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/;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd xzkeh.k Hkkjr dk okLrk fdl fdLe dh lksp orgthc ls gS vkSj tks vc tux.k dks tcju ukFkus ij mrk: gS-

bl iqfLrdk dk y{; [kki ds bfrgkl dk o.kZu djuk ugha gS-bfrgkl ls lcd ysus dk y{; fujUrj gS] jguk pkfg, rkfd xyfr;ksa dksnksgjkus ls cpk tk lds- bl lUnHkZ esa] [kki ds bfrgkl dh izeq[k ckrksa ijfuxkg j[k dj gh ;g lokan gS- bl iz;kl dks [kki izFkk ds fo#) vuxZyml izpkj us mdlk;k gS ftls ns'k esa v[kckjh txr us ,d le; ls pyk;kgqvk gS vkSj ftldk fNik y{; vR;Ur [krjukd lkfcr gksus okyk gS- nksrhu v[kckjksa us rks lhek gh yka?k nh tc os [kki ds fo#) vius vfHk;kuesa ekDlZoknh ikVhZ ds vudgs izoDrk cu x, vkSj tokc esa fn, tokc ijpqi yxk x,- [kki ds ckjs esa vKku mu yksxksa esa Hkh de ugha gSa tks bldsfgek;rh gSa- ns[kus esa vk jgk gS fd xzkeh.k lekt esa [kki ;kuh HkkbZpkjs dsegRo dh le> yaxM+h gS ftlls ekeys dks my>kus ds iz;kl gks jgs gSa-

,d iz'u mHkjrk gS( lekt dk Hkyk O;ofLFkr <ax ls jgus esa gS ;keuekus pyu dh vck/k NwV gks\ lp rks ;g gS fd lkfRod vkpj.k ls ghnwljksa ds vf/kdkj {ks= dk lEeku cp ldssxk- fdUrq tc lekt esa xyr olgh rFkk O;fHkpkj dh ifjHkk"kk cnyus ij mrk: gks tk,a rks blls lektdk larqyu vf/kd fcxMsxk gh-

pksjh&fNis ;kSu lEca/kksa ds pDdj esa ?kj ls HkxksM+s yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dsfo#) tuer rS;kj djus dk nkf;Ro NksM+ dj tc dksbZ izcq)tu ;k dksbZljdkj ,sls vkpj.k dks laj{k.k nsus ij mrjs rks ea'kk ij iz'u [kMk+ gksrkgS- ;wa ,slh gjdrsa vijk/k dh Js.kh esa vkrh gaS- blds fy, cgqr igys ls Fkkusesa izkFkfedh ntZ gksrh vkbZ gSa- bl vijk/k ls cp fudyus ds dkuwu esa ntZpksj njoktksa dk ykHk ysdj vnkyr vFkok eafnj] xq#}kjs ;k elftn esa fcuij[k 'kknh dh eatwjh ds izek.ki= dh pkykdh us dkuwu dh bl nksgjhiz.kkyh ds lekt fojks/kh psgjs dks csudkc fd;k gS] fdUrq] fdUgha fNis fgrksadh [kkfrj viuh bl detksjh dks ;s yksx Lohdkj djus dh ctk,?kj&ifjokj o mlds lekt dks gh vijk/kh lkfcr djus ij mrk: gS-

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• ^^gesa ;gka ¼•kjr esa ½ ,d ,slk oxZ [kMk+ djus esa og lc djukpkfg, ftls dj ldrs gSa] tks gekjs vkSj mu djksMk+sa yksxksa ds chpnq•kf”k;s dk dke djsaxs ftu ij ge jkt djrs gSa( ,d ,slsO;fä;ksa dk oxZ tks [kwu o jax ls •kjrh; gks ysfdu #fp] uSfrdrk]vf•er vFkok fopkj vkSj cqf) ls vaxzst g+ksa**

ykMZ eSdkWysHkkjr esa fczfV'k xouZj&tujy dh ifj”kn esa fof/k lnL;]

Hkkjr ij fczfV'k 'kklu dh lcls [krjukd pksV ;gka dh rgthc oukxfjdksa dh lksp] #fp o uhfr&uSfrdrk dh le> dks iyV dj dh xbZFkh] ;g rF; vutkuk ugha Fkk- vaxzst+ gkfdeksa us bldk ,syku dj fn;k Fkkfd os D;k pkgrs gSa- vkjEHk esa nh xbZ ykMZ eSdkys dh dgh ckr dks m)`rdjus dk ;gh rkRi;Z gS- Hkkjr ds lkFk bfrgkl ds bl vU;k; dks tguesa j[k dj [kki ds loky ij bl laokn dh 'kq#vkr djus dk eu gS-

ckj&ckj nksgjk, tkus ls eSdkys dh bl ckr dks lkekU; eku ysus dhxyrh ;fn ge us djsa rks blds xEHkhj rkRi;Z dks le>us esa ykijokgh ughagksxh- vius 'kklu dh iwjh rkdr ds lgkjs yxHkx 150 lky rd bl uhfrij mUgksaus runsgh ls dke fd;k vkSj bldk izHkko vktknh ds ckn Hkh lkBo"kksaZ rd mlh rgthc ds f'kdkj Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds O;ogkj&vkpj.k esa gj?kM+h ns[kus dks feyrk gS] fo'ks"kdj iM+s&fy[ks rcds esa ;g ckr vf/kd lghBgjrh gS- bl rcds dks xqeku gks x;k gS fd og le> dk /kuh gS- [kkids iz'u ij xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh thou'kSyh ij rktk vk{ksiksa esa cjrh tk jghlksp o 'kCnkoyh ls fczfV'k 'kklu ds gkFk gqbZ gkfu dk lgt vuqekuyxk;k tk ldrk gS- loky ij ppkZ ds le; bfrgkl ds bl rF; dks


futh LorU=rk dh vtc&xtc O;k[;k esa v[kckjh txr o VsfyfotuO;olk; ds tfj;s ftl pqLrh ls dke gks jgk gS og ns[krs curk gS! ,slsfcxMSy ;qod&;qofr;ksa dh LorU=rk ;fn ifo= gS rks ?kj&ifjokj ofcjknjh dh LorU=rk ds iz'u ls vka[k can djus dk vFkZ vjktdrk dhodkyr gh Bgjrh gS- dkSu eka&cki gSa tks vius lqiq=] lqiqf=;ksa dks cserycvFkok lk/kkj.k xyfr;ksa ij izrkfMr djuk pkgsaxs\

ifjiDo voLFkk ikrs gh ;qod] ;qofr;ksa ds lfn;ksa&nj&lfn;ksa lsfookg gksrs vk, gSa- vc Hkh gksrs gSa- vius lekt ls bUgsa le; ij vk'khZoknfeyrk gh gS- ;kSu lEca/k dh egÙkk dks ifjtu le>rs gSa vkSj mi;qDrvoLFkk esa igqaprs gh buds fookg ds izca/k esa tqVrs gSa- fdUrq fcxMSy izseh;qxyksa* dh fgek;r dk ekeyk nwljh rjg dk gS- rc] ;kSukpkj esa fyIryQaxksa] lkekftd n`f"V ls iFkHkz"V vkpj.k ;k vius vf/kdkj ds xqeku esaiwjs lekt dks Bsaxk fn[kkus ij rqys rRoksa dks c<kok nssus ls dkSu LoLFk lektdh jpuk gksus dk ;s rkdrssa jkLrk [kksy jgh gSa] ugha ekywe-

,sls rRoksa dks vkJ; nsus esa O;Lr fofHkUu rjg ds yksxksa }kjk vcxzkeh.k ?kj&ifjokj o xkao lekt dks vijk/kh crkuss ds fy, budh oDrt:jr dh Nrjh ;kuh [kki iz.kkyh dks rkfyckuh] xaok:] lkearh] :<hxzLrfiNM+siu vkfn dh laKk ls uoktk tk jgk gS rkfd bu ij ikxyiu dkrexk yVdk dj nQukus dh gljr iwjh dh tk lds- iwNuk gksxk fd bl[kki iz.kkyh esa vc ,slk D;k fey x;k gS ftl dkj.k bls [kRe djuk brukvko';d ekuk tkus yxk gS\ iz'u foospuk pkgrk gS-

dqN le; ls [kki ds iz'u ij nsgkrh thou'kSyh ds fo#) uQjrhvfHk;ku f'k[kj ij gS- ekeyk >wBh 'kku dh [kkfrj gR;kvksa* dk cuk;k gS-'kku dks dkSu r; djsxk fd ;g >wBh gS ;k lgh\ iz'u ij bZekunkj ppkZugha gS cfYd ,drjQk vkjksiksa dh >M+h yxh gqbZ gS vkSj mlds f[kykQvutku vkcknh esa uQjr QSykus dk rkcM+rksM+ iz;kl gks jgk gS- ;kn ughavkrk fd LorU= Hkkjr ds crkSj chrs lkB lky esa igys dHkh ,d tkfrfo'ks"k dh thou'kSyh dks lafo/kku o dkuwu dk gokyk nsdj bl rjg dsvuxZy izpkj vfHk;ku esa ns'k dk v[kckjh o Vsfyfotu txr ;wa tqVk gks-

,d le;] viuh thou;k=k ds igys nkSj esa] cgqtu lekt ikVhZ dstud Jh;qr dka'khjke us lo.kZ* tkfr;ksa ds lewg dks vo'; fu'kkuk cuk

dj uQjrh vfHk;ku pyk;k Fkk] bl ckj ;g vfHk;ku Hkh ;fn dksbZjktuhfrd ny ;k jktuhfr ls Mlk gqvk O;fDr mBkrk rks gesa flj [kikusdh drbZ r:jr ugha gksrh D;ksafd ;gka dh jktuhfr esa ,sls rek'kksa dhladqfpr ea'kk dks le>us esa fdlh dks dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gS vkSj buds gkFkksagksus okyh gkfu dks lEHkor% ns'k lgus dh fLFkfr esa vk x;k yxrk gS- bllaxfBr vfHk;ku ds bjkns u ladqfpr gSa] u rqPN! blls igys dHkh fdlhdh thou'kSyh dks iyVus dk gqDe tkjh ugha gqvk ftl rjg vc gqvk gS-

fQj ekeyk ek= fdlh tkfr fo'ks"k ds fgr rd lhfer gksrk bls oglEcaf/kr tkfr ;k mlds pkS/kjh yksxksa dh fpark dk fo"k; curk- vfHk;kudh ea'kk blls xgjh gS- ;gka rks insZ dh vkM+ esa f'kdkj [ksyk tk jgk gS- ;fnbl iz'u ij LoLF; ppkZ gksrh rks lEHkor% bl iqfLrdk dh vko';drk ughaFkh- LoLFk ppkZ esa v[kckj o Vsfyfotu ij nksuksa i{k dh iwjh ckr lquus ocgl dk gkSlyk jgrk rc ckr vyx gksrh- og xk;c gS] dsoy ukepkjs dsfy, dqNsd v/kdpjs rRoksa dks ysdj ^foi{kh* ckr dk ,dkaxh ftØz djdsuQjrh vfHk;ku pykus dh pkykdh cjrh tk jgh gS-

;g Hkh lkQ gS fd jktuhfr esa viuh txg dh ryk'k esa HkdVrs ,slsrRo tks vc [kki ds loky dks viuh lh<h cukus gsrq eSnku esa dwn iM+s gSa]geys dh xEHkhjrk ls vifjfpr gSa o lrgh igyqvksa ij ppkZ esa my>s [kM+sgSa- blls vUrr% lekt ds fgrksa ij pksV yxus dh lEHkkok cu xbZ gS-

fQj] ckr ek= [kki dh ugha yxrh- fu'kkuk xzkeh.k Hkkjr dhthou'kSyh vkSj mlds dsUnz esa ?kj&ifjokj dh O;oLFkk gS vkSj fu'kkuknsgkrh lekt dk viuk iwjk rkukckuk gS- crk nsa fd igys gh xzkeh.k {ks=dh ftanxh dh /kqjh ;kuh ikfjokfjd Je ij fVdh [ksrh vkSj mlds pkjksa vksjnwljs lgk;d is'kksa dks [kRe djds iwath dh ^rkdr* ij pyus okysvkfFkZd <kaps dks lkSaius ij ,d le; ls dke pkyw gS- tgka rd ;g dkevkxs c< pqdk gS] mlls vkxs pyus ds fy, xzkeh.k thou i)fr dkscnyuk ;s yksx vko';d eku dj bl vfHk;ku dks pyk jgs gSa- [krjkbl txg gS- ;g gekjk [;kyh iqyko ugha gS vkSj u dksjk Hkkoxrvuqeku gS] cfYd gkykr ds Bksl tk;ts dk fupksM+ gS ftl ij ppkZ dkgekjk bl iqfLrdk esa fopkj gS rkfd eu?kMar dgkuh dk vkjksi u yxs-

;g nkok ugha gS fd xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh orZeku thou'kSyh esa lc dqN3 4


rdZlaxr gS vkSj u vius Kku dk fdlh rjg xqeku lrk jgk gS fd [kkids iz'u ij uxjh; lH;rk ds izorZdrksa dks gj gkyr esa xyr lkfcr djusdk ,dek= edln ysdj pyus ls fdlh rjg dh larqf"V feyrh gS- bldsfy, ;g cgl NsM+us dk dksbZ bjknk ugha gS] u yksxksa dks cseryc cjxykusdh jktuhfr gekjk is'kk gS- ckr xEHkhj gS- pkg dsoy vketu dh le>nkjhdks >d>ksjus dh gS rkfd [krjs ls lpsr jg ldsa-

[kki ds iz'u ij bl iqfLrdk dh vko';drk vusd dkj.k lsvifjgk;Z gks xbZ gS- blls igys [kki ij vusd ^'kks/k* ;k iafMrkÅ fdLeds izdk'ku gSa- ;g lc nksgjkus dk ;gka iz;kl ugha gS gkykafd bu izdk'kuksadk ,dkaxhiu [kyrk gS- bl rktk izdk'ku dk lcls vge dkj.k [kki dhle> dks x<e< o xa/kyk djus dh dqps"Vk dks pqukSrh Lo:i tokc nsukgS- ,d le; ls Li"V gks pyk gS fd [kki dks ysdj fNNyh le> ds vkeekgkSy dk ykHk ysdj blds izfr uQjr dk Hkko mRiUu djus dk ns'kO;kihHkjkiwjk izpkj tkjh gS rkfd blds izfr ,d lqfu;ksftr iwokZxzg [kM+k gks-

bl vfHk;ku dks pykus okyksa dh cnfu;fr dk iz'u xkS.k gS- ekeykblls dgha xEHkhj izÑfr dk gS- iz'u ;kstukxr vfHk;ku dh ea'kk dk gS tksdgha vf/kd [krjukd gS- bl cnfu;r vfHk;ku ls inkZ mBuk gh pkfg,-;kstuk dh ckr ekeys dks vf/kd xEHkhj cukrh gS- bl izdk'ku ds vifjgk;Zgksus dk ;gh izeq[k dkj.k gS-

/;ku jgs fd mDr izpkj dk vly fu'kkuk dgha O;kid gS] [kki blvfHk;ku esa ,d l'kDr jksM+k gS] y{; nsgkr dh iwjh ijEijkxr Ñf"kiz.kkyh dks rksM+us vkSj ;gka ds ?kj&ifjokj ds rkus&ckus dks fc[kjkuk gSrkfd xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dks iyV dj iwath ds gkFk esa lkSaiuk vklku gksvkSj mlds ukStoku &yM+ds o yM+fd;ksa dks lsfB;k rcds dh lsok esatksruk fu"daVd gks lds- blds fy, gkFk iSj ekjs tk jgs gsa-

[kki pwafd xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk ij fVdh mldh thou'kSyh o laLÑfrdh <ky gSa] blfy, igys ;ss [kki fu'kkuk cuh gSa- ;g <ky u gks rks vlgk;ifjokj vius vki fc[kjsxk- bUgsa jkLrs ls gVkus esa cgqr lhek rd [kkiksa dsLo;aHkw pkS/kfj;ksa dh ukle>h us] tkus&vutkus] cM+h enn dh gS- [kkiO;oLFkk ds ekSfyd pfj= ij ukle>h us ekeys dks tfVy cukus dk dkefd;k gS vkSj mlds ckjs esa xyrQgfe;ksa dk cktkj xeZ gS-

ns'k vkSj nqfu;ka ds rktk nkSj ;kuh bDdhloha lnh ds vkjfEHkd dkyesa tks fLFkfr lkeus gS mldk rdkt+k gS fd xzkeh.k thou dks 'kgjh rgt+hcds geys ls cpk dj j[kk tk, vkSj mlds vfLrRo ij mBs [krjs dkeqdkcyk gks] de ls de nsgkrh thou ds mu rRoksa dh j{kk gks tks balkudks gSoku cukus okyh rgthc dh vpwd dkV gSa-

;kn j[ksa fd 'kgjhdj.k ds jksMjksyj ds uhps xkaoksa dh filh gfM~M;ksads pwjs ls tks dqN gkfly gksxk og lsfB;k rcds ds fy, ftl LoxZ dh lh<hcuus tk jgk gS mlls vkt dh xzkeh.k vkcknh ds fy, cckZnh ds vykokdqN gkFk yxus okyk ugha gS- e`xr`".kk ds Nykos dh ckr vyx gS- ;g ckrugha gS fd ge nsgkr ds izfr fdlh va/k eksg vFkok fdlh jkxkRedHkkoqdrko'k ;g ckr dg jgs gSa] cfYd Bksl ifjfLFkfr dk Bksl ewY;kadu;g lc dgus@djus dks etcwj dj jgk gS-

,d vU; i{k Hkh egRo dk gS- [kki ds iz'u ij ftrus ^'kks/k* oiafMrkÅ izdk'ku gq, gSa os vf/kdrj fdlh u fdlh iwoZ fu/kkZfjr y{; dkslgh lkfcr djus ds fy, fy[ks x, gSa- muesa ys[kdksa dh viuh vusdoSpkfjd detksfj;ka >ydrh gSa- buesa ,d budh n`f"V gS tks ijkbZ f'k{kk dhnsu gS- buesa fdlkuh ls mits [kki ds pkfjf=d y{k.kksa dks Bhd ls Nwvkrd ugha x;k gS- ;ss y{k.k Hkkjr dh o.kZ&O;oLFkk ij fVdh lukruh fganwlaLÑfr ls bUgsa vyx djrs gSa vkSj [kkiksa ds yksdrkfU=d pfj= o dk;Ziz.kkyhds mHkjus dk lc ls fu.kkZ;d dkj.k jgk gS- bldk de uksfVl fy;k x;kgS- ;g gksrk rks [kki dh mi;ksfxrk ij xyrQgeh [kM+h djuk brukvklku gksrk ftruk rktk vfHk;ku esa ns[kus dks feyk gSa-

bl izdk'ku dk ;g dkj.k Hkh gS fd ekStwnk [kki rksM+ks vfHk;ku dsbjknksa dks lgh ls js[kkafdr djus esa xyrh gqbZ gS] blesa ,d ,dkaxhiu gS-izpkj vfHk;ku dk vk;ke ftruk vc rd le>k x;k gS og mlls dghaO;kid gS- bl ckjs esa vf/kdrj Lo;a [kki leFkZdksa dh oSpkfjd viaxrk blv{kerk dk ,d cM+k dkj.k gS-

lkadsfrd n`f"V ls ;gka ,d iz'u iwNk tk ldrk gS fd vaxzstksa ds ;gkals fcnk gks tkus ds lkB lky ckn ns'k esa leySafxd ;kSu o fookg iz.kkyhdh txg jSuclsjs dh thou i)fr dks dkuwuh vk/kkj nsus vkSj [kki dksrksM+us dk vfHk;ku laxfBr djus esa D;k dksbZ lh/kk lEca/k gS vFkok ;g ek=

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la;ksx gS fd ns'k esa ;kSu lEca/kuksa ij ,dne if'peh n`f"V viukbZ tk jghgS ftl dh jkg esa [kki O;oLFkk dks ,d 'kfDr'kkyh #dkoV ekuk tk jgkgS- Hkkjr dh lkekftd cquxr dk ;g ,d igyw gS ftls fopkj esa j[kk tkukpkfg, fd vk;Z lekt] lukru fganw iaFk] fl[k] tSu o eqfLye iaFk blif'peh thou'kSyh ds geys ds lkeus iwjh rjg ukdkjk lkfcr gks jgs gSa]tcfd [kki dh dfcykbZ O;oLFkk buls dgha vf/kd l{ke o izHkko'kkyhgS rFkk iwjh rjg turkf+U=d o tkfr@ iaFk fuisZ{k xzkeh.k thou'kSyh gS-

bl vfHk;ku esa yxk gqvk iwjk v[kckjh txr tc [kki dks tkVleqnk; ls tksMrk gS rks+ mldh uh;r esa [kksV >ydrk gS- yxrk gS fdvU; tkfr;ksa dks [kki O;oLFkk ds fo#) [kM+k djus dk iz;kl gks jgkgS rkfd xzkeh.k vkcknh dks ckaV dj vius bl ;q) dks os thr ldsa-

;kn j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd v[kckjh txr o Vsfyfotu O;olk;dk ekeyk igys tSlk ugha jg x;k gS] vc og lsfB;k tekr ds gkFk dkviuk vkStkj gS tks iwjs <kaps dks vius dCts esa j[kus gsrq gj ?kM+h cspSujgrk gS- lafo/kku esa c;ku vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=rk dkss vius fy, lesVfy;k gS- ehfM;k dh LorU=rk ,lds dCts esa pyh xbZ gS- bUgsa lekt dsfgrksa ls ysuknsuk ugha gS] os bls vius fgrksa ds fy, iz;ksx djrs gSa-

,d lanHkZ esa geus chrs lky ;g vo/kkj.kk izLrqr dh Fkh fd vc Hkkjrds xzkeh.k {ks= esa nks foijhr laLÑfr;ksa ds chp vudgk x`g;q) fNM+k gqvkgS ftlesa nq'eu i{k us xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dh i<h&fy[kh larku dks vius i{kesa Qkal fy;k gS vkSj muds da/ks ij canwd j[k dj ;g ;q) yM+ jgs gSa- blesatc [kkiksa uss n[ky nsdj lEcaf/kr ifjokjksa dks lgkjk nsuk vkjEHk fd;k rHkhls ;g i)fr 'kgjh pkS/kfj;ksa ds geys dk fu'kkuk cuh gSa- ;g la;ksx ughagS- u bls vyx djds ns[kk tk ldrk gS- ¼ns[ksa] ukStokuksa dh cspSu nqfu;ka vkSjcscl ifjokj]] 2009] rgjhd izdk'ku jksgrd½

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}kjk vkRegR;kvksa dh [kcjksa ls ekgkSy Hkj x;k rc tk dj liuk VwVk fdekeyk dgha nwljk gS vkSj csgn [krjukd Hkh!

nks n'kd ls de gh dgk tkrk gS fd xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh fn'kk o n'kk*cnyuh gS- ukjk cnyk gS- y{; iyV x;k gS- ,syku gS fd xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkkdks vkS|ksfxd@O;olkf;d t:jrksa ds fglkc ls lsB pyk;saxs] ty] taxt][knku o tehu ij nsgkr eksg R;kx ns- ¼ns[ksa Hkktik 'kklu }kjk tkjh ubZÑf"k uhfr&2000½ vc blh ds vuq:i xzkeh.k rgthc dks u;k jax:i nsusgsrq [kqydj dgk tkus yxk gS fd nsgkr dks viuh nfd;kuwlh rgthc NksM+dj 'kgjh lH;rk vks<uh iM+sxh rc dgha jksVh dk tqxkM+ cSBsxk! LorU= is'ksdh lksp ,oa Lo'kklh O;oLFkk ds lius dks Hkwy tkus dh Hkjh&iwjh ulhgrgS! ;gh ugha] fczfV'k 'kklu dh xqykeh ls ihNk NqM+kus okys LorU=rkvkUnksyu esa mBs lokyksa dks iyVk tk jgk gS- ml le; fdlh us ugha dgkFkk fd vktknh dk eryc ;gka dh ;qok ih<h dks jksVh ds fy, ns'kh lsBksads ;gka ikuh Hkjuk iM++sxk tSlk 'kgjhdj.k ds ukjs dk vFkZ cu x;k gS-

'kgjhdj.k ds bl vfHk;ku dk vFkZ lM+dsa cukuk o lkQ&lqFkjscaxyksa esa jguk gksrk rc ,rjkt dh ckr ugha gksrh- gj vkneh thouLrj esa lq/kkj dk vkdka{kh gS- nsgkr ds yksx Hkyk D;ksa u gksa\ fdUrq lM+do vPNs edku cukus ls lsfB;k rcdk lUrq"V jgus okyk ugha gS- mldhI;kl vdwr /ku ywVus dh gS- mlds fy, mls ^?kj&ifjokj ds eksg eerkls eqDr ;kuh ^LorU=* ml O;fDr dh t:jr gS tks mlds vkns'kkuqlkjlqcg&'kke pkgus ij lLrs nke [kVus dks rS;kj gksa- og rc miyC/kgksxk tc xzkeh.k lgthou fc[kjsxk] ?kj&ifjokj VwVsxk] lLrh etnwjhij fcdus okyk vkneh futh LokFkZ esa gSoku cusxk-

bl 'kgjhdj.k ds rgr vHkkoxzLr nsgkr dkss ckgj /kdsy dj uxj dhefyu cfLr;ksa esa ftanxh dkVus dh etcwjh [kM+h dj nh xbZ gS rkfd ;s lLrsetnwj cu ldsa- bl ckj bldk uD'kk rS;kj djus ds fy, ljdkj usvejhdu dEiuh eSdsath dh lsok,a yh gSa ftlus lu~ 2030 rd 'kgjhdj.kdh ;kstuk dk izk:i is'k fd;k gS- yxHkx lHkh jktuhfrd ny o mudsusrk yksx bl fp= ls vfHkHkwr gSa! ?kks"k.kk gks pqdh gS fd igys pj.k esa]vkcknh ds de ls de 60 izfr'kr fgLls dks 'kgjh cukuk gS ;kuh xzkeh.k{ks= dks lsBksa ds gokys djuk gS-

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xzkeh.k lH;rk ls ;g uxjh; 'kSyh dksbZ csgrj fodYi gks rc rksfdlh dks Hkh viuh fn'kk cnyus esa Hkyk ijgst dSls gks ldrk gS] xzkeh.kHkkjr dks Hkh ugha gks ldrk gS- fdUrq] isp csgrj* gksus ds Bksl izek.k dk gS-dSls ekuk tk, fd 'kgfj;ksa ds bjkns usd gSa vkSj mudh pepekrh rgthcesa ftanxh dks ldwu feysxk] vkilnkjh cph jgsxh vkSj jksVh ds fy,fdlh /kuoku dh lsok djuk vkneh&vkSjr dh etcwjh ugha cusxh]balku dk lEeku mUgsa feysxk\ ugha] 'kgjh lH;rk esa ,slk dqN miyC/k gksusdh dksbZ mEehn ugha gS- ekeyk vly esa myV fn'kk okyk gS-

lUnsg vk/kkjghu ugha gS% nsgkrh vkcknh igys lkB lky esa cgqr /kks[kk[kk pqdh gS- mlds LoLFk y{k.kksa dks rksM+k x;k gS- xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fuoklhew< o csodwQ yksxksa dk tekoM+k rks gS ugha fd vius Hkys&cqjs esa rehtdjuk tkurs ugha vkSj ;wa gh ;dhu dj ysaxs fd uxjh; lH;rk dk O;kikjdjus okys vc =krk cu dj mudh uS;k ikj djus ds fy, /kjrh ij vorfjrgq, gSa- pkj lkS lky dk fo'oO;kih bfrgkl crkrk gS fd uxjh; lH;rkyqVsjh lH;rk gS] balku ds [kwu o ilhus ij ekSt djus okyh vej csy gSftlds tM+foghu fpdus ikr dk fo"k ydokekj vkd"kZ.k ij iyrk gS-

gks ;g jgk gS fd dkfry gh goynkj] vf/koDrk o equflQ ¼;kuhU;k;/kh'k½ gS vkSj Lo;a gh tsy dk gfFk;kjcan v/kh{kd Hkh! gkykr dk cM+klp ;gh gS- ;s 'kgjh lH;rk ds egkuqHkko Lo;a gh r; dj jgs gSa fd xzkeh.kHkkjr ds fy, D;k pht Bhd gS- mUgsa vius dkS'ky] vius Kku dk brukxqeku gS fd 'ks"k Hkkjr dks mudh >wBu ij fQnk gksus dk vkns'k gS! turU=dh mudh ;g ifjHkk"kk Lo;a dk ?kM+k ,slk 'kkL= gS ftls xzg.k djus dkvuqYya?kuh; Qjeku gS- vihy dh dgha lEHkkouk Hkh ugha- vaxzst ljek;snkjtc Hkkjr ij 'kklu pykrs Fks rks mudk dguk Fkk fd bfrgkl us mUgsa blHkwHkkx dks lH; cukus ds fy, Hkstk gS- vc ,slk gh dqN ;s Hkkjr ds viusvaxzst dg jgs gSa fd mUgs lH; cukuk gS gekjs dgs vuqlkj lq/kj tkvks!

fdUrq] bfrgkl esa ,slh /kkSal dks turU= ugha] vkSifuosf'kd pkS/kj dgkx;k gS% fdlh ,d i{k }kjk nwljs dks mldh ethZ ds fcuk fdlh fNis bjknsls xqyke dh rjg tcju ukFk dj j[kuk ;k gkaduk xqykeh gS ftldsfo#) bruk yEck la?k"kZ ;gka pyk Fkk- dgus ek= ls vFkZ ugha cnyrs-

lq/kjuk rks mls gh gksxk tks xyrh ij gksxk- blds fy, igys r;rks gks tk, fd dkSu xyr gS vkSj jkg fdlh csrqdh gS- ns'k dk HkkX;fdlls r; gksuk gS vkSj vU;k; dk fujkdj.k dSls gksxk\ fQj] xyrhdks Bhd ls js[kkafdr djuk Hkh euekus <ax ls r; ugha gks ldrk gS-bldh cqf) dsoy 'kgfj;ksa ds gh ikl gS] ;g dcwy ugha fd;k tk ldrkgS- dqN le> xzkeh.k Hkh j[krs gSa- ;kn jgs fd bDdhloha lnh esavkSifuosf'kd bjkns lQy gksus dh lEHkkouk cgqr de gS-

ns[kuk ;g gS fd fdl vk/kkj ij]] dkSu r; djsxk vkSj dSls r;djsxk fd uxjh; lH;rk dk lp D;k gS vkSj og xzkeh.k Hkkjr dks lghesa ,d csgrj thou dh jkg [kksyus dh {kerk j[krh gS ;k ugha\ vHkh rks;g fu.kZ; Lo;a uxjh; lH;rk ds O;kikjh dj jgs gSa fd mudk ekylcls csgrj gS] m/kkj ds Kku'kkL= dh 'kg ij ;g ijkØe gS- rek'kk ;gfd eky Hkh udyh] nke Hkh euekus vkSj xq.kxku Hkh viuh rtZ ij!-

xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fuoklh lh/ks&lk/ks gSa fdUrq bldk vFkZ ;g ughayxkuk pkfg, fd os ew< gSa vFkok pkykdh dks ij[kus dh {kerk [kks cSBs gSa-ftanxh ds vuqHko vkSj vkilh vknku&iznku ls lh[kus dk mudk viukgh vankt gS- chrs lkB lky dk vuqHko muds lkeus gS- vr% muds lkFkcjrh xbZ pkykdh ls os cstkj gq, gSa- muesa vc cspSuh gS-

;g r; gksuk 'ks"k gS fd pkj lkS lky dh vkS|ksfxd@O;olkf;dlH;rk ls fo'o esa jgus dh dksbZ csgrj txg cuh gS ;k ugha- ,d ckr Li"VgS fd vke vkneh dh ftanxh ls ldwu xk;c gks pqdk gS] vHkko dk vfHk'kkiflj ij ukp jgk gS] HkkbZpkjk] lgu'khyrk] vkilnkjh@feyulkjh] lgHkkfxrkvkSj vkilh fo'okl lkekftd ftanxh ls yxHkx xk;c gS- vU;k; vkSjvQjkrQjh ds ekgkSy dh tM+s te pqdh gSa- vkneh dk vewY;;u gqvk gSrks ywV&[klksV us iSj tek fy, gS- csjkstxkjh uss fØ;k'khy vkcknh dksukdkjk cuk dj NksM+ fn;k gS- bu pkj lkS lky dk ;gh Qy feyk gS-

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;g lc vius vki ugha gks x;k- vke vkneh [kqn gh fxjkoV dkf'kdkj gks x;k] ;g nyhy cgdkus dk rks vPNk rdZ'kkL= gS fdUrq gS fuiVpkyckth dk xf.kr ftlls pkj lkS lky dh /kks[kkiÍh fcu jksdVksd pyrhvk jgh gS] bls le> ysuk csgrj gksxk- fLFkfr ,slh gS fd pqi jguk ?kkrdgksxk rFkk dqN ckrksa dks lkQ djuk vR;Ur t:jh gks x;k gS- lkQ le>ds vHkko esa lkekU;r% xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh ;qok ih<h vf/kd [krjs esa iM+rh gSvkSj 'kgjh lE;rk dk eksg mls lgtHkko Mlus esa lQy gks tkrk gS- bl;qok ih<h ds izfr viuk nkf;Ro Bhd ls fuHkkus esa gqbZ dksrkgh ls gkfu dkvuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS- ftl rjg ds vk{ksi gS mudh rg esa tkus dk;g iz;kl gS- bjknk lp rd tkus dk gS- bl iz;kl esa dqN txg ckr j[kusesa ;fn dgha vf/kd rY[kh vk xbZ gS] 'kCn dBksj dMqos gks x, gSa vkSj fdlhlTtu dks ukxokj xqtjs rks {kek;kph gwa- xyrh lq/kkjus dh lnk rRijrkjgsxh- ikBdks ds lq>koksa dks eqY;oku eku dj fopkj esa j[kus dk ok;nk gS-

Kku flag

nwljs laLdj.k gsrq vusd txg dkV&NkaV dh xbZ gS rks ,d nks u;siSarjksa dh Nkuchu esa cgqr dqN tqM+k gS] [kki ds loky ij** dh txg u;ks'kh"kZd iz;ksx gqvk gS- [kki dk lUnHkZ gks rks jktlÙkk dk iz'u mBrk gS-20oha lnh esa ysfuu dh ^jktlÙkk vkSj Økafr** uked jpuk dk bl iz'u dksle>us esa O;kid izHkko jgk gS- cnyh ifjfLFkfr esa o ukdkQh gS- bl igywij dqN ckrsa vkbZ gSa- jpuk dh lEHkor mi;ksfxrk c<h- [kki :ihxkaox.kjkT; dh lfØ;rk dks dkuwuh nkoisp ls HkksFkjk djus ds iz;kl esaHkktik 'kklu ds iksVk tSls cnuke dkuwu dks fQj ls ns'k ds flj ij yknusds iz;kl dk uksfVl fy;k tkuk pkfg,- vejhdk ds cq'k us vkradokn dktks cgkuk x<+k Fkk mlesa Hkkjr dks tksMus gsrq Hkktik ljdkj us iksVk ukedcnuke dkuwu cuk;k Fkk- rhoz fojks/k ij ckn esa og [kRe gqvk- [kkiksas dsfo#) udyh tuer* rS;kj dj ysus ds ckn vc dkuwu esa iksVk tSls[krjukd dkuwuh nkoisp dks LFkkbZ rkSj ij txg nsus dh rS;kjh fpnaEcjetSls yksxksa dh ns'k dks oSlh gh lsok gS tSlk ,d le; ifjokj fu;kstu dhtcju ulcanh eqghe pyh Fkh- mldk vlj dqN vyx gksxk] ugha dgldrs- [krjk mlh rjg dk gS-

vDrwcj] 2010 Kku flag

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lkekftd rkusckus dk Lo:i%D;k ysa] D;k NksM+sa

gekjk xkao lekt pkSrjQk f?kjrk tk jgk gS- viuksa dh detksfj;kaviuh txg] og f'kdkfj;ksa ds fu'kkus ij p< x;k gS- pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjs esagS- tehu gkFk ls tk jgh gS- nwljs lk/ku gSa ugha- ?kj&ckj mtkM+ ij gSa- ?kjdh larku ia[k fudyrs gh csdkcw gksrh tk jgh gS] mldh ijkbZ cksyh] ijk;k[kku&iku] ijkbZ pky&<ky vthc nkLrku dgrh yxrh gS- Mj&Mj esa fnudVrk gS- ;g gky yxHkx lc ?kjksa dk gS-

