Nikola Tonkov - Geophysical methods in archaeology

E http://be-ja.org http://fubular.orgE-journal and web-site of the Acociation of the Bulgarian archaeologists

freely available online on http://be-ja.org

ISBN 978-619-90156-1-2

-

Supplementum 2

2013

Bulgarian e-Journal of Archaeology

Supplementum 2

Association of Bulgarian Archaeologists

Geophysical methods in archaeoloGy optimization of technique for prospection of burial mounds

nikola tonkov

Sofia 2013

() x

List of Illustrations (English) xxi

1

. 5. 1. , 5. 2. 9

. 15.1. 16. 2. 38

. 51. 1. . . 51. 2. 5, 2, . 57III. 3. . 60. 4. . 62. 5. 15, 3, . 63. 6. . 64III. 7. . . , , 67III. 8. 69

V. 75

V.1. 75V.2. . 85V.3. 89

V.3.1. 90V.3.2. 102

vi

V. 113V. 1. . 113V. 2. . . 118V. 3. . 124V. 4. . 126V. 5. . 130V. 6. . 132V. 7. V . 134V. 8. 135

141

147

159344

______________________________________________

GEophysIcaL mEthods In archaEoLoGy optImIzatIon of tEchnIquE for prospEctIon of burIaL mounds

summary 345

______________________________________________

. .

vii

CONTENTS

List of Illustrations (bulgarian) x

List of Illustrations (English) xxi

Preface 1

. Appearance and progress of archaeological geophysics 5. 1. Europe and the world, as a whole 5. 2. state of research in bulgaria 9

. Application of geophysical methods in archaeology 15. 1. principal geophysical methods and their possibilities for application in archaeology 16. 2. technique of geomagnetic and electroresistivity surveys of archaeological sites 38

. Geophysical survey of settlement sites 51. 1. Geophysical survey of the archaeological site in halka bunar locality at the village of Gorno belevo 51. 2. site 5, at the village of sarnevo, motorway trakia 57III. 3. Early neolithic settlement at the village of yabalkovo 60. 4. roman vicus at the village of Gorsko ablanovo 62. 5. site 15 at the village of skobelevo, motorway trakia 63. 6. the spring of nymphs and aphrodite at Kasnakovo 64III. 7. ancient site in Kirazlk locality at the village of banica, strumica municipality, fyr of macedonia 67III. 8. summary of the results 69

V. Optimization of technique for prospection of burial mounds 75V. 1. state of the geophysical surveys of burial mounds 75V. 2. description of the thracian mounds from formal and archaeological point of view. structures occurring in the mounds 85V. 3. optimization of technique for electroresistivity and geomagnetic prospection of thracian burial mounds 89

V. 3.1. Electroresistivity surveys 90V. 3.2. Geomagnetic surveys 102

viii

V. Geophysical survey of Thracian burial mounds 113V. 1. mounds from the region of the town of shipka 113V. 2. mounds at the village of bratia daskalovi 118V. 3. mounds at the village of Kabile 124V. 4. tumulus necropolis at the village of Krushare 126V. 5. mound at the town of opaka 130V. 6. tumulus necropolis at the village of Vetrishte 132V. 7. tumulus V at the village of Gorsko ablanovo 134V. 8. summary of the results 135

Conclusions 141

References 147

Appendix 159344

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GEophysIcaL mEthods In archaEoLoGy optImIzatIon of tEchnIquE for prospEctIon of burIaL mounds

summary 345

______________________________________________

ix

.0. - .

. 159

.1.1. . . 160

.1.1. . 1952 . . 160

.1.2. . 1952 . . 161

.1.2. . 1995 . . 161

.1.3. . ( 1).

. 162

.1.3. . 50/20 50/7.

. 162

.1.4. . - .

. 163

.1.4. . - -.

. 163

.1.4. . - 57/30.

. 163

.1.5. . .

. 164

.1.5. . .

. 164

.1.5. . . . 164

.1.6. . .

. 165

.1.6. . .

. 165

.1.7. . . . 166

.1.7. . . . 166

.1.7. . . . 166

.1.8. . .

. 167

x

.1.9. . .

. 168

.1.10. . .

. 169

.1.11. . . 60/40.

. 170

.1.11. . . 40/140.

. 170

.1.12. . - .

. 171

.1.12. . - V.

. 171

.1.13. . - V V.

. 172

.1.13. . .

. 172

.1.14. . .

. 173

.1.15. . V.

. 174

.1.16. . V.

. 175

.1.17. . V.

. 176

.1.18. . .

. 177

.1.19. . .

. 178

.1.20. . .

. 179

.2.1. . ( 1).

. 180

.2.1. . - .

. 180

.2.2. . .

. 181

.2.3. . .

. 182

.2.4. . .

. 183

.2.5. . . - .

. 184

xi

.2.5. . . .

. 184

.2.6. . 1 .

. 185

.2.6. . . .

. 185

.2.7. . .

. 186

.2.8. . . 3.

. 187

.2.8. - (?) 3.

. 187

.3.1. . .

. 188

.3.1. . .

. 188

.3.2. . .

. 189

.3.2. . - 1.

. 189

.3.2. . - .

. 189

.3.3. . 10, 15 20, -61 -80.

. 190

.3.4. . . . 191

.4.1. . - .

. 192

.4.1. . . , - .

. 192

.4.2. . . - .

. 193

.4.2. . - .

. 193

.4.3. . .

. 194

.4.3. . . . 194

.5.1. . .

. 195

.5.1. . , .

. 195

.5.2. . .

. 196

xii

.5.3. . , .

. 197

.5.3. . .

. 197

.5.3. . . . 197

.5.4. . , .

. 198

.5.5. . , .

. 199

.5.6. . .

. 200

.6.1. . .

. 201

.6.1. . .

. 201

.6.2. . - .

. 202

.6.2. . . . 202

.6.3. . .

. 203

.6.3. . .

. 203

.7.1. . . . . 204

.7.1. . . . 204

.7.2. . . -.

. 205

.7.2. . - .

. 205

.7.3. . - 0-5.

. 206

.7.4. . - 6-11.

. 207

.7.5. - 12-15.

. 208

.7.6. . - . 3-20.

. 209

.7.7. . .

. 210

.7.7. . - 1.08-1.74 .

. 210

.7.8. . - 1.74-2.5 .

. 211

xiii

.7.8. . - 2.5-3.37 .

. 211

.7.9. . - 0.5 2 .

. 212

.7.9. . - 2.5 4 .

. 212

.7.10. . - 4.5 .

. 213

.7.10. . - 3 .

. 213

V

V.3.1.1.1. . . 214

V.3.1.1.2. - .

. 215

V.3.1.1.3. .

. 216

V.3.1.1.4. - .

. 217

V.3.1.1.5. 533 - .

. 218

V.3.1.1.6. . . 219

V.3.1.1.7. - 1 .

. 220

V.3.1.1.8. - 2 .

. 221

V.3.1.1.9. - 3 .

