THE SENATE – This is the upper house of the national assembly. – The head of the senate is referred to as the "Senate President".

THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES – This is the lower house of the national assembly. – The head of the house of representatives is referred to as the "Speaker of

the House". – The second in command is referred to as the "Deputy Speaker of the

House". Their main role is to make the laws of the country. In a democracy, they would be voted into office.

House of Representatives (360): single member district House of Representatives (360): single member district representationrepresentationSenate (109): 36 states, 3 per state (districts)+ 1 capital territory Senate (109): 36 states, 3 per state (districts)+ 1 capital territory member member Both serve 4 year termsBoth serve 4 year termsPasses laws just like USPasses laws just like USPresident of the Senate David Mark 2007–present 2007–present Speaker of the House of Representatives Dimeji Bankole 2007–present 2007–present

Summary of the April 2007 Nigerian National Assembly Elections (Turnout 50%)

Parties House of Representatives Senate

% Seats

Votes

% Seats

People's Democratic Party

54.5 223 53.7 76

All Nigeria Peoples Party

27.4 96 27.9 27

Alliance for Democracy

8.8 34 9.7 6

United Nigeria People's Party

2.8 2 2.7 -

National Democratic Party

1.9 1 1.6 -

All Progressives Grand Alliance

1.6 2 1.5 -

People's Redemption Party

0.8 1 0.7 -

vacant 1

Total   360   109

Nigerian Judiciary and State Nigerian Judiciary and State Gov.Gov.

Supreme Court is highest courtSupreme Court is highest courtAlso Courts of AppealAlso Courts of AppealState courts have both too (like US)State courts have both too (like US)Both have judicial review powerBoth have judicial review powerBut northern Muslim areas have shari’a courts as But northern Muslim areas have shari’a courts as wellwellIn February 2001, the Federal government asked In February 2001, the Federal government asked the Supreme Court to take charge of oil revenues the Supreme Court to take charge of oil revenues and institute “revenue sharing”and institute “revenue sharing”States have popularly elected Governors that States have popularly elected Governors that serve 4 yr terms and serve with unicameral State serve 4 yr terms and serve with unicameral State House of AssemblyHouse of Assembly

Nigerian Political CultureNigerian Political CultureKleptocratic regime—based on corruption, mismanagement, Kleptocratic regime—based on corruption, mismanagement, criminalized society, theft and stealing rampant. People are criminalized society, theft and stealing rampant. People are skeptical, hate politiciansskeptical, hate politiciansPatron-clientelism (prebendalism or “personal fiefdoms”): practice Patron-clientelism (prebendalism or “personal fiefdoms”): practice of exchanging political and economic favors between political of exchanging political and economic favors between political clients and lesser elites, generally by ethnicity and religionclients and lesser elites, generally by ethnicity and religionTension between modernity and traditionTension between modernity and traditionUnderdeveloped civil society. State controls almost all aspects of Underdeveloped civil society. State controls almost all aspects of lifelifeFragmented and polarized—masses illiterate, elite sophisticated, all Fragmented and polarized—masses illiterate, elite sophisticated, all identify as Nigerians, yet trade organizations all linked to partiesidentify as Nigerians, yet trade organizations all linked to partiesPro-democracy but pro-Army: Looms large even during civilian Pro-democracy but pro-Army: Looms large even during civilian administration, often seen as efficient and capable vis-à-vis administration, often seen as efficient and capable vis-à-vis politicianspoliticiansLimited role for women (6.4% in House); but women influential in Limited role for women (6.4% in House); but women influential in homeshomesElections not free/fair; ‘93 elections declared invalid by loser Elections not free/fair; ‘93 elections declared invalid by loser Media freedom increasing during 4Media freedom increasing during 4thth Republic (after 1999). Radio Republic (after 1999). Radio #1.#1.Bureaucracy small and corrupt but improvingBureaucracy small and corrupt but improvingCleavages: Ethnicity, religion, region (Muslim north, Christian west Cleavages: Ethnicity, religion, region (Muslim north, Christian west and east), urban/rural, social class. Language a big barrier.and east), urban/rural, social class. Language a big barrier.

Nigerian Political PartiesNigerian Political Parties

2 parties:2 parties:People’s Democratic Party (PDP): Obasanjo’s party People’s Democratic Party (PDP): Obasanjo’s party (Christian, Yoruba, but won elections everywhere)(Christian, Yoruba, but won elections everywhere)All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP): Led by former All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP): Led by former General Muhammadu Buhari (Muslim) with General Muhammadu Buhari (Muslim) with running mate Chuba Okadigbo (Igbo Catholic)running mate Chuba Okadigbo (Igbo Catholic)

Obasanjo received over 60% of popular vote in Obasanjo received over 60% of popular vote in 1999 and 2003. Buhari got 32% in 2003. 1999 and 2003. Buhari got 32% in 2003. Only 5 other small parties--parties had to qualify Only 5 other small parties--parties had to qualify for the legislative and presidential elections by for the legislative and presidential elections by earning at least % in 2/3rds of states in local earning at least % in 2/3rds of states in local elections.elections.