[kki vkSj [kki dh vkM+ esa ?kj&ifjokj dh t:jr ij iz'u mBk;ktkus yxk gS- budh orZeku n'kk Hkh dksbZ Hkjkslk ugha nsrh gS- mlds psgjsdks efyu djus okyksa dh Hkh ck< gS- ,sls yksx Hkh gS tks eu ls xzkeh.k thouij mBs cknyksa ls fpafrr gSa fdUrq jkg dh lw>&cw> v/kwjh jgus ls fopfyrgSa fd 'kq#vkr dgka ls gks- vr% vko';d gS fd ckr igys blds dqNcqfu;knh igyqvksa ls vkjEHk gks rkfd insZ esa fNis bjknksa dh Bhd ls igpkuesa xyrh u jgs vkSj fdlh l'kDr cpko dh jkg jks'ku gks-

iz'u dh tM+ esa lfn;ksa&nj&lfn;ksa ls ftl rjg ds lqdwu Hkjs thoudks thus ds ge vH;Lr jgs gSa og ?kj&ifjokj] fcjknjh o cLrh lektvFkkZr xkao ds lgkjs ij fVdh O;oLFkk gS tks thou ds yEcs vuqHko ls mHkjhgS vkSj ftls iwoZtksa us viuh le> vkSj vius gkykr ds vuqlkj vc rdlatks dj j[kk gS- ;g fdlh jkt ;k jktk dh Ñik ls ugha cuh- xkaodksbZ vyx Fkyx bdkbZ ugha gS] og xqgk.M ¼iM+kSlh xkao½] ris o [kki {ks=esa iM+us okys xkaoksa ls tqM+h bdkbZ gS- HkkbZpkjs dk lw= bUgsa ,d djrk gS- ;giz.kkyh ,d fnu esa ugha cuh- blds fodkl esa lfn;ka yxha vkSj vuqHkoksa lslh[k&nj&lh[k ysrs gq, vkxs c<s- bldk ,d vrhr gS] orZeku gS vkSj ,d

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Hkfo"; ij fuxkg gS- blh Øeokj la?k"kZ dk ;g rkukckuk [kM+k gqvk] ftlesafujspu dh {kerk ;kuh le; ds cgko esa lM+ pqds va'k dks ckgj dj u;sdks xzg.k djus dh {kerk ds pyrs vius dks vkxs Bsyus dh vlhe 'kfDr gS-gj thoUr lekt dk ;g viuk xq.k jgk gS- Hkkjr bldk viokn ugha gS-

bl xkao o xkao lekt dh tku vkilnkjh] HkkbZpkjk] lgHkkfxrk]feyulkjh vkSj Hkjkslk ;s ikap vko';d rRo gSa- ;s u gksa vFkok buesa ls dksbZrRo xk;c gks rks og xkao ugha gS] u mldk lekt cprk gS- /kkj.kk ;g gSfd xkao mudk tks ogka okl djrs vk, gSa- mldh O;oLFkk ds os gh Lo;aekfyd gSa- viuk Hkyk&cqjk os le>rs gSa- mudh ethZ ds fcuk dksbZ muijckr FkkSaius dk vf/kdkjh ugha gS- jkt Hkh ugha- vius vUn:uh dkedkt dksfeydj ijEijk ds vuqlkj pykus dk mudk viuk gd gS- ogka fdlh dheuekuh ugha pyrh] u dksbZ fQtwy gS- lc dk viuk egRo gS] lEekucjkcjh dk gS- dgus&lquus dk gd lc dk leku gS-

ifjokj ds lk>s Je ij vkfJr [ksrh o mlds lgk;d thfodk ds/ka/ks xzkeh.k lekt dh jh< jgs gSa- ;g feydj pyus okyk /ka/kk gS ftllsvkilnkjh iuih gS vkSj HkkbZpkjk cuk gS- vkxs pydj m|ksx dkS'ky [ksrhdk lgk;d {ks= fodflr gqvk( ysfdu vkt ds m|ksx&O;kikj dh pkykdhvkSj ekj/kkM+ dk [ksrh ds bl lgk;d dkS'ky dk dqN esy ugha Fkk- og [ksrhij fuHkZj dkS'ky Fkk ftldk pkfjf=d y{k.k vyx rjg dk jgk tks nsgkrhthou'kSyh dk vk/kkj gS- ;g lc tkuuk vko';d gS D;ksafd gekjs laLdkjo ijEijk,a gekjs is'k ls curh@ fcxM+rh gSa fdlh dh ethZ ij ugha- tksdksbZ buls euekuh f[kyokM+ djrk gS og ;k rks fdlh ijkbZ rgthc ds fy,tkus&vutkus dke djrk gS ;k fQj /kks[ks esa thrk@tkxrk gS vkSj iwjslekt ds fy, [krjk mRiUu djrk gS-

ppkZ ds lUnFkZ esa ;g le>uk csgrj gksxk fd Hkkjr dk if'pehnqfu;ka ls tgka viokn jgk og ;gka dh jktu O;oLFkk dk viuk <ax gS]ftldk orZeku laLdj.k jktlÙkk dgykrk gS- ;gka jktk dks dHkh ekfydugha cuus fn;k x;k- jktk u dg dj] bls jktU; uke ls tkuk x;k- jktU;ds dke dk nk;jk lksp&le> dj vR;Ur lhfer j[kk x;k- xkao o ifjokjds thou esa n[ky nsus dk jktU; dks vf/kdkj ugha Fkk- vius nk;js ls vkxsc<us dh pkg ysdj tks jktk ekfyd cuus pyk mls ckgj dk jkLrk fn[kk

fn;k x;k- ;g bfrgkl dk ntZ rF; gS- ;gka dk lkekftd thou Lo'kklhjgk- bldk vFkZ gS fd vius lkekftd thou dks xkao lekt vius <ax lspykus dk gd j[krs Fks- blesa jkt dk dqN n[ky ugha pyrk Fkk- blds gevH;Lr gSa- blds vuq:i mlds lkekftd rkukckus dh cquxr rS;kj gqbZ Fkh-

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^ ftruk •h mfpr D;ksa u gks] ge ugÈ le>rs gSa fd ¼•kjr dh½çkphu xkao O;oLFkk dh iquLFkkZiuk lE•o gS ftlesa vius gjlnL; ds fy, xkao lekt ftEesnkj gksrk Fkk vkSj mlds dk;ks± dkslapkfyr djus dk vf/kdkjh Fkk- ysfdu ge bls okaNuh; le>rsgSa fd fodsUæh;dj.k ds fgr dh rjg gh yksxksa dks ç’kklu dsLFkkuh; dke ds lkFk tksMus ds fy, xkao iapk;rksa dk xBu fd;ktk;s rkfd LFkkuh; ekeyksa dh O;oLFkk gks- ¼ iSjk 699] i`“V 239½

fczfV'k ljdkj us blh uhfr ij dke fd;k- bjkns tks gksa] blls ldwuHkjs lekt ds fgr ij Hkkjh pksV iM+h- bldh HkjikbZ vklku ugha- blusbalku dh fQrjr dks iyV dj j[k fn;k-

vktknh dh ngyht ij [kM+k gks dj] 1946&49 esa] tc ;gka ds fy,iz'kklfud <kapk r; gksus yxk rks LorU=rk vkUnksyu esa vktkn ns'k dscrkSj mHkjh vkdka{kkvksa dks ok.kh nsrs gq, ckr mBh fd u;s Hkkjr dks vius7 yk[k xkao&x.kjkT;ksa dk ifjla?k gksuk pkfg,- ;g iw.kZ :i ls vius vrhrdh LoLFk fojklr ds vuq:i pkgr Fkh ftls chp esa lkr leanj ikj ls vkdj ,d pkykd bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds :i esa O;kikjh us tcju rglugl dj fn;k Fkk vkSj ftl dks 1857 ds ckn baXyS.M dh ckn'kkgr usdqpyus dk dqpØ pyk;k Fkk- lafo/kku lHkk esa bl pkgr ds ihNs dk rdZmlh Lo'kklh jktU; :ih Lo'kklh x.kjkT; dh /kkj.kk dke djrh Fkh-mudk dguk Fkk fd xqykeh ds nkSj esa dh xbZ iz'kklfud myVQsj dksfeVkrs gq, ;g lc gksus ij gh yxsxk fd ge vktkn gq, gSa-

tc 4 uoEcj 1948 ds fnu lafo/kku lHkk esa izLrkfor <kaps dk elkSnk

1413


is'k djrs le; yksxksa dh bl pkgr ij ikuh Qsjrs gq, ,d vR;ar dsUnhHkwr,oa 'kfDr'kkyh jktlÙkk dh odkyr gqbZ vkSj xzkeh.k Hkkjr ij rksgeryxkrs gq, mlh yqVsjh lH;rk ds dlhns i<s x, rks vktknh vkUnksyu ds,d&ij&,d yxHkx lHkh izfrfuf/k;ksa us te dj bl HkkSaM+s iz;kl dh dM+s'kCnksa esa HkRlZuk dh- fQj Hkh] bu izfrfuf/k;ksa dh ckr ij /;ku u nsdj oghxqykeh nkSj dk iqjkuk <kapk vks< fy;k x;k ftls vaxzst 'kkldksa us ;gkayknk Fkk- og vHkh Hkh tkjh gS- [kki O;oLFkk bl Mkaps ds myV iM+rh gS-

bl ijkbZ lksp okys xqykeh ds nLrkost esa iqjkus iz'kklfud lkaLÑfrd<kaps dk :i tu fojks/kh jgk gS] blesa u dgha xkao lekt gS] u ?kj&ifjokjdks txg feyh gS- cfYd myVs] ?kj&ifjokj o cLrh lekt dks gks lds rksrksM+us] ugha rks [kks[kyk djds NksM+us dk lkeku ekStwn gS- 4 uoEcj 1948dk og Hkk"k.k bldh iqf"V djrk gS- ;gh ugha] vktknh ds ckn chrs Ngn'kd esa bl ;kstuk ij ftl rjg dke gqvk gS mlh dk ifj.kke gS fd vkt?kj&?kj esa pje O;fDrokn dh ;q)Hksjh ct jgh gS ftlds fy, xkao dhrgthc] mlds ewY;ksa dks njfdukj djus dk vfHk;ku tkjh gS-

bl vfHk;ku esa xkao dks fir`&lÙkkRed euekuh ds uhps ncs&dqpysO;fDr dh LorU=rk* dh dcz crk dj ckr gksrh gS vkSj ekStwnk if'peh <kapsdks O;fDr&LorU=rk dk LoxZ eku dj nyhy x<+h tkrh gS fd Hkkjr dksvk/kqfud cuus dh jkg esa nsgkr :ih jksM+s dks gVkuk rFkk mlds 'kgjhdj.kdk y{; ije vko';d gS! le> ysa fd ;g rdZ lQsn >wB dk iqfyank gS-

?kj&ifjokj esa O;fDr] O;fDr jgrs gq, Hkh ,dy vfLrRo dk /kuhugha gS- og Hkjs iwjs ifjokj dk vfHkUu vax gS tgka mls vius LFkku ijLorU=rk gS rks lkewfgd thou i)fr ds ikyu dh ftEesnkjh Hkh fuHkkuhgksrh gS- fdUrq] tc bu ftEesnkfj;ksa dks fir`&lÙkkRed otZuk crk djO;fDr dh LorU=rk dk ukjk mBrk gS rks vk'pZ; gksrk gS- ;s yksx ?kj&ifjokjdh iwjh O;oLFkk dks gh ykafNr djrs gksrs gSa-

ykaNu yxkus okys crk ldrs gSa fd Hkkjr ds xkao dh fir`&lÙkk dseqdkcys if'pe txr dh ftl vkS|ksfxd lH;rk okyh O;fDr LorU=rk dkt;xku os dj jgs gSa D;k ukSdjh ij dke djus okyk mldk og LorU=O;fDr vius ekfyd dh otZuk dks eku dj pyus ds fy, etcwj ugha gksrkgS\ m|ksx ekfyd ds fgrksa dh [kkfrj vuq'kklu dh j{kk esa Je foHkkx

yxk;k gqvk gS] vnkyr o iqfyl dk iDdk izca/k gS! rc og ?kj&ifjokjesa vius eka&cki dh otZuk ls fdl ek;us esa csgrj gS vkSj rc bl ekfyddh otZuk dks fdl lÙkk dh xqykeh dgk tk,xk rFkk bl xqykeh ls dSlseqfDr feysxh ;k ugha feysxh\ ;g dSls gS fd lc ds leku tUe ls LorU=O;fDr lsB dh xqykeh esa mldk ikuh Hkjus ds fy, D;ksa etcwj fd;k x;kgS vkSj mldh bl xqykeh ls eqfDr dk ,ts.Mk dc cusxk] dkSu cuk;sxk\

xkao dks xkyh nsus okys D;k tkurs gSa fd O;fDr thou i;ZUr?kj&ifjokj dk vax gksrk gS] dksbZ pyrkÅ jSuclsjs dk tho ugha gS\ mlesalEifÙk lk>s dh gS- vyx cgh&[kkrk j[kus dk dksbZ pyu ugha! NksVs&cM+sdk fj'rs vuqlkj lEeku gS- lejlrk o cjkcjh ?kj&ifjokj dh tku gS- ,dpwYgs ij tks Hkkstu lk>k djsa ;kuh lk>h jlksbZ ftldk vk/kkj gS] mlsifjokj ekuus dh jhr gS- dqy dqVqEc mls ekuk x;k gS tks lq[k&nq[k esalk>hnkj gSa o fdlh lnL; dh xyrh ij ,d leku 'keZ'kkj gksrs gksa- ,slsdqyksa dks feyk dj fcjknjh cuh- [kwu dk fj'rk bldh igpku gS- xks=fo'ks"k dk ;g fj'rk vk/kkj gS- lxks=t ds fy, ?kjS, 'kCn dk iz;ksx izpfyrgSA- ,d gh dqVqEc&[kkunku ;kuh ,d gh nknk dh ;s vkSykn gSa- xyrh vFkokxyr dke ij 'keZ dk myV 'kCn vkWuj ;kuh bTtr dgykrh gS-

fcjknjh tc&tc cqyk, rc fey dj cSBs] fooknh iz'u ij eaFku djs;k lgefr ij fu.kZ; ys mls ,d [kkl {ks= esa xks= vFkok fcjknjh dhiapk;r] xks=&[kki vU; ekeyksa esa [kki dk uke fn;k x;k gS- ns'k ds vU;Hkkxksa esa bls dgha iky] dgha x.klHkk rks dgha vU; uke ls tkuk tkrk gS-;g gj tkfr esa izpfyr fey cSB dj fopkj dh izFkk gS- blesa ljdkjhvnkyrh <kaps dh rjg fj'or nsdj NwVus dk pksj njoktk ugha gS ftllsvijk/kh rRo okosyk epkus yxs gSa- vius vUn:uh ekeyksa esa ljdkj vFkokfdlh ckgjh rRoksa ds n[ky ls ijgst ds pyrs gj ifjokj lkekU;r viuhfcjknjh ds lg;ksx esa lgt eglwl djrk gS vkSj mlij vf/kd Hkjkslkdjds py jgk gS- blesa D;k xyr gS vkSj bl jkg dks D;ksa can fd;k tk,\

rktk vfHk;ku esa HkkbZpkjs dks dkslk x;k gS- xkao ds HkkbZpkjs dh lkspokyh vo/kkj.kk ij vkifÙk mBh gS- ftl rjg ls [kki esa HkkbZpkjs dks lkearhlksp crk dj xzkeh.k Hkkjr dks fiNM+sui dk dq.M crkus ij cy fn;k x;kgS] mlds rkRi;Z dks le> ysa- bl ykaNu ls ;g Hkko mBrk gS fd 'kgjoklh

1615


vkSj mldh rgthc HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk ls Hk; [kkrh gS- D;ksa\ dkj.k gSa-

Hkkb Zpkj s dk lEca/k ,d cLrh] ,d is'ks esa ca/ks fj'rs ls gS- bls HkkbZpkjsdh iapk;r vFkok [kki ls tkuk tkrk gS- fcjknjh o HkkbZpkjs dh nks vyx[kki gSa ftuesa QdZ dks le>uk vR;ar vko';d gS- xkao dk HkkbZpkjk,d izfØ;k esa cuk fj'rk gS- xkao ,d cLrh gS- [kwu ds fj'rsnkj rFkklk>snkjh ij fVds is'ksojksa dss lkFk&lkFk jgus ls xkao cuk gS tks mRiknuds lk/kuksa dk lk>s esa gdnkj cuk Fkk- ml le; ty] taxy] tehu o[knkuksa dh lEink ij xkao dk gd vfLrRo esa vk;k- bls rksM+ dj tehuij futh ekfydh dk gd vaxzstksa us viuss dCtkus ds fy, cuk;k Fkk-

xkao ds HkkbZpkjs dk Hkko o oLrqxr fLFkfr ikfjokfjd Je bdkbZ dh[ksrh esa tqM+s lk>s fgrksa ds pyrs cuk Fkk- vc Hkh bldk Bksl vk/kkj Ñf"kdeZgS- [ksrh esa gj ifjokj ds efgyk lesr lc lnL;ksa dh lfØ; Hkwfedk dspyrs vkilh Hkjksls ij fVdk HkkbZpkjk mHkjk gS- ,slh [ksrh lk>snkjh olgHkkfxrk ds fcuk fVdrh gh ugha- blesa HkkbZ&cgu dk Hkko loksZifj ekuktkrk gS- ;g gokbZ ;k euksxr fopkj ugha gS ftls tc pkgk eku fy;k] tcpkgk rksM+ fn;k- HkkbZpkjs dk egRo blesa fufgr gS-

,d rjg ls ¼1½ ?kj&ifjokj] ¼2½ dqVqEc&dchyk] ¼3½ xkao] fQj ¼4½xqgk.M] ¼5½ rik] ;k dgha ¼6½ pkSxkek&vBxkek] ckgjk] pkSchlh] pkSjklh[kki o ¼7½ egkiapk;r vFkok nlkSM++h iapk;r esa xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds lkekftdthou dk og rkukckuk fleVk gS tks bls thoUr cuk dj j[krk gS- t:jriM+us ij ,d nk;js ds ckn nwljs ls tqM+uk] lg;ksx djuk iz.kkyh dh tkugS- buesa >xM+ksa dk fuiVkjk Hkh HkkbZpkjs }kjk gksrk gS% viusa }kjk viuksa dsfy, jgus&clus dh gkyr cuk dj j[kuk bldk y{; gS- fookn fuiVkusesa eq[; y{; HkkbZpkjs dks cpk dj j[kuk gS- ,d Lrj ij gqbZ xyrh dksvxys Lrj dh [kki }kjk lq/kkjus lqyVkus dk ftEek fy;k tkrk gS- [kkiu gks rks ,dy ?kj&ifjokj dh fLFkfr vukFk o vlgk; dh gks tkrh gS-

;gh og ifjfLFkfr;ka gSa tks ifjokj dks] xkao dks thoUr j[krh gS- buifjfLFkfr;ksa us gh xkao dh rgthc o vkpkj&fopkj dks fodflr djus esaHkwfedk vnk dh gS- bls jl nsrh gSa- ;gh og fojklr gS tks ih<h&nj&ih<hlgsth tkrh gS vkSj ;gh blds ewy lw= gSa- buds fcuk nsgkr] nsgkr ughacprk gS- tc vkSj tgka buesa detksjh vkrh gS mlh lhek rd le> ysuk

pkfg, nsgkr dh viuh uhao [kks[kyh gksrh gS ftldh j{kk gksuk lHkh lspro foosdh yksxksa dk viuk ,d dke curk gS- dke dfBu gks x;k gS] fdUrqcpko dk nwljk vU; dksbZ fodYi Hkh ugha gS-

xzkeh.k Hkkjr ij bl rktk geys esa xkao dks vksPNk vkSj cSdoM+Z crkusrFkk lkfcr djus dh rRijrk dk ekgkSy cu pqdk gS vkSj 'kgjh lH;rk dksvk/kqfudrk dh fu'kkuh crk dj iwjk fookn ,d [kkl rjg ds nEHk ij vkfVdk gS- nsgkrh vkcknh esa ghu Hkkouk [kM+h djuk bldk ,d edln gSrkfd Lo;a ;s vius dks fiNM+k eku ysa- tgu esa cSBk fn;k gS fd 'kgjhdj.kthou dk ije y{; gS] nkos dh ij[k vko';d gS-

nsgkr cuke ’kgj%nks foijhr lH;rkvksa ds v[kkMs

'kgj] vly esa] foLFkkfirksa dk tekoM+k gS ftudh dksbZ ,d fojklr],d rgthc ugha gS- iwath o blds fofHkUu dk;Zdyki vyx&vyx [kkapscukrs gSa- lqfo/kk ds vuqlkj lEca/k gSa- uxj ewyr% O;kikfjd dkj.kksa lsfodflr gq, Fks vkSj vc O;kikj ds vfrfDr iwath] m|ksxksa o lV~Vsckth dsvM~Mksa dh t:jr ds fy, gSas- ;gka dk dksbZ lk>k lekt ugha gS- dsoy buis'kksa dh [kkfrj vk dj cls gq, yksxksa dh fjgk;'k gS tgka HkkbZpkjs dk dksbZBksl vk/kkj ugha gS- le;kuqlkj fe=rk curh&VwVrh gS- LokFkZ dh nksLrh gS-ftl rjg dk HkkbZpkjk curk Hkh gS og lqfo/kkuqlkj curk@fcxM+rk jgrkgS vkSj ftldk vk/kkj dsoy feyus okyksa ds chp euksxr o Hkkouk ek= dkvLFkkbZ fj'rk gS- bl fLFkfr dk dkj.k O;kikj] m|ksx o lsok {ks= ds vykoklV~Vkckth esa O;fDr dh ,dy Je&bdkbZ gS tgka futh LokFkZ cM+k gS-lk>snkjh ;gka fuHkrh gh ugha- nsj ls curh] tYnh VwVrh gS- xSj&cjkcjh vkSj'kadk&bZ"kkZ dk cktkj xeZ jgrk gS- ;s blds xq.k&voxq.k gSa-

nsgkr esa vkneh dk thou feyulkjh] HkkbZpkjs] lgHkkfxrk@lk>snkjho lgu'khyrk ls pyrk gS- lekt ogha clrk gS] ftlds ;s fu.kkZ;dy{.k gSa- ;s u gksa rks xkao ugha gS- budh txg ;fn cktkj ds fu;e ijfVdh O;oLFkk dh vkik/kkih vkSj futh LokFkZ esa ilhuk cgkus dkslQyrk dh daqth cuk fy;k tk, rks gkykr oSls gh cusaxs tks vkt'kgjh Hkkjr esa balku Hkqxr jgk gS- ,sls 'kgjh thou dk n'kuZ O;fDrokn

1817


ij fVdrk gS vkSj LokFkZiwfrZ bldk xq#ea= gS- blls lekt VwVrk gS- nwljsdks VaxM+h ekj dj vkxs fudyus dh cktk: ekufldrk esa pSu fdlh dksugha fey ldrk gS- ;g iwath dk vBy fu;e gS-

vius fgr dks lk/kus ds fy, dqN Hkh dj xqtjuk ml cktk: lH;rkdk vk/kkj lw= gS ftlls m|ksx o O;kikj Qyrk gS] ekuo larqf"V dh txgiwath dh l?kurk n'kkZus okys ^dqy ?kjsyw mRikn* ;kuh th-Mh-ih esa mNkyvkrk gS vkSj foÙkea=h viuh djkekrh miyfC/k ds xhr xkrs gSa] eagxkbZNykax yxkrh gS vkSj vke vkneh dh ftanxh fldqM+rh gS! ;g lw= fdlhdks fdlh dk fe= ugha jgus nsrk- ywV dks dekbZ crk dj lQyrk ds xhrfy[ks tkrs gSa vkSj viuh lQyrk* ij brjk;k tkrk gS- ,d lkekU; thouds fy, ;g lc djuk drbZ vko';d ugha gS tks ge vkSj vki futh fgrlk/kus esa vkt dj jgs gSa tc rd fd nwljs ls c< dj /kuoku cuus dh pkgdks thou dk y{; u cuk fy;k gks- ,sls VaxM+hekj lekt* dks gSokuksa dkdq.M gh dgk tk,xk tgka balku o balkfu;r dh txg ugha gS- blhfy,dgk tkrk gS fd iwath balku dks gSoku cukrh gS-

igyh fLFkfr esa fey dj pyus dh ck/;rk gS rks nwljs fodYi esa fuiVLokFkhZ O;fDr dk fp= lkeus vkrk gS- O;fDr dh lQyrk dk iSekuk Hkh blhls curk fcxM+rk gS- igyh fLFkfr esa pSu gS rks nwljh gkyr esa cspSuh] cSj]vkik/kkih] ekj/kkM+] xSjcjkcjh o fujUrj dyg thou dks ?ksjs jgrh gS-igyh fLFkfr [ksrh&fdlkuh ij fVds nsgkr dk xq.k gS rks cspSu nqfu;ka uxjksaesa clrh gS- vkt dk 'kklu dqy feyk dj bl VaxM+hekj pyu dk fgek;rhcu pqdk gS- ;kuh HkkbZpkjs o vkilnkjh ds udkj vkSj xSj&cjkcjh dksfodkl o vk/kqfudrk dh dqath dgk tkus yxk gSa- blesa euq"; dh dnz [kRegksrh gS o mldh txg iwath dks lc rkyksa dh pkch cuk dj dke gksrk gS-

bl 'kgjh lH;rk ds ydokekj izHkko dk laØe.k vc xkaoksa esa Hkh gksx;k gS- ;g vijks{k :i ls tkjh ml 'kgjhdj.k vfHk;ku dk ifj.kke gSftls cM+s dk;ns ls ns'k esa pyk;k x;k gS( ;g dke ,sls yksxksa dh ekQZrgks jgk gS tks vutkus gh lgh fcu esgur dh dekbZ ij jkrksa&jkr djksM+ifrcuus dh pld esa Qal pqds gS] [kkldj oss ukStoku tks i<kbZ o ukSdjh dsfy, 'kgjh jksxksa ls xzflr gksrs tk jgs gSa vkSj bu fdVk.kqvksa dks ?kj&ifjokjds Hkhrj ys tkdj bl x`g;q) ds vudgs flikgh dk dke djrs gSa- bu rRoksa

dh dì ls vc xkao esa Hkh ekj/kkM+] cSjHkko] VaxM+hekj laLÑfr yksxksa dkstdM+rh tk jgh gS- xkao vc os xkao ugha jg x, gSa tks budk xq.k gS-

;kn jgs] chekj xkao dks LoLFk xkao cuuk gh gksxk vkSj 'kgjh lH;rkds vlj ls eqDr gq, fcuk mldk xqtkjk ugha gS- Hkkjr esa xkao o mldhlH;rk dks lekIr djds 'kgjhdj.k dk tks vfHk;ku vc py jgk gS vkSjftldk jkLrk lkQ djus ds fy, [kki izFkk* ij ftl rjg dk oSpkfjd odkuwuh rkcM+rksM+ geyk mBk gS] Bhd oSlk gh vejhdk ds nsgkr dh tehuij cSad o cM+h&cM+h dEifu;ksa }kjk dCtk djus dh eqghe chloha lnh dsnwljs&rhljs n'kd esa pykbZ xbZ Fkh- bldk fooj.k ^^vkØks'k ds vaxwj**uked miU;kl esa ns[k ldrs gSa- mldk ifj.kke vejhdh lekt ij D;kgqvk] bls tkuus ds fy, ogka ds rktk gkykr ij fuxkg Mky ysa%

vejhdk foLFkkfirksa dk ns'k gS] viuh tM+ksa ls dVs&QVs O;fDr;ksa dkcktkj tgka gj vdsyk O;fDr vius fy, txg dh ryk'k esa cslkal gkaQrkgS- ogka lekt ugha] O;fDr jgrs gSa- gj rkjh[k dks cnys tkus okys jSuclsjso gksVyksa dk ns'k gS] tgka ifjokj xk;c gS-tgka iSlk gS] balkfu;r xk;cgS- LokFkZ dk fj'rk gS] eka&cki ;fn gSa rks cPpksa dh nqfu;ka lM+dks ij iljhgqbZ gS- vius cqtqxZ ds izfr ftEesnkjh dk Hkko ijkbZ lksp gS- uhan dh xksfy;ksa]u'ks o lSDl esa Hkh pSu ulhc ugha- xksyk ck:n ds tfj;s nqfu;ka dks ukFkusdh uh;r iwjs jk"Vª dk pfj= cu pqdk gS- ,slh nfjanxh dh ftanxh ds fy,lEHkor% Hkkjr us vk/kh lnh rd vktknh dh yM+kbZ ugha yM+h Fkh- tks bls;gka tux.k ds Åij yknus dk iz;kl dj jgs gS] mUgsa bfrgkl dks,d&u&,d fnu tokc nsuk gh iM+sxk

iz'u gS fd tks O;oLFkk iwath dks thou dh daqth crkus dh ckr djso mldk iwjk f'k{kk&nh{kk dk rkukckuk gj ?kM+h euq"; dks >wB dk ;g ikBi<kus ij rqyk gks rc vke ukxfjd ;fn fcu ij[ks ,slh ijkbZ ckr ds vljesa bl >wB dk f'kdkj gks tk, vkSj rksrs dh rjg ml >wB dks vutkus lpeku dj ckj&ckj nksgjkrk fQjs rks nks"kh fdls ekuk tk,xk\ fuf'pr ghbl rjg vke vkneh fcu tkus ,d lkft+'k dk f'kdkj curk gS-

bu gkykr ds nks"kh dh igpku djuk dfBu ugha gS- ckr vkxs dh gS-nks"kh dh igpku ds ckn leL;k dk funku mruk gh egRo dk iz'u gS-cktk: laLÑfr dk izfrQy lkeus gS% vlarks"k] ekj/kkM+ o Hkz"Vkpkj dk

2019


ekgkSy gS rks] HkkbZpkjs o vkilnkjh ds thou dks thus dk vuqHko lkeus gSa-bu nksuksa esa ls dkSu pkg cus] iz'u ;g gS-

dqNsd ?kVukvksa dks ysdj dqy&xks= [kki iz.kkyh ij vk{ksi blrjg mBs gSa tSls ;s ns'k dh izxfr esa lc ls cM+h ck/kk cu xbZ gSaA- ,dckj rks bls vkradokn dh rjg dk [krjk crk fn;k x;k- bruh lrghle> ds ekfyd bu dfFkr jktusrkvksa dks dksbZ D;k dgsxk\

bu ?kVukvksa esa rktk felky gj;k.kk ds ,d dfFkr îzseh ;qxy*eukst&ccyh uked ekeys dh xwat rks lkr leanj ikj rd igqapk nh gStcfd nwljs Nksj ij bl vfHk;ku dh ifj.kfr jksgrd ftyk ds xkaodcwyiqj esa nks iMkslh izsfe;ksa* us iwjs dqUcs dks tgj f[kyk dj jkLrs ls gVkfn;k- nksuksa rjg dh ?kVuk,a bl x`g;q) dh ifjpk;d gSa ftls xzkeh.k Hkkjrds ?kqVus fVdokus dh [kkfrj ,d le; ls pyk;k tk jgk gS- uksV djus dhckr gS fd bl ;q) esa nksuksa i{k xzkeh.k vkcknh ds lkekU; ifjokj gSa vkSjnksuksa dks ekywe ugha fd bl ;q) dks dkSu pyk jgk gS vkSj D;ksa! ;g Hkhvglkl ugha gS fd muds da/ks fdl iki dk Bhdjk QwVk gS- muds ycksa ijrks cl ;g [kqekj p<k Fkk ftlus fl[kk;k gS fd I;kj fd;k rks Mjuk D;k*!!

xzkeh.k vkapy ds f{kfrt ij dkyh ?kVk dks Li"V rkSj ij mHkjrs ns[kktk ldrk gS- mldh lkekftd thou 'kSyh [krjs esa iM+ xbZ gS- geyk ckgjls gS vkSj vUnj ls Hkh- dqN ca/kqvksa ds fy, bl 'kSyh esa cpk dj j[kus yk;ddqN ugha gS vkSj mudh ekufldrk cu pqdh gS fd ftruk tYnh gks bldkvolku csgrj gS] ftlls dqN Hkyk gh gksus okyk gS! nsgkr ds izfr budhuQjr ns[krs curh gS- bu L;kuksa esa 'kkfey gksus dk ftudk eu gS os jgsa]vketu bl fujUrj dyg o cspSu rFkk xSjcjkcjh dks tUe nsus okyh ,slhvk/kqfudrk ls pksV gh [kkus okys gSa- ,slh [krjukd o v/kdpjh vk/kqfudrkds fgek;rh Lo;a tc pisV esa vkrs gSa rc ek= foyki djus ls lUrqf"V ikrsgSa! bl vk/kqfudrk vfHk;ku dk y{; iwath'kkgh dh lsok gS- blls ekuorkfojks/kh iwath dk ,dN= jkt gh etcwrh idM+rk gS vkSj vkneh ckSuk iM+rkgS- ;s L;kus blh Nn~e ;q) esa tqVs gSa- ;s yk&bykt jksxh gSa-

r

2 [kki&loZ[kki dh yksd’kkgh izd‘frcsgrj gksxk vkxs c<us ls igys vius fodklØe ij FkksM+k bfrgkl

ds iUuksa ij la{ksi esa fuxkg Mky ysa- ,d ykHk gksxk fd orZeku fookn dhea'kk dks tgka le>us esa vklkuh gksxh] ogha vius iwoZtksa dh fojklr dsxq.k&nks"k ls ifjfpr gksaxs- if'peh mÙkj izns'k ds eqt+¶Q+juxj ls lg;ksxhizks- jktcy R;kxh us bl igyw ij cgqr gh la{ksi esa crk;k fd%