. 222

V.3.1.1.10. ( - ).

. 223

V.3.1.1.11. -.

. 224

V.3.1.1.12. -.

. 225

V.3.1.1.13. .

. 226

V.3.1.1.14. . . 227

xiv

V.3.1.1.15. - .

. 228

V.3.1.1.16. - .

. 229

V.3.1.1.17. - .

. 230

V.3.1.1.18. - .

. 231

V

V.0. . . 232

V.1.1.1. . . 233

V.1.1.2. . - n=1 () n=3 (). .

. 234

V.1.1.3. . - n=3. .

. 235

V.1.1.4. . - n=1 () n=2 (). .

. 236

V.1.1.5. . - () - () .

. 237

V.1.1.6. . . 238

V.1.2.1. . n=1 (), n=2 () n=3 ().

. 239

V.1.2.2. . . 240

V.1.3.1. . . 241

V.1.3.2. . - n=1 () n=3 () .

. 242

V.1.3.3. . - n=5.

. 243

V.1.3.4. . -6 -5 .

. 244

V.1.3.5. . -4 -3 .

. 245

V.1.3.6. . -2 -1 .

. 246

xv

V.1.3.7. . 0 1 .

. 247

V.1.3.8. . 2 3 .

. 248

V.1.3.9. . - 16 14 .V.1.3.10. . - 13 12 .

. 249

V.1.3.10. . 13 12 .

. 250

V.1.3.11. . 11 9 .

. 251

V.1.3.12. . . 252

V.1.4.1. . - n=1 () n=3 ().

. 253

V.1.4.2. . . 254

V.1.5.1. . . 255

V.1.5.2. . n=1 (), n=3 () n=5 ().

. 256

V.1.5.3. . 200g, () ().

. 257

V.1.5.4. . - 200g.

. 258

V.1.5.5. . . 259

V.2.1.1. . . . 260

V.2.1.2. . n=1 () n=3 ().

. 261

V.2.1.3. . n=5.

. 262

V.2.1.4. . - 208-8g.

. 263

V.2.1.5. . 200+1, 200 192g.

. 264

V.2.1.6. . 15, 14 11.

. 265

V.2.1.7. . 264-64g 248-48g.

. 266

V.2.1.8. . . 267

V.2.2.1. . . . 268

xvi

V.2.2.2. . - n=1 () n=3 ().

. 269

V.2.2.3. . - n=5.

. 270

V.2.2.4. . 290-90g 250-50g.

. 271

V.2.2.5. . 200g. . 272

V.2.2.6. . - - 10, 8 6.

. 273

V.2.2.7. - .

. 274

V.2.3.1. . . . 275

V.2.3.2. . - n=1 (), n=3 () n=5 ().

. 276

V.2.3.3. . 15 12.

. 277

V.2.3.4. . . 278

V.2.4.1. 1 . () ().

. 279

V.2.4.2. 1 . . - n=1 (), n=3 ().

. 280

V.2.4.3. 1 . . - n=5 () - ().

. 281

V.2.4.4. 1 . . - 160-360g 200-0g.

. 282

V.2.4.5. 1 . . - 300-100g, 275-75g 250-50g.

. 283

V.2.4.6. 1 . . - 0 () -5 ().

. 284

V.2.5.1. 2 . . . 285

V.2.5.2. 2 . . - n=1 (), n=3 ().

. 286

V.2.5.3. 2 . . 2 . . - n=5 () - ().

. 287

V.2.5.4. 2 . . - 320-120g, 300-100g, 270-70g 200-0g.

. 288

xvii

V.2.4.6. 2 . . - 200-0g 300-100g.

. 289

V.3.1.1. 1 . . . 290

V.3.1.2. 1 . . - n=1 () n=3 ().

. 291

V.3.1.3. 1 . . - n=5 () - ().

. 292

V.3.1.4. 1 . . - 200-0g 150-350g.

. 293

V.3.1.5. 1 . . -, 4- 0.

. 294

V.3.1.6. 1 . . -, 4- -3 1.

. 295

V.3.1.7. 1 . . -, 4- 5 .

. 296

V.3.1.8. 1 . . .

. 297

V.3.1.9. 1 . . () ().

. 298

V.3.2.1. 2 . . . 299

V.3.2.2. 2 . . - n=1 () n=3 ().

. 300

V.3.2.3. 2. - n=5.

. 301

V.3.2.4. 2. - 340-140g, 280-80g 200-0g.

. 302

V.4.1.1. 1 . . . 303

V.4.1.2. 1 . . - n=1 () n=3 ().

. 304

V.4.1.3. 1. - n=5.

. 305

V.4.1.4. 1. - 200-0g 152-352g.

. 306

V.4.2.1. 2 . . . 307

xviii

V.4.2.2. 2 . . - n=1 () n=3 ().

. 308

V.4.2.3. 2. - n=5.

. 309

V.4.2.4. 2. - 188g 184g - ( , ).

. 310

V.4.2.5. 2. - 2, 0 -2 . 188g.

. 311

V.4.3.1. 3 . . . 312

V.4.3.2. 3. - n=1 () n=3 ().

. 313

V.4.3.3. 3. - n=5.

. 314

V.4.3.4. 3. - 200-0g, 300-100g 320-120g.

. 315

V.5.1.1. . () () -.

. 316

V.5.1.2. . . () - n=1 ().

. 317

V.5.1.3. . . - n=2 () n=3 ().

. 318

V.5.1.4. . . - n=4 () n=5 ().

. 319

V.5.1.5. . . - n=6 () n=7 ().

. 320

V.5.1.6. . . 0-3.

. 321

V.5.1.7. . . 4-7.

. 322

V.5.1.8. . . 8-11.

. 323

V.5.1.9. . . 12-15.

. 324

V.5.1.10. . . 16-19.

. 325

V.5.1.11. . . 20-23.

. 326

xix

V.5.1.12. . . 24-26.

. 327

V.5.1.13. . . - - .

. 328

V.5.1.14. . . - -.

. 329

V.5.1.15. . . - -.

. 330

V.5.1.16. . . - .

. 331

V.5.1.17. . . - .

. 332

V.5.1.18. . . () 1 ().

. 333

V.6.1.1. 1 . . . 334

V.6.1.2. 1 . . - n=1 () n=3 ().

. 335

V.6.1.3. 1 . . - n=5.

. 336

V.6.1.4. 1 . . - 250-50g, 200-0g 180-380g.

. 337

V.6.2.1. 2 . . . 338

V.6.1.2. 2 . . - n=1 () n=3 ().

. 339

V.6.1.3. 2 . .. - n=5.

. 340

V.6.1.4. 2 . .. - 100-300g, 80-280g, 40-240g 30-230g.

. 341

V.7.1. V . . . 342

V.7.1. V . . . 342

V.7.2. V . . - .

. 343

V.7.3. V . . - - 20 19.

