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An irreverent history of peace research Henrik-Steffens-Vorlesung, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,3 June 2008. Nils Petter Gleditsch Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW at International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) & Department of Sociology and Political Science, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Nils Petter Gleditsch
Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW atInternational Peace Research Institute, Oslo
(PRIO)& Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
An irreverent history of peace research
Henrik-Steffens-Vorlesung, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin,3 June 2008
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Two anniversaries
• 2009: PRIO at 50• 2009: The ISA at 50
What happened to peace?What happened to peace research?
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Armed conflicts 1946–2006
Data from Harbom & Wallensteen (2007) and www.prio.no/cscw/armedconflict.
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Battle deaths, 1946–2005
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Periodization
• Pre-history ( –1959)• The behavioral revolution (1959–68)• The socialist revolution (1968–78)• The wilderness years (1978–89)• The post-Cold War years (1989– )• The liberal peace – or? (2001– )
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Themes
• Academic disciplines• Methodology• School in IR• Politics• Institutionalization• The concept of peace
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Pre-history (until the late 1950s)
• Law, history, philosophy, political science• Traditional methodology, essayistic, legalistic• Realist thinking (deterrence, alliance politics)• Politically pro-West (traditionalism)• Beginning institutionalization (Royal Institute …,
NGOs)• Avoid war (at most), peace not a serious academic
concept
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
The behavioral revolution (1959–68+)
• Sociology, economics, etc., multi-disciplinary ideal• Quantitative methodology (statistics, mathematical
modeling)• Liberal thinking (modernization, integration,
nonviolent norms); Gandhian influence• Politically neutral (pacifism); analogy to medicine• Rapid institutionalization (JCR, CCR, PRIO, JPR,
IPRA, PRS/PSS, chairs)• Negative peace (avoid war) and positive
(integration)
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
The socialist revolution (1968–78)
• Trans-disciplinary ideal (but: ascendance of political science)• Liberation methodology (invariance-breaking)• Radical thinking (dependency, marxism, structural)• Politically pro-East (revisionism), pro-South (third-worldism); research (for the underdogs)• Conquer or destroy institutions (Denmark, chairs in peace research)• Peace as negation of direct and structural violence
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
The wilderness years (1979–89)
• A subfield of political science?• Weak methodology (anything goes)• Radicalism becomes traditionalism• Politically correct with declining faith• Trying to save or to patch up institutions• Peace as anything
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
The post-Cold War years (1989– )
• Multiple backgrounds (cross-d., not trans-d.)• Pluralist methodology (post-modern challenge)• Neoliberal thinking (the liberal peace)• Apolitically pro-West (only game in town)• De-institutionalization, privatization, individualism,
new emphasis on academic quality• Peace as reduction of direct violence; lasting peace
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
The liberal peace – or? (2001– )
Competing challenges• The temporary peace• Hegemonic peace• Clash of civilizations• Sustainable peace• The virtual peace• The male peace• Capitalist peace
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Boulding's three forms of power
• Threat power (destruction)• Economic power (exchange)• Integrative power (legitimacy)
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
Integrative power
Environmental Conflict?An irreverent history
- or?