^ôsn lafgrk esa ukjh dk ,d i;kZ; {ks= ;kfu [ksr ckj&ckj vk;k gS-bl {ks= dh j{kk djuk dchys ds izkS<+ksa dk lkewfgd nkf;Ro curk Fkk- ;glewg {k=i ;kfu [kki dgyk;k- cM+h ek¡ vius tuksa&tuksa ¼ftudks mlustUe fn;k½ ij LokHkkfod 'kklu j[krh Fkh- lcdks tksM+dj ogh j[krh-[kki&izkS<+ lfefr vius ukjh :ih [ksrksa] f'k'kqvksa] fd'kksjksa] ;qod&;qofr;ksavkfn dh laj{kd& vfHkHkkod gksrh- Lotu dh e`r&nsg dks ogha NksM+djdchyk u;s vkokl dh ryk'k djrk vFkok bl e`r&nsg dks gh nwj gVkrk-[kki QSlyk djrh- danewy vkfn ouksit ij fuHkZj dchys f'kdkjh ;qx dksikj djds i'kqikyd gks x;s Fks- buds fy, ,d 'kCn vk;k gS xksi ;kfuxksikyd- budks pkjkxkg] ikuh] ekSle dh ekj vkfn ds lkis{k eSnkuksa esavkuk ykft+eh gqvk Fkk- nwljs dchyksa ls Vdjko Hkh cus-

vU; dchyksa ds uo;qod&uo;qofr;ka ijLij vkeus&lkeus iM+rs rksvkd"kZ.k c<+rk- eqX/kk] izxYHkk vkfn ds lkFk Lo;aoj.k dk nkSj pyk-[kki&[kki dks Lotuksa dh j{kk esa loZ[kki iapk;r cSBkus dh vko';drkdk vuqHko gqvk- eqX/kk dU;kvksa ds dchyk NksM+dj tkus&Hkkxus dsmnkgj.k lkeus Fks- mudh [ksr dh tk;k 'kfDr ds :i esa Lohdk;Zrk Hkhcuh Fkh- vr% loZ[kki esa dU;k dks ijk;k&/ku ekudj nwljs dchys esaC;kg nsus dh ifjikVh cuh- ekxZu us bls jSM bafM;Ul dchys dh ÝsVjhdgk gSA dchyk ;kfu loZ[kki o ÝsVjh ;kuh xks= [kki-

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fdlkuh&[ksrh] nLrdkjh] dkjhxjh vkfn mit&mRiknu dk tSlsgh lk/ku cus rFkk vkneh vkSj i'kq dh ÅtkZ'kfDr dk mi;ksx gksus yxk]rks LFkkbZ fuokl ds crkSj xk¡o vkckn gq,- [kki dh vo/kkj.k Hkh tehuh{ks= ls tqM+ x;h- [kkiksa us x.k lsodksa ;kfu vius ty] taxy] tehu]Qly vkfn ds j[kokys&j{kd ds :i esa jktU; dh fu;qfDr dh- bldsfy, cfy Lo:i jktU; dks viuh mit dk NBoka Hkkx nsuk fuf'prfd;k- 'k=q ls ;q) gks ;k fgald i'kq dk f'kdkj] jktU; dks ;q) dyk dkfo'ks"kK ekudj mlds usr`Ro esa vLFkkbZ LoSfPNd lsod ¼okfyaV;j½ dklkFk feyrk- Lo;alsod lSfud rks xzkeh.k gh gksrs Fks- [kki&loZ[kkiiapk;r ds [email protected]; ij gh ;s jktk ds dk;Z esa lgk;d gksrs-

jktkvksa ds ijLij futh ;q)ksa esa [kki&loZ[kki ges'kk mnklhujgrha Fkha- blls mudk ljksdkj u Fkk- bl rjg ls nks rjg ds ;q) gksrs-tc&tc dksbZ jktk iztk dh viuh [kki O;oLFkk esa gLr{ksi ds fy,'kkld ds crkSj vkns'knkrk mHkjk mldks lÙkk ls m[kM+uk iM+k- vuqorhZdks tu vis{kkvksa ij [kjk mrjuk iM+rk- dbZ mnkgj.k gSa- fir`gUrk]gsgs; oa'k dk mUeqyu gqvk- ?ku uUn ds ckn pk.kD;&pUnzxqIr ekS;Z dkjkt gqvk- eqgEen fcu rqxyd }kjk yxk;s VSDl fQjkst rqxyd dkslekIr djus iM+s- vkSjaxtsc us 'kkgtgka dh 'kks"k.k uhfr dks iyVdj ghyEcs le; rd xn~nh laHkkyh- lS;n vgen 'kghn dks 1827&31 bZ- esaHkjiwj tu lg;ksx dEiuh ljdkj ds fo:) feyk- 1857&58 bZ- esa tumHkkM ds fojks/k ls dEiuh ljdkj xbZ- fczfV'k rkt esa yksxksa dks iwoZjktkvksa tSlh gh mEehn txh Fkh- fojks/k esa [kM+s gkssus okyksa dks 1914 gks;k 1915 ;k 1931 ;k 1942 esa jktk egsUnz izrki] xnj ikVhZ] Hkxr flagvkfn] egkRek xka/kh] usrkth lqHkk"k cksl vkfn dks [kki&loZ[kki us iwjklg;ksx fn;k- MkW- czg~e nso 'kekZ ¼xk¡o x.kjkT;½ rFkk Kku flag ¼ns'kgekjk jkg gekjh½ Hkh viuh Li"V LFkkiukvksa ds lkFk tux.k esa iSB cukjgs gSaA- yksxksa ds lEeku ls gh vusd [kkaVh usrk cus gSa-

[kki&loZ[kki iapk;rksa ;kfu Hkkjr ds tu ekul dks ekywe gS fd?kj&x`gLFk] dqVqEc&ifjokj] LFkkuh; lekt vkfn laLFkkvksa dks dEiuhljdkj ls ysdj vkt rFkkdfFkr jktlÙkk us fof/k&fo/kku ls [kkfjtdj j[kk gS- fo/kkf;dk vkSj U;k;ikfydk O;fDr dks loksZifj vkSj fofNUuekudj O;oLFkk,a ns jgs gSa- <+kbZ lkS o"kksZa ds yxHkx yEch bafM;u ¼vaxzsth;rh½

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dkuwuksa dh l'kL= gqdwer bu Lo;aHkw laLFkkvksa dks usLrksukcwn ugha dj ldhaArks] D;ksa\ D;ksafd bu rhuksa laLFkkvksa dh O;fDr ds fy, mi;ksfxrk fu'ks"kugha gks ik jgh gS- iwathoknh O;fDrokfnrk rFkk lektokn dh cukoVhlkewfgdrk lgt o LokHkkfod izkd`frd ugha gSa- nksuksa gh Fkksih xbZO;oLFkk,a gSa-A nksuksa gh O;oLFkkvksa dh fu;Urk jktlÙkk gS &l'kL= jktlÙkk-budk mn~Hko lEifr] iwath vkSj lÙkk ds pUn O;fDr;ksa esa ladsUnz.k ls gS-

?kj&x`gLFk] ifjokj] lekt] [kki vkSj loZ[kki dh O;oLFkk vdsUnzrkdh gS- bu laLFkkvksa ds lnL; ijLij viuRo Hkko ls tqM+s gksrs gSa- rU= dkcU/ku bu ij vius cM+ksa&NksVksa ds J)k&Lusg ds ckn dh ckr jgrk gS- bulaLFkkvksa dk gj QSlyk viuksa }kjk rF;ksa ij fVds lR; }kjk fy;k tkrkgS- ns'kdky] ifjos'k ds lkFk xfr'khy /keZ budk vk/kkj gksrk gS- ^gk] ek]f/kd* budk fl)kUr jgrk gS- cfg"dkj vkSj fu"dklu ;kuh ns'kcnj budsdBksjre naM gSa- nq"V dks naM nsus dk ftEek Hkh bUgksaus jktk ij Mkyk gS-fcdkÅ odhy] i{k/kj xokg] osruHkksxh tt oxSjg dk ;gka LFkku ughajgrk- NÙkhl tkr dh loZ[kki iapk;rksa esa fdlh dh ncaxbZ ugha pyrh- i{kgh iap pqurs gSa- LFkkbZ inkf/kdkjh pquuk budh izÑfr ds myV gS-

xqyke ijEijk esa iy+s yksx gh bl loksZPp O;oLFkk ls vyxko j[krsgSa- dqN HkVdko buds leFkZdksa esa Hkh vk;k gS- ^gR;k* dk naM nsuk budhvkpkj lafgrk esa dHkh ugha jgk- izkS<+ vfHkHkkod [kki lewg gksrs gSaA Mk;uek¡ Hkh viuksa dks ugha [kkrh-

fczfV'k jkt dh xqyke ijEijk esa iy+s gq, yksx gh bl loksZPp O;oLFkkls vyxko j[krs gSa- dqN HkVdko buds leFkZdksa esa Hkh vk;k gS- gR;k* dknaM nsuk budh vkpkj lafgrk esa dHkh ugha jgk- fdUgha fljfQjs rRoksa us ;fndgha [kki ds uke dk nq#i;ksx dj ,slh gjdr dh rks Bhd djus dhvkUrfjd O;oLFkk Hkh [kki iz.kkyh dh viuh [kkfl;r gS- u nkok fd;ktk ldrk gS fd ljdkjh vnkyrksa esa U;k; ds uke ij vU;k; de gksrkgS] [kkiksa dks cnuke djuk edln cu x;k gS rks ckr vyx gS-

;gka ,d rF; Li"V gksrk gS fd fey cSB dj viuh leL;kvksa dkslqy>kus dh ijEijk euq"; us vius lkekftd thou ds vkjEHk dky ls ghviukbZ gqbZ gS vkSj bls [kki dk uke fn;k gqvk gS- fyf[kr bfrgkl ls Hkhirk pyrk gS fd ;g ijEijk vkfn dky ls pkyw gS-

lkekftd cquxr esa [kki @ lkekftd cquxr esa [kki @ 2625

vkjEHk esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh [kki dh [kkl ifjikVh Fkh- ;gckn esa iyVh- ml le; ukjh dk u vcyk :i mHkjk Fkk] u ek= HkksX;kds :i esa mls tkuk tkrk Fkk- ukjh dks HkksX;k] foKkiu dh lqUnjh :iml iwath us fn;k gS ftldh vk/kqfudrk o LorU=rk izse ij cserycukpus okyksa dh deh ugha- ukjh dks nfer djus dh ;g djkekr Hkhm|ksx&O;kikj dh ml lH;rk dh nsu gS tks O;fDr dh LorU=rk dk ;wacM+k xhr xkrh gS- vrhr esa ukjh [ksrh dh tud Fkh vkSj ikyd Hkh- iq#"kj{kd cuk-

tks bfrgkl ds bu iUuksa ls vufHkK gSa os gh eka :ih ukjh dks gs;n`f"V ls ns[k ldrs gSa] xzkeh.k lH;rk ij ;g rksger yxkuk csgwnkiz;kl gS- ;g bl rktk vk/kqfudrk dk dkjukek gS fd xyhdqps esapyrh gj yM+dh esa mls ek= Hkxk ys tkus okyk îzse* fn[kkbZ nsrk gS]xzkeh.k thou esa ukjh cgq:ih gS vkSj tuleFkZu ds vk/kkj ij fookg dslH; rjhds dk isjksdkj gS- igys ds lkearh vFkok xokaj xzkeh.k Hkkjr esadcwyiqj ugha ?kVrk Fkk] ;g vk/kqfudrk dh nsu gS ftls xkoksa ij tcjuyknus ds brus izp.M iz;kl gks jgs gSa vkSj [kki dks 'kSrku crk;k tkusdk vfHk;ku f'k[kj ij gS-

lkoZtfud lgefr;ksa ds fy, ,df=r lekt dks x.kjkT; vFkok[kki iapk;rh <ax ekuk x;k- ppkZ ds ckn iap&QSlys dh ijEijk dks ekudj pyuk fjokt esa vk;k- vfHkys[kksa esa vusd izek.k miyC/k gSa tc iapk;rksaesa cSB dj iap U;k; djrs gSa] Hkys blls Lo;a dks gkfu gks- ogka dksbZ >wBcksyus dh fgEer ugha djrk D;ksafd lc ds chp >wB&lp dk [kqyk [ksy[ksyk tkrk gS- >wB o lp dk fu.kZ; dksbZ osru ysdj vuqdwfyr candejksa esa] ijns ds ihNs fNi dj ugha djrk gS-

[kki dh [kqyh iz.kkyh ds pyrs lp dk mn~?kkVu bl izfØ;k dkvko';d vax gS] n.M nsus dk rjhdk Hkh lkekftd i)fr ij fVdk gqvkgS- HksnHkko bl ifjikVh dh lksp ds myV gS- iapk;rh gksus dh dkcfy;rbldh 'krZ gS- iapk;rh gksus esa ernku ugha i{kdkjksa dk Hkjkslk cqfu;knhgS- le>nkjh O;fDr dk xq.k ekuk x;k- lc ds chp NydiV ughapyrh% nw/k dk nw/k vkSj ikuh dk ikuh gksrk gS- fu"Bk caVh gqbZ ugha gS- blsgh xkao dgk x;k gS vkSj ;gh xkao dh laLÑfr dk lkj Hkh gS-

[kki dh fo'ks"krk blds O;kid tuleFkZu esa gS- tuleFkZu dk dkj.kO;oLFkk ds loZxzkgh gksus esa gS- bls vketu dcwyrk gS] fcuk ncko vFkokfj'or ;k ykyp ds dcwyrk gS- blesa udyhiu cgqr nsj ugha pyrk gS-LokFkhZ rRo dks idM+us o njfdukj djus dh buds ikl vpwd ikjliFkjhxkao dk ew< ls ew< tkurk@igpkurk gS fd fdl esa fdruk ikuh gS vkSjdkSu ckr dk /kuh gS] fdldk Hkjkslk fd;k tk,-

[kki dh U;k;fiz;rk dk Hkjkslk vuqHko ij fuHkZj gksrk gS] dgs dk eksygS- Fkwd dj pkVus okyksa dh ih<h nj ih<h igpku jgrh gS- HkkbZpkjs dhiapk;r esa dksbZ fdlh ds ncax gksus ek= ls izHkkfor ugha gksrk- yksxksa dksmruk Mj nsork ds 'kki dk ugha gksrk ftruk bl iapk;r ds iapijes'ojLo:i ladYi dk gksrk gS- [kki iapk;r fgUnw ,oa eqlyeku ds uke ij dHkhugha caVh] >wB o lp esa lnk caVh jgrh gS-**

[kki dks ysdj ;g Hkh dgk tkus yxk gS fd bl izFkk dk dqN cM+kbfrgkl ugha gS- blds cMIiu dh ckr cukoVh gS- bu ckrksa esa u tkrs gq,Hkh] vk/kqfud bfrgkl ds ,d iUus ls ek= ;g crk nsuk lehphu gS-cgknqj'kkg tQj us gj;kuk loZ[kki iapk;r ds uke vius fnUukad twu1857 dks fy[ks i= esa dgk fd 'kfDr rks vkids ikl gS eSa rks ukeek= dkckn'kkg gwa- fQjafx;ksa dks Hkxkus ds fy, vius iB~Bs yM+us Hkstks-

xks= [kki vkSj [kki O;oLFkk esa vUrj xks= iapk;r fofHkUu dqy o xks= leqnk;ksa esa ikfjokfjd vFkokfookg lEca/kh fj'rksa ij cSBrh gSaA- ;g lgh ugha gS fd xks= iapk;r dsoytkV leqnk; rd lhfer iz.kkyh gSA- dksbZ Hkh tkfr&leqnk; ikfjokfjd ;kxks= o fookg lEca/kh ekeys dks lqy>kus cSBSxk rks mldk Lo:i xks=iapk;r dk curk gSA- xks= [kki tkfr fo'ks"k dh rks nwljh vksj [kkiHkkSxksfyd izÑfr dk xkao&xqgk.M o ris ds ckn loZtkrh; Lrj gS-xk srh lk s Hkkb Z ] ckdh lc vLukb Z lxks=t ds fy, ?kjS, 'kCn dk iz;ksx izpfyr gSA- ,d ghdqVqEc&[kkunku ;kfu ,d gh nknk dh vkSykn gSaA- rkÅ] ckiw vkSj pkpk,d volj ij vyx&vyx ?kj clkdj caVokjs ds vyx&vyx edkuksao lq;ksx&lqfo/kk ls vyx&vyx cLrh clkdj jgus yxs- D;k budk[kwu dk rFkk HkkbZ&cgu dk fj'rk lekIr eku fy;k tk;s\ lxs rFkk


rkÅ&pkpkt+kn cgu&HkkbZ dks tSusfVDl dk Mh-,u-,- izksQkbZy Hkhigpkurk gS- gekjs J)s; iwoZtksa us ekalsjs] QqQsjs vkSj eesjs cgu&HkkbZ dslkFk ,d gh xksr ds Hkkuts&Hkkuth ds oSokfgd lEca/k dks oftZr djkjfn;k gS- ,d gh xk¡o&cLrh dh gj tkar&ikar dk yM+dk&yM+dh HkhHkkbZ&cgu gSa- HkkbZ&cgu esa ;kSu lEca/k lksp ls Hkh ijs dh ckr gS- ^xk¡odh csVh] lcdh csVh* dh /kkj.kk ds lkFk bldks xk¡o dh bTtr ekukx;k gS- ft+ukdkjksa&O;kfHkpkfj;ksa ij cgu&csVh ls ft+uk dk n.M l[rgS- lkekftd ijEijkxr lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls cgu& csVh dks HkkbZ] ckivkfn ds lkFk v"V eSFkqu esa oftZr lksp ls lqjf{kr tkuk tkrk gS- nlgt+kj esa ,d êukst&ccyh* vxj vekur esa [+k;kur djds lkekftdksadk Hkjkslk rksM+sa ¼fo'okl?kkr djsa½ rks vius csVk&csVh ds ckjs esa gj tuvk'kadk ls xzLr jgsxk- fookg ;qod&;qofr ds nkEiR;&x`gLFk thou dhlkekftd Lohd`fr gS- ekrk&firk vkfn xq:tuksa ls bl esa izos'k dhvkKk izkIr dh tkrh gS- ;g pksjh&Nwis dj ysus dk "kM+;U= ugha gSAvlkekftd gh ,slk djrs gSa- o;Ld&ckfyx gksus dk eryc LosPNkpkjhgksuk ugha gS- [kq+nijlr&[kqnilUn O;fDr ds dqdeZ dk ifj.kke mldsHkkbZ&cgu] ek¡&cki] ekek] QwQk vkfn lHkh fj'rsnkjksa dks ykaNu ds :iesa Hkksxuk iM+rk gS- ;s volknxzLr gksdj [kqndq'kh dks etcwj gksrs gSa-lkjk lekt 'kadkyw] 'kdh] lUnsg vkfn dqaBkvksa ls Hkjdj vius ikY;ksa dsizfr fpUrkvksa esa f?kjk jgus yxs rks thou ujd gks tk;s- O;fDr Hkko&vHkkou¼gksuk vkSj u jguk½ ?kj dh bdkbZ ls ysdj czgkzk.M rd gtkjgk Lrjksads rkusckus esa vuL;wr jgrk gS- bldh eulk&okpk&deZ.kk jpuk,aloZFkk izHkkfor gksrh gSa rFkk lc ij izHkko Mkyrh gSa- thou dh j{kk vkSjbldh vkuUne;rk&lejlrk ds fy, dqizFkkvksa dks ckjgk /oLr fd;ktk jgk gSA dkuwu lkekftd vkdka{kk] 'kkafr vkSj le`f) ds vuqdwy jgs-vUrtkZrikar fookgksa dks lekt us ugha udkjkA ijUrq mi;qZDr otZukvksaij dksbZ le>kSrk ugh- cgu&csVh dh vo/kkj.kk ij fopkj gks-

vk'uk gksuk gekjh t:jr Hkh gS vkSj pkgr Hkh- fj'rsnkjh dks tucksyhesa vLukbZ ¼vk'uk gksuk½ dgk tkrk gS- nks x`gLFkksa ds csVk&csVh dk fookgtSls gh xks= ls ckgj lEiUu gksrk gS rks nks ifjokj tqM+dj foLr`r ifjokjdk vkSipkfjd xBu gksrk gS- uonEifr dks lqn`<+ lqj{kk dop feyrk gSAnkekn iwjs xk¡o dk egeku ekuk tkrk gS- mls lygtksa rFkk lkfy;ksa ls

galh&fBBkSyh dh NwV Hkh jgrh gS- Lusg&I;kj dk [kqyk ekgkSy curk gSAbldh e;kZnk crdgh ek= rd gh jgrh gS- gkL; ,slk fd cM+s Hkheqldjk;sa&iqydsa- nksgjs fj'rksa dh f}/kk&nqfo/kk [kM+h ugha gksrh- dy rd dkHkkbZ lkyk ugha curk- rkÅ] pkpk] QwQk] ekek vkfn dks llqjk ughadguk gksrk- llqjky o ek;ds dk iwjk QdZ cuk jgrk gS-

^fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e* cukdj dksbZ Hkh ljdkj llqjky oek;ds&ihgj dk Hksn feVkus dk vuqfpr iz;kl djus ij vkeknk dSls gksx;h\ vktknh feyus ds rqjUr ckn tc ns'k nwljh xEHkhj leL;kvksa lstq> jgk Fkk ,sls le; fganw fookg dkuwu cukus ds fy, gM+cM+kgV dhea'kk le> ls ckgj gS- D;k vlfy;r esa ,slh ekax fgUnqvksa us dh Fkh\lEHkor% lÙkk f"k[kj ij cSB dj fganw lekt ds dfFkr mPp o.kZ dh ;gea'kk jgh gksxh vkSj blh ds vuq:i nwljs lHkh dks ,dlw= esa fijksus dkbjknk jgk gks- êqfLye ilZuy ykW* dh rtZ ij 'kkDrksa] 'kSoksa] ckS)ksa] tSuksa]oS".koksa] flD[kksa vkfn ds ckjs esa fopkj D;ksa ugha gqvk\ ^fgUnw* 'kCn dksHkkjr ds gj ukxfjd ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks dHkh fo'ks"klEiznk; ds fy,- lafo/kku vuqefr ugha nsrk fd dkuwu fdlh lEiznk;dh ijEijkvksa ij p< cSBus ds fy, ikfjr gks\ leqnk;] lewg] {ks= vkfndh lkekftd ijEijkvksa dks uktk;t] voSKkfud o vU/krkiw.kZ fl)djus ds fy, ppkZ&cgl pykdj gh cnyk tk ldrk gS] dkuwu dsjksMjksyj ls lery djus dh ea'kk [kksVh gh ekuh tk,xh-

eqYd] pkSchlh] lÙkkbZlh] cÙkhlh vkfn {ks=ksa esa vkt Hkh nsgkr tqM+kgS- buesa HkkbZpkjk gS- bu {ks=ksa dh Hkkoukvksa&ijEijkvksa ds ikyd&vfHkHkkod{k=i lHkh LFkkuh; x.k gSA- ikyd :i esa ;s gh ^[kki* uke ls tkus tkrsgSa- ;s Nrhl tkr dk lewg gSa- dbZ [kkiksa ds yksx loZ[kki gksrs gSa- fQjaxhfojks/kh tu mHkkM [kkikas dk urhtk Fkk- bl lkeqfgd 'kklu ls ljdkj[kqn dks cM+k u ekus- ;g loZFkk turkfU=d vo/kkj.kk dh pkg gS-

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lkekftd cquxr esa [kki @ lkekftd cquxr esa [kki @29 30

3vk{ksi

[kki 'kCn ls gh fpM+us okyksa dk rdZ lh/kk gS- mudk dguk gS fd[kki iz.kkyh chrs tekus dh lkearh izFkk gS ftlls xkao ds xokaj yksxcseryc fpiVs cSBs gSa vkSj csfljiSj ds QSlys lqukrs jgrs gSa- blls ns'k dsfiNM+siu dh cw vkrh gS- Hkkjr dks vc cyoku rFkk vk/kqfud txr dkfljeksj cuuk gS- ,slh laLFkk o ,sls vkpj.k ls ns'k dh rksghu gksrh gS-

fo'ys"k.k gks rks vkjksi yxkus okyksa dh ckr dk vFkZ gksrk gS%¼1½ [kki lkearh ;qx dh izFkk gS¼2½ [kki dks pykus okys xokaj gS] mUgsa vk/kqfud U;k; ds lw=ksa dk

Kku dgka¼3½ xkao vui< o tkfgy yksxksa dk tekoM+k gS¼4½ xkao o mudh [kki ns'k dh rjDdh esa #dkoV gh ugha] vk/kqfud

Hkkjr ds liuksa dks efy;kesV dj jgs gSa-

nwljk cM+k vkjksi gS fd [kki xSj&dkuwuh o xSj&laoS/kkfud laLFkkgS- bUgsa vk/kqfud U;k; O;oLFkk ds cjkcj esa dke djus dh NwV ugha nhtk ldrh gS- [kki lxks= izseh ;qxyksa dks izrkfMr djrh gSa- blls buukxfjdksa ds ekSfyd vf/kdkj dk mYya?k gksrk gS vkSj ;s ccZj fu.kZ; ysrhgaS ftldh lH; lekt esa btktr ugha nh tk ldrh- blij ikcanh yxs-

mDr vkjksi dk vfHkizk; gksxk%¼1½ lafo/kku esa ftl ckr dk mYys[k ugha] mls thus dk vf/kdkj

ugha gS- lafo/kku ls brj lc dqN ikcanh ds yk;d gS-¼2½ lafo/kku lekt ls cM+k o dkuwu [kki ls cM+h vkLFkk dk

izrhd¼3½ ukxfjd dk ekSfyd vf/kdkj lekt ls cM+k gS¼4½ [kki fueeZ o tkfgy laLFkk gS

¼5½ lekt o lkekftd ijEijk dks Bsaxk fn[kk dj lxks= fookg vijk/k ugha gS- lxks= fookg dh eukgh tkfgyiu gS-

¼6½ vk/kqfud yksx ftlls pkgsa îzse* djsa ;k fookg djsa-

[kki ds fo#) rhljk cM+k vk{ksi ;g yxk gS fd ;s vkradokn ls c<dj [krjk gSa- bls thus dk vf/kdkj ugha fn;k tk ldrk gS-

bl vkjksi dk eryc gksxk&¼1½ fdls ftank jguk gS ;k ugha bldk fu.kZ; dqNsd izcq) yksxksa ds

ftEes gS¼2½ [kki o vkradokn ,d gh ckr gS- buesa dkSu cM+k [krjk gS bls

dqN izcq) r; djus ds vf/kdkjh gSSa¼3½ ogh vkradoknh gS ftls oDr dk 'kkld dgs

;g Hkh ckr mBh fd [kki tkV tkfr dh laLFkk gS vkSj bls tkfroknugha QSykuk pkfg,- lH; Hkkjr esa tkfr dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gks ldrk gS-tkV dkSe viuh dfcykbZ 'kSyh dks idM+s cSBh gS o xkao esa ncaxbZ lstuthou dks gkad jgh gS- bldh btktr ugha nh tk ldrh gS-

bl dFku dk fo'ys"k.k gks rks irk pysxk fd%¼1½ [kki ek= tkV dkSe dh laLFkk gS] blfy, bls dke djus dk

vf/kdkj ugha fn;k tk ldrk gS-¼2½ tkV dkSe dh fdlh laLFkk dks lH; ugha ekuk tk ldrk gS¼3½ gj;k.kk] fnYyh] jktLFkku] if'peh mÙkjizns'k rd [kki lhfer gS¼4½ tkV ncaxbZ gSa o xkao ds xSj ncaxbZ lekt ds fy, [krjk gSa¼5½ [kki tkfrokn dks c<kok nsrh gS-

[kki ij ikapoka cM+k vkjksi ;g gS fd mlds pkS/kjh rkfyckfu;ksadh rjg csrqds vkns'k nsrs gSa ftudk bDdhloha lnh esa LFkku ugha gS-

ikaposa vkjksi dk vFkZ gqvk fd%¼1½ ikfdLrkuh dV~VjifaFk;ksa dh rjg tkV dkSe dV~VjiaFkh gS vkSj

mlh rjg [kki uQjr dh gdnkj gSa-¼2½ [kki iaFk fuisZ{k ugha gSa¼3½ bDdhloha lnh esa rkfyckfu;ksa dh txg ugha gS

lkekftd cquxr esa [kki @ lkekftd cquxr esa [kki @31

NBk vkjksi gSjku djus okyk gS- dgk tk jgk gS fd ;s nsgkrh yksxbDdhloha lnh esa igqap dj Hkh ^HkkbZpkjs* dh viuh iqjkuh lksp ds f'kdkjgSa vkSj bl xaokj lksp ds vlj esa xkao vFkok xqgk.M dh yMdh dks csVheku dj lxks= 'kknh ij ,rjkt djrs gSAa!

bl NBs vk{ksi dk vFkZ gS fd%¼1½ HkkbZpkjs dh lksp xokaj lksp gS¼2½ xkao o xqgk.M dh csVh dks csVh ekuus dk dksbZ rqd ugha gS vkSj

yM+ds&yMfd;ksa ds chp ;kSu lEca/k euq"; dk bl HkkbZpkjs ls dgha ekSfyd o cM+h ckr gS ftldh j{kk gksuk vk/kqfud fopkj gS

¼3½ ;kSu LorU=rk o ilan dh LorU=rk ukjh ds l'kfDrdj.k gsrq rFkk ;kSu lUrqf"V euq"; dks vk/kqfud cukus gsrq dgha ekSfyd

t:jr gS ftlds fy, HkkbZpkjs dks [kkfjt djus esa f>>d dSlh

lkroka cM+k vkjksi gS fd [kki ukjh o nfyr fojks/kh gS-bl lkrosa vkjksi dk vFkZ gS fd¼1½ [kki o ukjh ds chp }a} ?oalewyd gS- ,d nwljs ds nq'eu gSa¼2½ ukjh dh izkFkfed leL;k ;kSu larqf"V gS] Lotuksa ls feydj

?kj pykuk ugha¼3½ ukjh ds fy, vkneh¼;qod½ dh t:jr ;kSu larqf"V ds fy, gS

?kj&ckj o fcjknjh ds fj'rs fQtwy dh cdokl gSa¼4½ [kki esa nfyr o ukjh dh dksbZ lquokbZ ugha¼5½ ukjh o nfyrksa dks Lotuksa dh [kki esa ugha] ljdkjh vnkyrksa]Fkkuksa]

iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ls gh U;k; feysxk;kn jgs fd [kki izFkk ij rktk geyk ?kj ls HkxksM+s dfFkr

^îzseh&;qxyksa** dh gR;kvksa ds cgkus dks idM+ dj vkjEHk fd;k x;k-vkjksi gS fd nsgkrh tkfgy yksx ^vkWuj* ds fy, iszfe;ksa dh gR;k djusij mrjs gq, gSa vkSj buij dkuwuu ikcanh yxs] bUgsa viuh ckr dgus dkgd fdl fy,\ ;g ckr lqizhe dksVZ ds odhy o iwoZ dkuwu ea=htsBeykuh us ,d ppkZ esa dgh-

4

lokyksa ij mHkjrs lokyH k kx rhu esa dqN le; ls [kki izFkk ij fujUrj mB jgs izeq[k

vk{ksiksa dks lwfpc) fd;k gS- bu ij [kqykls ls igys ;g ckr dg nsa fdbu vkjksiksa dks iSj nsus ds fy, dqNsd feFkdksa dks ?kM fy;k x;k gS

feFkdks a dh nqfu;kabu feFkdksa ds+s fcuk ;g vfHk;ku pkj fnu ugha fVd ldrk Fkk]

lks] cM+s dk;ns ls bUgsa x<+k x;k gS- budh vlfy;r dks tkurs&le>rsgq, Hkh ckj&ckj bUgsa nksgjkrs tkus dk nwljk vFkZ ugha-

buesa ,d feFkd ;g cuk gS fd nsgkrh yksxksa dh [kki dksbZ laLFkkgS- fufoZokn lp ;g gS fd [kki laLFkk ;k laxBu ugha] ;g xzkeh.k Hkkjrds thus dh iz.kkyh gS ftlds pyu ij nsgkr ds yksx vknru vkpj.kdjrs gSa- laLFkk vFkok laxBu dk dksbZ LFkkbZ fof/k&fo/kku jgrk gS- dksbZu dksbZ LFkkbZ usr`Ro gksrk gS- [kki dks laxBu ;k laLFkk eku fy;k tk,rks blds fQj fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg }kjk cuk, tkus dk iz'u mBsxk]mldh ea'kk dks crkuk gksxk o blds fdlh ,dy Lo:i ;k usr`Ro dhckr Hkh mBsxh tks bldh /kkj.kk ds fo#) gS-

rF; blds myV gS- [kki dk fodkl vkilh feyorZu] laokn] eaFku,oa fu.kZ; ysus dh izFkk ls gqvk gS] ftldk u dksbZ ,d fu/kkZfjr Lo:i gS]u dksbZ fu;ekoyh gS tks bls cka/ks- u blesa igys fdlh LFkkbZ usrk vFkokeqf[k;k cukus dk fjokt Fkk- vkt tgka dgha ;g ns[kus dks feyrk gS ogijk;k cks> vFkok jksx gS- u ;g fdlh fyf[kr fu;ekoyh ls lapkfyrgksrh gS- ;g feFkd vutku O;fDr ds fnekx esa fdUgha Lo;alsoh laLFkktSls fp= dks iky dj fopkj djus dk ladsr nsrk gSa] tks ;g ugha gS-

32

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nwljk feFkd cM+s tru ds lkFk cuk ds j[kk x;k gS fd [kki dklEca/k tkV tkfr ls gS- vkWuj fdfyzax* ds loky ij [kki dks fujUrj tkVtkfr ds lkFk tksM+ dj is'k djus dh ea'kk nsgkr dks tkV cuke vU; esa ckaVdj is'k djus dh gS] tcfd ,slh gR;kvksa esa xzkeh.k {ks= gh ugha 'kgjksa esaHkh clus okys czkge.k] eqyleku fl[k] iatkch] nfyr vkfn vusd tkfr;ksads ekeys 'kkfey gSa- ;g yM+kbZ thrus dh fdyscanh gS- nsgkr cuke 'kgjhlH;rk ds chp ds ;q) dks os tkV cuke vU; ds chp cnyus ds fy, ilhukcgk jgs gSa- blds fy, tkV tkfr dks fu'kkuk cuk dj Hkko iSnk dj jgs gSafd nwljh tkfr;ka 'kgjh rgthc dh fgek;r esa vkxs vk,a vkSj enn djsa-;g nsgkr dks tkfr ds vk/kkj ij ckaV dj j[kus dh nyhy gS-

;s /kwrZ yksx crk jgs gS fd ;g ekeyk gj;k.kk] iatkc] mÙkj izns'k]jktLFkku tSls ^tkV gkVZyS.M* rd lhfer gS- ugha ca/kq] iwath us vejhdk]Qzkal FkkbZyS.M vkfn ftu dqNsd ns'kksa esa ukjh ds 'kjhj dks euksjatu cktkjesa [kjhnus cspus dk [kqyk [ksy cuk fy;k gS mudks NksM+ dj] dfFkr rhljhnqfu;ka ds ns'kksa esa ukjh o iq#"k ds chp lnkpkj ifjokj dh izfr"Bk dk ,dizeq[k vk/kkj gS- dnkpkj ij ifjokj dh izfr"Bk nko ij jgrh gS- vjc ovU; eqfLye ns'kksa esa Hkkjr tSlh fLFkfr gS- yscuku] lhfj;k] eksjksdks] drkj]vYthfj;k] fyfc;k] bjkd] bZjku] dqoSr] ikfdLrku esa ifjokj dh vkWuj dkiz'u thus&ejus dk loky gS- rc] tkMZu ij Qjhnk Qdhj dk 2001 esaizdkf'kr ys[k bu izcq) i=dkjksa dh fuxkg ls nwj dSls jg x;k o D;ksa\

la{ksi esa] [kki ,d i)fr@izFkk gS ftldk gj dkSe vius ekeyslqyVkus ds fy, fcjknjh dh enn gssrq iz;ksx djrh gS- lc tkfr;ksa&fcjknfj;ksa esa ;g izpfyr izFkk gS- uke vyx vyx gks ldrs gSa- bldhdk;Ziz.kkyh ,slh gS fd fu.kZ; u euekus gksrs gSa] u gks ldrs gSa- ;fn dHkhdksbZ QSlyk xyr gksrk gS rks mls iyVus dk jkLrk mldk viuk gS-