. 344

xx

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSChapter III

III.0. map of the location of the archaeological sites discussed in the text. p. 159

III.1.1a. map of the region of the site at halka bunar. p. 160

.1.1. halka bunar. aerial photo of the region of the site from 1952. p. 160



.1.3. . satellite image of the site at halka bunar with the geodetic grid and the first exploration trench (trench 1)..

p. 162

.1.3. halka bunar. results of the two dimensional resistivity inverse modeling along the traverses 50/20 and 50/7.

p. 162

.1.4. halka bunar. map of apparent electrical resistivity measured with dipole-dipole electrode array.

p. 163

.1.4. halka bunar. map of apparent electrical resistivity measured with Wenner-schlumberger electrode array.

p. 163

.1.4. halka bunar. apparent resistivity curves above a pit with coordi-nates 57/30.

p. 163

.1.5. halka bunar. map of the first horizontal derivative of the resistivity measured with dipole-dipole array.

p. 164

.1.5. halka bunar. apparent resistivity curves above a pottery kiln.. p. 164

.1.5. halka bunar. the excavated pottery kiln. p. 164

.1.6. halka bunar. map of the vertical gradient of the earths magnetic field.

p. 165

.1.6. halka bunar. map of the vertical gradient of the magnetic field and of the resistivity in the sectors measured with twin-probe array.

p. 165

.1.7. halka bunar. the excavated dwelling in sector . p. 166

.1.7. halka bunar. occurrence of the bedrock. p. 166

.1.7. halka bunar. the pit with depot of pottery. p. 166

.1.8. halka bunar. magnetic map with marked the location of the sectors studied with archaeological excavations.

p. 167

.1.9. halka bunar. qualitative interpretation of magnetic data. p. 168

.1.10. halka bunar. qualitative interpretation of magnetic data. p. 169

xxi

.1.11. halka bunar. magnetic field curve above probable pottery kiln in sq. -60/40.

p. 170

.1.11. halka bunar. magnetic field curve above probable pottery kiln in sq. 40/140.

p. 170

.1.12. halka bunar. comparison between the registered magnetic anom-alies and the result of the archaeological excavations in sector .

p. 171

.1.12. halka bunar. comparison between the registered magnetic anom-alies and the result of the archaeological excavations in sector V.

p. 171

.1.13. halka bunar. comparison between the registered magnetic anom-alies and the result of the archaeological excavations in sector V and V.

p. 172

.1.13. halka bunar. comparison between the registered magnetic anom-alies and the result of the archaeological excavations in sector .

p. 172

.1.14. halka bunar. magnetic gradient curves above a dwelling of the hel-lenistic period in sector .

p. 173

.1.15. halka bunar. magnetic gradient curves above a dwelling of the ne-olithic age in sector V.

p. 174

.1.16. halka bunar. magnetic gradient curves above a dwelling of the ne-olithic age in sector V.

p. 175

.1.17. halka bunar. magnetic gradient curves above a dwelling of the hel-lenistic period in sector V.

p. 176

.1.18. halka bunar. magnetic gradient curves above a dwelling of the hel-lenistic period in sector .

p. 177

.1.19. halka bunar. curves of the magnetic field above hellenistic pottery kilns.

p. 178

.1.20. halka bunar. curves of the magnetic field above pits of the Late Iron age.

p. 179

.2.1. the site at sarnevo. map of the vertical gradient of the magnetic field measured within the limits of the motorway (sector 1).

p. 180

.2.1. sarnevo. comparison between the magnetic anomalies and the ex-cavated archaeological features.

p. 180

.2.2. sarnevo. curves of the magnetic gradient above some of the exca-vated archaeological features.

p. 181


p. 182


p. 183

.2.5. sarnevo. satellite image of the region of the site at sarnevo with the lands covered by geomagnetic measurements.

p. 184

xxii

.2.5. sarnevo. map of the magnetic field. sector north. p. 184

.2.6. sarnevo. the excavated ditch of the roman period in sector 1 and its presumable extension in sector north.

p. 185

.2.6. sarnevo. map of the magnetic field. sector south. p. 185

.2.7. sarnevo. magnetic curves above the supposed ditches in sector south.

p. 186

.2.8. sarnevo. map of the magnetic field. sector 3. p. 187

.2.8. sarnevo. magnetic curves along traverses above the neolithic (?) settlement discovered in sector 3.

p. 187

.3.1. yabalkovo. map of the vertical gradient of the magnetic field meas-ured within the limits of the motorway.

p. 188

.3.1. yabalkovo. magnetic field vertical gradient curves along traverses above the neolithic ditches.

p. 188

.3.2. yabalkovo. map of the magnetic field. p. 189

.3.2. yabalkovo. two dimensional inverse models of electrical resistivity along the traverse VEs 1.

p. 189

.3.2. yabalkovo. attempt to reconstruct the ditches based of the results of the geomagnetic survey.

p. 189

.3.3. yabalkovo. magnetic field vertical gradient curves along traverses 10, 15 and 20, -61 and -80.

p. 190

.3.4. yabalkovo. the ditches revealed by the archaeological excavations. p. 191

.4.1. Gorsko ablanovo. map of the measured magnetic field. p. 192

.4.1. . Gorsko ablanovo. the building complex according the results of the magnetic survey.

p. 192

.4.2. Gorsko ablanovo. magnetic field curve above wall foundations of limestone.

p. 193

.4.2. Gorsko ablanovo. magnetic field curve above a kiln for building ceramics.

p. 193

.4.3. Gorsko ablanovo. Wall foundations revealed by the excavations. p. 194

.4.3. Gorsko ablanovo. the kiln for building ceramics. p. 194

.5.1. skobelevo. satellite image of the site with marked the surveying grid of the two sections within the limits of the motorway.

p. 195

.5.1. skobelevo. magnetic map of the terrain within the limits of the mo-torway, Western section.

p. 195

.5.2. skobelevo. curves of the vertical gradient of the magnetic field along traverses above the building complex in the western section.

p. 196

.5.3. skobelevo. magnetic map of the terrain within the limits of the mo-torway, Eastern section.

p. 197

xxiii

.5.3. skobelevo. curves of the vertical gradient of the magnetic field along traverses above a building in the eastern section.

p. 197

.5.3. skobelevo. the building excavated in the eastern section. p. 197

.5.4. skobelevo. magnetic gradient map, western section. p. 198

.5.5. skobelevo. magnetic gradient map, eastern section. p. 199

.5.6. skobelevo. the results of the geomagnetic survey superimposed on the satellite image of the area.

p. 200

.6.1. Kasnakovo. map of the apparent electrical resistivity measured with twin-probe array.

p. 201

.6.1. Kasnakovo. two dimensional inverse models of electrical resistiv-ity.

p. 201

.6.2. Kasnakovo. plan of the architectural complex designed on the base of the resistivity survey.

p. 202

.6.2. Kasnakovo. General plan of the architectural complex. p. 202

.6.3. Kasnakovo. map of the apparent electrical resistivity measured with twin-probe array.

p. 203

.6.3. Kasnakovo. two dimensional inverse models of electrical resistiv-ity.