Nigerian Interest GroupsNigerian Interest GroupsChristian Association of Nigeria—protested furiously when Christian Association of Nigeria—protested furiously when Babangida made Nigeria a full member in the Organization Babangida made Nigeria a full member in the Organization of the Islamic Conferenceof the Islamic Conference

Labor Unions: Independent, politically powerful. Challenged Labor Unions: Independent, politically powerful. Challenged governments, so Babangida limited their influence through governments, so Babangida limited their influence through corporatism (government approved interest groups that corporatism (government approved interest groups that provide feedback to government). Only Babangida-provide feedback to government). Only Babangida-approved candidates could be elected as labor leadersapproved candidates could be elected as labor leaders

Business: Associations for manufacturers, butchers, Business: Associations for manufacturers, butchers, doctors, and lawyers. Promoted economic reform.doctors, and lawyers. Promoted economic reform.

Human rights groupsHuman rights groups

To stay in power, leaders frequently set up “loyalty To stay in power, leaders frequently set up “loyalty pyramids” where senior government officials are supported pyramids” where senior government officials are supported by a broader base of loyal junior officialsby a broader base of loyal junior officials

The Niger Delta and Royal Dutch The Niger Delta and Royal Dutch ShellShell

The Niger Delta, the delta of the Niger River in Nigeria, is a densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it was once a major producer of palm oil. The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate. Nigeria is Africa's biggest petroleum producer The delta system is highly threatened by oil spills and other consequences of oil exploration. Other threats include coastal urbanization, industrialization, domestic and industrial waste discharges, coastal erosion, problems associated with aquaculture, and crowding out of native species by the invasive water hyacinth The "Royal Dutch/Shell Group," commonly known as Shell, is an amalgam of over 1,700 companies all over the world. Shell includes companies like Shell Petroleum of the USA, Shell Nigeria, Shell Argentina, Shell South Africa, etc. Shell Nigeria is one of the largest oil producers in the Royal Dutch/Shell Group. 80% of the oil extraction in Nigeria is the Niger Delta, the southeast region of the country. The Delta is home to many small minority ethnic groups, including the Ogoni, all of which suffer egregious exploitation by multinational oil companies, like Shell. Shell provided over 50% of the income keeping the Nigerian dictatorship in power.

MENDMEND

The The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger DeltaMovement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta ("MEND") is ("MEND") is

one of the largest one of the largest militant groups in the in the Niger Delta region of region of Nigeria. The . The organization claims to expose exploitation and oppression of the people of organization claims to expose exploitation and oppression of the people of the the Niger Delta and devastation of the natural environment by public-private and devastation of the natural environment by public-private partnerships between the Federal Government of Nigeria and corporations partnerships between the Federal Government of Nigeria and corporations involved in the extraction of oil in the Niger Delta. involved in the extraction of oil in the Niger Delta. The EconomistThe Economist has has described the organization as one that "portrays itself as political described the organization as one that "portrays itself as political organisation that wants a greater share of Nigeria’s oil revenues to go to the organisation that wants a greater share of Nigeria’s oil revenues to go to the impoverished region that sits atop the oil. In fact, it is more of an umbrella impoverished region that sits atop the oil. In fact, it is more of an umbrella organisation for several armed groups, which it sometimes pays in cash or organisation for several armed groups, which it sometimes pays in cash or guns to launch attacks."guns to launch attacks."[1][1] MEND has been linked to attacks on petroleum MEND has been linked to attacks on petroleum operations in Nigeria as part of the Conflict in the Niger Delta, engaging in operations in Nigeria as part of the Conflict in the Niger Delta, engaging in actions including sabotage, theft, property destruction, guerrilla warfare, and actions including sabotage, theft, property destruction, guerrilla warfare, and kidnapping.kidnapping.[2][2]

Nigerian Foreign PolicyNigerian Foreign PolicyUS-Nigeria fairly good relations since 1960US-Nigeria fairly good relations since 1960Bad infrastructure doomed Nigeria by late 1960s: no Bad infrastructure doomed Nigeria by late 1960s: no investmentinvestmentdeteriorationdeteriorationeconomic collapseeconomic collapsepolitical political instabilityinstabilityOil makes it a global level powerOil makes it a global level powerThen 1970s oil boom led to 1980s debtThen 1970s oil boom led to 1980s debtCenter of drug trade/drug traffic—US needs cooperationCenter of drug trade/drug traffic—US needs cooperationVery key regional player (OAU: Organization of African Unity)Very key regional player (OAU: Organization of African Unity)Wants help with HIV/AIDSWants help with HIV/AIDSRegional instability in Liberia and Sierra Leone mitigated by Regional instability in Liberia and Sierra Leone mitigated by ECOWAS, may help ECOWAS, may help 1985: Babangida regime developed an economic structural 1985: Babangida regime developed an economic structural adjustment program with help from the International Monetary adjustment program with help from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank (Int’l Bank for Reconstruction and Fund and the World Bank (Int’l Bank for Reconstruction and Development)—sought to restructure and diversify the Nigerian Development)—sought to restructure and diversify the Nigerian economy.economy.Government pledged to privatize para-statelsGovernment pledged to privatize para-statelsShock treatment has had mixed effects, debt has been Shock treatment has had mixed effects, debt has been restructured several times,large national debt still a big restructured several times,large national debt still a big problemproblem

Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesAfter mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to:After mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to: Understand the essential moments of the historical formation of the Nigerian Understand the essential moments of the historical formation of the Nigerian

state.state. Recognize the importance of complex ethnic, religious and political challenges Recognize the importance of complex ethnic, religious and political challenges

in understanding the Nigerian political system. Define the following: Hausa-in understanding the Nigerian political system. Define the following: Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, YorubaFulani, Igbo, Yoruba

Discuss the evolution of Nigerian politics.Discuss the evolution of Nigerian politics. Comprehend the importance of colonialism and the impact of British Empire in Comprehend the importance of colonialism and the impact of British Empire in

Nigeria.Nigeria. Discuss the role of political parties in the process of Nigerian fight for Discuss the role of political parties in the process of Nigerian fight for

independence. Recognize the key roles of the following parties: Nigerian independence. Recognize the key roles of the following parties: Nigerian National Democratic Party, Nigerian Youth Movement, Northern People’s National Democratic Party, Nigerian Youth Movement, Northern People’s Congress, Northern Elements Progressive Union, United Middle Belt Congress, Congress, Northern Elements Progressive Union, United Middle Belt Congress, The Action GroupThe Action Group

Comprehend the impact of the Nigerian regimes and leaders on the Comprehend the impact of the Nigerian regimes and leaders on the development of Nigeria since independence.development of Nigeria since independence.

Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesAfter mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to:After mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to: Understand the evolution of Nigerian Republic in 20th century and Understand the evolution of Nigerian Republic in 20th century and

define key elements of the First, Second, Third and Fourth Republics in define key elements of the First, Second, Third and Fourth Republics in Nigeria. Briefly define the following: National Party of Nigeria, United Nigeria. Briefly define the following: National Party of Nigeria, United Party of Nigeria, Nigerian People’s Party, People’s Redemption PartyParty of Nigeria, Nigerian People’s Party, People’s Redemption Party

Recognize the role of military regimes in Nigerian history and discuss Recognize the role of military regimes in Nigerian history and discuss the role of the following leaders and institutions: General Aguiyi Ironsi, the role of the following leaders and institutions: General Aguiyi Ironsi, Supreme Military Command (Armed Forces Party Council), Federal Supreme Military Command (Armed Forces Party Council), Federal Executive Council, National Republican Convention, Social Democratic Executive Council, National Republican Convention, Social Democratic Party, Lieutenant Colonel Yakubu Gowon, General Murtala Muhammed, Party, Lieutenant Colonel Yakubu Gowon, General Murtala Muhammed, Lieutenant General Olusegun Obasanjo, General Sani AbachaLieutenant General Olusegun Obasanjo, General Sani Abacha

Understand the process of political, economic and social developments Understand the process of political, economic and social developments in contemporary Nigeria.in contemporary Nigeria.

Discuss the key elements of Iranian state institutionsDiscuss the key elements of Iranian state institutions

Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesAfter mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to:After mastering the concepts presented in this chapter, you will be able to: Understand the specifications of Nigerian political culture and participation. Understand the specifications of Nigerian political culture and participation. Discuss the role of ethnic tensions, including violent conflicts, in the process Discuss the role of ethnic tensions, including violent conflicts, in the process

of contemporary development of the Nigerian state.of contemporary development of the Nigerian state. Define the essence of Nigerian electoral participation and electoral Define the essence of Nigerian electoral participation and electoral

challenges.challenges. Understand the degree and complexity of the level of corruption in Nigerian Understand the degree and complexity of the level of corruption in Nigerian

political and social systems.political and social systems. Comprehend the role of political parties in Nigeria. Comprehend the role of political parties in Nigeria. Recognize the challenges of Nigerian federalism. Recognize the challenges of Nigerian federalism. Define the current paradox of the economic situation in Nigeria.Define the current paradox of the economic situation in Nigeria. Understand the challenges of democratization in Nigeria.Understand the challenges of democratization in Nigeria. Comprehend the challenging process of the development of Nigerian state Comprehend the challenging process of the development of Nigerian state

and the potentials of survival of the Nigerian Fourth Republic under President and the potentials of survival of the Nigerian Fourth Republic under President Umaru Yar’Adua.Umaru Yar’Adua.