[kki dk lapkyu vuqHko ij fVdrk gS- xaokj O;fDr dks otu ughafeyrk- ;fn vui< gksus dks gh dksbZ xokaj gksuk ekurk gS rks mldh cqf)ij rjl [kkus ds vfrfjDr jkLrk ugha gS- ;g fod`fr gh ugha] jktk gksus dknEHk gS- fcjknjh dh iapk;r esa cSB dj fu.kZ; ysus okys yksxksa dk lEekugksrk gS tks vius vuqHko o fu"i{k fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, fo[;kr gksrs gSa- yksxftls Lohdkj djrs gSa rHkh ckr vkxs c<rh gS- ljdkjh deZpkjh dh rjg

fj'or ;k iSjoh ls ;gka otu ugha feyrk gS- [kki dh ;g viuh fo'ks"krkgS- vU;Fkk mls yksxksa dk og leFkZu ugha fey ldrk gS tks mls gkfly gS-

iwjs Hkkjr esa gh ugha] nqfu;ka Hkj esa m|ksx&O;kikj dks ikyus&ikslus dsfy, rS;kj gqbZ futh LokFkZ ij fVdh laLÑfr ls igys ds ;qx rd gjtxg euq"; vius fookn lqy>kus rFkk vius fgrksa ds lokyksa ij fopkjdjus o fu.kZ; ysus gsrq cSBrs jgs gSa- igys dqVqEc] fcjknjh ;k xkao] rFkkckn esa cqykos ij iM+kSlh xkao] xqgk.M fey dj cSBrs gSa- mlds cknt:jr gksus ij [kki dks cqykok tkrk gS- rc eaFku o mlds fu.kZ; dhckr mBrh gS- bls fdlh us x<+ dj ugha cuk;k- O;ogkj o vkpj.k lsfodflr gqbZ iz.kkyh gS- ijEijk o fjokt bldk fo/kku gS] tks le; le;ij fodflr gksrh jgrh gS- ;g lh/ks turU= dk uewuk gS- blesa izfrfuf/krU= dks udkjk x;k gS- blesa yksx lh/ks fgLlk ysdj fu.kZ; Lo;a ysrs gSa-

rhljk cM+k feFkd ;g cuk gS fd [kki ds tfj;s /kuoku yksx xkaods xjhcksa ij gqdwer pykrs gSa ftlesa vuqlwfpr tkfr dh vkcknh lclsvf/kd filrh gS- xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds /kuh ¼lkearh!½ oxZ }kjk xjhcksa dks lrkusdk ;g vkStkj gS- ns[k ldrs gS fd fcjknjh dh [kki esa dsoy fcjknjh dsyksx cSBrs gSa ftldk nk;jk fcjknjh ds Hkhrj ds loky gksrs gSa- lc ds lk>sds lokyksa ij lk>s dh [kki cSBrh gS] ftlesa gjsd Hkkxhnkj dks viuh ckrj[kus dk csjksdVksd volj bldh [kkfl;r gS- dgha dksbZ #dkoV vkrh gSrks iapk;r fcu QSlyk fy, mB tkrh gS- ljdkjh iqfyl dh rjg blesafu.kZ; yknus dh dgha dksbZ txg ugha] LosPNk ij fVdh izFkk gS- ;fnekeyk fdlh >xM+s dk gS rks fookn lqyVkus esa nksuksa i{kksa ds izfrfuf/kfu.kZ; ysus esa Hkkx ysrs gSa- lgefr cuus ij gh QSlyk lquk;k tkrk gS-

iwath dh lÙkk o blds jktdkt ds pyrs vkt ds nkSj esa [kki iz.kkyhesa ?kql vkbZ vusd detksj;ksa ds ckotwn [kki iapk;rksa ls vf/kd O;ogkjesa turkfU=d O;oLFkk dgha ugha gS- okrkuqdwfyr dejksa esa cSB dj ;k fQjvius fdUgha vKkuh lw=ksa ij Hkjkslk djds [kki dks tkapus&ij[kus okyksa dksgh buds xSj turkfU=d gksus dk Mj lrkrk gS] tks tehu ij pyrs gSa osbl rF; dks tkurs gSa- ;g lEHko gS fd fdUghsa nks fcjknfj;ksa dh [kkiksads chp rhoz erHksn mHkjus ls ruko [kM+k gks] fdUrq bls lqyVkus ds fy, Hkhxzkeh.k Hkkjr dh rgthc esa ljksdkj ftank gS-


rdZ dh [kkfrj eku ysa fd [kki esa fu.kZ; euekus FkkSais tkrs gSa rks blsdHkh og tuleFkZu ugha fey ldrk gS ftruk HkkbZpkjs dh bu iapk;rksa dksfeyrk gS- ;g vfHk;ku Lo;a ekurk gS fd [kki iapk;rksa dks vikj tuleFkZugS ftlls dksbZ ny budk fojks/k djus dk lkgl ugha djrk gS]

pk SFkk feFkd cuk dj j[kk gS fd [kki iapk;rsa funZ;h fu.kZ; ysrh gSavkSj ;s tkfgy yksx rktk vFkok vk/kqfud turU= o lafo/kku dh le>ls eg:e gSa- bl feFkd ds ihNs m|ksx&O;kikj dh pkykdh lh[kus&fl[kkusokyh f'k{kk* dk x:j dke djrk gS! loZekU; rF; gS fd ;g f'k{kk fo|kugha gS- ;g f'k{kk /kuoku dh lsok djus dh fuiq.krk rks nsrh gS fdUrq vknehdks balku cukus esa loZFkk foQy gks jgh gS- [kSj-

;s iapk;rsa tkfye yksxksa dk fxjksg ugha gS] bfrgkl esa u dHkh jgha%de ls de iwath ds jkt tSls tkfye ;s yksx dHkh ugha jgs gS ftlds vkxsu HkkbZ gS] u fj'rsnkjh- ;fn dqN gS rks futh LokFkZ vkSj /ku dh u cq>us okyhfiiklk dk lkezkT; gh bldh [kkfl;r gS- iwath ds lkezkT; }kjk QSyk,tgjhys dhVk.kqvksa ls chekj nsgkr dh vkcknh vkt Hkh 'kgjh lH;rk lsdgha vf/kd n;kyq gS] tks vius o ijk;s esa ml tSlk cSj Hkko ugha j[krhtSlk iwath dh lH;rk iyrh gS- iwath vius LokFkZ dh [kkfrj balku dksgSoku gh ugha cukrh] bfrgkl esa mlls tkfye <kapk ugha-

ikapos a feFkd gS fd Lotuksa dh ;s [kkisa nfyr o efgyk fojks/kh gSa vkSjbudh fnypLih xkao o xqgk.M ;k lxks=h; 'kkfn;ksa ds vfrfjDr vU;lekt lq/kkj ds loky esa ugha gS- bl feFkd dks [kM+k djds vfHk;ku dsizorZd nfyrksa o ukjh lekt dks vius Lotuksa ls vyx djds QwV Mkyusdh j.kuhfr gS] rkfd nsgkr ds fo#) bl ;q) esa lQyrk dks lqfuf'prfd;k tk lds-] vU;Fkk D;k crk ldrs gSa fd ?kj dh ukjh o xkao ds viuslg;ksxh ds izfr ;fn Lotu fpafrr ugha gaS rks osruHkksxh deZpkjh buds izfrfdruk oQknkj gksxk\ lxks= [kki esa dsoy lxks= ds yksx gh cSBrs gSa]tcfd vke [kki esa fdlh dh fgLlsnkjh ij #dkoV ugha gksrh-

dqN mHkjrs loky [kki iz.kkyh ds fo#) mBs rktk vfHk;ku esa ftl rjg ds vkjksilkeus vk, gSa muls dqN egRoiw.kZ loky mBrs gSa- buesa lcls cqfu;knh iz'u

lafo/kku o dkuwu dk gS ftls vkjksi ea<us okyksa us lekt ls Hkh Åij j[kdj ckr dh gS- nwljk egRoiw.k iz'u ?kj&ifjokj vkSj mlds lnL;ksa dsvkilh fj'rs dk mBrk gS- eku dj pyk x;k gS fd lekt dks viuk dnfdl fy, lafo/kku o le; ds duwu vuqlkj dkV&NkaV dj j[kuk iM+sxk-lkekU; /kkj.kk gS fd lekt ds fy, dkuwu curs gSa] dkuwu ds fy, lektdh dVkbZ&NaVkbZ ugha gks ldrh gS- ;g cqfu;knh ckr gS vkSj Lo;a mlturU= dh gS ftldh nqgkbZ nh tk jgh gS-

;gka ,d ckr dg nsa- Lo;a 'kgjh <kapk orZeku lafo/kku dks fdrukifo= o vifjorZuh; eku dj pyrk gS ;g blls gh tkfgj gks tkrk gS fdchrs Ng n'kdksa esa flj dh Vksih ds fxjus ij Hkh blesa la'kks/ku gksrs jgsgSa ftudk vusd ckj tufgr ls dqN okLrk ugha gksrk gS] u ns'k ds yksxksZls iwNk tkrk gS] btktr ysus dh ckr rks cgqr nwj gh jg tkrh gS-

nwlj s] ekrk&firk dk vius cPpksa ds lkFk ftl rjg dk fj'rk vcrd jgk gS mls iyVk tk jgk gS- iwath lk/kd pkgrs gSa fd eka&cki viuscPpksa dks iky&iksl dj mUgsa eqDr NksM+ nsa rkfd ;s cPps bu iwathifr;ksadks pkgus ij fcu #dkoV miyC/k gksa- os muds fy, cPps ikyus dhe'khu ek= cusa] blls vf/kd cPpksa ij mudk vf/kdkj lekIr gks-

;fn ;g lkft'k lQy gksrh gS rks cPPkksa o eka&cki ds chp vcrd pys vk jgh ftEesnkjh ds larqyu dks iyVus dk nwjxkeh dqizHkkogksuk gS- iz'u gS fd bl larqyu dks iyVus dk vf/kdkj 'kklu pykusokyksa dks dgka ls feyk gS\ ftuds cPps gSa vkSj ftUgsa ikyus&ikslus]i<kus&fy[kkus ls ysdj thou la?k"kZ ds fy, yk;d cukus ij viuh[kwu&ilhus dh dekbZ eka&cki yxkrs gSa muls iwNs fcuk] mudh btktrds fcuk bu cPpksa ds thou ewY;ksa dks vkewypwy cnyus dk gd bUgsafdl lafo/kku ls feyk gS\ ;g dkSu turU= ds fo/kku dh O;k[;k ;syksx dj jgs gS\ bldk lh?kk&lh/kk tokc fn;k tkuk pkfg,- vxj&exjesa my>kus dh pkyckth ugha pysxh] tks vc rd gksrk vk jgk gS- ,dfnypLi uewuk nsf[k, fd turk ds /ku ij iyus okys muds lkFk D;kdj jgs gSa vkSj dSls <ax viuk jgs gSa%

egf"kZ n;kuan fo'ofo|ky;] jksgrd ds izk?;kidksa dh le> gS fdNk=ksa dks fu/kkZfjr fo"k;ksa ds vfrfjDr fdlh dke ij tksrus ds fy, bu


o;Ld Nk=ksa ds ekrk&firk ls btktr dh vko';drk ugha gS- bldkfyf[kr izek.k lkeus vk;k gS- ;s egkuqHkko Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks buds ?kj&ifjokjls LorU= tho eku dj py jgs gSA! ;gh ugha] ,d rjg ls bu cPpksa dks;s yksx ?kj&ifjokj ls cxkor dh Vªsfuax ns jgs gSa- ;s izk/;kid egksn; Hkwyjgs gSa fd izos"k ds le; Nk= ds ekrk&firk o f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds chp tksfyf[kr&vfyf[kr djkj curk gS mlds nk;js dks os ,drjQk cnyus dsvf/kdkjh ugha gSa- ,slk djrs gSa rks bl fo'okl dk mYya?ku gS tks nksuksa dschp djkj cuk gS- vU;Fkk izos"k ysrs le; ekrk&firk ;k laj{kd ds gLrk{kjdjkus dk D;k vFkZ gS\ le>uk pkfg, fd ,sls vkpj.k dk lh/kk ifj.kke?kj&ifjokj dh VwVu esa ?kVrk gS- blds os tkus&vutkus vijk/kh gSa- o;LdNk= ds eka&cki ls LorU=rk dk gh ;g ifj.kke gS tc bl ^f'k{kk* dhgSdM+h ls tUes ?kksj O;fDrokn ds QyLo:i ^dcwyiqj* ?kVrs vk jgs gSa-

ekeyk dsoy ,d fo'ofo|ky; dk ugha gS- ;g ekufldrk vc gjLdwy] dkfyt o laLFkku dh cuh [kM+h gS- dgka ls cuh o D;ksa cuh]bldk mÙkj ryk'kuk dksbZ dfBu dke ugha gS- ;g ml iz.kkyh dk dqyifj.kke gS ftl O;fDrokn dks flj vk[kksa ij cSBk dj ns'k dk iwjk <kapkdke dj jgk gS ftlesa ifjokj dh txg fnu&fnu VwVrh tk jgh gS-

rhljk Á'u turU= dh vo/kkj.kk dks fdUgha fNis bjknksa lslqfo/kkuqlkj iyVus dh lkft+'k ls tqM+k gS- bldk igyk lQy iz;kllafo/kku lHkk esa fczfV'k iz'kklu ds ekWMy dks gw&c&gw dcwy djds gqvk Fkk-ysfdu lkft+'k igys ls gS- baxyS.M dksbZ cgqr cM+s vk;ke okyk ns'k ughagS rc Hkh mlus fdl etcwjh esa turU= dks izfrfuf/k rU= esa cny fy;kFkk- bldk ekdwy tokc os ugha nsrs gSa- ysfdu] 1947 esa mudh xqykeh lsckgj vk dj vius fy, u;h 'kklu O;oLFkk pquus ds fy, tc cSBk x;krks og dkSu etcwjh Fkh fd ge x.kjkT; dh viuh [kkaVh Á.kkyh dksxzg.k ugha dj lds vkSj fczfV'k ekWMy esa gh viuk Hkfo"; ns[kk x;k\

,d Á'u turU= dh vo/kkj.kk esa gq, myVQsj dh lkft+'k dksle>us ls tqM+k gS- ;kn jgs fd turU= dk ewy lw= Ýkal dh Økafr ls mitkgS- og gS% cjkcjh] LorU=rk vkSj ca/kqRo ¼equality, liberty and fraternity½-Hkkjr dk turU= mlls dgha igys xkao x.kjkT; iz.kkyh esa izLQqfVr gqvkFkk tks Ýkal dh Økafr ls dgha xgjh bckjr dk /kuh gS- ns[k ysa%

cjkcjh dh ckr rks rktk turU= ^Hkwy* x;k gS- bls iwjh nqfu;ka esagh lqfo/kkuqlkj cM+s lyhds ls Hkqyk fn;k x;k gS] ;g dguk dgha csgrjgksxk- cjkcjh ds ukjs us xqykeh nkSj dh Åap&uhap o ghu Hkkouk dks NksM+]ru dj [kM+k gksus dk tux.k dks gkSlyk fn;k Fkk- blls mudh lfØ;rkrFkk igydneh dks ia[k yxss- blls vYila[;d lsfB;k rcds dks ijs'kkuhgqbZ] blhfy, [krjs dks igpku dj cjkcjh ds fl)kUr dks nQukus dk iDdkizca/k fd;k x;k( vc gj txg xSj&cjkcjh dk lkezkT; gS-

=klnh ns[ksa% turU= dks cM+s dk;ns ls izfrfuf/krU= esa cny fy;kvkSj vc izfrfu/krU= dks jktuhfrd nyksa ds rU= esa <ky fy;k gS tgkayksxksa }kjk pquk x;k izfrfuf/k muds izfr u tokcnsg gS] u mudh ckrij vey djrk gS- og viuh ikVhZ ds usr`Ro dh ckr dk mya?ku djs rkslhV rd xoka ldrk gS tcfd pquus okys yksxksa dh ckr dk mya?ku djsrks mldk dqN ugha fcxM+rk gS- ;g dSlk turU= gS\ blls yksxksa dhturU= esa fgLlsnkjh lekIr gqbZ gS- muds uke ij fu.kZ; dksbZ nwljkysrk gS o muij FkkSairk gS- ekSfyd turU= dh ;g =klnhZ gS- blds ckndne&c&dne LorU=rk o ca/kqRo dk vFkZ Hkh cny fn;k x;k-

ftl turU= esa cjkcjh izeq[k fo'ks"krk ekuh tkrh jgh gks] mlsxSjcjkcjh dks fodkl dh dqth crk;k tkus yxk gS- os lc rjhds btkndj fy, gS tc 'kklu+ esa turk dh Hkkxhnkjh dks de ls de fd;k tk,-ljek;snkjksa dks vc [krjk vke yksxksa dh turU= esa Hkkxhnkjh ls gS]lkekftd lokyksa esa mudh lfØ; #fp ls gS- ;fn turU= dks vkevkneh pykus yx tk,a rks mudh lfØ; 'kfDr ds vkxs dksbZ fufgrLokFkZ fVd ugha ik,xk- bl fNis [krjs ls iwathlk/kd Hk;Hkkhr gaS- vr%fujUrj iz;kl yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks de ls de djus dk gS- bl cksryds ftUu dks dkcw djus dk muds ikl ,d gh dkjxj rjhdk Fkk vkSj oggS fd yksxksa ds uke ij pan yksxksa dks turU= dk izfrfuf/k crk;k tk,-;gh fd;k x;k- jktuhfr'kkL= bls izfrfuf/k rU= ds :i esa tkurk gS-

bl izfrfuf/krU= ds tfj;s vkSj [kkldj jktusrkvksas dh ekQZrturU= dks lkjghu cukus esa ;ss lQy gq, gS- m/kj] Hkkjr esa [kki yksxksa dhlh/kh Hkkxhnkjh dk lcls l'kDr o Hkjklsyk;d j.k{ks= jgk gS] vkt Hkh gS-;gh dkj.k gS fd iwjk ljek;snkj rcdk bu [kkiksa dk bruk izp.M fojks/


kh cuk x;k gS- ;s ugha pkgrs fd [kkiksa ds tfj;s yksx turU= esa lh/ksHkkxhnkjh dk eU= lh[ksa vkSj vius thou dks pyk,a- jktuhfrd nyksa vkSjmuesa okeiafFk;ksa dk [kki fojks/k blh Mj esa fufgr gS-

;gka ekDlZoknh ikVhZ dh oÙnk djkr r; djus yxh gS fd tkVleqnk; lxks= fookg dks viuk, ;k R;kxs! tkV leqnk; vFkok vU;tkfr lewg ls dksbZ iwNus okyk ugha gSa fd rqEgsa ;g jkg pyrs I;kj* dh izFkkeatwj gS ;k ugha vkSj ?kj&ifjokj vFkok fookg dk laLFkku ilan gS ;k ugha-;g dkSulk turU= gS\ djkr ;k fdUgha fpnEcje dks turU= dh fpark ughagS] mUgsa turU= ds e[kkSy ls yxko gks x;k gS-

vYila[;d lsfB;k rcds ds fy, pan izfrfuf/k;ksa dks dkcw esa j[kukdgha vklku gS tcfd igys yksxksa dh lfØ;rk mlds fy, vkQr dk iSxkeFkk- le>k tk ldrk gS fd izfrfuf/krU= dk vokeh turU= ls Hk; [kkukvius cpko esa LokHkkfod izfrfØ;k gS! [kki yksxksa dk lh/kk turU= gS tksbudks jkl ugha vk jgk gS- buds fo#) bl gksgYys dk ;gh cqfu;knh dkj.kgS ftlds fy, ns'k ds lc ny ,dtqV gSa-

gqvk ;g gS fd cjkcjh] Lok/khurk] o ca/kqRo ds lw= okys turU=us tux.k dh 'kfDr dks [kqy[ksyus dk oSpkfjd vk/kkj ns fn;k Fkk- Lo;abl ukjs dk tud ;g vYila[;d rcdk blls tc Hk;Hkhr gks mBk rksvkQr ls cpus gsrq izfrfuf/krU= dks gh turU= crk;k tkus yxk vkSjizfrfuf/k rU= dks dkcw esa j[kus gsrq jktuhfrd ny ds rU= esa cnyfy;k x;k] rkfd bl dsUnzhHkwr jktuhfrd ny ds f'k[kj ij fojktekupan yksxksa dks vklkuh ls ,d fu/kkZfjr nk;js esa cka/k dj j[kk tk lds-115 djksM+ Hkkjrh; tux.k dks igys dqN gtkj izfrfuf/k;ksa esa lesVfy;k x;k ftlds mijkUr O;kogkfjd :i esa jktuhfrd nyksa ds 15&20yksxksa rd ;g turU= fleV dj jg x;k gS- lsBksa ds fy, bls dkcw esaj[kuk lqfo/kktud gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd izR;sd pqukoksa ds ckn ;s ny ojktusrk vxys pquko rd] vioknksa dks NksM+ dj] lsBksa ds ;gka gkftjhctkrs ns[ks tkrs gSa- budh dyk bl ckr esa gS fd gj dke dks ;s ^turk*ds fy, crk dj djrs gS tcfd gksrh lsfB;kfxjh gS- [kki dk lh/kk turU=/kuoku rcds ds fy, csdkcw ftUu gS- leL;k bl txg gS-

pkSFkk loky ukStoku yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dh ;kSu LorU=rk o ilan@pquko

ds vf/kdkj (freedom of choice) dk gS- ;g ekuoh; fj'rksa esa fuiVcktkj dh LorU=rk dk fl)kUr gS vkSj ,dy O;fDr ds ?kksj O;fDrokn dhodkyr Bgjrh gS- ,sls csrqds fl)kUr* dks tk;t Bgjkus gsrq ;s egkuqHkko?kj&ifjokj rksM+d vfHk;ku esa bldk iz;ksx dj jgs gSa- v/kdpjh mez esatc eka&cki bUgsa Kku gkfly djus Ldwy&dkfyt Hkstrs gSa ml le; [kkids fojks/kh bUgsa izse* dh ikB'kkyk esa HkVdus nsus ds vf/kdkj* dh ckr djrsgSa- ilan dk ukjk cktkj esa fcdus@[kjhnus dk ukjk gS- ;s ukjs vly esa nwljsegk;q) ds ckn vejhdk esa oqesu fyc vkUnksyu dk vk/kkj&LrEHk cus Fksftls vc Hkkjr esa ;s vk/kqfudrk izseh viuk jgs gSa-

iwath ds jkt esa ilan dk vf/kdkj /kuoku ds njckj esa fcdrk gS-ekeyk fcdus dh vktknh dk gS ftldh 'kq#vkrh Vªsfuax dk gd ;sekax jgs gSa vkSj blds fy, lafo/kku dk okLrk ns jgs gSa- ;g gd lSDldks vUrr /kuoku ds ;gka fxjoh j[kus Hkj ds dke vkrk gS rkfd xjhcdh csVh dks cktkj ds fy, rS;kj djs vkSj blesa bTtr dk loky ck/kk u cus- tkuh gqbZ ckr gS fd iwath&lSDl gh ugha] lc jkxkRed lEca/kksa dks cktkj esa fcdus@[kjhnus dk eky cuk dj NksM+rh gS- [kki dsfojks/k esa ilan ds vf/kdkj dk loky blh lUnHkZ esa mB jgk gS-

nyhy gS fd ukjh iq#"k] [kkldj firk o ifr dh xqyke gS] ftldsfy, fir`lÙkkRed lekt dg dj nsgkr dks dkslk tkrk gS- vkjksi gS fdukjh dkss viuh bPNk ds fy, ifjokj ds ncko esa jguk iM+ jgk gS] bllsvktknh feys rks og rkdroj cu tk,xh- vFkZ gqvk fd ukjh ;kSur`".kkcq>kus tc eu pkgs [ksr esa pjus dks vktkn gks rks mls LoxZ feysxk- D;k[kwclwjr n'kZu dk izfriknu gks jgk gS\ dksbZ iwNs fd mudh ifjHkk"kk ijeksfgr LorU= ukjh dks ,slk ijk;k [ksr dgka vkSj fdldk feysxk\tkfgj gS ,slk ?kj /kuoku dk ;k /kwrZ dk gksxk- blesa pSu o lq[k dgkagS\ nj&nj HkVdus esa ukjh ds lEeku dk rc D;k gksxk\ ifr ls NqVdkjsdk vFkZ fookg tSlh ekU;rk izkIr laLFkk dks lekIr djus dh odkyr gS-tkfgj gS iwath dh lÙkk dks ukjh ds lEeku ls xtZ ugha] mls viusO;kikj dh fpark gS ftlds fy, ukjh dks cjxykus ds ;s ukjs gSa-

ik apok a iz'u yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa esa vfu;fU+=r izse vFkok ;kSu lEca/kcukus dh f'k{kk&nh{kk rFkk yQaxsiu dh odkyr ds ihNs edln dk gS-


lfn;ksa ds O;ogkj ls euq"; us bl izlax esa ftu ekU;rkvksa dks [kM+k djdsvius dks lqlaxr vkpj.k esa <kyk Fkk] mu lc vuqHkoksa ij vk/kkfjrekU;rkvksa dks njfdukj djds ;g vfHk;ku euq"; dks fQj ls og'kh ;qx esafdl edln ls okil ys tkus ij rqyk gqvk gS\ blls fdl dks D;k ykHkvFkok ?kkVk gksxk] ;g le>us dh t:jr gS- Ýkal dh Økafr esa lekt dksjtokM+k'kkgh dh xqykeh okys xfrjks/k ls eqDr djus dh t:jr ds vkadyuij tks LorU=rk dk ukjk mBk Fkk mls cM+h [kwclwjrh ls vc ?kj&ifjokjesa eka&cki ls ukStokuksa dh vktknh esa cnyus dh ea'kk ,d lkft+'k dkfgLlk ugha gS rks D;k gks ldrk gS\ bl i{k ij xEHkhjrk ls fopkj vo';gksuk pkfg, rkfd gekjh ftanxh dks ujd cukuh dh lkft'k foQy gks-

ukStokuksa ds fy, ftl vktknh dh yM+kbZ ;s egkuqHkko yM+ jgs gSamldk igyk lh/kk ifj.kke ?kj&ifjokj ds lkFk muds fj'rs dh VwVu gS-blls lekt dks D;k ykHk gksxk\ lekt dks rks ?kkVk gh jgsxk] fdUrqlsfB;k rcds dks ykHk gh ykHk gksxk- ns[k ysa% ?kj&ifjokj ls fofNUuukStoku & yM+ds o yM+fd;ksa dh ;g csjkstxkj lsuk jksth&jksVh ds fy,gj 'krZ ekuus dks rS;kj vkSj lLrh etnwjh ij lsBksa dh pkS[kV ij tSlkos pkgsa ogh ikuh Hkjus dks etcwj gksrh tk jgh gS- bUgsa de ykxr ovR;f/kd equkQs okys /ka/kksa ds fy, bUgsa l[r t:jr gS- bUgsa xtZ ughagS fd lekt ds LokLFk dk D;k gksxk] tcrd budk dkjksckj Qyrk gS-

mPp Js.kh ds yksx viuh larku dks if'peh lH;rk esa jaxus oltkus ds vH;Lr gSa- blh jax esa ns'k dh iwjh vkcknh dks iksruk pkgrsgSa-s iz'u mudh turkfU=d vkLFkk ij [kM+k fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd mlsviuh pkgr dks nwljksa ij vkSj og Hkh dkuwu o iqfyfl;k M.Ms ds neij yknus dk gd dSls feyrk gS\ ugha] bl rjg dh lksp vkSj O;ogkjfuiV QkflLV pfj= dh gS- bldk turU= ls dqN esy ugha gS-

?kj&ifjokj ds eksg esa tks ;qod&;qofr;ka vHkh rd vVds gq, gSa]bUgas ;kSu foÑfr dh vklku pld esa Qalk dj /ka/kk pykus ds edlnls D;k lkekftd fgrksa dh vuns[kh djds ;g ,d lqfu;ksftr lkft'kugha gks jgh gS\ ;g turkfU=d 'kCnkoyh dk nq#i;ksx gS- D;k bu cPpksadk tUe blhfy, gqvk Fkk fd os vkthfodk ds fy, lsBksa ds ;gka xank ikuhHkjus dks etcwj gksa\ os lH; lekt ds lH; ukxfjd ds crkSj thou fcrkus

dk gd ugha j[krs gSa\ lkekftd thou dks x/kyk djus dh rc ;k btktrD;ksa o fdlds dgus ij feyh gS\ bldh rg esa tkuk pkfg, rkfd blf[kyokM+ dks le; jgrs jksdk tk lds-

[kki dksbZ rktk ifj?kVuk rks gS ugha] ftl ds voxq.kksa dk bYgke vcNg n'kd dh vktknh ds ckn vpkud QwV iM+k gS- lafo/kku dks cus Hkh Ngn'kd chr x, vkSj fganw fookg vf/kfu;e cus Hkh ikap n'kd ls Åij dkle; chr x;k gS- lxks= fookg dh bl dkuwu esa u eukgh gS] u blsxSj&dkuwuh dgk gS- lxks= fookg dks lkekftd ekU;rk ugha gS vkSjlkekftd ekU;rk ds fcuk fookg dk dqN vFkZ ugha gS- dksbZ vnkyr ;keafnj bl lkekftd ekU;rk nsus dk u rks vf/kdkjh gS] u mls ,slk vf/kdkjfeyuk gh pkfg,- fookg dh ekU;rk ds fcuk ;kSu lEca/k dks lektO;fHkpkj gh ekurk gS- ;g dkuwu vly esa vkcknh ds ,d cM+s rcds dksvijk/kh ?kksf"kr djrk gS ftldk mls vf/kdkj ugha gS- vktknh ds dqN ghlky ckn o"kZ 1956 es ,sls csgwnk dkuwu dks cukus dh D;k gMcMkgV Fkhftls lekt us dHkh dcwy ugha fd;k\ lc ij ,d gh dlkSVh yknus ogkadus dk edln D;k gS\ D;k fofo/krk ds lIr jaxksa ls ljkcksj Hkkjr dks,dy jax esa jaxus o bl fofo/krk dks lekIr djus dk ;g pØkaUr Fkk\

[kki ds loky ij ftl tkV dchys dks migkl dk fo"k; cuk;kx;k og dchyk u fganw gS] u eqlyeku- og fdlku gS- ;g ckr fdlhvU; us ugha lj NksVwjke us ,d le; dgh Fkh tc os eqfLye yhx lstw> jgs Fks- vc mls ewrhZ iwtd jksM jksyj ds uhaps ihlus dk iz;kl fdleryc ds fy, gks jgk gS-\ D;k ;g bl dchys ij vk;Z lekt ds vljdks lekIr djus dh ;kstuk Fkh\ tkV dchyk gh ugha] fl[k] tSu] ckS)vkSj iwjk 'kwnz rcdk fganqokn dh ml ifjHkk"kk dks Lohdkj ugha djrs gSa]ftldh ykBh ls gkadus dk ;g iz;kl gqvk gS- dHkh bZlkb;ksa ij ryokjHkkath tkrh gS] dHkh fl[kksa o vkfnokfl;ksa ij rks vc tkV leqnk; dksfu'kkuk lEHkor% vdkj.k ugha cuk;k x;k gS- Li"Vr% ;g dqfRlr iz;kl,d foLr`r ;kstuk dk fgLlk yxrk gS- blds [krjs dks lgh lghvkaduk gksxk] vU;Fkk vkxs py dj cpko vR;Ur dfBu gks tk,xk-

r


5

;s fofp=k psgjs[kki iz.kkyh ij vk{ksiksa dh csckd ehekalk gksuh pkfg,- blds fy,

fLFkfr le> ysuh gksxh- fLFkfr dk igyk i{k gS fd vk{ksi yxkus okysyksx dqN csrqds feFkd [kM+k djds viuk vfHk;ku pyk jgs gSa- dqN ckrksadks] dqN csrqds ykaNuksa dks ;s yksx lp eku dj pys gSa] mu ij ehekalkls cp dj ckr gks jgh gS] lgwfy;r ds vuqlkj vk;s fnu rdZ cny jgsgSa- cgl dk ;g csrqdk vk/kkj gS- Li"V yxrk gS fd budk ,d [kkl ol/kk&l/kk;k edln gS- bls Li"V dg ugha jgs gS- yqdkfNih dk [ksy gS-blfy, ehekalk esa FkksM+k foLrkj dh vko';drk gS-

vk{ksi yxkus okyksa esa vusd jax ds yksx gSa- dqN dfFkr izxfr'khygSa tks bl iz.kkyh dh ckr mBrs gh yky ihys gks tkrs gS vkSj foi{k esa[kM+s gjsd dks ckck vkne ds tekus dk eksg ikyus okyk crk dj yrkM+jgs gksrs gaS- ;s egkuqHkko [kki dks lkearh dg dj izxfr esa jksM+k crkrs gSa-buds fy, izxfr dk vFkZ iwat'kkgh dks etcwr djuk gS-- bu esa vf/kdrjdE;qfuLV nyksa ds yksx gSa ;k fgek;rh v[kckj okys vFkok os cf)thohgSa ftUgs gj loky dks if'peh nqfu;ka ds m|ksx&O;kikj dh thou'kSyhesa izxfr ryk'kus dh vknr gS- blds pyrs ns'k dh viuh ekVh esa >kadusls bUgsa l[r ijgst gS vkSj m/kkj dh lksp ij brjkrs o iyrs vk jgs gSa-

okeiafFk;ksa esa vkxs jgus okys dE;qfuLV nyksa ds yksx gSa ftUgsa ,dle; vke vkneh ds gd dk ny ekuk tkrk Fkk- jktlÙkk ds loky ijbudh le> dk fnokfy;k fudy pqdk gS- ,d le; ^Økafr* ds ckn jktlÙkk dks lektoknh fodkl dh budh dqath vc ljek;snkjh futke dhlÙkk ds eksg esa iyV pqdh gS- lÙkk ds vFkkg eksg esa Qal dj ekSdkijLrhds pyrss Hkkjr ds voke ls ;s yksx vc cqjh rjg dV dj jg x, gSa- pqukoesa iwath ds fo#) vkx mxyus okyksa dks dsUnz esa ljek;snkjh fodkl dh

odkyr djrs ns[k dj turk dk buls eksg VwV ds dxkj ij igqapk [kM+kgS- budh jktuhfr dk ;g ,d i{k gS- =klnh mudk gj rjg dh ns'kt lkspls ijgst gS- tM+ lksp ds f'kdkj gSa- rdZ gS fd Hkkjr esa vc iwath'kkgh dhtM+ etcwr djus dk oDr gS- blds fy, os cslkal dke dj jgs gSa- blh dsvuqlkj ukjs x<+ jgs gsa- ?kj&ifjokj o lekt dh cquxr ls bUgsa lhekghu,ythZ gS- xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa bUgsa lMka/k mBrh yxrh gS- ;U=or fopkj budhvknr esa gS- bfrgkl dh ;g foMEcuk gS- [kki 'kCn ls ;s fcndrs gSa- fdUrqoSpkfjd o O;kogkfjd }a} dh ihM+k bUgsa Mqck nsus ds Lrj ij tk igqaph gS-

okeiaFk ds v/kdpjs iSjksdkj ;s yksx tc [kki iz.kkyh dks dkuwu olafo/kku ds iSekus ij rksy jgs gksrs gSa rks FkksM+k vpEHkk gksrk gS- bu egk'k;ksadk vnkyrksa o iz'kklfud <kaps ij U;k; ds fy, bruk xgjk fo'okl ns[krscurk gS- vFkZ gqvk fd budh fuxkg esa Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] dkuwu] vnkyro iz'kklfud <kapk vkn'kZ gS] gkykafd vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij vke vknehdk buls fo'okl Hkax gqvk [kM+k gS- ;s egk'k; bu jktlaLFkkvksa dh U;k;fiz;rk ij ;dhu djds [kkiksa dks xSjdkuwuh Bgjkus ij ilhuk cgk jgsgSa! yxrk gS budh le> dk fnokyk gh fiV pqdk gS- yksxksa dh 'kfDrij vfo'okl o ljdkjh vnkjksa ij fo'okl ls budh oSpkfjd cspkjxhVidrh gS vkSj turk gS tks pkj dne vkxs fudy dj vkt bu vnkjksals lkekU;r fojDr gqbZ [kM+h gS-