p. 203

.7.1. banica. topographic map of the region around the town of stru-mica.

p. 204

.7.1. banica. the excavated remains of the roman period. p. 204

.7.2. banica. satellite image of the region of the site at banica. p. 205

.7.2. banica. plan of the surveyed terrain and map of apparent resistivity measured with twin-probe array.

p. 205

.7.3. banica. two dimensional inverse models of electrical resistivity along traverses 0-5.

p. 206


p. 207


p. 208

.7.6. banica. two dimensional inverse models of electrical resistivity along traverses on points 3-20.

p. 209

.7.7. banica. horizontal slices of the three dimensional inverse modelling of electrical resistivity.

p. 210

.7.7. banica. resistivity values by the inverse model for depths 1.08-1.74 m.

p. 210


p. 211

xxiv


p. 211

.7.9. banica. horizontal slices of resistivity for depths from 0.5 to 2 m. p. 212

.7.9. banica. horizontal slices of resistivity for depths from 2.5 to 4 m. p. 212

.7.10. banica. horizontal slices of resistivity for depth of 4.5 m. p. 213

.7.10. banica. horizontal slices of resistivity for depth of 3 m and vertical sections through the registered anomalies.

p. 213

Chapter IV

V.3.1.1.1. model of highly resistive block. p. 214

V.3.1.1.2. results of the model calculations for highly resistive block for the different electrode arrays.

p. 215

V.3.1.1.3. Inverse models based on the model calculations for highly resistive block.

p. 216

V.3.1.1.4. results of the inverse modelling of the forward calculations with introduced error.

p. 217

V.3.1.1.5. model of a tomb with dimensions 533 m located at different depth from the surface.

p. 218

V.3.1.1.6. results of the forward calculations for tomb model. p. 219

V.3.1.1.7. results of the inverse modelling of the forward calculations for a tomb located 1 m from the surface.

p. 220


p. 221


p. 222

V.3.1.1.10. model of a real tomb (according to the tomb in Golyama arsenalka mound at the town of shipka).

p. 223

V.3.1.1.11. results of the forward calculations in case of longitudinal traverses.

p. 224

V.3.1.1.12. results of the forward calculations in case of cross traverses. p. 225

V.3.1.1.13. results of inverse modelling along a traverse through the middle of the tomb.

p. 226

V.3.1.1.14. model of a built grave. p. 227

V.3.1.1.15. forward calculations for a built grave in case of longitudinal traverses.

p. 228

V.3.1.1.16. forward calculations for a built grave in case of cross traverses. p. 229

V.3.1.1.17. results of the two dimensional inverse modelling along a traverse through the centre of the grave.

p. 230

xxv

V.3.1.1.18. results of the three dimensional inverse modelling for a model of a grave.

p. 231

Chapter V

V.0. map of the location of the mounds discussed in the text. p. 232

V.1.1.1. malkata tumulus at the town of shipka. p. 233

V.1.1.2. malkata tumulus. apparent electrical resistivity maps at n=1 () and n=3 (). radial traverses.

p. 234

V.1.1.3. malkata tumulus. 3d representation of the measured resistivity at n=3. radial traverses.

p. 235

V.1.1.4. malkata tumulus. apparent electrical resistivity maps at n=1 () and n=2 (). circular traverses.

p. 236

V.1.1.5. malkata tumulus. curves of the measured apparent electrical resistivity along detailization traverses west-east () and south-north () through the centre of anomaly.

p. 237

V.1.1.6. the grave and part of the finds from malkata mound. p. 238

V.1.2.1. zareva mound. apparent electrical resistivity maps at n=1 (), n=2 () and n=3 ().

p. 239

V.1.2.2. the grave from zareva mound. p. 240

V.1.3.1. Golyama arsenalka mound at shipka. p. 241

V.1.3.2. Golyama arsenalka mound. apparent electrical resistivity maps at n=1 () and n=3 () and the location of the detaization grid.

p. 242

V.1.3.3. Golyama arsenalka mound. apparent electrical resistivity map at n=5.

p. 243

V.1.3.4. Golyama arsenalka mound. resistivity curves along traverses -6 and -5 of the detailization grid.

p. 244


p. 245


p. 246

V.1.3.7. Golyama arsenalka mound. resistivity curves along traverses 0 and 1 of the detailization grid.

p. 247

V.1.3.8. Golyama arsenalka mound. resistivity curves along traverses 2 and 3 of the detailization grid.

p. 248

V.1.3.9. Golyama arsenalka mound. resistivity curves along cross traverses 16 and 14 of the detailization grid.

p. 249

xxvi


p. 250


p. 251

V.1.3.12. the tomb in Golyama arsenalka mound. p. 252

V.1.4.1. atyova mound at shipka. 3d representation of apparent electrical resistivity at n=1 () and n=3 ().

p. 253

V.1.4.2. the krepis in atyova mound. p. 254

V.1.5.1. svetitsa mound at shipka. p. 255

V.1.5.2. svetitsa mound. measured apparent electrical resistivity maps at n=1 (), n=3 () and n=5 ().

p. 256

V.1.5.3. svetitsa mound. apparent resistivity curves along traverse 200g, regular measurements () and cVEs ().

p. 257

V.1.5.4. svetitsa mound. two dimensional inverse model of electrical resistivity along traverse 200g.

p. 258

V.1.5.5. the grave and the gold mask from svetitsa mound. p. 259

V.2.1.1. momina mound at the village of bratia daskalovi. p. 260

V.2.1.2. momina mound. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=1 () and n=3 ().

p. 261

V.2.1.3. momina mound. map of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=5.

p. 262

V.2.1.4. momina mound. two dimensional inverse model of electrical resistivity along traverse 208-8g.

p. 263

V.2.1.5. momina mound. 2d inverse models along traverses 200+1, 200 and 192g.

p. 264

V.2.1.6. momina mound. 2d inverse models along cross traverses at meters 15, 14 and 11.

p. 265

V.2.1.7. momina mound. 2d inverse models along traverses 264-64g and 248-48g.

p. 266

V.2.1.8. the tomb in momina mound. p. 267

V.2.2.1. chitashkata mound at the village of bratia daskalovi. p. 268

V.2.2.2. chitashkata mound. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=1 () and n=3 ().

p. 269

V.2.2.3. chitashkata mound. map of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=5.

p. 270

V.2.2.4. chitashkata mound. 2d inverse models of resistivity along traverses 290-90g and 250-50g.

p. 271

V.2.2.5. chitashkata mound. Inverse model along traverse 200g. p. 272

xxvii

V.2.2.6. chitashkata mound. 2d Inverse models along cross traverses W-E at meters 10, 8 and 6.

p. 273

V.2.2.7. Graphic documentation of the excavations results of chitashkata mound.

p. 274

V.2.3.1. Karakochova mound at the village of bratia daskalovi. p. 275

V.2.3.2. Karakochova mound. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=1 (), n=3 () and n=5 ().

p. 276

V.2.3.3. Karakochova mound. 2d inverse models of resistivity along traverses 15 and 12.

p. 277

V.2.3.4. Karakochova mound. the primary mound and the pyre beneath it. p. 278

V.2.4.1. mound 1 at the village of Granit () and the stone heap reached by the grave robbers ().

p. 279

V.2.4.2. mound 1 at the village of Granit. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=1 () and n=3 ().

p. 280

V.2.4.3. mound 1 at the village of Granit. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=5 () and of the vertical magnetic gradient ().

p. 281

V.2.4.4. mound 1 at the village of Granit. Inverse models of resistivity along traverses 160-360g and 200-0g.

p. 282

V.2.4.5. mound 1 at the village of Granit. Inverse models of resistivity along traverses 300-100g, 275-75g and 250-50g.

p. 283

V.2.4.6. mound 1 at the village of Granit. curves of the magnetic field vertical gradient along traverses 0 () and -5 ().

p. 284

V.2.5.1. mound 2 at the village of Granit. p. 285

V.2.5.2. mound 2 at the village of Granit. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=1 () and n=3 ().

p. 286

V.2.5.3. mound 2 at the village of Granit. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=5 () and of the vertical magnetic gradient ().

p. 287

V.2.5.4. mound 2 at the village of Granit. Inverse models of resistivity along traverses 320-120g, 300-100g, 270-70g and 200-0g.

p. 288

V.2.4.6. mound 2 at the village of Granit. curves of the magnetic field vertical gradient along traverses 200-0g and 300-100g.

p. 289

V.3.1.1. mound 1 at the village of Kabile. p. 290

V.3.1.2. mound 1 at the village of Kabile. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=1 () and n=3 ().

p. 291

V.3.1.3. mound 1 at the village of Kabile. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=5 () and of the vertical magnetic gradient ().

p. 292

xxviii

V.3.1.4. mound 1 at the village of Kabile. Inverse models of resistivity along traverses 200-0g and 150-350g.

p. 293

V.3.1.5. mound 1 at the village of Kabile. curves of the measured magnetic gradient, polynomial of 4-th degree and residual field along traverse 0.

p. 294

V.3.1.6. mound 1 at the village of Kabile. curves of the measured magnetic gradient, polynomial of 4-th degree and residual field along traverse -3 and 1.

p. 295

V.3.1.7. mound 1 at the village of Kabile. curves of the measured magnetic gradient, polynomial of 4-th degree and residual field along traverse 5 through the magnetic anomaly in the southeast part of the tumulus.

p. 296

V.3.1.8. mound 1 at the village of Kabile. plan of the archaeological structures revealed by the excavations.

p. 297

V.3.1.9. mound 1 at the village of Kabile. maps of the results of the polynomial fit of the whole measured magnetic data available () and of the residual magnetic field ().

p. 298

V.3.2.1. mound 2 at the village of Kabile. p. 299

V.3.2.2. mound 2 at the village of Kabile. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=1 () and n=3 ().

p. 300

V.3.2.3. mound 2 at the village of Kabile. map of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=5.

p. 301

V.3.2.4. mound 2 at the village of Kabile. Inverse models of resistivity along traverses 340-140g, 280-80g and 200-0g.

p. 302

V.4.1.1. mound 1 at the village of Krushare and the grave discovered in it. p. 303

V.4.1.2. mound 1 at the village of Krushare. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=1 () and n=3 ().

p. 304

V.4.1.3. mound 1 at the village of Krushare. map of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=5.

p. 305

V.4.1.4. mound 1 at the village of Krushare. Inverse models of resistivity along traverses 200-0g and 152-352g.

p. 306

V.4.2.1. mound 2 at the village of Krushare. p. 307


p. 308


p. 309

V.4.2.4. mound 2 at the village of Krushare. Inverse models of resistivity along traverses 188g and 184g through the anomaly in the south periphery of the mound ( and schlumberger array, three electrode array).

p. 310

xxix

V.4.2.5. mound 2 at the village of Krushare. Inverse models of resistivity along traverses 2, 0 and -2 perpendicular to traverse 188g.

p. 311

V.4.3.1. mound 3 at the village of Krushare. p. 312


p. 313


p. 314

V.4.3.4. mound 3 at the village of Krushare. Inverse models of resistivity along traverses 200-0g, 300-100g and 320-120g.

p. 315

V.5.1.1. mound at the village of opaka view () and plan () before the excavations.

p. 316

V.5.1.2. mound at the village of opaka. plan of the mound () and map of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=1 ().

p. 317

V.5.1.3. mound at the village of opaka. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=2 () and n=3 ().

p. 318


p. 319


p. 320

V.5.1.6. mound at the village of opaka. results of the two dimensional inverse modelling along traverses 0-3.

p. 321


p. 322


p. 323


p. 324


p. 325


p. 326


p. 327

V.5.1.13. mound at the village of opaka. horizontal slices of resistivity for different depths based on the results of the three dimensional inverse modelling.

p. 328

V.5.1.14. mound at the village of opaka. Vertical sections of resistivity based on the results of the three dimensional inverse modelling.

p. 329

xxx

V.5.1.15. mound at the village of opaka. Vertical sections of resistivity based on the results of the three dimensional inverse modelling.

p. 330

V.5.1.16. mound at the village of opaka. 3d representation of resistivity based on the results of the three dimensional inverse modelling.

p. 331

V.5.1.17. mound at the village of opaka. 3d representation of resistivity based on the results of the three dimensional inverse modelling.

p. 332

V.5.1.18. mound at the village of opaka. the archaeological situation revealed in the mound at opaka () and grave no. 1 with the primary mound above it ().

p. 333

V.6.1.1. mound 1 at the village of Vetrishte. p. 334

V.4.1.2. mound 1 at the village of Vetrishte. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=1 () and n=3 ().

p. 335

V.4.1.3. mound 1 at the village of Vetrishte. map of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=5.

p. 336

V.4.1.4. mound 1 at the village of Vetrishte. Inverse models of resistivity along traverses 250-50g, 200-0g and 180-380g.

p. 337

V.6.1.1. mound 2 at the village of Vetrishte. p. 338

V.6.1.2. mound 2 at the village of Vetrishte. maps of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=1 () and n=3 ().

p. 339

V.6.1.3. mound 2 at the village of Vetrishte. map of the measured apparent electrical resistivity at n=5.

p. 340

V.6.1.4. mound 2 at the village of Vetrishte. Inverse models of resistivity along traverses 100-300g, 80-280g, 40-240g and 30-230g.

p. 341

V.7.1. mound V at the village of Gorsko ablanovo. p. 342

V.7.1. Grave constructions in the mound V at the village of Gorsko ablanovo.

p. 342

V.7.2. mound V at the village of Gorsko ablanovo. map of the vertical gradient of magnetic field.

p. 343

V.7.3. mound V at the village of Gorsko ablanovo. curves of the measured vertical gradient of magnetic field and polynomial fit of 1-st and 2-nd degree of these values along traverses 20 and19.

p. 344

xxxi

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25

Geonics Ltd. - Em15 ( 16 khz), Em31 (9.8 khz) Em38 (14.6 khz) (. .1.3.1), - , (centre de recherches Geophysiques, c.n.r.s. Garschy) sh3 (8 khz) cs150 (4 10 khz) (aubry et al. 2001; clark 1990, 34-37; tabbagh 1986a; tabbagh 1986b; tabbagh et al. 1988). . , - - , , , , . , , - , , . . , . , , - . , , , -- (aubry et al. 2001, 621; Gaffney 2008, 326).