;s yksx Hkwys ugha gksaxs fd muds xq# ysfuu us cqtqZok vnkyrksa dh U;k;fiz;rk dks [kks[kyk lkfcr dj budh txg turk dh pquh gqbZ vnkyrksa ijiz;ksx fd;k Fkk] ysfuu dh nyhy xyr Hkh ugha Fkh- orZeku Hkkjr dkscqtZqok&lkearh ns'k crk dj Økafr ds ukjs dk /ka/kk djus okys ;s egkuqHkkobl cqtZqok lafo/kku o dkuwu dks tufgrS"kh dc vkSj D;ksa crkus yxs gSa] ughairk- ,d ckr lkQ gS fd ;s yksx ;k rks lekt ifjorZu dh [kkfrj badykcds ukjs dk ek= /ka/kk djuss yxs gSa ;k iwath'kkgh ds fuiV iSjksdkj cu pqdsgSa- }a}oknh rdZ nksuksa ds chp bl lhek rd esy ryk'k ugha dj ldrk gSftldk ;g [kqyk O;kikj py jgk gS- tks gks] bu dfFkr okeiafFk;ksa dhrktk vkLFkk ij cfygkjh gksus dk eu djrk gS- fdUrq] iyVh ekjus dhbl egkjr ij bUgsa c/kkbZ rks gjfxt nh ugha tk ldrh gS- fpark muyksxksa ds Hkfo"; ij gS tks bu nyksa esa vVds iM+s gSa-


ekDlZoknh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds jk"Vªh; o gj;k.kk Lrj ds usrk tc izseh;qxyksa* dh fgek;r esa [kki iz.kkyh ij dkuwuu ikcanh yxkus dh ckr djrsgSa rks ;s Lo;a gh turk dh gdnkjh ds fo#) [kM+s gks tkrs gSa vkSj ;kSukpkjdh foÑfr rFkk bls cktkj dk eky cukus esa da/kk yxkrs gksrs gSa! blls Lo;aukjh vLer dyafdr gksrh gS ftls ;g ukjk cktkj esa cnyus ij mrk: gS-;g turk dk uSlfxZd gd gS fd os viuh futh ikfjokfjd ftanxh dsigyqvksas dks Lo;a r; djsa- fdlh ljdkj dks muds futh thou esa ;gka rdn[ky nsus dk vf/kdkj ugha gS] u ;kSu dks cktkj esa [kjn&csp dk /ka/kkcukus ls ukjh eqfDr dk dkfQyk vkxs tk ldrk gS- lksfo;r la?k esa gq,nksuksa rjg ds iki dk dqQy lektoknh vkUnksyu Hkqxr pqdk gS-

dsoy O;Ld ek= gksus ij ;kSu O;fHkpkj dks I;kj dg nsus ls bldslkekftd dqQy ij ;fn dE;qfuLV fopkj ugha djsaxs rks dkSu djsxk] c'krsZos vly esa dE;qfuLV lksp j[krs gSa\ fl)kUrksa dh rksrkjVar ds tfj;sbfrgkl esa dksbZ dHkh dE;qfuLV curs ugha ns[kk x;k gS- mEehn Fkh fd 1991esa dfFkr lektoknh [kses ds fxjus ij ;s yksx vkRefo'ys"k.k djsaxs] fdUrqLi"V gS yhd ihVus dh vknr ls ;s vHkh rd eqDr ugha gq, gSa-

oÙnk djkr tSls dE;qfuLVksa dh foMEcuk nsf[k,% orZeku ^'kks"k.kewydo lM+ pqdh O;oLFkk** ds fo#) vke vkneh ds gd dh tks ckr djsa muls;g mEehn gS fd os Hkkjr dh ;qok ih<h dks Hkxr flag&pUnz'ks[kj vktkn]mneh jke cuus dh ulhgr nsaxs] mUgsa U;k;cks/k o mPp laLÑfr ls f'kf{krdjds turk ds fgrksa ij dqckZu gksus ds fy, rS;kj djsaxs- ogh yksx tc blns'k ds ukStokuksa dks pyrs jkg lhVh ctkus okys izseh tksM+s* dk xkSjo ikusgsrq O;fDr LorU=rk ds iSxEcj cu tk,a rks badykc ds izfr mudh fu"Bkij iqu% fopkj dh fLFkfr [kM+h gks tkrh gS- bldk vFkZ gqvk fd oÙnk djkrdh fuxkg esa vkt ds Hkkjr dh leL;k u c<rh csjkstxkjh dh gS] u ;gkavU;k; O;kIr gS vkSj u 'kks"k.k ls yM+us dk ,ts.Mk cpk gS ftlds fy,ukStokuksa dks yydkjk tk,( vkt rks izse dh ihaxs c<kus dk ;qx vorfjrgks pqdk gS! ?kj&ifjokj ds fir`lÙkkRed* ca/kuksa ls budh uQjr vkSj jksVhds pan VqdM+ksa ds fy, dkj[kkusnkj vFkok O;kikjh dh xqykeh dks vktknhdk rjkuk crkus okyksa ls iwNk tk ldrk gS fd LorU=rk uked tho dksos fdl okn esa <kyus ij ilhuk cgk jgs gSa\ ?kksj ,oa fuÑ"V O;fDrokn dsi{k esa [kM+s ;s dfFkr dE;qfuLV ny fdl Hkkjr dh ckr djrs gSa\ crkuk

pkfg, fd mudh jktuhfr dk oSpkfjd vk/kkj lewgokn ij fVdk gqvk gS;k O;fDrokn ds os iSxEcj cu pqds gSa-

;fn lektoknh fparu ek= /ka/kk u gks rks O;fDrokn o lektoknhfparu ds QdZ dks ?kkyesy djus ls bUgs cpuk pkfg, Fkk- vfLrRooknh lksppje O;fDrokn dh vfHkO;fDr gS ftlij lk=s ls lgkjk ysdj ;kSuLorU=rk dk fparu [kM+k gS- bldh odkyr djds ;s v/kdpjs dE;qfuLV[kki ds fo#) o ;kSu foÑfr ds gd esa [kM+s utj vkrs gSa- bUgsa lektdSls vaxhdkj djsxk vkSj D;ksa djsxk\- ;fn ;s usrk O;fDrokn ij fVds;kSun'kZu ls lkal ysus okys bl loky ij utfj;s dks ugha cnyrs] ftldh mEehn buls de gh cph gS] rc Á'u gS fd muds Hkkoh lektoknhlekt ds ,sls HkkS.Ms o yQaxs fp= dks dkSu dcwy djsxk! mudh ;fn;gh izxfr'khyrk gS rks blls rkSck djuk gh csgrj fodYi gS-

lekt esa ;kSu foÑfr vkSj [kki ds lokyksa ij bu dfFkr okeiafFk;ksavkSj [kkldj ekDlZoknh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dh gjdrksa ls tks /ofu mHkjrhgS mlls ,d loky [kM+k gksrk gS fd Økafr ds ckn ds Hkkjr dks ;segkuqHkko fdl rjg dk Hkkjr cuk,axs- mlls vke tu dk ijgst ghmHkjsxk- lsBksa vkSj yQaxksa ds flok ,slk Hkkjr fdldks Hkk,xk\ dgus dkeu gS fd vc rd Hkkjr dks ;s yksx vius fdLe dh Økafr ls ekykekydjus esa vlQy jgs gSa rks blls Hkkjr dk dgha u dgha Hkyk gh gqvk gS-

[kki fojks/kh fxjksg+ esa nwlj s os yksx gSa ftUgsa orZeku izfrfuf/krU= ds<g tkus dk Mj lrk jgk gS] ysfdu lh/ks&lh/ks ;g ckr Lohdkj djus dhfgEer muesa ugha gS fd dgha nkeu ij lsfB;k nyky gksus dk vkjksi u yxtk, bl ekStwnk iz.kkyh esa budk viuk futh LokFkZ Hkh iyrk gS-

fczxsM esa rhljh rjg ds rkdroj os egkuqHkko gSa ftudk fgr xzkeh.kHkkjr dks rckg djds muds lalk/kuksa o lLrh Je&'kfDr ij viuk dCtktekus ds vfHk;ku ls ca/kk gS vkSj le>rs gSa] Bhd gh le>rs gSa fd [kkiiz.kkyh xzkeh.kksa dks viuh j{kk esa] viuh thoui)fr dks viuh pkg dsvuqlkj pykus ds gd esa tqVus gsrq jkg nsrh gS vkSj mUgsa vius fgr dh [kkfrj[kM+k gksus dk bl eap ls lkgl feyrk gS ftldh mUgsa l[r t:jr gS-

pkSdM+h ds pkSFk s igjsnkj os yksx gSa ftUgsa nsgkr ls uQjr gS vkSj gj


nsgkrh i{k esa os lMka/k lwa?krs gSa- nsgkfr;ksa dks uQjr gh ugha djrs] fuiVxokaj ekudj buesa fdlh rjg dh le> ls badkj djrs gSa o nsgkr dks ns'kds ekFks ij dyad eku dj pyrs gSa- os Hkkjr dks vius rd ns[krs gSa vkSjpkgrs gSa fd nwljs lc ;gka ls nQk gks tk,a- muds thus ds gd dks ek= mPpoxZ dh lsok djus rd lhfer djds ns[krs gksras gSa

dqy feyk dj ryokj Hkkatus okys ;s lc yksx ns'k dh tula[;kdk eqëhHkj va'k gSa- ysfdu gSa cM+s 'kkfrj o lk/kulEiUu- buds v[kckjNirs gSa] Vsyhfotu jkr&fnu HkkSadrs gSa- laln esa buds uqekbans tks ;sdgrs gSa ngkMrs gSa- tks pkgrs gSa dj xqtjrs gSa- turk dh vkokt dscgkus dgrs gSa] ekStwnk turU= dh ;g foMEcuk gS fd turk ds fo#)tks dqN gks jgk gS turk ds uke ij gks jgk gS- Lo;a turk dh Nkrh dksNyuh Hkh tufgr ds uke ij fd;k tkrk gS!

[kki ds fo#) ;s lc rjg ds fliglkykj tkus&vutkus viusvius dkj.kksa ls vc fey dj vfHk;ku esa gSa vkSj gj rjg dk ncko cukusesa yxs gq, gS rkfd Hkkjr muds liuksa dk ns'k cu lds- buds [kkrs esaxzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gS- xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh tehu] ty]taxy o [kfut lEink dks gh ;s Hkkjr le> dj ckr djrs gSa- vkcknhQkyrw gS] csn[ky djus yk;d gS- dgrs gSa fd nsgkrh vkcknh ds dCtsls bu lalk/kuksa dks fudky dj gh Hkkjr lksus dh fpfM+;k cu ldsxk!gSjku gksus dh ckr ugha gS] lu~ 2000 esa cuh ^dsUnz ljdkj dh u;hÑf"kuhfr* ;gh dgrh gS- bldk igyk iUuk bUgha 'kCnksa esa c[kku djrk gS!

m/kj] xzkeh.k Hkkjr /kjrh ij viuk thus dk gd pkgrk gS] vius <axls thuk pkgrk gS- ns'k mldk gS- fdlh us [kSjkr esa mls ugha fn;k gS-viuh esgur ls cuk dj ;gka igqapk gS- ljdkjsa mudh izfrfuf/k rks gSafdUrq bUgsa ekfyd ds rkSj ij Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] u djukmfpr gS ftlls ;s ljdkjsa yksxksa ds ?kj&ifjokj vkSj muds 'k;ud{krd tk igqaps- vkt ;gh lc dqN djus dk budk bjknk gS- mBs u;s[krjs ds vk;ke dk iwjk vglkl nsgkr dks vHkh ugha gS- bl fLFkfr esa[kki ds tfj;s pyus okyh mldh thou'kSyh ij rktk geyk gqvk gS- xEHkhjfopkj djus dh vko';drk bl fy, Hkh gS fd [kki ds pkS/kfj;ksa esa vf/kdrj blls [kcjnkj ugha gSa fd gks D;k jgk gS- blhfy, budh vksj ls

ekdwy tokc ugha cu jgk gS- dqN pkykd yksx iz.kkyh dks vius futhLokFkZ esa] vFkok pqukoh jktuhfr gsrq iz;ksx djus Hkj dh fnypLih j[krs gS-

[kki fojks/kh vfHk;ku dh tM+ esa nks rjg dh le> dke dj ldrhgS- ,d ;g fd vkjksi yxkus okys ukle>h o xyrQgeh esa csfljiSj dhgkadrs gksa- nwljk ;g fd lc dqN tkurs@le>rs gq, fdUghsa iwokZxzg lsxzflr gks dj vfHk;ku esa tqVs gksa- igyh rjg ds yksxksa dks lp dk irkpyus ij larks"k gksrk gS vkSj os fdlh iwokZxzg ls eqDr gks tk ldrs gSa-nwljh rjg ds yksx fdlh u fdlh fNis y{; dks lk/kus ij yxs u gksarks mudh nyhy esa vlR; dks NksM+us dh >yd feyuh pkfg,- ;g i{kxk;c gks rks cnek'kh gh cprh gS- ,sls yksxksa dks lekt ls vyxFkyxdjds gh [krjs dks de fd;k tk ldrk gS-

,slh fLFkfr esa [kki ds bfrgkl o Lo:i dk vkdyu gks rks ckrLi"V gkssxh- blds fy, igys lafo/kku dh ckr dj ysa rks csgrj gksxk-

lafo/kku o dkuwu dh lhekjs[kk ijlafo/kku o dkuwu ds loky ij fopkj dk ,d lUnHkZ gS- pwafd

lafo/kku o dkuwu dk Álax mBk dj [kki ds vfLrRo dks pqukSrh nh xbZ gSblfy, mBs [krjs ls vkxkg djus gsrq igys bl loky ij FkksM+k foLrkjls ckr dg ysa- vktknh ds ckn cus lafo/kku esa cgqr dqN vPNk ryk'kk tkldrk gS] ysfdu lHkh dqN Bhd&Bkd ugha gSA ;g ckr ge ugha dg jgs gSa]Lo;a lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa esa ls cgqr yksxksa us viuk nq[k O;Dr djrs gq, bllp dks ml le; ds usrkvksa ds lkeus j[kk Fkk tc bl lafo/kku dkfuekZ.k gks jgk Fkk- usrk yksx Hkh bl i{k dks udkj ugha ik, Fks- lhferle; dk gokyk nsdj ok;nk fd;k x;k Fkk fd lafo/kku dks dqN iFkjhysnLrkost dh rjg u ysa] ;g fodkle; lkfcr gksxk-

tkuh gqbZ ckr gS fd lafo/kku esa viuh lqfo/kk ds vuqlkj vc rdvusd igyqvksa ij] tc pkgk la'kks/ku gksrs jgs gSa- ysfdu] ;g ckr Hkh lpgS fd xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds gd esa blesa ftl rjg ds cnyko dh vkl ml fnuyxkbZ xbZ Fkh ml ckjs esa ;g lafo/kku csgn dBksj vkSj iFkjhyk lkfcr gqvkgS- ok;ns ds eqrkfcd u;s Hkkjr dk lafo/kku fodkleku rks gqvk fdUrqtufgr ds fopkj ls myV fn'kk esa x;k] cfYd dqN ekeyksa esa bldh ;k=kdks fodkleku dguk gh xyr gS- bl ckr ij bZekunkj cgl gks rks nkok


FkksFkk lkfcr djus gsrq cgqr esgur dh vko';drk ugha gksxh-,slh vk'kadkHkh ml le; vusd lnL;ksa us tkfgj dj nh Fkh fd bl ;k=k ds myV fn'kkesa tkus dh vf/kd lEHkkouk gS- bl dVq bfrgkl dks ;kn j[kuk pkfg, vkSjbls ;kn djkus dh [kkl t:jr blfy, eglwl dh tk jgh gS fd xks=fooknksa esa [kki iapk;rksa ds vkSfpR; ij vk, fnu xSj&laoS/kkfud o xSj&dkuwuh gksus dk vk{ksi nksgjk;k tk jgk gS ftldk dqN vkSfpR; ugha gS-

tc vaxzst+ 'kkld ;gka ls tkus yxs rks ^LorU=* Hkkjr ds fy, ,dlafo/kku cukus dh [kkfrj ^lafo/kku lHkk* xfBr gqbZ Fkh- LorU= Hkkjr dklafo/kku dSlk gksxk bl ij lHkk esa igys nkSj dh cgl pyh- buesa vusdlnL; ,sls Fks ftUgsa 'kk;n irk ugha Fkk fd bl cuus okys lafo/kku dhlhekjs[kk igys gh] vaxzst+ksa ds lkFk feydj] [khaph tk pqdh Fkh-

cgl esa LorU=rk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku mBs vusd lokyksa dk gokyknsdj ,sls lnL;ksa us Lojkt gkfly djus ds cM+s&cM+s lq>ko j[ks- fdUrq gqvkmyV- cM+s&cM+s fo}kuksa dks ysdj tks Mªªkf¶Vax desVh cuh mldh eatwjh ijfopkj gsrq bl lafo/kku dks is'k djrs gq, fof/keU=h us cM+s xoZ ls dgk fdßeq>s rks izlUurk gS fd fo/kku ds elfons esa xkao dks ckgj QSad fn;k x;kgS vkSj O;fDr dks jk"Vª dh ewy bdkbZ ekuk x;k g S-Þ ¼lafo/kku lHkk okn&fookndh ljdkjh fjiksVZ] i"B 77] iqLrd la 3 fnUukad 4-11-1948½ ;kn j[ksa% Hkkjrds eeZ dks cnyus ds fy, ;g ,d cgqr xEHkhj oS/kkfud myVQsj dkslaoS/kkfud vk/kkj nsus gsrq [kqyh ?kks"k.kk Fkh ftldh 'kq#vkr vaxzst'kkldksa us lu~ 1857 ds ckn ls vkjEHk dj nh Fkh-

bl dFku dk lh/kk vFkZ Fkk fd LorU= Hkkjr dk Hkfo"; m|ksxO;kikj dh fczfV'k dYpj ij [kM+k gksxk] ftleas ifjokj dks dksbZ txgugha gksxh- bl ?kks"k.kk dk lafo/kku lHkk esa rhoz fojks/k gqvk-

ikap uoEcj 1948 dks ,d lnL;] nkek snj Lo:i lsB us dgk%

4bl lafo/kku esa Lo’kklu dgÈ ugÈ gS- ;gka vEcsndj us dsUæh;dj.kij cy fn;k gS-Qklhokn vkSj loZlŸkkRedrk ds fo#) ,dek= cpko dkrjhdk gS fd lŸkk dks vf/kdre la[;k rd fodsfUær dj fn;k tk;s- fdUrqdkuwu ls lŸkk ds dsUæh;dj.k dk ifj.kke gksxk fd gekjk ns’k] ftlus lnkQklhokn dk fojks/k fd;k vkfgLrk vkfgLrk Qklhokn dh vksj c< tk;sxk-

Jh ,p oh dk WeFk us dgk fd

4^^dy dk mudk Hkk"k.k ,d izfrHkk'kkyh uxj fuoklh ds leku FkkvkSj ;fn xzke fuokfl;ksa dh vksj gekjk ;gh #[k jgk] rks eSa dsoy ;gh dgldrk gwa fd bZ'oj gh gekjh j{kk djs- dnkfpr elkSnk lfefr cukus esa ghxyrh gqbZ- mldh lfefr esa dsoy ,d Jh;qr eqa'kh ds vfrfjDr vU; dksbZlnL; ugha Fkk] ftlus ns'k dh LorU=rk ds la?k"kZ esa izeq[k Hkkx fy;k gks-esjk fo'okl gS fd og fnu nwj ugha gS] tc Hkkjr dks gh ugha] oju leLrlalkj dks ;fn og 'kkafr] lqj{kk] lq[k o lEiUurk pkgrk gS] fodsUnhzdj.kdjuk gksxk vkSj xkao x.kjkT; uxj x.krU= LFkkfir djus iM+saxs vkSj blhvk/kkj ij mudks vius jkT; dk fuekZ.k djuk iM+sxk( vU;Fkk lalkj ?kksjfoifÙk ds f'kdats esa Qal tk,xk-** ¼ogh] i`"B 117&119 fnUkkad 5-11-1948½

Jh f'kCcu yky lDlsuk us dgk fd

4eq>s •jkslk gS fd bl lnu dh cgqr cMh+ la[;k xkao x.kjkT;ksa ijbl n`f”Vdks.k ls lger ugÈ gSa eSa O;fäxr :i ls eglwl djrk gwa fd;fn ge xkao iapk;rksa rd og lc jks’kuh vkSj Kku ys tk;sa ftls gekjs ns’ko nqfu;ka us çkIr fd;k gS rks ;s ns’k dks ,d j[kus vkSj jkejkT; rd ys tkusdh lc ls {kerkoku ‘kfä gks ldrh gSa- eSa futh rkSj ij eglwl djrk gwafd ;s xkao x.kjkT;] :l dh lksfo;rksa dh rjg vPNs Lo’kklu dkekWMy cu ldrh gSa- eSa lksprk gwa fd lafo/kku esa xkao x.kjkT; LFkkfirdjus dk çko/kku gks-* mUgksaus rks ;gka rd dg fn;k fd ^;g lc lqu djeq>s nq[k gqvk fd fof/k ea=h ml iz.kkyh ls ?k`.kk djrs gSa] ftlesa xzkeksadh bPNk loksZifj ekuh tkrh gS- esjs fopkj ls gesa ml Hkkx dk mfprla'kks/ku djuk iM+sxk* ¼ogh i`"B 110] fnUukad 5-11-1948½Jh Vh çdk’ku us 6-11-1948 dks cgl esa Hkkx ysrs gq, dgk fd

4 ,slk gky ;fn iapk;rksa dk gqvk gS rks le>uk pkfg, fd fof•éfons’kh ‘kkldksa }kjk bl ns’k dks iífYyr djus ds dkj.k ;s bl n’kk esaigqaph gSa- blds ckotwn ;s ftUnk jg ldÈ-

Jh lkjax/kj nkl us dgk fd4 eq>s ;gka vo’; dguk gS fd gekjs Ldwy o dkfytksa esa if’peh f’k{kk

QSyus ls ge xkao ls ukrk rksM c+SBs gSa-


pkS/kjh j.kchj flag us 06-11-1948 dks dgk fd4 eSa ,d nsgkrh gwa- fdlku ds ?kj iyk gwa vkSj ijofj'k ik;k gwa-

dqnjrh rkSj ij mldk laLdkj esjs mij gS vkSj mldk eksg] mldhlkjh leL;k;sa vkt esjs fnekx esa gSa- -----eSa lksprk gwa fd ns’k dsfuekZ.k esa xkaoksa dks mudk okftc fgLlk feyuk pkfg, vkSj xkaoksadk ç•ko gj {ks= esa jguk pkfg,-

lafo/kku ds vfUre ikB ij cgl ds le; 17 11 1949 dks ds guqeUFk S;kus dgk fd

4 tukc vz/;{k th] rhu lky gksus dks gSa tc geus bl dke ds fy,viuh igyh cSBd dh Fkh- vc ;g dke iwjk gksus dks gS- vktlafo/kku dh iwjh rLohj çkIr gksus ij] eSa rks bl lafo/kku dk Lokxrdjus vkSj iwjh rjg bldk xq.kxku djus ds fy, viuk eu ugÈ cukik jgk gwa- ;g dqN bl rjg gS fd ge us ekaxk rks oh.kk ;k flrkj¼ns’k dk laxhr½ Fkk] ysfdu fn;k x;k gS vaxzst ds laxhr dk cSaM-+ ;gblfy, gqvk D;ksasfd gekjs lafo/kku cukus okys blh rjg i<s gSa- eSamUgsa nks”k ugÈ nsrk] cfYd eSa mu yksxksa dks nks”k nwaxk ;k ge esa lsmUgsa ftUgksaus bu yksxksa dks ,slk dke lkSaik Fkk- ftu yksxksa ds gkFkesa ;gka lafo/kku cukus dk dke Fkk mUgksaus çkUrksa ds yksxksa dks ghdqN ‘kadk dh fuxkg ls ugÈ ns[kk gS] cfYd mUgsa •fo”k; ij Hkh‘kadk jgh gS- ftUgsa ;s lEHkor% yksxksa dk nqO;Zogkj ekurs gSa mu dhjksdFkke ds fy, bUgksaus bl lafo/kku esa vkus okyh ihf<;ksa rd lcrjg ds çko/kku j[ks gSa- xks] gekjs lafo/kku cukus okyksa us fodsUæhdj.kdk ekxZ ugÈ viuk;k gS] fdUrq] eq>s Hkkjr ds yksxksa esa Hkjkslk gS-

22 11 1948 dks lsB xksfcUn nkl us dgk fd4 Lknu esa Mªk¶V is’k djrs gq, Mk vEcsndj us xkaoksa ds lEcU/k esa tks

dqN dgk mlls eq>s vkSj eSa le>rk gwa bl lnu dh cgqr Hkkjhla[;k dks nnZ gqvk gS

Jh Mk ih ,l ns’keq[k us 22-11-1949 dks cksyrs gq, dgk fd4 eSa lafo/kku dks ,d nwljs fcUnq ij Hkh nks”kiw.kZ ikrk gwa- ;g lalnh;

turU= ewyr% ;Fkk&fLFkfr dks cuk dj j[kus ds fy, gS- ;g

orZeku gkykr esa ewyHkwr ifjorZu ds fy, ugÈ gS- ;fn ge ihNs eqMdj ns[ksa rks ik;saxs fd ge yksxksa dh vkdka{kkvksa ij [kjs ugÈ mrjsgS- ;g dgus esa vfr ugÈ gS fd] fdruk Hkh vxkspj D;ksa u gks] ,dvksj ljdkj vkSj nwljh rjQ turk ds chp ,d }U} mHkj jgk gS-yksx lkspus yxs gSa fd ;g ç’kklu mudk ugÈ gS- eq>s lUnsg gS fd;g lafo/kku orZeku ;qx dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djsxk ;k Hkkjrh;yksxksa dh çfrHkk dks lUrq”V djsxk-

Jh ch ih >qu>qUokyk us dgk fd4 ;g xkao x.kjkT; ugÈ Fks ftUgksaus ns’k dh yqfV;k Mqcks;h Fkh] cfYd

ckr blds myV gS- fczfV’k jkt esa ;g dsUæ Fkk ftlus xkao dkscckZn fd;k tks ns’k dh vkcknh dk 90 çfr’kr fgLlk gS vkSj ftlusns’k dks fHk[keaxk cuk fn;k-

Jh deykifr frokjh us dgk fd4 ºu gjsd tkurk gS fd dsUæ ds gkFk esa okLrfod lŸkk ek= lSfud

‘kfä ds gksus ls gS vkSj lSfud ‘kfä ds tekoMs dk vFkZ turk dsvf/kdkjksa dk iwjh rjg fouk’k gS- ;g ,sfrgkfld lPpkbZ gS- gekjklafo/kku bl [krjs dks is’k djrk gS- gesa crk;k tk jgk gS fd ;gturk dk lafo/kku gSeSa uezrk ls dgrk gwa fd eq>s yxrk gS fd ;glkekU; tu dk lafo/kku rks lc ls de gS-

Jh egkohj R;kxh usa 25111949 dks dgk fd4 ,d ckr gS ftldk eq>s cMk Mj yx jgk gS] vkSj ;g gS fd bl

lafo/kku dh ,d ço‘fr ,slh tekr iSnk djus dh gS &,slh tekrftls turU= us gj txg iSnk fd;k gS & og gS is’ksoj jktuhfrKksadh- lHkh turU=ksa dks is’ksoj jktuhfrK pyk jgs gSa vkSj eq>s Mj gSfd mudh vlQyrk dk ;gh eq[; dkj.k gS D;ksafd ;s yksx turU=ij iyus yxrs gSa- ;g muds fy, is’kk cu tkrk gS] jkt dyk* mudhthfodk cu tkrh gS- ;g turU= dk vfHk’kki gS vkSj eSa •koh ihf<;ksadks blls lpsr djuk pkgrk gwa- bldk bruk [krjk gS vr% eSa pkgrkgwa fd vkus okyh ihf<;ka ,sls yksxksa ds gkFk esa u [ksysa tks îs’ksojjktuhfrK* gSa- xkao okyksa dh n`f”V ls fp= uhjl vkSj csdkj gS- xkao


oklh dks ;dhu fnykus ds fy, eSa dksbZ nyhy ugÈ ns ldwaxk fd 26tuojh 1950 ¼ lafo/kku ykxw gksus dh rkjh[k½ ls mldh gkyr csgrjgksxh- mlds fy, blesa dqN Hkh Bksl ugÈ gS ftlls og bl lafo/kkudks vPNs <ax ls le>svr% esjk fuosnu gS fd dsoy tc /kjrh cksusokyksa dks ;g lafo/kku pykus dks l{ke cuk;k tk;s r•h os bls viusvf/kdkjksa vkSj LorU=rk dk pkVZj ds crkSj csgrj le>saxs-

¼ lEcfU/kr m)j.k va’k vaxzsth+ ls LoNUn vuqokn½

lafo/kku dh bl detksjh ij lnL;ksa dh rhoz izfrfdz;k ls ijs'kkuusrkvksa us bl esa /kkjk 40 tksM+ dj lkaRouk nsus ds fy, ml le; dgk Fkkfd ;g lafo/kku dksbZ ckbcy ugha fd cnysxk ugha] gkykafd ckn esa bUghausrkvksa us lafo/kku ds ckbcyh pfj= dks mHkkjus dk vfHk;ku Hkh pyk;kftldk ftØz djds ?kj&ifjokj o muds vkilh HkkbZpkjs dh [kki O;oLFkkds eqdkcys esa ifjokjksa ds ;qod&;qofr;ksa dks [kM+k djus ds okLrs Ô;fDrLorU=rk* dk ikB i<kus esa lafo/kku dk gokyk bl rjg fn;k tk jgk gStSls ;g ifjokj rksM+d lafo/kku dksbZ /keZ&iqLrd gks!

xkao lekt o mlds x.kjkT; Lo:i dks lafo/kku esa txg nsus dhekax dks [kkfjt dj nsuk ml le; vR;Ur dMqokgV dk fcanq cu x;kFkk bldh txg ,d >qu>quk idM+k dj bl fojks/k dks 'kkar fd;k x;k-rc ml le; ds usr`Ro us ok;nk fd;k Fkk fd ;g deh vkxs iwjh djysaxs] ijUrq lp ;g gS fd ok;ns ij dHkh vey ugha gqvk- xzkeh.k Hkkjrds lkFk Hkkjh /kks[kk gqvk gS- vkt xzkeh.k Hkkjr ,d nksgjh O;oLFkk esaQalk [kM+k gS-

,sls esa lafo/kku dk gokyk nsdj [kki O;oLFkk dh vko';drk dksudkjus dh dljr drbZ okftc ugha- xzkeh.k Hkkjr dlwj esa ugha gS- dlwjokj/kks[kk nsus okys gSa- [kki ds :i esa ;gka dh fodsfUnzr thou'kSyh vFkokLo'kklh O;oLFkk dks vc mlh viax lafo/kku dk gokyk nsdj njfdukjdjus dh pkyckth gS- blls vf/kd dqN ugha-

;g ckr js[kkafdr djuk lehphu gksxk fd Lo;a fof/k&foKku dsvuqlkj lafo/kku o dkuwu lekt ds fy, cus gSa] lekt dkuwu o fdlhlafo/kku dk nkl ugha jg ldrk gS- bls ckbcy dh rjg ugha fy;k tkldrk gS fd fdlh fookn dh izd`fr dks mlds gokys ls r; djus dk rdZ

mBk;k tk,] tSlk [kki O;oLFkk ds loky ij ;s L;kus yksx vc pqukSrh nsrsyxrs gSaA- lp dks rksyus dk ;g loZFkk xSjokftc <ax gS-

[kki dks vlaoS/kkfud o xSjdkuwuh crk;k tk jgk gS- D;k ;gdguk gS fd lekt esa [kki dks NksM+ dj gj pht laoS/kkfud gS\ crk nsafd lafo/kku esa lekt o ifjokj dk dgha mYys[k ugha gS-bl dk tokcorZeku O;oLFkk dks [kks[kyk lkfcr djus ds fy, i;kZIr gksxk- nwljs i{kdks ns[k ysa% lafo/kku 1949 esa cuk- ?kj&ifjokj o lekt dk vfLrRoblls cgqr igys ls gS- ;g lafo/kku dk dke Fkk fd buds vfLrRo dksLohdkj djrk- ugha fd;k rks blesa ?kj&ifjokj o [kki lfgr lekt dkdlwj fdl ckr dk ekuk tk,xk\ dlwj gS rks lafo/kku cukus okyksa dhuh;r ij vaxqyh tkrh gS- blesa ftØ ugha gksus ls D;k eku ysaxs fdlekt esa ?kj&ifjokj ;k [kki dk vfLRro lekIr gks x;k\ D;k mudhmi;ksfxrk dk ;g lgh iSekuk gks ldrk gS ;k dksbZ le>nkj vknehbls Lohdkj djsxk\ ;gh ugha] orZeku lafo/kku dh gSfl;r dksbZ ikjliRFkj dh ugha gS- viax lafo/kku ij [kkiksa dks rkSyus&ij[kus dk vFkZLo;a viax gS- ,sls esa [kki dks blij [kjk mrjus dk loky csek;us gS-