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28

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, - . - (. .1.3.5.), , . r, :

162. 2

+=Dr [m] (.1.3.7)

31

RD+

/4

z x

y

D

. .1.3.5. ( Sheriff, R. 2002: 154)

- , - - . , , . . - - , - - . , (. .1.3.6).

0 1 2 3 4 5 ()

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

(

)

f =100 MHz, r = 15 ( )

f =500 MHz, r = 15 ( )

f =100 MHz, r = 9 ( )

f =500 MHz, r = 9 ( )

f =100 MHz, r = 2.5 ( )

f =500 MHz, r = 2.5 ( )

. .1.3.6. .

, , - . 1 , . , , . . . , 300 mhz

32

r 2.5 1 -. r 15 40 . , 1 (davis, annan 1989). . - 200 500 800-900 mhz.

, , - 20- . , 60- nasa. - (conyers 2004, 16, 17). - 80- 20- (Imai et al. 1987). , , . , , , . - - - . - , - (Leckebusch 2001). - (- ), - , , . , - - : . , , - -, (Goodman et al. 2009).

33

. .1.3.7. ( Misic, B. 2005: 261, fig. 13).

, - , . , , - .

.1.4. .

. ( ) ( 1966, 16).

, (Kvamme 2005). ). (clark 1990; Gaffney, Gater 2003), isoteric ( ) methods (Linford 2006, 2244).

- , - . , - . , ,

34

(clark 1990, 121). , . . - :

f

= (.1.4.1)

e m/sf hz (s-1)

, 200-300 hz, - 800-1200 m/s (, 2006, 126, 118), , 4 24 , . . , , -17. - , - 1 , hz. (carabelli 1955) 30 khz 90 khz, , - .

, - . . - (Karastathis, papamarinopoulos 1997; Karastathis et al. 2001). - - (hildebrand et al. 2007).

.1.5. .

khz. , - . - (blake 1995 . .; sheriff 2002, 318). . - , - .

.1.6. .

17 . -, , ( .1.3.7) (, 2006, 640).

35

- . , - . , -, , , - . , , - -- . (Linnington 1966) . , - . , . , , (fajklewicz et al. 1982; Gaffney et al. 1991, 6; yuan et al. 2006; panisova, pasteka 2009; batayneh et al. 2006).

.1.7. . ,

. -

. , (bellerby et al. 1992), (Gaffney et al. 1991, 6). - - - ( 10.5-12.5 m) (clark 1990, 122). , , - .

.1.8. . , -

. . , , , (chiozzi et al. 2000; Gautam et. al. 2000; moussa 2001).

.1.9. . -

, , , .

. - , 20- (parcak 2009, 14). . , ,

36

( ), ( ) ( - ). -, . , , , -, - , . , - - - . - , , - . - . - - - (. .1.8.1). , - , . . . . . . , , .

. - , - Landsat spot. ( 10-20 ) - (Kvamme 2005). 90- . - corona argon - 5 15 -1000 -1 1-2 (Kvamme 2005). 1999 2001 IKonos quickbird 70 , (Lasaponara, masini 2007). 2007 2008 digital Globe, - WorldView-1 WorldView-2, 40-50 .

37

. .1.8.1. . , . -. - . , - . ( Google Earth ).

- (radar - Radio Detection and ranging LIdar Light Detection and ranging), - . , ( 3 ) , -. 15 , , , - (parcak 2009, 73-80).

. 2. .

. 2. 1. . - -

. , , - - - , . -

38

, . , , - .

. 2.1.1. . .

0.1 nt - . - -. 0.05-0.01 nt -. , -- , z - . - - . - , -, . -- - , , . , , , - 0.3 nt -- (Jones 2008, 21). - - , . , , - .

- Grad 601-1 bartington Instruments. , -, . -, fm256 Geoscan research, ferex foerster Group, . , . . - . Grad 601 1 , fm256 0.5 ferex 0.4, 0.65 1.6 .

Grad 601 0.03 0.1 nt, - . , . , , .

. 2.1.2. . 1010, 2020,

3030, 4040, 5050 100100 , , , . -

39

20 . . ( - ) -, Grad 601 - 45.

- . , -. , , , , . , - . , , . , , .

. 2.1.3. . -

, - . , . archeosurveyor dW consulting18, , Geoplot Geoscan research19.

) - (clipping).

-, - - . , . , .

) (destagger).

- , - , . , , , , - . , . - destagger, ,

18 http://www.dwconsulting.nl/archeosurveyor.html

19 http://www.geoscan-research.co.uk/page9.html

40

. ) -

(destripe).

. - - - , , , , . destripe - , . - , . , . , , - , .

) - (Low pass filter, ).

, . - . - . , - .

41

)

)

42

)

)

. . 2.1.2.1. . - () Clipping, () DeStagger, () DeStripe () Low Pass Filter.

. 2. 2. .

43

. -, - . - -, . - , -. , . , - , , - .

, - - , - -, , .

. 2. 2.1. . -

(twin-probe array). , - , - . 0.5 1 . 0.5 , 1 . - , , , - ( . .1.1.3). 15 30 - . , . , . - . ( (.1.1.2), 30 - , - - - 3%, . - , , , . , , -. 0.5 - , 1 . , , - . - , , .

44

. , - - . , . , , , - - , , - - (clark 1990, 46).

, - .

, , ( ). , - , . - , .

, -

b n, n - , . b n, - . , , - , . , . , (zhou, dahlin 2003). - (dahlin , zhou 2004).

- - -

. . - , - .

, -

, - -. -, - . , . , -. .

45

(dahlin , zhou 2004). - .

, (dahlin, Loke 1997). , - (zhou , dahlin 2003).

. 2.2.2. . -

. , , -, . - rm15 Geoscan research20. 0.5 1 . rm15 multiplexer - , 1.5 , . - ratEau-system (zickgraf 1999, 75) - cnrs, rm15, , - .

. - , , , - . - 15 000 . - (- ).

- sas abEm, syscal IrIs Instruments sting andvanced Geosciences Inc. , , , (sas 1000 5 , ministing - 6.6 ) , .

4-point Light hp LGm-Lippmann , (750 ) - . (16 000 ). 1.04, 2.08, 4.16

20 http://www.geoscan-research.co.uk/page15.html/

46

8.33 hz, , . 0.2%. . - (, -, -, ) - . 10 . , , - . 3 , . . - , - , . - : 0.5 1 (. . 2.2.2.1), 34 68 , 1 2 , (. . 2.2.2.2).

. . 2.2.2.1. .

47

. . 2.2.2.2. (), - () ().

. 2.2.3. .

48

. -, . , -- , . -, , - -, . - - - . - , . , , , , .

. 2. 2.4. . -

. , . - , - . - . - . . - , -, .

( - ). - , -, - res2dInv res3dInv Geotomo software EarthImager 2d EarthImager 3d andvanced Geosciences Inc. - . , , . ( ) , , -. , --, ( ). res2dInv - , , , , - . , . - -

49

, . , , . res2dInv - , . - , - . , - -. , ( ) - Loke (Loke 2010).

. . 2.2.4.1. - Res2dInv (, ).

50

. ( ,

)

- - - , , . - - . - , -. . , - , . , - - . , , , - .

. 1. . .

, (. .1.1) ( 2002). - , . - 500 . .

- . - - - . , , - , , . , - - . -

51

, , , .

-

. - , . 1952 . 1:16000, 1995 ., 1:19500. , - , , , , (. .1.1, .1.2). . , , -, - . . , , , - . -, Google Earthtm ( 1 ) - (. .1.3). , , , .

,

. , , , - . , , . - , -.

-

(. .1.3). , ( 1), ( 50/20 50/7) () (2d-). - , , , () , . - -, -, , . . . 34 . 10 -. -

52

3 21 , - mn , , , 1 . - , . res2dInv.

- . (50/20) (. .1.3, ) , (200-280 ohm. m). 1.6 , - 0.9-1.3 , 0.7 . 20-30 . - - . - . 20 80 ohm. m 0.9 1.3 . , , .

(50/7) (. .1.3, ). 1.2 . , , . - , 50 . , , , 2 -. , . , (120-140 ohm. m), , .

2500 . , 1 ( . .1.3). -. . 1 , - -.

- ( - ), . 1 . , : (a1b1n1m a1b2n1m) - (=3 5 ). - - ( 2002, 2003). - 0.2 1 . .1.4 , 20-60 ohm. m. , - . , -

53

-. 57/30. . , - , - (. .1.4). , , -, ( 2002). .

1/3 . 180 ohm. m. , . - . (. .1.5). , . -. . - 72/18. (. .1.5). - . , - ( 2002) (. .1.5).

. , -

20-30 . , , , - . . .

2007 . 17 . 0.5 , 25 , 8 . . - (. .1.6). , 10-15 nt. . . 15 nt. - 5-10 25 nt. - , - , - . 0.5 . 1 , - 0.5 . (. .1.6). , . ( )

54

9 6 , - , () (. .1.7). , - - 50/7 (. .1.7). - ( 2008) (. .1.7).

2009 . - . - - , , , , , -, , ( V) (, 2010).

2009 2010 . , 34 . -, , 50 , . .

- (. .1.8). . , - . , , , - . - .

- , (- ) . . , - 120-130 80 , 20/70. , - - , , , .

. , - , -, -30-40 y 160180. - -, , , , - . , .

55

(. -60/120, 2020 ) . . 10-15 , , - , 1-1.2 , , . - - , .

.1.9 .1.10 . , -. , , -- , . - . (2020 ), - :

1. . 120/100, . 140/100, . 120/120 . 140/120.2. . 60/100.3. . 40/80, . 60/80, . 60/10 . 60/804. . 20/60 . 20/80.

- . . -60/40 40/140 (. .1.11). , , - .

2010 . - V, V, V , (. , 2011, , 2011).

V, V ( ), .

VII, V, -. , . .

V, V, ( 5 ) , , - . - . .

I, V, -I, V, -, V, - 45 . . , - . - .

-

56

. , , , West slope - , , , , - . . b , , , , , . , West slope . () - . - , , .

, - . .1.12 .1.13 . - - , . . . V 9.6 6.4 , : 8.3 5.8 , V 5.7 5.8 , 8.4 5.7 . - - 30 70. . - , , V (. .1.14-. .1.18).

- (. .1.19, . .1.20). - . - . 10-15 25 nt, - 30 nt, 50-60 100 nt. , , - , . .

. 2. 5, 2, ( 226+600 - 226+850) . , . 5 -

. , . . 11 . 2 , , . . , .

2008 . - .

57

. - , . . 11g . 24040 , 9600 . . 1 , 0.25 ( 8 . .), .

. .2.1. - . , -, . 150-160 , - ( 5-10 nt) ( 2-3 . ). - , 240, . -, - .

- . 30-40 . - , (, -, 2009). . , . - - . - , .

, 2009 2010 . 5.2 . , 25 . - ( 1), , , - 50 , - -. -, ( 2) 0,15-0,30 -V ( V . . .). 2008-2010 . 110 , - , 2 . 10 . , 40-50 , ( . 2009; . 2010).

, , . 0,90-1,00 , 1,50-1,60 . 2-3 . 0,60 1,80 . - , , , , . - .

58

, . - . , - . . (, ), ( . 2010; . 2011).

. . 30 - . 5.4 8 , 0.5 .

, , (. .2.1). - ( 185 235) (. .2.2, . .2.3)21. , ( 90 145) (. .2.4). . .

1. - - , - .

2. -, - -, , , .

3. 2009 . . , -, .

4. - (, ), , .

- , - , . - , 2010 . 15 . - , -

21 - , ( - .1), , , - , .

59

, Gps , , - (. .2.5).

, -, -, , , (. .2.5). , 35 10 , . , (. .2.6). - - , .

, -, (. .2.6). 4-5 nt. -, , (. .2.7). 115 , 80 , - 55-60 . - , - , . , .

5 , 350 . - . , - , Gps (. .2.5). -, , , . . , -, - (. .2.8, ). , , , 85 76 .

III. 3. . , . 2 . . -

2009 . - . - ( 2010). - , - . , 4 - . - 0.5 25 . - (. .3.1).

60

7 . 5-6 nt (. .3.1). - , - , . , , , 40 . - 2009 2010 ., , - -. , (. .3.2). , (. .3.3). - -, - 10 nt, . - ( ), . : 175 , 190 205 . , , - . , - (, 2006). 30-40 nt. - - (, ), ( 1984). . , -17/181, , - 200 nt. - . , 38/140, - 6 3 . , -, , , , - .

- . , (2d E). , 0/160 20/200 (. .3.2). Wenner-schlumberger =3 =21 , - mn 1 . . 6. . 2 . 2 . -. - , , , , . - 15 ,

61

. . . . 2010 ., - , , .

. 4. . . . ,

. , 2007 . (, 2008). 30 . . , - . . . - . , - , 50 . 10-15 50 , .

2008 . . , . . ( 0 sI), (-, ), . - - . , . , . -, .

12080 . , - 0.5 25 .

, , , (. .4.1)22 - 3-4 10-12 nt (. .4.2). , , , -, -. . . , (-

22 -, , .