HkkbZpkjs dk iz'u[kki ds fo#) rktk vfHk;ku esa lxks= fookg ij ,rjkt de vkSj

HkkbZpkjs dh /kkj.k ds pyrs xkao dh xkao ;k lkFk yxrs xkao esa 'kknh dsekeys dks vf/kd fu'kkuk cuk;k x;k- blh lUnHkZ esa fxurh ds NBs vkSj ;gkanwljs uEcj ij vkjksi dh ehekalk dj ysuk pkfg,- [kki dk vk/kkj HkkbZpkjsdh le> gS- lp gS fd 'kgjokfl;ksa dks HkkbZpkjs dh t:jr ugha gS] ;sxzkeh.k lekt esa HkkbZpkjs dks fQtwy ekurs gSa- iMkSlh dh csVh dks csVh ekuusdk tgka fjokt ugha] csVh dh lgsyh dks csVh u ekuus okys 'kgfj;ksa dh lkspgS fd xkao o lhe yxrs xkao&xqgk.M esa bu fj'rksa dks nsgkr D;ksa mBk,fQjrk gS\ udVk pkgrk gS fd vf/kd ls vf/kd udVs cusa rkfd vdsys dksudVk u dgk tk,! ;g nksuksa rgthcksa ds chp u iVus okyh [kkbZ gS-

vf/kdrj nsgkr vHkh ifjokj ds Je ij fVdh [ksrh ls thou pykusokyk Hkkjr gS tcfd uxj iwath ds v[kkMs gSa- ftl fnu [ksrh dsoy iwathds lgkjs pyus yxsxh nsgkr Hkh ywV ds vM~Ms esa cny tk,xk- tc rd gkyrikfjokfjd Je ij [ksrh dh gS rcrd xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh rgthc HkkbZpkjs ds

lkekftd cquxr esa [kki @ lkekftd cquxr esa [kki @ 56 55

lgkjs pyus okyh gS- blds fcuk [ksrh [ksrh ugha dkj[kkuk cu tk,xh- [ksrh,d nwljs ds lgkjs pyrh gS- lgHkkfxrk o HkkbZpkjk bldh lathouh gS- lheyxrs xqgk.M ds lkFk HkkbZpkjs ds ihNs Hkh ;gh vFkZ'kkL= dke djrk gSftlls bldk lkekftd rU= cuk gS- ;g u gks rks [ksrksa esa fnu&jkr csfgpddke djus dh fLFkfr [kRe gks tkrh gS- ;g ckr mu {ks=ksa esa rks vifjgk;ZgS tgka vkSjrsa fnu&jkr vius [ksrksa esa dke djrh gS o vdsys Hkh vkrh&tkrhjgrh gSa- xzkeh.k ftanxh ds lp dk ;g /kkjkry gS- tc [kki izFkk ds fojks/kh HkkbZpkjs dk e[kkSy mMk dj ekax djrs gSa fd [kki ij ikcanh gks rks 'kadk[kM+h gksrh gS fd budk vly edln [ksrh dks [kRe ;k pkSiV djuk gStSlk vejhdk us fd;k Fkk-

Hkkjr vejhdk ugha gS fd ;gka cSad o dEifu;ksa dh iwath [ksrh djrhgks vkSj fdlh dk n[ky eatwj u gks- ;gka nsgkr esa vkneh dk vkneh ls fj'rkvHkh cpk gqvk gS- Vhjh[kka dks Hkh nwljs ls dke iM+rk gS- vycÙkk dqN yksxHkkjr dks Hkh vejhdk dh rtZ ij iyVus dh tYnh esa gaS- blfy, bUgsaHkkbZpkjs ls cncw vkrh gS- fdUrq xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh dqy vkcknh dk Hkfo";ekax djrk gS fd ;g vejhdk u cus- ;fn cuk rks ;g vkcknh rckg gkstk,xh vkSj rc os lsBksa ds ;gka twrs lkQ djus o ikuh Hkjus dh gkyr esavk dj fVdsaxs- fnYyh] eqEcbZ] dydRrk tSls lc egkujksa esa ;g utkjk vkegS tgka nsgkr dk mtM+k fdlku o etnwj >qXxhoklh cu dj /kuoku ds ;gkalqcg&'kke mudh Fkkyh o xans diM+s /kksus okyh ^lsok* djds xqtkjk djusdks etcwj gS- NksVs uxjksa dh nqfu;ka Hkh bu mtM+s nsgkfr;ksa ds Je ij fVdxbZ gS- mUgsa vktknh dk ;gh rksQk feyk gS vkSj fodkl dh ;gh xkFkk gS-

,slh gkyr esa HkkbZpkjs ds cy ij xkao dh csVh dks csVh ekuus ij nsgkrds yksx ;fn xokaj gS rks mUgsa ;g vkjksi eatwj gS vkSj vius xaok:iu ijdrbZ 'keZ ugha gS- ;fn nsgkrh bl ij dksbZ xoZ djrs gSa rks csgrj gh gS- ckrxoZ djus yk;d gS- lqizhe dksVZ dgs rc Hkh os bl lEeku dks NksM+us ds fy,rS;kj ugha gksaxs- ml ijkbZ vejhdh rgthc dk ;s D;k djsaxs tks budsthoujl dks gh lks[k dj j[k ns-

usrk yksxks a dh myVQsjrktk felky gS% fnYyh jkT; ds lekt dY;k.k eU=h dk ,d c;ku

Nik gS% mudk dguk gS fd ^ge fganqLrkfu;ksa dks lM+dksa ij fHk[keaxksa dks

ns[kus&lgus dh vknr gS] ¼[ksyksa ds volj ij ;gka vkus okys½ if'pe dsyksxksa dks ;g lgu ugha gksrk- blfy, fHk[keaxksa dks jkt/kkuh dh lM+d+ksals gVk;k tk jgk gS** ¼bafM;u ,DlizSl] ubZ fnYyh]1-7-2010½- ea=h egksn;dkWeuoSYFk [ksy&rek'kksa ds lUnHkZ esa jkt/kkuh dks ltkus ds okLrs fHk[keaxkfojks/kh dkuwu ykxw djus ij c;ku ns jgs Fks-

ea=hth us ugha crk;k fd ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dks lSykfu;ksa dh ilands vuqlkj jkt/kkuh ls ckgj [knsM+us dk miØe D;k ml >wBh 'kku dsfy, ugha fd;k tk jgk ftl rF; dh vlfy;r dk Kku lc dks gS\ea=hth dks >wBh 'kku ilan gS fdUrq xzkeh.k vkcknh dks yrkM+k tk jgkgS fd >wBh 'kku esa u jgsa] u bls ikysa\ bldk nwljk i{k gS% tks gesa lgugS vkSj lSykfu;ksa dks lgu ugha gS] muds fy, D;k gesas ;g ns'k NksM+ nsukpkfg, ;k lSykfu;ksa dks dgsa fd os ,sls ns'k D;ksa vkuk pkgrs gS ftudhlM+dksa ij lisjs o fHk[keaxs ?kwers gSa\ tks blds fy, gesa uQjr djrs gSaos ;gka D;ksa vk,a\ ugha] 'kku ;kuh vkWuj dHkh >wBh ugha gksrh] ;g ;knjgs- gj ns'k dh rjg gj vkneh viuh 'kku ds Hkko esa thrk o ejrk gS-tks bls >wBk dgrk@ekurk gS og uQjr dk gdnkj gS-

ea=hth dks bl ij 'keZ ugha gS fd 63 lky dh vktknh ds ckn Hkhjkt/kkuh dh lM+dksa ij Hkh[k ekaxus dh etcwjh muds 'kklu esa cuh gqbZgS- os fnYyh dh lM+dksa ls fHk[keaxksa dks ek= bl fy, gVk jgs gSa rkfdif'peh lSykfu;ksa dks ;gka Vgyuk cqjk u yxs- blls igys fnYyh gkbZdksVZ leySafxd ;kSu dks tk;t Bgjk pqdh gS vkSj lqizhe dksVZ us fookg lsigys ;kSu lEca/k cukus dks dkuwuh ekU;rk nh gS- ;g lc if'pe ls vkusokys lSykfu;ksa dh vkoHkxr ls vjcksa [kpZ djds [kjcksa #i;s dekus dhmEehn ysdj fd;k tk jgk m|e gS- Li"V gS fd bl [ksy&rek'ks dh rS;kjhds volj dks Hkh ;gka dh iwjh rgthc dks gh iyVus okys rst j¶rkjvfHk;ku esa cny fy;k x;k gS rkfd fojks/k de ls de gks- blh i`"BHkwfeesa] [kkiksa dks tkfgy izFkk lkfcr djus dk bruk rhozxkeh vfHk;ku fNM+kgS tks igys dHkh ugha pyk- D;k ;g ek= la;ksx&nq;ksZx gS- ;k fQj Fkksdesa py jgs ml vejhdhdj.k vfHk;ku dk fgLlk gS ftls fuiV iwath'kkghds fgr esa nks n'kd ls ;gka ;kstukc) rjhds ls pyk;k tk jgk gS- bl rjgdh udy dk uxkM+k ctrk ns[k&lqu dj gSjkuh gksrh gS fd fd/kj gkadktk jgk gS vkSj D;ksa- viuh lkekftd cquxr ds xq.k&nks"k dks igys le>


dj ;fn vejhdk ;k fdlh nwljs ls m/kkj dk fu.kZ; gksrk fd ysuk mfprgS ;k ugha rks ckr le> esa vkrh- ;g u djds ns'k dks vejhdhdj.k dh va/kh xyh esa /kdsy dj crk;k tk tk jgk gS fd ge tkfgy gSa! vaxzstksa us Hkhcrk;k Fkk fd Hkkjrh; tkfgy gSa- ns'kokfl;ksa us bls ugha ekuk Fkk-

[kki iz.kkyh dk Lo:iHkkjr esa [kki O;oLFkk ,d fnu ifjokj vkSj xkao ds lgdkjh LoHkko

ds pyrs d`f"kdeZ ls mHkjh Fkha- budk Lo:i lukruh o.kZ O;oLFkk dsvius&ijk;s o Åap&uhap dks udkj dj HkkbZpkjs ij vk dj fVdk Fkk]tks o.kZ&O;oLFkk dk udkj gS- vius bl lkfÙod pfj= esa ;g O;oLFkkxSj&czãf.kd xBu gSA- yEcs la?k"kZ ds ckn ;gka bl iz.kkyh dk opZLocuk Fkk- [kwu Hkh cgk- [kki izFkk dks feVk dj ijkftr iqjkus lukruh<kaps dks yknus dk fQj ls iz;kl gks jgk gS! mÙkj Hkkjr esa yEcs le;ls blds fVds jgus dk Hkh Bksl dkj.k czã.kh lH;rk ls fujUrj bldkla?k"kZ cuk- blfy, vc eu ls o.kZ O;oLFkk ds lc iqtkjh tkus&vutkus[kki dh lkekftd O;oLFkk ds fojks/kh gSaA- mUgsa bldk ;g xSj&lkEiznkf;dpfj= QwVh vka[k ugha lqgkrk gSA- mYVk] bls tkrh; xBu dg dj cnukedjus dh ea'kk ckj&ckj mNy dj lkeus vk tkrh gS!

[kki iz.kkyh ds yEcs le; rd cus jgus dk ewy dkj.k Hkkjr esaiuih lekt O;oLFkk dh viuh ns'kt le> Fkh ftlesa Ñf"kdeZ ds lkFk,d vU; lsod dks [kM+k djus dh t:jr Fkh tks taxyh tkuojksa ls[ksrh o cLrh@xkao dh lqj{kk] ckgjh dchyksa ls cpko] nq"Vksa dks ltknsus dk dke djrk- blds cnys mls mit dk NBk fgLlk feyrk- blsjktU; in ls tkuk x;k tks if'pe ds jktk ls vyx Fkk- fdlh dks nq"Vdjkj nsus dk dke [kki dk Fkk- ek= ltk nsuk jktU; dks lkSaik- ftEesnkjhtks u fuHkkrk mls gVk fn;k tkrk- mldh txg csgrj dks pquk tkrk-

dfcykbZ ;qx ls fudy dj dkfQyk vkxs c<k- vuqHko vkSj ifjlaLdj.kls fudyh ijEijkvksa dks ysdj gekjk lkekftd rkukckuk cuk vkSj vkxsc<rk pyk x;k- fdUrq cquxr ds dqNsd vk/kkjHkwr ewY;ksa dks cjdjkj j[kkgS- bl dke esa [kki iz.kkyh bldh Nrjh cuh- jktk nwljs fdlh jktk lsfHkM+s rks xkao us blls de gh ljksdkj j[kk- tks thr tkrk dkfcy eku djmls jktU; dk ewy dke lkSaik vkSj mit esa NBs Hkkx dk gdnkj ekuk tkrk-

fxus pqus dke ls vf/kd n[ky dk mldk vf/kdkj ugha Fkk- bldk o.kZueSVdkWQ us vius laLej.k esa fd;k gS- lafo/kku lHkk esa eSVdkWQ dk mYys[kdjrs gq, xkao dks ykafNr fd;k x;k fd ;gka ds xkao vius esa eLr jgus ockgjh geykojksa ds izfr fufZyZIr jgus ds vknh gSA rks bldk dM+k fojks/k gqvk!if'peh f'k{kk ls ySl ykaNu yxkus okys yksx Hkkjr ds lekt dh bl [kwchdk vkadyu djus esa pwd x, fd ;gka jktk dks dHkh ekfyd ds crkSjLohdkj gh ugha fd;k x;k gS- ;g Lok;rrk dh /kuh vkcknh gS- ;gkajktk&jtokM+s vk, vkSj pys x,] fdUrq xkao lekt us vius bu ewY;ksa dkslatksdj j[kk- buesa ifjokj o xkao dh Lo'kklh O;oLFkk ;kuh Lok;rrk ,dgS- bZLV bafM;k dEiuh o ckn esa vaxzst 'kkldksa us bls [kks[kyk vo'; fd;k]rksM+ ugha ik,- vkfnoklh {ks= rks ;gka rd dHkh ugha >qds- bldh j{kk esa ghorZeku lafo/kku esa ikapoha lwfp tqM+h tks vkt Hkh dk;e gS-

;gh dkj.k gS fd tc vkWuj fdfyazx ds cgkus [kki ij geyk rst gqvkrks nsgkr ls rhcz fojks/k mBk] ftls v[kckjh txr us tkV dE;qfuVh ds x:jdh laKk nh vkSj jktusrkvksa dks oksV dh [kkfrj pqi jgus dk nsk"kh crk;k]gkykafd] ykaNu yxkus okys ;gh yksx gSa tks oksV ik dj thrus okyksa dkLrqfrxku djus esa lcls vkxs gksrs gSa! ;g buds pfj= dk nksgjkiu gS-ftl oksV dks ;s egkuqHkko fnu&jkr Hkkjr ds turU= dh igpku crkrsugha v?kkrs os gh mu jktusrkvksa dk e[kkSy mMkrs gSa vkSj vkjksi yxkrsgSa fd ek= oksV dh [kkfrj ;s jktusrk [kki ij yxke yxkus dh nyhy ughalqurs- turU= esa cgqer ds fo#) eqV~BhHkj yksxksa dh csgwnk ckr D;ksa lquhtk,\ ek= blfy, fd muds gkFk esa v[kckj o Vsfyfotu gSa\

ftUgsa irk ugha fd xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh cquxr D;k gS vkSj os blsfdrkcksa ls gh tkurs gSa] mudk vkjksi gS fd [kki tkV laLFkk gS- [kki ulaLFkk gS vkSj u ;g fdlh tkfr fo'ks"k dh [kkfl;r gS- ?kj&ifjokj ds viusekeyksa esa fcjknjh dk gh n[ky jgrk gS- lks xks= iapk;rsa lHkh tkfr;ksa esavius dqVqEc&dchys ds ekeyksa dks lqy>kus ds fy, cSBrh gSa- tc ekeyklk>k xkao dk gks rks HkkbZpkjs dh xqgk.M rFkk ris dh iapk;rksa dh foQyrkij [kki dks cqyk;k tkrk gS ftlesa fdlh tkfr dks 'kkfey gksus dh eukghdk fjokt ugha gS- ;g lk>s dh iapk;r loZtkrh; gS- fQj] [kki dks tkfrfo'ks"k dh laLFkk crkuk vkSj bls nksgjkrs tkuk D;k fcuk edln gS\ fcuLokFkZ ckr dgus@djus ds gekjs lsB vknh ugha gSa!


tgka rd fdlh fo'ks"k tkfr dks ncaxbZ crkus dk iz'u gS ,slh dkSutkfr gS tks viuh txg ;k oDr iM+us ij ncaxbZ ugha gS\ bl vkjksi esatkfr}ks"k Vidrk gS- HkSaxh vka[k lss lEHkor ,sls yksxksa dks lc dqN ghmyVkiqyVk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS- bl rdZ ls tkfr}s"k dks gh gok feyrh gS-^vk Wuj fdfyax* ds iz'u ij

xzkeh.k Hkkjr dks yrkM+k tk jgk gS fd og >wBh 'kku esa th jgk gS-ftudk viuk dksbZ ifjokj cpk ugha] ftudh viuh larku lekt olekt dh otZukvksa ls vifjfpr gSa] viuh mu csVh&csVksa dh rtZ ij ;segkuqHkko vc nsgkr dh csfV;ksa dks igys ;kSu fiiklk ls xzLr djds vcbUgsa chp cktkj fcdus dks rS;kj djus dk vfHk;ku pyk jgs gSa! mudkrdZ gS fd tc mudh csVh ;kSu r`".kk ls xzLr cktkj ds fy, rS;kj cSBhgSa rc xzkeh.k >wBh 'kku dh [kkfrj mudks ekjus ij fdl fy, mrk: gSa!bl rjg iz'u djus okyksa dks vglkl gh ugha gS fd ekeyk xSjr lsycjst dqyca/kq&ifjokj ij vkus okys dyad dk gS- vkWuj mlh Hkko dknwljk :i gS- dyad o izfr"Bk dks tSls uxjoklh ns[krs gSa mlh dksxzkeh.k D;ksa viuk ysa\ D;k ;g 'kgjhdj.k dk igyk ikB ugha gS\

^vkWuj fdfyax* ds vkjksi dks c;ku djrs le; mBs rdZ ds vuqlkj;gka ukStoku yM+dh&yM+dksa esa ;kSu fod`fr ds nks"k rFkk 'kku ds iz'u[kM+s gksrs gSa- igyh ckr] lekt esa vkt QSyh ;kSu&fod`fr dk nks"k dkSuysxk\ rdZ dks ftl rjg mBk;k x;k gS mlls yxrk gS fd ;gka ;kSu fod`frdks euq"; dh LokHkkfod fxjkoV crkus dh ps"Vk gS vkSj mldk nks"klkekU; O;fDr ij Mkyus dk iz;kl gS- D;k ;g lgh gS\ nwljs] 'kku dkseuq"; dh gYdh&QqYdh fod`fr crkus dk D;k vFkZ gS\ euq"; dk ;g Hkkogs; vFkok njfdukj djus yk;d (disposable) ugha gh gS] Hkys ;s yksxtks dgsa\ vkWuj ;kuh ifjokj dh izfr"Bk fdlh fcjyk& VkVk&vEckuhdh lSalsDl ij fuHkZj 'kku tSlk yq<dus okyk loky gS ;k fdlh fNukyds ekFks dk flanwj gS fd tc pkgk iksr fy;k] tc eu fd;k iksaN fy;k-

vk/kqfudrk izseh ;s yksx ^gk] ek] f/kd** ds lw= ls ca/kh [kki ij bugR;kvksa esa lk>hnkj gksus dk vkjksi yxkrs gSa- eka&cki us viuh esgur lsyM+ds&yM+dh dks fdlds fy, iky&iksl dj cM+k fd;k gS] D;k cktkj dsfy,\ bl ckr dk tokc ;s ugha nsrs- eka&cki dk csVh&csVs ds lkFk fj'rsbrus {k.kHkaxqj ugha gSa- u vius cPpksa dks cseryc nq'eu eku dj gSoku gks

tkrs gSa tSlk vkjksi gS- D;k vk/kqfudrk izseh eq¶r esa ,slh fpark ls lw[k jgsgSa ftudk fpark djus esa u dqN tkrk gS] u fcxM+rk gS!

rdZ gS fd dfFkr izseh ;qxy dh jkg esa eka&cki }kjk jksM+k Mkyus]izrkfMr djus ls bu yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dh lafo/kkuiznÙk turkfU=d LorU=rkdk guu gksrk gS- ekuo vf/kdkj vk;ksx dks Hkh buds guu ij fpark gqbZgS- bl txg ,d tqM+k gqvk loky gS% yQaxs vFkok ;kSu va/krk ls xzflrfdUgha chekj yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa ds vf/kdkj dh fpark ds lkFk eka&cki :ihlaLFkk ds vf/kdkj ij vka[k can djus dks rc D;k ekuk tk,xk\ ekuo ;klaoS/kkfud vf/kdkj ds vyEjnkjksa dks bldk tokc nsuk gh gksxk] vkt ugharks dy- vf/kdkj ,drjQk o ,dkaxh /kkj.kk dnkfi ugha gS-

,d ckr ukjh nsg ls tqM+s euksjatu dh lksp dks ysdj gS- blhle> ds lkFk ;kSu&LorU=rk dks feyk dj ckr gksrh gS- ;fn iztuuvaxksa dks NksM+ nsa] rks ukjh o iq#"k ds chp Hksn fdl ckr dk gS\ euksjatudh ckr pyrs gh ukjh 'kjhj esa >kadus dk vFkZ\- ukjh ds ukp o uXu'kjhj esa euksjatu [kkstus dh chekj ekufldrk fuiV iwath ds [kqys cktkjdh nsu gS- ;g dsoy iwath gS ftlus ukjh ds xks'r dks iwath* dk ntkZ fn;k]vkSjr dks fl[kk;k fd og bl [kqys cktkj esa tc ,slh vueksy iwath dhekfyd gS rks Mjuk fdl ckr dk\ blds fy, ilan dh LorU=rk vkSj vius'kjhj dh Lo;a ekfyd gksus dh vtc eqfDrpsruk ls vcks/k ukjh dks ljkcksjdj cktkj esa QSadus dk lkeku tqVk;k gS-

fcxMSy jtokM+ksa us bls viukuk vkjEHk fd;k rks turk us bls dHkhugha Lohdkjk vkSj muds iru dk y{k.k gh ekuk- ;kSu&LorU=rk dk ukjheqfDr ls D;k rdZlaxr lEca/k curk gS\ ;g LorU=rk ek= ;kSu cktkj dkfuekZ.k gh dj ldrh gS] tks ;g djrh gS- ;fn fookg esa dksbZ yM+dk ;kyM+dh xqykeh ns[krs gSa vkSj vius Lrj ij os 'kknh ugha djrs gSa ;k dksbZyM+dh tuuh ugha cuuk pkgrh rks mls dkSu euk djrk gS] c'krsZ lekt esaxan u maMsys\ bUgsa rks lekt vka[kksa ij cSBkrk gS-

xt+c lksp gS fd eka&cki dh larku ds bu Lo;aHkw laj{kdksa dks izseh;qxyksa ds ,drjQk vf/kdkjksa dh fpark [kwc lrkrh gSa] fdUrq turkfU=d[kki izFkk esa yksxksa ds laoS/kkfud o ekuo vf/kdkjksa ls bUgsa ysuk&nsukugha gS- budk turU= izse blh nksxyh lksp ij fVdk gS- xzkeh.k Hkkjrdks bu dk lUns'k gS% tekuk cny pqdk gS] mudh csfV;ka ^vk/kqfud*


f'k{kk ls ySl dj nh xbZ gSa- >wBh 'kku R;kx dj cgrh xaxk esa gkFk /kksus esaykHk gh ykHk gS! buds mins'k ;k fQj yrkM+ dk ;g lkjka'k gS- vkWuj fdfyax ds iz'u ij jktcy R;kxh us lVhd ckr dh gS%ekrk&firk] nknh&nknk] ukuh&ukuk] vkfn dh I;kjh lUrku bUgha ds fu.kZ;vkSj leFkZu ls dRy dj nh tkrh gS- le> ysa% toku csVh&csVs vFkokcgu&HkkbZ dh gR;k ;k vkRegR;k ds fu.kZ; dh g`n;fonkjd ihM+k dhvuqHkwfr vklku ugha gS- xgu #nu ds ckn fo{kksHk dk Øwj Tokykeq[kh QwVrkgS- Lo;a dk thuk gjke tkudj gh ,slh gR;k gksrh gS-

vkWuj fdfyax vkRegR;k dk i;kZ; gS- fÁ;tu dh gR;k mldksnqHkkZX; ds xrZ esa tkus ls cpko dk vfUre mik; eku dj dh tkrh gS-;fn lgefr&vuqefr ls fookg gksrk gS rks lHkh csVh&cgu dk fookgvkuUn dkjt ds :i esa viuh lkeF;Z ls vf/kd migkj nsdj vkSjO;;Hkkj mBkrs gq, djrs gSa- dksFkyh] NwNd] Hkkr vkfn voljksa ij rFkkgj feyu ij fcnkbZ nh tkrh gS- ea'kk jgrh gS fd og vHkko dk thou uxqtkjs- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds ukSdj'kkgksa jktusrkvksa] m|ksxifr;ksa vkfn dslkFk lkekU; tkrikar dh yM+fd;ksa us fookg djds ?kj clk j[kk gSa- blij fdlh dh gR;k ugha dh xbZ- ijUrq] tc dksbZ csVh&cgu fdlh cnek'k]yQaxs vFkok ,sls detksj ds lkFk ^Hkkxrh* gS tks mlds lEeku dh j{kkdjus dh ctk; mls ek= miHkksx dh oLrq eku dj pysxk rks vfHkHkkoddks lkspuk iM+rk gS fd ftank jgrs mldh larku fd/kj tk jgh gS vFkokmls fd/kj /kdsyk tk jgk gS- yM+dh deflu gS rks Á'u eku&lEeku dkcurk gh gS- detksjksa dh deflu csVh&cgu ij gh yqPps&yQaxs tky QSadusdk lkgl dj ldras gSa- detksjh dk ;g lfVZfQdsV mUgsa gR;kjk cu djQkalh ds Qans rd tkus dks rS;kj djrk gS- ;kn jgs fd xzkeh.k ifjos'k esafdlh csVh&csVs ds dqdeZ ls fpidk dyad dsoy eka&cki dk jkLrk ughajksdrk gS] cfYd leL;k vxyh ih<h ds fj'rksa rd tkrh gS- nsgkr dksbZtM+foghu uxj ugha gS tks fj'rksa dks fQtwy dk cks> eku dj pysa- budsthou esa fj'rksa dh le> feV tk, rks os Lo;a feV tk,axs--

gj {ks=h; lekt esa fookg ds fy, dqN oftZr fj'rs gSa- buls csVh&csVsykijokg o vutku D;ksa gSa\ vQlksl trkdj ¼gk½] eukgh djds¼ek½ o f/kDdkj dj ¼f/kd½ Hkh ftldks jkgsjkLr ij u yk lds ml Lotu&fiz;tu

dks dRy u djds vius fy, ejk eku dj R;kx nsuk mfpr gS- blds fy,vfuok;Z gS fd Hkkxk gqvk dHkh ykSVdj lkeus u vk,- tks lhus ij gh ewaxnys rc D;k gks\ ,d vkneh ek= dk gh okLrk gks rks oSjkxh] lU;klh gksdjnsl NksM+ ns- ijUrq] gekjk clk gqvk ,d ?kj gksrk gS( dqVqEc&[kkunku rFkkthou&ej.k esa lkFk nsus okys xksrh HkkbZ gksrs gSa( vkSj ekek] QwQk] cguksbZ]lkyksa vkfn dk gj eku&vieku esa Hkkxhnkjksa dk Hkjkiwjk ifjokj gksrk gS-lkFk gh LFkkuh; lekt gS- ekeyk O;fDr ek= rd lhfer ugha jgrk-vkl&vkSykn okyk ifjokj xkao ds ,d lk>s ekgkSy esa jgrk gS] lkal ysrkgS- mldks njfdukj djds ek= gSdM o cs'keZ O;fDr ftank jg ldrk gS-

,sls rFkkdfFkr izseh tksM+s ekjs tkrs gSa rks dgha ls fojks/k izfrfØ;k ughaQwVrh- iwjk lekt gR;kjksa dk vFkok lekt:ih 'kjhj ls maxyh dks dkVnsus okyksa ds Áfr ewd leFkZu nsrk gS- lekt esa O;fHkpkj dh Hkh lhek,a gSa-galh&fBBkSyh ds Hkh fj'rs gSa- eka] cgu] csVh vkfn dks csgks'k] Hk;HkhrvFkok cgyk dj ;kSu lEca/k cukus okys dks D;k csVs] HkkbZ] cki vkfnîqjLdkj* nsa\ dky xYlZ] iRuhcny vkSj fj'or esa fdlh ukjh dkmiHkksx ftuds fy, êkMuZ lH;rk* gS] oSsls cqf)thoh dk Hkyk ;glekt D;k djsxk\ xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fy, rks ;s egk'k; ukdkjk gh gSa-*

[kki ij vk{ksiksa esa gj fnu dqN u;k tqM+ jgk gS- u;s rdZ is'k gks jgsgS- buesa ,d fnu Hkzw.kgR;k dk loky tqM+k rks nwljs fnu xkao esa O;kIrO;fHkpkj dk loky uRFkh gqvk- ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd [kkiksa dks izseh ;qxyksadks izrkfMr djus ds flok vU; loky D;ksa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs( tc ;gka ngstds fy, efgykvksa dks tyk;k tkrk gS rks ;s pkS/kjh pqi jgrs gSa- ;g Hkhnksgjk;k x;k fd lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dk vEckj yxk gS vkSj [kki dhlfdz;rk ek= fookg rksM+us esa ;k izsfe;ksa dks ltk nsus rd lhfer jgrh gS-

[ktkus esa pksjh ds fy, jaxs gkFk idM+s tkus okyk pksj ?ksjus okys dksdgs fd rqEgkjs nknk us esys esa veqd dh vaxwBh f[kldk yh Fkh] rqe D;k [kkd'kkg cuksxs\ [kki ds loky ij xkao esa O;kIr O;fHkpkj dk dqrdZ dqN blhrtZ dk gS- cgu ds lkFk izse fookg dks ;g dg dj tk;t ugha Bgjk;ktk ldrk gS fd xkao esa pkph ij cnpyuh dk vkjksi gS- lxks= fookg dsgd esa cnpyuh dh ;g dksbZ laxriw.kZ nyhy ugha curh gS- cnpyuhcnpyuh gh gS mls lnkpkj dk ntkZ ugha fn;k tl ldrk gS-


ekeyk dsoy xks= ls tqM+k gqvk ugha gS] ckr HkkbZpkjs dh Hkh bruh ghegRoiw.kZ gS- xks=ksa dk mn~xe tks Hkh jgk] blesa izeq[k rRo vc HkkbZpkjs dkgS tks O;kid vFkZ j[krk gS- csVh vFkok cgu ls 'kknh gks ;k u gks] ekeyk;g gS- bls lxks= fookg rd lhfer djds dqrdZ ?kM+uk cgl esa vlaxriw.kZvkpj.k gksxk- tks lxks= fookg esa gtZ u gksus dh ckr dg jgs gS dy dks;fn if'pe esa ;kSu dks thou dk izeq[k rRo ekuus okys eka&csVs ds chplEca/k ij gtZ u gksus dk rdZ nsa rc D;k bls Lohdkj dj fy;k tkuklaxriw.kZ ekuk tk,xk ;k foÑfr dh izdk"Bk\

O;fHkpkj ds loky ij igys ;g crkuk vko';d gS fd O;fHkpkjuxjh; lH;rk dh izeq[k nsu gS- ;g xkao dk viuk jksx ugha gS- mUgsa yEcsle; rd bl jksx ls cpkus dk dke dsoy fj'rksa dh ifo=rk ds lkFkHkkbZpkjs dh le> us fd;k gS- vc bl jksx dk lØe.k rhoz xfr ls xkaoesa Hkh gqvk gS- bldk Js; iwath dh cktkj ladYiuk dks tkrk gS ftlus ;kSudks Hkh m|ksx esa cnyus ds fy, csfglkc iSj ekjs gSa- mlh y{; dks ysdjO;fHkpkj ds lØe.k dk izp.M iz;kl 'kgjh rcdk djrk vk jgk gS- ftldnz vc fj'rksa dh ifo=rl e)e iM+rh tk jgh gS vkSj HkkbZpkjs dh vo/kkj.kk detksj gksrh tk jgh gS O;fHkpkj dks mlh dnz iukg feyus yxh gS-;g lc lp gksrs gq, Hkh nsgkr esa O;fHkpkj uxjh; lH;rk ls dgha de gS-;gka O;fHkpkj dks efgekeafMr djus dh eaM+h rks de ls de ugha gS-

xkao esa O;fHkpkj ds rdZ ij lxks= fookg dks tk;t Bgjkus okyhnyhy chekj ekufldrk dh lwpd gS- O;fHkpkj] O;fHkpkj gh jgsxk] mlslkekU; vkpj.k dh Js.kh ugha fey ldrh gS] u bl nyhy ij dksbZ fdlhij cykRdkj dk vf/kdkjh cu tkrk gS- ;kn djk nsa% lu~ 1991 esa dkslyhxksgkuk dk.M esa iqfyl dfeZ;ksa dks cpkus ds fy, gj;k.kk ds ml le;x`geU=h o iqfyl eqf[k;k us ihfM+r efgykvksa ds pfj= dks 'kadk ds ?ksjs esaysus okyk c;ku tkjh fd;k rks bl iz;kl dk rhcz fojks/k mBk] ekeys lstqM+s ,d ea=h dks pquko esa eqag dh [kkuh iM+h tks vc Hkktik ds ,d usrkgSa- yksxksa us rdZ Lohdkj ugha fd;k Fkk fd vkSjr dks tcju csbTtr djusdk fdlh dks vf/kdkj fey tkrk tc og Lo;a cn~pyu dk vkjksih gks-

nwljk rdZ [kkiksa ds lsok :i dks ysdj gS- ;g iz.kkyh lsok lfefr;kasdh rjg dk laxBu ugha gS- tks ;g rdZ ns jgs gSa mudh [kki lEca/kh le>

ij rjl vkrk gS fd os bls fdruk le>rs gSa- buesa tks gj;k.kk ls gSa muijiz'u mBsxk fd os vius izns'k dks fdruk le>rs gSa- ;fn le>rs gq, ;g lcdgrs gSa rks mudh ea'kk ij 'kadk mxrh gS-

[kki dk pyu fu/kkZfjr dk;Z{ks= ysdj gqvk gS] lsok lfer;ka vyxls dk;Zjr gSa- lHkh lHkh dke ds fy, ugha gSa- dksbZ bfrgkl dks >qBykus ijrqy tk, rks mldks crkus dk vFkZ ugha cprk gS- [kkiksa ds dk;Z{ks= dks dksbZeuekus <ax ls ifjHkkf"kr ugha dj ldrk gS- ftl eryc ds fy, dke djrhgSa muesa ;s lnk lfØ; jgrh vkbZ gSa- fQj tc ekeyk lxks= fookg dk mBkrks mUgsa xfy;ksa esa >kMw nsus dh ulhgr ds ihNs ea'kk [kksVh gS] /;ku iyVusdh pkyckth ds vfrfjDr dqN ugha gS-

[kkiksa ij udyh okeiafFk;ksa dk fo'ks"k vkjksi gS fd mUgsa lxks= vFkokHkkbZpkjs dks rksM+ dj jpk;s tk jgs fookgksa esa n[ky nsus ds vfrfDr dqN dkeugha gS tcfd tuthou esa nwljh cgqr leL;k,a gSa bu ij /;ku fn;k tkukpkfg,! budh bl /kwrZ frdMeckth ij rjl gh [kk;k tk ldrk gS- ;glokyksa ls /;ku iyVus dh pkyckth gS- bUgsa ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fdxks=&[kkiksa dk dk;Z{ks= gh ikfjpkfjd ekeys fiuVkus dk gS-

;g dguk xyr gS fd [kki ek= fookg ds loky ij lfØ; jgrhgSa- buds bfrgkl ij /;ku nsa- fQj] fookg [kkiksa dk ugha] xks=&[kki dknk;jk gS- tks gks] felky ds crkSj] 7 ekpZ 1911 dks cjks.kk ftyk jksgrddh ,sfrgkfld egkiapk;r dk ,ts.Mk xks= fookg ugha] lekt lq/kkj ds28 fcanq Fks] gkykafd blesa tkV leqnk; ls tqM+s fofHkUu xks=ksa ds 50000izfrfuf/k;ksa us Hkkx fy;k Fkk-- blds ckn ls vusd iapk;rksa us dsoylkekftd lq/kkj ds lokyksa ij /;ku fn;k] bl bfrgkl dks vuns[kk djdsvkjksi yxkuk ukle>h vFkok /kwrZrrk gh dgh tk;sxh-

vkWuj fdfyax ds loky dks ukjhokfn;ksa us efgyk mRihMu o ukjhLorU=rk dk iz'u cuk;k gS tcfd ejus okyksa esa iq#"k Hkh gSa! buds rdZ ls/ouh fudyrh gS fd mUgs ukjh esa ;kSukpkj (sexuality) Hkj dh fpark gS tcfd ukjh dk dk ;kSu iz'u mlds tuuh gksus dk gS- ;g lksp dh ek= fo`Ñ`frdk ugha gS oj.k ukjh ;kSu dk cktk: cukus dh pkg dk gS-

r


6

bfrgkl ds iUusviu s orZeku dks le>us vkSj vkus okys dy dh jkg ryk'kus ds fy,

bfrgkl ls lcd ysuk cM+h ckr gS- bfrgkl ds iUus ij [kki iz.kkyh dhbckjr Hkh fyf[kh gS- ns'k esa vketu }kjk fey&cSB dj ;g i)fr vkfndkyls cuh fd vius ekeys Lo;a fuiVk,a- cgqr lhek rd vius ?kj&ifjokjds ekeyksa esa ckgjh n[ky dks ilan ugha fd;k tkrk Fkk- jktk ds n[kydks Hkh ugha- mÙkj Hkkjr ds fo'kky {ks= esa ;g iz.kkyh ,d LoLFk ijEijkds rkSj ij mHkjh- bls xks=&[kki vFkok [kki dk HkkbZpkjk dgk x;kftldh vketu esa dnz vHkh rd dk;e gS-

gj;kuk loZ[kki iaapk;rlezkV v’kksd ds ‘kklu dky ls gj;kuk loZ[kki iapk;r dk ç/

kku dsUæ lkSje xkao esa gS- blds vUrxZr ekStwnk lgkjuiqj] gj}kj]fctukSj] T;ksfrck Qwysuxj] eqjknkckn] eqt¶Qj uxj] esjB] xkft;kckn]cqyUn’kgj] xkSrecq) uxj] ckxir] ikuhir] lksuhir] fglkj] jksgrd]>Ttj vkfn ftyksa ds {ks= vkrs gSa- blh {ks= esa c?kjk vkSj [kqÏh ¼orZekuf’kdkjiqj½ dks f<Yyh ;kuh fnYyh dks 1137 bZ esa clk;k Fkk-

‘kkgtgka ds ‘kklu dky esa olwyh dh n.MkRed ç.kkyh ds f[kykQcxk+orksa dks nckus esa ‘kga’kkg dks lg;ksx nsus ds dkj.k lknkrs ckjg dsfgUnh lS;nksa dks lgkjuiqj] [krkSyh ,oa ljoV ds ijxus tkxhj esa lS;neqt¶Qj [kka dks fn;s- bUgÈ ds csVs lS;n buk;r [kka us vius okfyn ds ukeij eqt¶Qjuxj ‘kgj vkckn fd;k- ekS[kjh jktoa’k us eks[kjk ¼jksgrd½ ls‘kklu fd;k- tEHk lafgrk dks viuk çkekf.kd xzaFk rLyhe djus okysfc’uksbZ [kki dk ftyk T;ksfrck Qwys dh dkaB rglhy esa vkt Hkh çHkqRogS- ;g [kki Hkh nwljksa dh rjg loZ[kki iapk;r ls dHkh tqMrh vkSj dHkhvyx gksrh jgh- fdUrq iz.kkyh dk;e jgh-

loZ[kki iapk;r vukSipkfjd o LoSfPNd xBu Fkk- blds lHkklEesyu o etfylsa fdlh [kkl elys ij tqVrh FkÈ- loZlEer fu.kZ; ijigqapus ds fy, vyx vyx LFkkuksa ij cSBdsa cqykbZ tkrh- igyh cSBd esanwljh cSBd dh frfFk vkSj fnu ?kksf”kr gksrk rFkk ,d ls nwljs [kki dspkS/kfj;ksa dks lwpuk igqapkus dk ftEek fn;k tkrk Fkk- Qd+hj vkSj lk/kq&lU;klh Hkh ,d ls nwljs LFkku ij [kcj nsus dk dke djrs Fks- ;g lc dketTcs vkSj LosPNk ls fd;k tkrk Fkk- <ksyksa] ceksa o j.kfla?kksa dks ctk+ djfoifŸk esa lgk;rk dk cqykok Hkh ,d xkao ls nwljs dks Hkstk tkrk Fkk- ukbZvkSj czkã.k rks ;g dke xksiu fgder ls djrs Fks-

1855 bZ ds ekpZ eghus esa loZ[kki iapk;r dh igyh vaxzst fojks/kh cSBd fVgjh ujs’k dh nkor ij gj}kj esa cqykbZ Fkh- bl igkMh rhFkZLFkku ij yxHkx iUæg lkS çkS< o ftEesnkj yksx ,d= gq, Fks- lHkk dklkjk [kpZ fVgjh ujs’k us mBk;k Fkk- bl cSBd esa elys dks lgh rjg lsis’k djus rFkk fo’oluh;rk ds fy, nksuksa odhy jaxksth ckiw vkSjvtheqYyk [kka] jko lkgc vkSj ckyk lkgc ejkBk] jetku csx vkSjcgknqj’kkg tQ+j dk lkgctk+nk fQjkst’k+kg oxSjg [kkl Fks- lkb± lkfcjvkSj xqykenhu tSls Qd+hjksa vkSj Lokeh iw.kkZuUn rFkk Lokeh vksekuUntSls lU;kfl;ksa us c< p+< d+j Hkkx fy;k Fkk- blds ckn väwcj 11]1855 bZ dks lkSje esa loZ[kki iapk;r dh egRoiw.kZ etfyl blh flyflysesa gqbZ] rhljh cSBd vxLr 24] 1856 bZ dks eFkqjk esa dh xbZ- ekeyk vaxzsth'kklu ds fo#) turk esa ?kqeMrs lokyksa dk Fkk ftldk ifj.kke 1857 dhtax esa lkeus vk;k-

loZ[kki iapk;r ds rRdkyhu ftEesnkj yksxksa ds uke ds lkFk mudhtkr crkrs gq, blfy, t:jh gSa fd vkt dk ukStoku [kkiksa o loZ[kkiiapk;rksa dks vkerkSj ls tkV fcjknjh rd lhfer djus dh xyrh djus yxkgS- 1855 bZ ls pys bl nkSj esa loZ[kki iapk;r lkSje ds v/;{k Fks ekepUnjktiwr] eU=h eksgu yky tkV] mi&eU=h fryd jke rxk ;kuh R;kxh] nwljsmi&eU=h ‘kksHkk jke dk;LFk] lsukifr Hkxor xqTtj] lsuk uk;d ¼ukeukeywe½ tkV] mi&lsuk uk;d lxok Hkaxh-

;g tkuk ugÈ tk ldk fd bu inksa ij NkaV dh i)fr D;k Fkh-ijUrq buij dksbZ vlgefr ugÈ gksrh Fkh- bu iapk;rksa ds fu.kZ; eku e;kZnk


vkSj ijEijk dks ysdj loZlEer gksrs Fks- vktkn Hkkjr esa Hkh lkSje dhiapk;r us chrh ‘krkCnh ds NBs n’kd esa lekt lq/kkj ds fu.kZ; fy, Fks-

fczfV’k vkSifuosf’kd lŸkk dks eqYd fnYyh ds gj xkao vkSj {ks= esa pIispIis ij yMd+j thr gkfly djuh iMh Fkh- blhfy, cMs <ax ls vaxzstksa usbl eqYd ds VqdMs fd;s- teuk unh ls iwjc vkSj nf{k.k ds Hkkx dks vkxjko vo/k ds lkFk tksM d+j la;qä çkUr cuk;k rFkk teuk unh ls if’pedk fgLlk iatkc çkUr esa feyk fn;k-

1911 bZ esa dydŸkk ls jkt/kkuh fnYyh esa cnyh rks fnYyh ,d ‘kgjHkj ds :i esa mHkjk- ;g vius bnZ fxnZ ls dkV dj j[kk x;k tks lc rjgvlgt gks x;k- vius ty] taxy] tehu vkfn ds ekfyd xkao lekt dksusLrksukcwn djus dh [kkfrj bLrejkjh cUnkscLr ¼iekZusaV lSVyesaV½ ds }kjktehu ij O;fäxr LokfeRo dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ- rhFkZ] ufn;ka] igkM] ouvkfn rks bl ns’k esa ges’kk lkoZtfud lEifr jgs gSa- jktk budk ekfyd uFkk- vaxzst u+s jkT; lŸkk dks budk ekfyd ?kksf”kr fd;k vkSj equkQs dh[kk+frj budks cspuk] Bsds ij nsuk vkfn ‘kq: fd;k- ;g rks mudk Fkk tksogka ds fuoklh ouoklh Fks- lcls cMh ckr ;g fd dkuwuh rkSj ij O;fädks lekt ls cMk cuk fn;k- urhtk gqvk fd vlkekftdksa dh ck< vk xbZ-

blh dM+h esa vaxzstksa us [kki iz.kkyh dks izHkkoghu djus ds fy, vyxiz'kklfud <kapk cuk;k- jktLo xkao] iVokj ldZy] dkuwuxksbZ] rglhy]ftyk cuk fy,- ckxkor esa Hkkx ysus okyksa dh tkfr;ksa rd dks tjk;eis’kk¼;kuh ftudk tUetkr is’kk vijk/k gS½ rFkk xkaoksa dks ckxh+ rd ?kksf"kr djfn;k] ljdkjh iapk;rksa dks xBu Hkh fd;k- ;kn j[ksa fd [kki iapk;rksa dkljdkjh iapk;rksa ls dqN ysuk nsuk ugha gS- ljdkj us rks iapk;r 'kCn dhpksjh dh gS vkSj dkuwuh :i nsdj nsgkr ij FkkSai gS- viuh ijEijk lslapkfyr [kki dh lkekftd iapk;rsa rksMrh ugha] tksMs j[kus dh O;oLFkkgS- ljdkjh iapk;r dk vk/kkj xkao dks pquko ds tfj;s ckaV dj curk gS]tcfd xkao dh rkdr vkilh HkkbZpkjs dks cuk dj j[kus esa gS-

lu~ 1857 dh tax esa [kkiksa dh Hkwfedk ls ijs'kku fczfV'k gqdwer usbUgsa izHkkoghu djus ds vusd mik; fd,- buesa ,d] ljdkjh iapk;rksa* dkxBu Fkk- 1907&08 esa xfBr jkW;y fodsfUnzdj.k vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ esadgk fd ^^ftruk Hkh mfpr D;ksa u gks] ge ugÈ le>rs gSa fd ¼Hkkjr dh½

çkphu xkao O;oLFkk dh iquLFkkZiuk lEHko gS ftlesa vius gj lnL; dsfy, xkao lekt ftEesnkj gksrk Fkk vkSj mlds dk;ks± dks lapkfyr djusdk vf/kdkjh Fkk- ysfdu ge bls okaNuh; le>rs gSa fd fodsUæh;dj.k dsfgr dh rjg gh yksxksa dks ç’kklu ds LFkkuh; dke ds lkFk tksMus ds fy,xkao iapk;rksa dk xBu fd;k tk, rkfd xkao ds LFkkuh; ekeyksa dh O;oLFkkgks- ¼ iSjk 699] i`“V 239½-

xkao dh VwVu esa ljdkjh iapk;rksa dh Hkwfedkvktknh ds ckn Hkh ogh ljdkjh flyflyk pyk- bldk ifj.kke

gqvk fd nsgkr cqjh rjg caV dj jg x;k- fufoZokn gS fd Hkkjr dhlkekftd O;oLFkk] tks xkao vk/kkfjr Fkh] mls rksMu+s ds ,frgkflddkj.kksa ds vykok vktk+nh feyus ds ckn vkfFkZd dkj.k ds lkFk jktuhfrddkjd jgs gSa- pquko çsfjr ^jktuhfr* ,d gS rks ljdkjh xzke iapk;rksa dkiwjk <k+apk o dke dk <ax vU; etc+wr vk/kkj cu x;k gS- ;s iapk;rsa xkaoesa ç’kklu ds LFkkuh; ,tsaV [kMk+ djus ds fy, gh cuh gSa- buls xkao dh,drk o vkilnkjh dks lekIr djds ç’kklu dh tdMcUnh dks iq[rk djusdk dke gqvk gS- vc ;s iapk;rsa ljdkjh Hkz”Vkpkj vkSj NydiV QSykus dkvkStk+j cu dj jg xbZ gSa- vktknh ds ckn ns’k esa HkkbZpkjs dh iqjkuhîapk;rh* ijEijk ls vius thou ds lapkyu] fookn fuiVkus rFkk xkao dhHkykbZ ds dke djus dh LoLFk ,oa Lok;Ÿk ç.kkyh dks [kks[kyk djus dhlksph le>h ;kstuk ds rgr yxHkx lHkh çkUrksa esa blh <ax ds xzke iapk;rdkuwu* cuk;s x, gSa ftuds dkj.k bu ljdkjh laLFkkvksa usa xkao esa HkkjhikVhZckth+ [kMh+ djds] jktuhfrd nyksa dh vyx tekr cuk dj vkSj Hkz”Vvf/kdkfj;ksa dh nykyh djds xkao ds lkekftd thou dks dlSyk cukus esaiwjh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS vkSj bl rjg ’kgj* dh yqVsjh O;oLFkk dks rkdr nhtks vius iSj ij vius&vki dqYgkMh+ pykus tSlk dke gqvk gS- bllsfofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds Hkhrj Hkh VwV gqbZ vkSj HkkbZpkjs dh lksp detksj iM+h gS-

dfFkr rkSj ij vk/kqfud vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd <+kapk ;gka dh ikjEifjdO;oLFkk ls ijs'kku gS vkSj mlesa 'kknh&fookg ds vk/kkj dks feVkuk pkgrkgS- dkj[kkusnkjh o O;kikfjd rgthc dks ns'k dk îqjkuk* vk/kkj jkl ughavk jgk gS- bls vius vuqlkj u;h rjg ds lkekftd vkpkj&fopkj dht:jr gS( ;g dke gks jgk gS! igys ds 'kknh&fookg lEca/kksa o u;h


O;kikfjd rgthc ds chp }U} gh 'kknh &fookg ds ekeyksa esa c<+ jgs rukodk ewy dkj.k gS- xzkeh.k Hkkjr vkSj uxjksa dh rgthc vkeus lkeus gSa- ,ddk vkn'kZ izrhd vejhdh lekt gS tgka ifjokj vkSj 'kknh nfd;kuwlhijEijk gSa] rks] nwljk gekjs vius pys vk jgs xzkeh.k lekt dk rkukckuk gSftlus vHkh rd ftank jgus dk vglkl fn;k-

'kgjh lH;rk ds vkn'kZ izrhd vejhdk dh uhao csjge ekjdkV ijfVdh gS- mldk turU= [kwu dh gksyh [ksy dj cuk gS- ckgj ls vkdjml HkwHkkx ij dCtk djus dk bfrgkl ogka ds ewy fuokfl;ksa ds [kwu lsjax dj cuk gS- vejhdk esa izokfl;ksa us ogka ds ewy fuoklh jSM bafM;alls igys tcju tehu gfFk;kus dk vfHk;ku pyk;k vkSj fQj mudhlkekftd O;oLFkk dks iyV dj LoNan yqVsjh rgthc dks [kM+k fd;k- ogkads iwoZ jk"Vªªªifr] F;kSMj :toSYV ds jSM bafM;al lEca/khs fopkj lqu ysaxs rksbl [kwuh bfrgkl dk dqN vglkl gks ldsxk- Lo;a mudh tqckuh lqfu,%

F;kSMj :toSYV us 1885 esa viuh ,d iqLrd esa fy[kk fd eSa ;g lkspdj 'kfeZank gwa fd eSa jSM bafM;al ds ckjs esa if'peh n`f"Vdks.k dks ekurk gwa-eSa bl lhek rd ugha tkrk fd vPNk jSM bafM;u og gS tks ejk gqvk gS-ysfdu esa lksprk gwa fd nl esa ls ukS bafM;al ds ckjs esa ;g lp gS] vkSj nlosads ckjs esa cgqr ckjhdh ls tkapuk&ij[kuk ugha pkfg,- ,d vkSlr bafM;uds eqdkcys gekjs vius fdlh fud`"Vre xokys esa dgha csgrj ewY;cks/k gSa**-mldk dguk Fkk fd tehu gfFk;kus ds vfHk;ku esa thrus ds fy, dksbZ Hkhcgkuk mfpr gS- mlus nyhy x<h ^;fn bafM;al ?kqedM Fks rks mUgsa tehuj[kus dk vf/kdkj ugha Fkk- os LFkkbZ fuoklh Fks rks tehus j[kus ds yk;dugha Fks- ;fn mUgksaus tehuksa dh eyfd;r lEca/kh dksbZ djkj fd;k Fkk rksgkykr cnyus ij vejhdk dks ,sls djkj lekIr djus dk vf/kdkj gS!*Mugksaus viuh fdrkc dk uke gh gfUVax vfHk;ku* j[kk] ;kuh f'kdkj djusokyk vfHk;ku tks vktds xzhu gaV tSlh ?ouh fy, gq, gS-

,slh yqVsjh vejhdh lH;rk* dh thou 'kSyh dks vc Hkkjr esa yknusdh rS;kjh gS- bls nksgjkus dk izp.M iz;kl py jgk gS ftlds dkj.k vktdh ;g Bksl gkyr gS ftlls de ;k vf/kd gj tkfr nks&pkj gSa- Hkkjr esaljek;snkj tehuksa ij dCtk djus ds vfHk;ku ij gSa ftlds fy, jkLrklkQ djus ds fy, gekjh rgthc o HkkbZpkjs ij geyk gS-

7

Nkuchu[kki ds loky ij orZeku fookn ,d leqnk; fo'ks"k esa 'kknh&fookg

ls mits lokyksa ij xks=&[kki dh Hkwfedk dks ysdj gS tks fj'rs ijEijkij ca/ks gksrs gSa- ysfdu geyk [kki iz.kkyh ij gqvk gS- bls xSj&dkuwuhcrk dj izfrcaf/kr djus dh ekax mBh gS- ,sls loZekU; lkekftd fj'rksadks euekus vFkok fcuk mudh lgefr ds cus duwu cuk dj cka/kus dkiz;kl QkflLV izo`fr gS- bldk izfrokn mBsxk gh] [kkldj tc foijhrizd`fr dh rgthc dks yksxksa ij tcju yknus dk iz;kl gks- blds vciz;kl gks jgs gSa- [kki ds loky ij 'kgjh yksxksa ds csreyc vk{kksiksa lsruko c<k gS- xzkeh.k vkcknh us bls vius vfLrRo ij geyk ekuk gS-

ns'k esa vkt 'kgj cuke nsgkr ds chp dh rgthcksa esa fNM+s gq, x`g;q)tSls gkyr cu x, gSa- deflu cPpksa esa ;kSu fiiklk dks Vsfyfotu odyk&izn'kZu ds uke ij HkM+dkus dk cslkal iz;kl py jgk gS- bldsifj.kke lkeus gS- cPps vc mNà[ky vkpj.k esa fyIr gSa- fdUgha lkekftdotZukvksa dh lhek dks os ugha tkurs- 'kknh fookg ij cus dkuwu bls goknsrs gSa- dkuwu cukus okyksa dh uh;r [kksVh jgh vFkok os blds ifj.kke lsokfdQ ugha Fks fdUrq ?kkVk lkekftd fj'rksa esa vkbZ njkj ls ifjokj Hkqxrjgs gS- 'kknh&fookg ds ekeyksa esa ruko dk nkSj tkjh gS- lq[k pSu xk;c gS-

gj tkfr esa 'kknh&fookg ls tqM+s fookn c<+ jgs gSa- fQj] 'kknh&fookgdks ysdj gj tkfr dh viuh vkilnkjh o Hkhrjh lkekftd O;oLFkk gS- gjtkfr esa bl vkilnkjh esa fookn mBrs jgs gSa vkSj buds fuiVku dk viukO;ogkj gS rks] bl O;ogkj esa vkus okyh detksfj;ksa dks nwj djus dh viuhlksp gS- tkVksa dks NksM+dj vU; tkfr;ka vius ikfjokfjd fookn dejksa esalqyVk ysrh gSa- tkVksa esa ;g fuiVku vDlj [kqys esa gksrk gS- ;g ;wa rks LoLFkijEijk gS fd fookn fuiVku [kqys esa gks- blls tuoknh ekgkSy curk gS-


ysfdu dqN fnDdrsa Hkh [kM+h gks gh tkrh gSa ftuls fuiVuk gksrk gS- mudsfdLls vc v[kckjksa esa Nius yxs gSa-

pwafd tkV gj;k.kk esaa izHkkoh tkfr gS rks bldh leL;k,a vkSjvkpj.k nwljh tkfr;ksa ds fy, dkSrqgy dk fo"k; curh gSa- vkla<+k xkaoesa igys dh 'kknh ij iz'u yxk dj xks= fookn [kM+k gqvk- xkao esa tkVtkfr dk HkkbZpkjk fuiVkrk- u fuiVus ij xkao ls ckgj dk HkkbZpkjkfuiVk ysrk- xks=ksa dh gj Lrjh; iapk;r fcjknjh dk viuk xBu gS tkst:jr ij fookn lqy>kus gkftj gksrk gS- ;g Lo;alsoh laLFkk ugha gSftldk ;g is'kk gks-

vkla<k vkSj blls igys tkSa/kh ;k dSFky ftyk ds tk[kkSyh xkao dsekeyksa esa v[kckjh nqfu;ka ds vykok vutkus gh lgh xkaoksa ds yksxksa us Hkhtkfrxr HkkbZpkjs vkSj nsgkrh lekt dh [kki O;oLFkk esa QdZ u djds tks?kkyesy fd;k gS mlls mu yksxksa dks volj feyk tks nsgkrh thou ds gjigyw esa nfd;kuwlhiu [kkstrs fQjrs gSa vkSj vius dks vk/kqfud lkfcr djusdk dksbZ volj gkFk ls ugha tkus nsrs gSa- mUgsa nsgkrh thou ls dqN ljksdkjugha gS- mudk viuk vyx ,ts.Mk gS- vkla<+k ekeys esa fookn fuiVkus dhO;oLFkk dk dqN rRoksa us nq#i;ksx fd;k- ltk nsus ij /;ku yxk;k tcfdijEijkxr iapk;r ekeys dks fuiVkrh gS rkfd HkkbZpkjs esa njkM+ u iM+s vkSjesyfeyki cuk jgs- ;g ugha gqvk- vfUre ltk igyh ltk cu xbZ! ;gkaekeyk jkBh o nfg;k xks= ds chp Fkk- dSFky ftyk esa ykSgku o dkfn;kuxks=ksa ds chp fookn mBk- blesa dqN Hkh vLokHkkfod ugha Fkk- ysfduv[kckj o Vh-oh izpkjdksa us bls rwy fn;k- os lekt esa vk/kqfudrk ds u;s>.Mkcjnkj cus gSa] Hkys bl nkos ds ckjs esa Li"V dgus esa bUgsa ladksp jgrkgS! mudh blls cf<;k l/krh gS-

nks rgthcksa ds chp dk ;q)yxkrkj tkjh bl tax dh izdfr esa ,d cnyko vk;k gS- m|ksx&O;kikj

dh lsok esa O;fDrokn ij fVdh rgthc ds iSjksdkj xzkeh.k rgthc othouewY;ksa dks jkSanus dk viuk ;q) lafo/kku] dkuwu] iqfyl&iz'kklu ovnkyr vkSj v[kckjh nqfu;ka dh enn ls thruk pkgrs gSa tcfd fugRFkkxzkeh.k Hkkjr viuh rgthc dks cpkus dh yM+kbZ esa ek= vius jhfr&fjoktksao thouewY;ksa dh rkdr o HkkbZpkjs ds lgkjs ij yM+ jgk gS- Ldwy&dkfyt

o fo'of|ky;ksa esa vuqHkoghu fdUrq jkstxkj ds fy, ykykf;r ukStokuih<h dks ?kj&ifjokj ds ewY;ksa ls gVk dj bl ;q) ds fy, vius lSfudcukus dk iz;kl gS rkfd bUgsa fQYe] QS'ku] euksjatu] gksVy] i;ZVu]ltus&ltkus ds m|ksx rFkk ukpus&xkus vkSj blh rjg ds dekÅ /ka/kksa esayM+fd;ka miyC/k gks ldsaA- ;g rHkh gks ldrk gS tc bu cPpksa dks eka&ckids vlj ls fudky ckgj fd;k tk,-

;g nks rgthc vFkkZr nks foijhr y{;ksa okyh lH;rkvksa ds chpdk vudgk x`g;q) gS vkSj vc mnkjhdj.k o txrhdj.k vfHk;ku dh,d [kkl fLFkfr ij igqap tkus ds ckn blesa csgn rh[kkiu vk;k gS] tcxzkeh.k thou'kSyh dks efy;kesV djus ij tksj gS rkfd bl vkcknh dksfuckZ/k iwath dh lsok esa tksrk tk lds- o"kZ 1985 esa ftl mnkjhdj.kvfHk;ku dh lgtxfr ls 'kq#vkr gqbZ Fkh vkSj o"kZ 1991 esa [kqyk ,sykugqvk Fkk] vc ,d Lrj ikj dj ysus ds ckn] gkfly viuh lQyrk ijvfHkHkwr gksdj bl tax dk lkekftd&lkaLd`frd {ks= esa inkiZ.k gqvk gS-

bl vfHk;ku esa yxs ehfM;k ds ,d izHkkoh fgLls vkSj budh enn lsiuius okys ,d cqf)thoh rcds us xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh lkekftd cquxr dksiyVus dh ftEesnkjh Lo;a gh vius da/aks ij ys yh g S vkSj ,d lrr cslkalvfHk;ku esa tqVs gq, gSa- ;s eqB~BhHkj yksx lekt ij tks lkekftd O;oLFkkcnys esa yknuk pkg jgs gaS] mlds Hk;kud [krjs ls ;k rks ;s vutku gaS ;kfdUgh LokFkksZa ds fy, vka[k can djds py jgs gSa og gS ,d Hk;kud iwathdh rkuk'kkgh dk QkflLV psgjk-

ns[k ldrs gS fd ns'k dks ,d [kkl fn'kk esa gkad dj ys tkus esa yxsgq, yksxksa us xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa ?kj&ifjokj dh izfr"Bk ds Hkko dks vFkZghu jksxcrkus dk vfHk;ku NsM j[kk gS- Lotuksa ds chp izse* izlaxksa ij ,rjkt dksxzkeh.k vkcknh esa fiNM+siu o lkearh vo'ks"k crk dj yrkM+us okyk ;gvfHk;ku ;kSu foÑfr dk ftl rjg fgek;rh cu dj lkeus vk;k gS] ogns'k dh 'kgjh vkcknh dh rgthc esa fnypLi eksM+ gS- blds fy, ftl'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx gks jgk gS mlesa ,d 'kCn ifjokj dh vkWuj vFkkZrizfr"Bk dk dqN bl rjg ckj&ckj iz;ksx gqvk gS ftlls ;g ?ofu fudydj Nk xbZ gS fd ;g Hkko bl vkcknh ij cseryc dk cks> gS ftllsftruk tYnh gks blls NqVdkjk feyuk pkfg, vkSj ;fn dksbZ blesa +#dkoVMkyus dh dqps"Vk djs rks dkuwu mldk bykt djs!


?kj&ifjokj o xkao dh xfjek ds voewY;u dk ;g dkfQyk dgka ijtk dj #dsxk] bldk lgt vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS- bfrgkl esa igys,slh felky miyC/k gSa- Lo;a vejhdk esa ;g pyk vkSj lR;kukl gkFk yxk-vU; vkS|ksfxd lH;rk okys ns'kksa dh ;gh dgkuh gS- ;gka Hkkjr esa ifj.kkedqN vyx gksus okys ugha gSa- fdlkuh dk [kkrek gqvk] QkeZ cus vkSj xzkeh.kvkcknh vius fy, xfjek dh txg cslwn ryk'k djrh jgh] mldh ukStokuih<h lsBksa ds ;gka ikuh Hkjrh fQjh] Hkys VkbZ yxk dj!-

bl vfHk;ku dh ,d foMEcuk gS( ;ss yksx turU= dks vius gh jaxesa ifjHkkf"kr djus ij mrk: gSa- bu vk/kqfudrk izsfe;ksa dks ,rjkt gS fd,d iwjk leqnk; Lotuksa dh ifjHkk"kk mudss dgus ij cnyuss dks D;ksarS;kj ugha gS- viuh rkdr dk u'kk bl dnz gS fd ;s yksx iwjs leqnk;fo'ks"k dks gh viuh thou&i)fr iyVus dk vkns'k nsus ij fiy iM+s gS!,sls esa dkSu turU= vkSj fdl dkuwu ds jkt dh ckr gks jgh gS- ;g HkhlEHko gS fd budk iwokZxzgh nEHk bUgsa nwljksa ds fy, thou'kSyh fu/kkZfjrdjus dks mdlk jgk gks- mudk vkxzg gS fd ns'k dks gkadus dk voljtc gkFk yxk gqvk gS] rc mudh nh gqbZ ifjHkk"kk dks lc ij yknuk ghturU= gS- mudh nyhy esa xtc vUrjfojks/k gS fd ;s O;fDr fo'ks"k dhLoNanrk ds fy, lewg dh LorU=rk dks dqckZu djus ;k vf/keku nsus dksturU= dh vkRek crk jgs gaS- bls dcwy ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS-

fdruh vuqtk HkV~V gSa tks eku ds cnys tku ds vFkZ dks le>rhgSa ;k xzkeh.k thou ls ifjfpr gSa- ,d vksj xzkeh.k vnkyrksa ds xBu dk<ksy ihVk tk jgk gS rks nwljh vksj xzkeh.kksa }kjk fey cSB dj fookn fuiVkusdh i)fr dks lkearh dg dj dkslus esa yxs gSa- bu Hknz iq#"kksa dh fuxkgesa osruHkksxh tt cM+k U;k;fiz; gS vkSj pkpk&rkÅ ckr lqyVkus cSBrs gSa rksHkkM+s dh O;oLFkk ij dqÝ VwV iM+rk gS- viuh le> ds nEHk esa vlfy;rdks ns[kuk can gh dj fn;k gS fd 70 izfr'kr vkcknh dk thou fdl rjgpy jgk gS- bl vk;kfrr n`f"Vnks"k ij jge rks ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS-

chrs Ng n'kdksa esa turU= ,oa lafo/kku dh ftl rjg dh euekuhO;k[;k ns'k esa gqbZ gS mldk ifj.kke gS fd yksd dY;k.k dh ckr djrsdjrs lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 38 dh vfHko`f) vkSj lekurk dh dkeukvketu ds fy, dksjk liuk gS vkSj xSjcjkcjh dks gh fodkl dk ekxZ crk;k

tkus yxk gS- O;fDr LorU=rk ds LFkku ij iz'kklu dh euekuh fczfV'k'kklu ls Hkh [krjukd Lrj ij tk igqaph gS! mPNà[ky vkpj.k dks izsfe;ksadh vktknh crkus okyksa dks nwljh LorU=rkvksa ds nk;js dh fldqM+u ughafn[kkbZ nsrh] mudk ljksdkj dfFkr izse rd fleV dj fdl edln ls jgtkrk gS] ;g de fnypLi i{k ugha gS fd vka[k can dj yh tk,a-

LoNan izse* dh odkyr viuh txg] vfHk;ku dk y{; ?kj&x`gLFkh;kuh dqVqEc&ifjokj uked laLFkk dks ?ksjuk gS ftlds fof/k&fo/kku dsnk;js esa O;fDr ca/kk gS- ;g O;fDr ds Qyus dh fo/kk vFkok ifjfLFkfr gS]bls ca/ku crkuk euq"; dks vdsyk j[k dj f'kdkj djus dh pkyckth gS-?kj&x`gLFk o ifjokj dks ,dtqV j[kus okyk ;g lewg vkpj.k&fo/kku ujgs rks ifjokj dh dYiuk ,d feuV esa /kjk'kk;h gksxh] bl rF; ls lHkhfoosdh ifjfpr gSa- ysfdu vfHk;ku esa tqVs cqf)thoh vutku cus gq, gSa!