62

, 2009) (. .4.3). , -

, 15-20 nt. .

54 . - 100 nt (. .4.2). , , - . - - , -. , - . , (, 2009) (. .4.3).

. 5. 15, 3, ( 2676+850 - 268+300) . , . -

, . . , (-, 2009). , , 180 300 , 40 .

2009 . - . , - . 12 , 10 (. .5.1). 19.2 ( 40 , , 180 300 ) - . , - 2035 , (. .5.1), - (, 2010). 25-30 nt (. .5.2). , -, 10-15 . , , - ( 1984), - - . , , .

, , (. .5.3). - -

63

66 , . , (. .5.3). - ( 200-220) .

- , 100 . 2009 2010 ., - , . , , -, ( , ) (. .5.4-6), - (, ) (, 2010).

. 6. . . 1 .

, . - ( 2008).

1945-1946 . . . . - . , . , ( 2008, 488).

1970 . , , - , .

30 , 2007-2008 . . -. , , , . - - , .

- . (twin-probe array). - , , .

1600 . . 1 , 0.5 , m n.

, - (. .6.1). - - . -, , - - . -

64

, -. 5 . - . , , , . , , , -. , - .

- , , -. 23.5 30 - 20, 34 . - 10 3 21 . 4 . res2dInv Geotomo software. - (. .6.1). , , 50-70 1.5-2 . - , - . ( - 60-100 om. m). , , (150-250 om. m), 2 . , , .

- , , - , , . , -. . . (. .6.2).

2007 . - , . , - ( 2008). . -. , , , , ., , - , .

-, 2010 ., , - .

65

, -- .

1300 . . 2007.

- . , . . - , 0.5 . , 0.5 . .6.3, . .

-. -. , . 55 . . , , , . - -. , , - 1 , . - , - .

- , , -. :

VEs pr. pk. 12 12, -, 57 .VEs pr. 8 8, -, 44 .VEs pr. 20 20, -, 44 .VEs pr. 27 27, -, 44 . - 10 -

3 21 . - (. .6.3). :

VEs pr. pk. 12 - 0.8-1 . , - , ( . 1 -, ), +1 +2 . , - 70 1 . - - . - . , .

66

VEs , , 1 1.7 , - . , , .

VEs pr. 8 - . 3. , 50 , - 1 . 2 , 1.8 .

VEs pr. 20 . 5 , 1.2 1.8 . , , .

VEs pr. 27 , - .

- - - .

III. 7. . . , , . .

- . (Leopold et al. 2011; nuzzo et al. 2009; papadopoulos et all. 2009; tsokas et al. 2009).

2 . - (. .7.1). 2007 . 1.9 - , (. .7.1). 2008 . - . - , , .

. , 50-60 . (. .7.2). , . , . 500 . , - . , , .

- . ( 2 ) , , - .

- 1520 . - (

67

50-60 ) , , , (. .7.2). , , 60 120 ohm. m -, , - .

16 ( . 0 . 15) 1 -. 23 34 , . - . , . , 2 , . - - , - . 10 ( 3 21 ). 4 . mn 1 . , 10 , , - 2.5 . - - - 34 (pr. pk. 3, 6, 18, 20; . .7.2). - res2dinv res3dinv, - .

- (. .7.3-. .7.5). - 1 . -. - . , - . , . - 1 2 . - 20-60 ohm. m. , - , - .

, (200-400 ohm. m). 2 3.5 , - - 1.5 , -. . , , , (. .7.6). -

68

, 10 50 ohm. m. -, . . - , , . (. .7.7-. .7.10) , - . - .12-13 . . 13 14. 8 . - , - -. - , , . . - .

: . 1.5-2 3.5 . , -,

. ,

2-3 .

.

III. 8. - -

- - (, , ) .

- - , . - . - - , , . - , . , , - . -

69

. , - , , . . - -. , , , , . - . , .

-. , . - , , , , - , . , , -. , - - , . -, - , , , - . , -, . -, , .

. . , , 5-6 nt. 2d - (, , ) . . 2 . 2 . --. - , , , , . 15 , . . , -, .

-V . -.

. , , , 55 60 . - 5-6 nt.

70

( ) , . , , - .

. 2035 , - . 25-30 nt. , , 10-20 . , - ( ), - , . - , - , . -, ( , ), (, ).

- , . - - . , - - , - .

- 2d . . - . -, 70 1.5-2 .

. , - . 500 . , , , - 2 3.5 .

- . -, . , , , , . , , - , .

. ( 0.1 nt), . - - .

71

- ( 0.05 nt) . , , . -- - . , 4-5 10-15 . -, , , .

, , - ( , ). . -, , , , .

- - . - 25 . 10 , , . , . , . , , 1 . , , - - , , 50 .

, - - , , - . , , - . , - , -, - . 40-50 , -, . , , - . , - - - - ( . 3 .4). . , - .

72

. - , - WGs84 utm ( . 2).

- - , . . . - , . , - . , - - -. , - 10 ( 250 40 , - ) .

73

V.

. , , , , . - . . - . , (1993, 43) 50000. , , . , , .

V.1. .

1963 . (fondazione Lerici 1963). . . , -, , , - . , , . - , : ( 2-3 ), ( 5-6 ) ( 10 70-80 ), -, . , . . - 80 , . - , , . , , , , , -. 1.5 , - 1

75

. , . , , . , . , , , - (fondazione Lerici 1963, 10-11). . , - , . , , , , , .

, - - (), . . ( et al. 1974; et al. 1978; et al. 1983. , . - , , - . , ( 1) ( 6). . 1 6, - , . - : 1 6 - ab = 30 40 mn = 5 10 , ab = 20 30 mn = 5 ab = 12 3 . 8 , - 3 . , . -23, . - . , - . , , , . - ( et al. 1978, 304). . - . , - - 6. , . , , , -

76

. - . , 9 , , . , . - - = 12 .

10 -, 1982 ., - - (fol et al. 1986, 20). - . - () . . 1982 . ( ), . . , , - - (Katevski 1986). , , 26 . - 10 , . 2 . = 10 20 , 2 , 2 . . 27 16 . =10 mn=1 1 . - 9 7 60 . . 12 13 (Katevski 1992; 1996; 1996).

13 (- . , ). oyo, - - . - . 10 . , - : ; -, - , - - ; (),

77

O

. -

. , ( 2005). - , , . - , (tonkov 1996a).

, , - . (tonkov 1996b). . . . , - , , -, , . , . , - ( 2003).

, , . - ( . clark 1990; Gaffney et al. 1991; Gaffney, Gater 2003; campana, piro 2009). (Gaffney 2008) (astin, Eckardt, hay 2007) (tonkov, Loke 2006). , - - - . , - 19- - - . , , . , , -, . , - , - -, , . , , .

78

()23. - , , - . . , , , , . . , .

, , , (Lerici 1955, Lerici 1960a, Lerici 1960a, carabelli 1966). , - . , - , , ,

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Nikola Tonkov - Geophysical methods in archaeology