?kj&x`gLFk vius lnL;ksa dks ysdj vkpj.k&fof/k ds ckjs esa Lok;rjgk gS- bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds jkt ls igys Hkh vkSj eksVk&eksVh 1947ls igys rd- fdUrq mldh ;g Lok;rrk vk/kqfudrk izsfe;ksa dks QwVhvka[k ugha lqgkrh gS- jkt dk n[ky bl Lok;rrk dks iwjh rjg u"V djusdh vkt ea'kk j[krk gS- ;g laLFkk lekIr gks] ;g mu yksxksa dk vkn'kZ gStks if'pe dh vkS|ksfxd lH;rk esa viuk Hkfo"; ns[k jgs gS- fdUrq] os blrF; ls ifjfpr gSa fd ;g dke bruk tYnh gksus okyk ugha gS- blfy,mudk lkef;d y{; bl laLFkk dks HkksFkjk djuk gS- ;g dke [kki dksykafNr dj f'kdkj [ksyus ls vklku gksxk] dk;Zuhfr ;g gS-

;g vfHk;ku gj;k.kk ds xkao tkSa/kh] cygEck] flokuk ;k <jk.kk tSlhrktk ?kVukvksa dks ysdj gh pkyw ugha gqvk gS] bldh 'kq#vkr ml fnu gqbZFkh tc vktkn ns'k ds fy, lafo/kku dk elkSnk lafo/kku lHkk esa is'k gqvkFkk- ml fnu nsgkr dh thou i)fr ij geys dk ,syku gqvk- ;g tax rcls] dHkh rst rks dHkh e)e xfr ls] yxkrkj tkjh gS-

;g QSlyk o"kZ 1948 esa gh dj fy;k Fkk- vkS|ksfxd lH;rk dh vkn'kZbdkbZ ,dy O;fDr dks vius 'kklu ds fØ;kdyki dk vk/kkj Lohdkjdjds [kqyh mn~?kks"k.kk dj nh xbZ Fkh ftl vf/kdkj dh nqgkbZ nsdj?kj&ifjokj dh izfr"Bk dks lkearh@ rkfyckuh crk;k tk jgk gS- iqjkuhdgkor gS fd dqÙks dks xkyh nks vkSj xksyh ls mMkvks!


xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh ;g dqVqEc&ifjokj uked laLFkk vc ttZj voLFkkesa igqapk n+h gS- ?kj&x`gLFk xkao dk vfHkUu vax ugha cp x;k gS( u [kafMrxkao igys dh rjg mldh j{kk esa vkrk gS- Lok;r ,oa LokoyEch xkaox.kjkT; dky esa 'kklu dh bdkbZ esa ifjokj dk vFkZ xkao ds vax ds :iesa Fkk rks fczfV'k 'kkludky esa cgqr lhek rd ;g le> cph jgh- fdUrqLorU= Hkkjr esa ;g laLFkk ,dy vkSj fuLlgk; gS- ;g dke viuksa us fd;k-tc rd ?kj&ifjokj dk cpko HkkbZpkjs dh iapk;rsa djrh gSa] rc rd oglkal ys jgk gS- ;gh dkj.k gS fd bl vfHk;ku dk y{; lh/ks ifjokj ijfu'kkuk u lk/k dj HkkbZpkjs dh vo/kkj.kk rFkk HkkbZpkjs dh ijEijkvksa dksxSjdkuwuh ?kksf"kr djokus ij vk fVdk gS-

viuh lc u;h iqjkuh detksfj;ksa ds ckotwn HkkbZpkjs dh iapk;rsa ugksa rks ifjokj&dqVqEc Lo;a vFkZghu yksFkM+k cu tk,aaxs- buds ;qod&;qofr;ksadks lkaLÑfrd rkSj ij bl myVQsj ds okLrs igys gh xkaB fy;k x;k gS!lkB lky esa izpkj&izlkj ,oa f'k{kk&nh{kk dk ;gh Qy mls feyk gS tcdk;ns ls eka&cki] nknk&nknh viuh vkSykn ls Qkyrw dj fn;s x, gSa-vlgk; O;fDr o vlgk; ifjokj gh og vkn'kZ fLFkfr gS ftlds cycwrsorZeku O;oLFkk fuckZ/k py ldrh gS- xzkeh.k Hkkjr bl [krjs ls igys lpsrugha jgk] mldh dher vc ns jgk gS-

yxHkx nks n'kd igys tc txrhdj.k o mnkjhdj.k ds vfHk;ku dksek= vkfFkZd {ks= esa <kapkxr ifjorZu dh t:jr ds :i esa ns[kk x;k Fkkml le; vf/kdrj vkcknh dks vglkl ugha Fkk fd ;g vfHk;ku mudsikfjokfjd&lkaLÑfrd thou dks Hkh iyV dj j[kus dh ea'kk j[krk gS- ;gvdkj.k ugha gS fd viuh ifjiDork ds rktk nkSj esa igqap dj vkSj blsvifjorZuh; (irreversible) cukus dh [kkfrj xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds 'kgjhdj.kdk y{; ?kksf"kr gS- ;gh fp= gksxk 'kgjh cuus dk!

vius orZeku ls dksbZ larq"V ugha gS- gksuk Hkh ugha pkfg,- vlarqf"Vcsgrj dy ds fy, iz;kl dh vkl txkrh gS- ;gh thou gS- fdUrq ;gorZeku lc ds fy, ,d cjkcj ugha gS] [kafMr gS] rks cnyko dh izÑfr Hkh,d tSlh ugha gS- blds ykHkkFkhZ Hkh ifjorZu gsrq th&tku ls tqVs gq, gSa-muds iz;kl vius orZeku dks vf/kd ykHkdkjh cukus ds fy, tkjh gSa-i;kZIr lk/ku ,oa 'kfDr ds os /kuh gSa- nwljh vksj bl orZeku dh ekjd pksV

ls ijs'kku voke gSa] xzkeh.k Hkkjr gS ftldh t:jr ,d [kkl rjg dsifjorZu dh gS rkfd ;g ukjdh; thou cnys- mUgsa oSpkfjd rkSj ij ykpkjcukus ds iz;kl pje ij gSa- buesa ,d fcanq thoudeZ dks pykus dh Lo;rrkrFkk jksVh o izfr"Bk ds fj'rs dk loky gS rks nwljk iz'u O;fDrokn ,oa lewgds chp fodYi dk gS- bu yksxksa ds fy, vko';d cnyko dh jkg esa pkywjkt&O;oLFkk lc ls cM+h #dkoV gS- ;FkkfLFkfr dk ;g vR;kf/kd 'kfDr'kkyhvkStkj gS vkSj ;FkkfLFkfr gh oafprksa ds fy, ekSr gS-

ukxfjdksa dh vius thou dks fu;fU=r djds pykus esa Lo;rrk dslUnHkZ es- ;gka nks iqjkuh vo/kkj.kkvksa dk ftØ mi;qDr gksxk- jkt dhifjdYiuk ukxfjdksa ds vfLrRo ls ckn dh gS- nwljs] jkt dh 'kfDr dkL=ksr Lo;a ukxfjd gSaa( Lokeh jkt ugha] feytqy dj ukxfjd gSa- fdUrqchloha lnh vkrs&vkrs jktlÙkk dh 'kfDr ,oa ukxfjdksa ds thou esamldk n[ky [krjukd ntsZ ij tk igqapk gS- igyh /kkj.kk iyV nh gS-

jkt o turk esa laxriw.kZ larqyu dks iqu%ifjHkkf"kr djus dk le;gS] cfYd le; gkFk ls fudy jgk gS- ifjokj dks pykus o fu;fU=+rdjus esa og Lok;r gks- mldh vktknh izSl dh vktknh ls de egRo dhpht ugha gS ftldh Lok;rrk dks v{kq..k j[kus ij lc lger gSa-ifjokj dks xqyke vkSj izSl dks vktkn j[kus dh lksp #X.k ,oa nqxZa/kiw.kZgS- ;fn lafo/kku bldh btktr nsrk gS rks mls cnyk tk,-

jksVh cuke xSjr dk iz’u Nk;k,d nwljk i{k gS- bl vfHk;ku esa 'kku@izfr"Bk dks xkS.k djus ij cy

gS- bls vksPNk Hkko Bgjk;k tk jgk gS- blds ihNs ,d /kwrZ pkykdh gS-vkRe&lEeku u jgs rks fcdus@fcdkus dh jkg [kqyrh gS ftldh ljek;snkjksadks t:jr gS- fQj] tuthou dh Lok;rrk dk ,d vU; vk;ke jksVh oizfr"Bk ¼vkWuj½ ds chp ,d vudgk oSpkfjd fookn dke djrk gS- iz'u gS%jksVh vkSj izfr"Bk nksuksa esa ls t:jr ds le; fdldks izkFkfedrk nsdj pyktk, vFkok izfr"Bk dk iz'u D;k euq"; ds fy, csdkj dk cks> gS ftlsfclkjus esa lc dk Hkyk gh gksus okyk gS\ ekuo thou esa mlds ?kj&ifjokjdh izfr"Bk dk iz'u D;k bruk xkS.k gS fd tc pkgk bls dqckZu djus dhulhgr mi;ksxh nyhy cu tk,\ ;g iz'u vc fQj lkeus vk [kM+k gqvkgS- bfrgkl lk{kh gS fd izfr"Bk ds loky ij lkezkT; rd <gs gSa-


loky ij lekt dks ,d lhek ls ckgj tk dj yydkjus dk vFkZde [krjukd lkfcr ugha gksxk] ;g ;kn j[kus okyh iwoZ psrokuh gS-lkekftd ifjorZu dh t:jr ds lUnHkZ esa bl iz'u dk egRo vyxxEHkhjrk dks fy, gq, gS- dqN le; ls ckr mB jgh gS fd lEeku dkHkko njfdukj gks rks ns'k vk/kqfud cuus esa le; ugha yxk,xk( ;gfQtwy dk jksx gS ftls xaokj yksx cseryc fpiVk, gq, ?kwe jgs gSa!^L;kuksa* dk ;g izyki dqN vf/kd cslqjk gksrk tk jgk gS-

mUuhloha o chloha lnh esa jksVh o bTtr ds chp izkFkfedrk dksNkaVus ds loky ij nk'kZfudksa esa te dj cgl pyh- vfLrRo dh [kkfrjjksVh ds loky dks izkFkfedrk nsus dk fcanq ekuo lekt esa cgqr le; lseaFku dk fo"k; jgk gS- ,d oxZ pkgrk jgk fd euq"; ;g Lohdkj djdsviuh ftanxh pykrk pys fd mldh izkFkfed t:jr jksVh dk la?k"kZ gS-

nwljh vksj ;g le> mHkjh fd euq"; tc euq"; cuk rc ls mldhvfLerk dk loky izkFkfedrk ys pqdk gS o jksVh dk la?k"kZ mlds fy, ekuovfLerk dh j{kk ds lkFk xqaFk x;k gS- bUgsa vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk- dqNvFkZ esa flj Åapk j[k dj pyus dk xkSjo izkFkfed gS- vU; izk.khtxr dsleku jksVh dks izkFkfedrk ij j[kus ls vfLrRo dk la?k"kZ mls taxyh ;qxesa /kdsy nsxk tgka ls fudy dj og vkxs vk;k gS- jksVh rd euq"; dh fparkdks lhfer j[kus dk iz;kl fQj ls pjus okyh e'khu cukus gsrq mls xqykecukus dk ,d pØkar gS- bu yksxksa dh reUuk gS fd xzkeh.k vfLerk Hkko dksHkwy tk,a rks lsfB;k rcds }kjk muls eupkgs ikuh Hkjokuk vklku gksxk!

mUuhloha lnh esa ekDlZ dh fparkvksa dks xjhch dk n'kZu crk djdVk{k ls [kkfjt dj fn;k x;k Fkk tcfd vly esa oafprksa dks ,d eqfDr&n'kZu dh uhao j[kus esa mudh fpark ekuo ds lEeku dh yM+kbZ dks Bksl vFkZnsus dh Fkh- fu.kkZ;d rkSj ij ;gka ls euq"; jksVh dh yM+kbZ ds nk;js ls ckgjvk;k vkSj nksuksa fcanqvksa dh lhek js[kkvksa dks lnk ds fy, r; dj fy;kx;k- jksVh dh mldh yM+kbZ vU; izkf.k;ksa ds nk;js ls ckgj vk xbZ Fkh-fdUrq] lEeku ,oa izfr"Bk ds loky dk voewY;u djus okys bl vfHk;kudk y{; oSpkfjd {ks= esa bfrgkl ds ifg;s dks ihNs /kdsyus dk gS- oafprksaesa vkRe&lEeku dk Hkko feVk dj vius fy, txg lqjf{kr j[kus dk ;gizp.M vfHk;ku mUgsa jksVh dh [kkfrj jsaxus okys i'kq esa <kyus dh pkg gS-

vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa ftl Hkko ds fy, vkWuj] fjl~isDV] fMx~fufV vkfn'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS mls ge yksx bTtr] vknj] lEeku] izfr"Bk] xkSjo;k xfjek dgrs gSa- ;g Hkko euq"; ds vius vfLrRo dk vax gS tks ,d fnuesa ugha cuk gS] mldh fparu izfØ;k ds QyLo:i yEcs thou&la?k"kZ lsmith lksp&le> dk Qy gS-

Hkkjr esa le> cuh Fkh fd ftl rjg flag ds fuokl ls taxy dhlqj{kk gksrh gS vkSj taxy esa gksus ls flag lqjf{kr jgrk gS mlh izdkj dklEca/k ?kj&ifjokj vkSj O;fDr esa gS- ?kj&ifjokj dh vo/kkj.kk dks ,d o`{kls rqyuk ls le>k;k x;k gS- ekuk tkrk gS fd ?kj :ih o`{k dh fofHkUuVgfu;ksa vkSj ifÙk;ksa dk vfLrRo ,d nwljs ls xqaFkk gqvk gS] mUgs vyx djusdk iz;kl ?kkrd gksrk gS- O;fDr ?kj&x`gLFk ,oa dqVqEc dh vfHkUu izfØ;kdk izk.kh gS] vkS|ksfxd lH;rk dh rjg tcju x<k x;k ,dy O;fDr ughatks fuiV ywV ds cy ij vius dks vk/kqfud dg dj [kq'k gks- ;gka euq";dh xfjek dk vFkZ mlds ?kj&x`gLFk dh xfjek ls gV dj ns[kus ij[kus dkvFkZ vuFkZ gh gS- rktk nkSj esa ljdkj us euq"; dks dkxtksa esa ,dy O;fDrfy[k dj j[k fy;k] fdUrq okLro esa og ?kj&x`gLFk dk vax gS- rktk }a}blh egk/kks[ks dk dqy urhtk gS tc O;fDr LorU=rk dk 'ka[k ctk djdPph mez ds cPpksa dks ifjokj ds lkeus [kM+k fd;k gS vkSj pkgus&u&pkgusds ckotwn ?kksj LokFkhZ eu dk fuekZ.k gqvk gS-

jktlÙkk ds iz'u ijvc rd dh ppkZ gks tkus ds ckn] [kki ds iz'u ij ,d vfr egRoiw.kZ

i{k jg tkrk gS- og gS [kki vkSj jktlÙkk ds chp lEca/k dh izÑfr dksle>uk- [kki ds iz'u ij vk{ksi yxkus okyksa dk rdZ jgk gS fd jkt dsdk;Z{ks= esa [kki cstk n[ky nsus yxh gSa vkSj lafo/kku o dkuwu bldhbtktr ugha nsrk gS] blfy, buij ikcanh yxkbZ tk,! bldk rkRi;Z gSfd jktlÙkk gh ns'kfgr dk loksZifj laLFkku gS] [kki fQtwy dh vMaxsckthmRiUu dj jgh gS ftls vfLrRo esa jgus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gS- blfy,mls tcju jkLrs ls gVk fn;k tk,] rHkh ns'k cpsxk- rdZ ,slk gS-

vk{ksiksa ds bu i{kksa ij fopkj dj ysuk csgrj gksxk- vkjksi ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd [kki ds eqdkcys jktlÙkk izkFkfed t:jr gS vkSj lekt

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O;oLFkk dk dgha csgrj fodYi gS ftls lc dh ekU;rk izkIr gS- ;g ekuusdk D;k vk/kkj gS\ dgha dksbZ lqlaxr O;k[;k miyC/k ugha gS- ns'k esa i<k;stk jgs if'peh rtZ ds jktuhfr'kkL= esa [kki dk vfLrRo ugha gS- bl 'kkL=dh =klnh gS fd og izfrfuf/k rU= ds vfrfjDr fdlh tu+rU= dks ughaigpkurk vkSj [kki mlds bl nk;js esa dgha fQV ugha cSBrh gS- [kki yksxksadk lh/kk turU= gS ftlesa mudh lh/kh Hkkxhnkjh gksrh gS-

iz'u ij le> ds fy, Hkkjr dk ifjn`'; ns[k ysa- bfrgkl dgrk gSfd ,d le; viuh t:jr gsrq xkao x.kjkT; ukeh ;gka dh izkphu O;oLFkkus vius ,d lgk;d ds :i esa jktU; dks LFkkfir fd;k Fkk] og pyrs&pyrsvius ml tud dks gM+ius ds fy, cspSu gS- bldk Bksl dkj.k gS- igys dkog jktU; ,d le; dh jtokM+k'kkgh ls gks dj iwath'kkgh ds vL= ds crkSjvfr&dsfUnzÑr HkLeklqj jktlÙkk dk :i ys pqdk gS- rktk le; esa ;gjktlÙkk :ih fujadq'k 'kklu O;oLFkk dqNsd yksxksa dks NksM+ dj lHkh dksO;fFkr djus yxh gS- iz'u dk ;g izFke i{k gS-

nwljh vksj] [kki izkphu dky ls yksxksa }kjk vius ekeys Lo;alqy>kus] fuiVkus dh Lo;aHkw iz.kkyh gS] ftldh l`f"V Ñf"kdeZ esa vius vU;lgk;d is'kksa ds vfrfjDr jktU; uked ,d vU; lgk;d ds :i esa igysigy dqNsd lhfer ekeyksa dks fuiVkus gsrq gqbZ Fkh ftUgsa Lo;a HkkbZpkjs dh[kki iz.kkyh ds vkns'k ij r; fd;k tkrk Fkk- ckn esa] jtokM+k'kkgh nkSjxqtjus ds ckn iwath'kkgh us opZLo LFkkfir djus dh izfØ;k esa bls gfFk;kdj Hk;kud ntsZ rd dsfUnzÑr <kaps okyh loZxzklh jktlÙkk ds :i esa <kyfy;k- bls vc lkekftd O;oLFkk dks dk;e j[kus gsrq vo'oEHkkoh 'krZ cukdj is'k fd;k tkus yxk gS vkSj dgk tk jgk gS fd [kki bl 'krZ dks iwjhrjg dke djus dh jkg esa jksM+k gS- bl lUnHkZ esa jktlÙkk dh fujadq'krk vkSj[kki dh yksd'kkgh izÑfr ij ppkZ djuk t:jh gS-

chloha lnh ds vkjUHk esa lekt esa ekSfyd ifjorZu dk ,ts.Mk Nkpqdk Fkk- blls tqM+s lokyksa ij fo'oO;kih cgl fNM+h- mUuhloha lnh dse/; ekDlZ&,axsYl dh tksM+h us dE;qfuLV ?kks"k.kki=* uked jpuk esa blekSfyd ifjorZu dh fn'kk dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k ftlls lcd ysdj vusdns'kksa esa xqykeh ds fo#) vkUnksyu pys+s- vxLr 1917 esa ysfuu uked ,dvxz.kh fopkjd us ^^jkT; vkSj Økafr* uked jpuk dh vkSj bl iz'u ij

ekDlZ&,axsYl dks m)`r djrs gq, la{ksi esa nksgjk;k fd ¼1½ jktlÙkk Je dsf[kykQ iwath ds ;q) dk jk"Vªh; gfFk;kj cu xbZ vkSj gj Økafr ds ckn mldk 'kq) neudkjh pfj= vf/kdkf/kd mHkjrk vkrk gS- ¼2½ jkT; vYier dsgkFk esa cgqer ij iwath dk 'kklu pykus gsrq rkdr dk fo'ks"k laxBu gS vkSjekDlZ dh bl ckr ij [kkl /;ku fn, tkus dh ckr dgh fd ¼3½ jkT; dhukSdj'kkgh&QkSth e'khujh dks u"V djuk izR;sd okLrfod tu&Økafr dhizkFkfed 'krZ gS- ;g Hkh dgk fd ¼4½ jktlÙkk dks u"V djus dk dke cydk iz;ksx djds gh gks ldrk gS- ,slh tu&Økafr dk y{; fu/kkZfjr djrsgq, crk;k x;k fd cgqer }kjk ¼5½ badykc ds tfj;s vYier ls gfFk;kyh xbZ jktlÙkk dk iz;ksx ijkftr vYier ij neu ds vL= ds :i esagksxk] tks vfr&dsfUnzÑr jktlÙkk igys tSlh ugha jg tk,xh vkSj pyrs&pyrs,d fnu foyksi gksxh- bl txg ;kn j[ksa fd jktlÙkk vkSj Økafr ukedbl jpuk esa /kuokuksa ds turU= esa izfrfuf/k :i ij ysfuu dh fuxkg ughaxbZ iz'u cpk jg x;k- tks gks] :l ds yksxksasa ds fy, ysfuu ds rdZ u;s Fks]

jktlÙkk ds iz'u ij pwafd viuh u;h LFkkiukvksa ij tux.k dksvkdf"kZr djus gsrq ysfuu us jpuk dh izLrkouk esa dgk fd ^fl)kUr vkSjO;kogkfjd nksuksa dh n`f"V ls jkT; dk iz'u vkt fo'ks"k egRo izkIr dj jgkgS-* ml le; igys fo'o ;q) ds pyrs ladV f'k[kj ij Fkk- rc ys[kd uscrk;k fd xqykeh o 'kks"k.k ls eqDr gks dj vktknh dh lkal ysus dsla?k"kZ esa ^jkT;* ds lEca/k esa iwokZxzgksa dks R;kx dj fopkj djuk gksxk-

ysfuu dh mDr jpuk us chloha lnh dh lksp dks fo'o Lrj ijxgjs ls izHkkofr fd;k] ;gka rd fd mlds /kqj fojks/kh Hkh jktlÙkk dsdqNsd rRoksasa ij ml jpuk esa of.kZr vp/kkj.kkvksa dh tkus&vutkus iSjksdkjhdjrs gSa vkSj vius eryc ds rdZ x<rs jgrs gSa- ysfuu dk nkok jgk fd osekDlZ o ,axsYl dh LFkkiukvksa ds iSjksdkj gh ugha cfYd ml le; dsgkykr esa mudks vkxs c<k;k vkSj t:jr ds yk;d bUgsa ifj"Ñr fd;k gS--

chloha lnh esa lekt esa ekSfyd ifjorZu ;kuh badykc dh le> dksx<us esa ysfuu }kjk is'k jktlÙkk dk iz'u vfr egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gqvk vkSj1917 esa :l dh lQy lektoknh Økafr dk lw= cu dj Nk x;k- ;gh ugha]Hkkjr esa vkxs py dj] Hkxr flag&pUnz'ks[kj o muds lkFkh Hkh badykc o


jktlÙkk ds iz'u ij ysfuu dh le> ds iSjksdkj cus ftldk mYys[k mudslkfgR; esa izeq[krk ls ntZ gS- vly esa] jktlÙkk ds iz'iu ij vkxs py dj;g ysfuuh le> badykch gksus dk ikjl iRFkj cu xbZ vkSj vkt rdizHkkoh lksp gS- ysfuu dh jktlÙkk] badykc o badykch laxBu lEca/kh lkspij o"kZ 1991 esa ml lektoknh fuekZ.k ij gq, iz;ksx dh foQyrk us xEHkhjiz'ufpUg yxk, gSa- buesa lcls xEHkhj ml nkos dk HkaM+kQksM gqvk fd etnwjoxZ dh jktlÙkk ,d&,d djds foyksi gksxh- ns[kk x;k fd lksfo;r la?ko phu esa jktlÙkk Lo;a etnwj tekr ds 'kks"k.k&neu dk vkStkj vf/kdcuh vkSj fujadq'k O;fDrokn us bu ns'kksa esa vius [kwc gkFk fn[kk,-

chloha lnh esa ftu ns'kksa esa u;h lekt jpuk dk iz;ksx gqvk mudfFkr lektoknh ns'kksa ds vuqHkkoksa ij /;ku fn;k tk, rks ekDlZ dh lh[kdks vkxs c<krs ysfuu ds nkoksa ij vkxs ;dhu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS- bulokyksa ij u;s fljs ls fopkj dh t:jr gS- bu ij ;fn dksbZ ;dhu djsaxsrks tux.k ds lkFk badykc ds uke ij Hkkjh xíkjh gksxh- ysfdu] ysfuu dksvudgs /keZxq: dh rjg ekudj pyus okys muds vf/kdrj iSjkdkj jktlÙkkds iz'u dks fQj ls ij[kus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gSa- blfy, Lo;a jktlÙkk vkSjØkafr uked jpuk ls m)`r mfDr fd ^^xqykeh o 'kks"k.k ls eqDr gks djvktknh dh lkal ysus ds la?k"kZ esa ^jkT;* ds lEca/k esa iwokZxzgksa dks R;kxdj fopkj djus** okyh ckr dks ;kn djkuk ;gka vko';d gks x;k gS-

jktlÙkk dk vkSfpR;loZekU; gS fd jktU; ds LFkku ij gfFk;kjcan jkT; dk tUe lekt

esa [kM+h dj nh xbZ xSj&cjkcjh ls mRiUu dyg o ekj/kkM+ ds pyrsgqvk vkSj bu oafprksa ij gqdqer gsrq lk/ku&lEiUu yksxksa ds fgrksa dkj{kd miØe cu dj lkeus vk;k- vkt dk izfrfuf/kewyd jkT; Hkh iwathds gd esa /kuokuksa ds gkFk dk fujadq'k vL= gS( mldk tuizseh psgjk ek=yksxksa dks vius ?ksjs esa cka/k dj j[kus ds dke vkrk gS- vycÙkk] tuer dsncko ls dqN lhek rd bldh fujadq'krk lguh; o vlguh; fLFkfr;ksa dschp >wyrh jgrh gS- blls mlds thou dks yEck [khapus esa enn feyrh gS-^dkuwu ds jkT;* tSls tqeys mls lkal nsrs jgrs gSa tcfd ewy dkuwu iwathdh lÙkk dks fpjathfo cukus dk gksrk gS vkSj oS/kkfud O;oLFkk gj eksM+ dkslgt cukus gsrq bPNkuqlkj cnyus dk fjokt gS- ;gh dkj.k gS fd

fodklØe ds fygkt ls izkphu xks=kRed o fcjknjh xBu ds eqdkcysvxyh dM+h esa izfrf"Br gqbZ iwath dh lÙkk dks turk dk vc igys tSslkvknj&lEeku ugha feyrk gS- og turk ls vyx [kM+k ftUu gS-

,axsYl dgrs gSa fd tuoknh turU= esa ^/kuoku viuh lÙkk dk iz;ksxvizR;{k :i ls] ysfdu vkSj Hkh vf/kd ;dhuh rjhds ls djrk gS** ;kuh^^vQljksa dh lh/kh eqag&HkjkbZ** ds tfj;s vkSj ^^ljdkj o LVkd&,Dlpsatds chp xBtksM+ ds tfj;s mldk jkt pyrk gS] tgka cSadks us tuoknhturU= dks /ku dh loZ'kfDreku lÙkk esa cnyus dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS] rks/kuokuksa ds lewg bl xBtksM+ dks lqn`< djus esa lnk pqLr jgrs gSa- llanvkSj vnkyrksa ds lkFk&lkFk lsuk dks vius lkFk cka/k dj j[kus esa BsdsnkjdEifu;ksa dh dkjxqtkjh vke turk ls insZ esa pyus okyh dk;Zokgh gS fdUrqjgrh gS loZnk eqLrSn] ftlls jktlÙkk dk vk/kkj vko';drk ds vuqlkjetcwr jgs vkSj njdus vFkok <g tkus ls cpk jgs- izfrfuf/krU= dksjktuhfrd nyrU= }kjk lapkfyr djus ls ;g xBtksM+ lgt curk gSblhfy, turU= dk ;g [kksy /kuoku tekr dks csgn ilan gS-

/kuokuksa ds turU= dh laln ij dVk{k djrs gq, ekDlZ us dgk fdjkt ds vlyh dke insZ dh vkM esa gksrs gSa rFkk laln dks egt xIickthvkSj cdokl djus dk vM~Mk crk;k] Hkkjr esa xka/kh us bls cka> cslok dgk-;s nksuksa euh"kh bl turU= ds izfrfuf/k Lo:i ij pksV ekj jgs Fks- ysfdumudh ckr u lÙkk gkFk esa vkus ds ckn ysfuu ds isjksdkjksa us lksfo;r la?kesa lquh] u Hkkjr esa xka/kh dh iSjksdkj dkaxzsl us dHkh bls egRo fn;k-

vktkn Hkkjr esa chrs Ng n'kd dk 'kklu] igys tSlh NwV Hkh yksxksadks nsus ds i{k esa ugha jg x;k gS- og ,d ij ,d fujadq'k 'kklu dh tqxresa csgn eqLrSn gS- vkradokn dk cgkuk bls [kwc dke vk jgk gS- turk dstuoknh vf/kdkjksa esa ,d ij ,d dVkSrh gksrh tk jgh gS vkSj vktknhviuk vFkZ [kks pqdh gS- lc jktuhfrd nyksa dk mls leFkZu gkfly gS-

ckr ekDlZ dgsa vFkok ysfuu ;k dksbZ vU; euh"kh] badykc dk y{;jktlÙkk gfFk;kuk j[k dj 'kkld cuus dk turk esa eksg [kM+k djus dkiki gqvk gS] tks lÙkk Lo;a turk ds xys dh Qkal gS vkSj tc rd dk;ejgsxh turk ds xys dh Qkal gh cuh jguh gS- vc rd dk vuqHko blslkfcr djrk gS- blls lekt ifjorZu dh ftEesnkjh ds izfr Hkkjh {kfr gqbZ

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gS- u badykc dks {kf.kd ?kVuk ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS tSlk ysfuudh jpuk dk lqj gS- ekDlZ] ,axsYl vFkok ysfuu dh tks Hkh vius le; nsujgh] muds ckn ds dky dh leL;kvksa ij u;s fljs ls fopkj gksuk Fkk-

iwath dh lÙkk us ekDlZ o ysfuu ls cgqr lh[kk gS vkSj vius vfLrRodh [kkfrj os lc dke fd, tks mlds thou ds fy, vko';d Fks- ysfdu]nwljh vksj] mldh fujadq'k lÙkk ls NqVdkjk ikus okyksa us ;fn bfrgkl lsdqN ugha lh[kk vkSj viuh u;h jkg ugha cukbZ rks lqgkus liuksa dh ek=jk[k gkFk yxus okyh gS- bl =klnh ls cpus ds mik; gksus pkfg,a-

orZeku esa /kuokuksa dk fujadq'k turU= tgka igqap pqdk gS og dsoygfFk;kjcan rkdr ds Hkjksls ugha cSBk gS] cfYd yksxksa dh lksp&le> dksvius fgrksa ds bnZ&fxnZ cka/kdj j[kus dk mLrkn cu pqdk gS- v[kckjh txrvkSj izpkj ds vU; lk/kuksa ds iz;ksx dks mlus ifj"Ñr djds gefcLrj cukfy;k gS- vius fgrksa dh lsok esa yksxksa ij jktlÙkk dh tdM+ dks rh[kk odkjxj djus ds fy, tuer dks vius jax esa jaxus dh Hkwfedk ekewyh ughajg xbZ gS- lkFk gh turk dks iwjh rjg ls vius Åij fuHkZj dj NksM+k gS-tc rd yksxksa esa feydj viuh 'kfDr ij fo'okl ugha txsxk vkSj oslkekftd dkeksa esa igydneh dk LoHkko ugha cuk ik;saxs rc rd iwath dsxqyke cus jgus okys gSa- rktk gkykr dk ;g tk;tk gS-

Hkkjr ij vaxzsth 'kklu vkSj mlds ckn ds 'kklu dh reke frdM+eksads ckotwn ?kj&ifjokj o xkao lekt dh bdkbZ ysdj [kki ,slh iz.kkyhgS tks ;g ,sfrgkfld dke djus esa l{ke gS vkSj yksxksa ds vius fnyksa dslcls utnhd Hkjksls dk vL= gS- blesa yksxksa dh lh/kh Hkkxsnkjh gS- O;oLFkkdk ;g dkjxj fodYi gS- bldks HkksFkjk djus dh lkft'k vo'; gS] fdUrqyksd'kkgh dk ;g ,dN= mik; gh fujadq'krk dh vpwd dkV gS- bls HkksFkjkdjus dh gj lkft'k dks ukdke djus dh t:jr gS-

ysfuu dh jpuk ds tokc esa vyx ls fy[kus dh t:jr vo'; gSfdUrq rktk lUnHkZ esa txg dh fdYyr ds pyrs lkadsfrd dguk gh dkQhle> dj iz'u dks ;gka lesVk tk jgk gS-

8

izklafxdrkckr lkQ gS% ;qok uj o ukjh ds chp uLy o`f) gsrq ;kSu lEca/kh iw.kZr%

izkd`frd fØ;k dks Hkh ;kSu&m|ksx rFkk ;kSu lEca/kksa ij fVds euksjatu tSlsvU; lkr&vkB /ku dekÅ /ka/kksa esa cnyus dh fo'oO;kih eqfge py jghgS- ;g iwath dh fQrjr gS fd gj pht dks og fcdus@[kjhnus yk;deky esa cnyrh gS- ekuoh; fj’rs Hkh bldh fuxkg esa p<+ pqds gSa- ;kSu tSls,dne futh fj’rksa dks og iyVus esa yxh gqbZ gS- blds rgr lc lkekftdca/kuksa ls eqDr ;qok yM+fd;ksa o yM+dkas dkss /ka/kksa ds crkSj rS;kj djus dh jkgesa g;k&'keZ o lEeku tSlh ck/kk dks nwj djus ds okLrs ?kj&ifjokj dksrksM+uk tkjh gS- pwafd [kki :ih xzkeh.k ?kj&ifjokj dh Nrjh #dkoV gS rksbls jkg ls gVkuk ;s yksx viuk igyk dke eku jgs gSa- [kki fojks/kh rktkvfHk;ku ds ihNs ;gh dkj.k gS- [kki dh orZeku izklafxdrk ;gka fufgr gS-

,slh fodV gksrh ifjfLFkfr esa ?kj&ifjokj o xkao lekt ds nk;js esans'k dh de ls de 70 izfr'kr vkcknh dk fgr mldh lkekftd fdyscanhij vk dj fVd x;k gS- mlds ?kj esa nks rgthcksa ds chp dk ;q) f'k[kjij gS- Lo;a nsgkr dh viuh ukStoku larku gh nq'eu dh canwd viuss da/ks ij ykn dj py jgh gS] mUgsa îzse* jksx dk u'kgM+h cuk dj vius fy,iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS- ?kj&x`gLFk esa ;g x`g;q) dh fLFkfr cuk dj ;g'kgjh rgthc vkØked eqnzk esa gS- vkQr ;g gS- nsgkr dk viuk rkukckukfc[kjus dks gS- ,sls esa fcjknjh o xkao&xqgk.M dh [kki gh vkljk gS-

ifjokj] xkao o [kki iz.kkyh dk lkekftd <kapk cgqr iqjkuk gSA- fdUrqvfr iqjkuk gksus ls gh fdlh O;oLFkk] fopkj vFkok oLrq ds fgek;rh gksusdk rdZ tgka vlaxr gS] ftl rjg gj iqjkuh O;oLFkk] pht vFkokfopkj dks dsoy mldh mez ds fglkc ls R;kx nsuk Hkh csrqdk gS-cqfu;knh iz'u budh lkekftd mi;ksfxrk dk gS- vkt ds [kafMr lekt

83 84

r


esa yksxksa dks tks lgkjk o lqj{kk [kki O;oLFkk ns ldrh gS vkSj fcjknfj;ksadh xks=&iapk;rsa fooknksa dks fuiVkus dh O;oLFkk lqyHk djk ldrh gS vU;dksbZ ughaA- bldh [kwch gS fd ;g yksxksa dks vius iSjksa ij [kM+k gksuk fl[kkrhgS vkSj blls LokoyEcu dks c<kok feyrk gS- buds fcuk 70 izfr'krvkcknh dk nsgkr fugRFkk gks tkrk gS- ;g euq"; dk uSlfxZd gd gS fd ogvius thou dks Lo;a lapkfyr dj ldsA- ml n`f"V ls [kki O;oLFkk ij,rjkt vekU; gS-

,d igyw dks le>uk csgrj gksxk- fo'o Hkj esa jktlÙkk o mldhyxHkx reke laLFkkvksa dk iwath dh lsok rd fleV tkuk vkSj vketuds fy, csijokg gks tkuk vkt dh gdhdr gS- dksVZ&dpgjh ls ysdjFkkuk&iqfyl] rglhy ;k lekt dY;k.k tSls deZ Hkh vius pfj= esa cgqrgn rd vokeh fgrksa ls nwj tk pqds gSa- jktuhfrd nyksa ds pfj= esa vk,cnyko dks Hkh blh lUnHk esa ns[kuk gksxk- jkt o jktlÙkk ds pfj= esa gq,bl myVQsj esa fNis lans'k dks vuns[kk djds vkxs ugha c<k tk ldrk gS-nwljh vksj] jkt laLFkku vokeh igy dks u"V djds reke rkdr dks viusgkFk esa lesVus ij yx x, gSa- turk ds fy, ;g [krjs dh ?kaVh gS- bllsQkflTe dk [krjk c<rk gS tc voke dk xyk ?kksaV dj iwath dh lsok dkekxZ iz'kLr fd;k tkrk gS] ;g vc rd dk fo'o bfrgkl gS-

viuhs lqj{kk vFkok vU; fgrksa ds fy, yksxksa dh vius gh lkekftdvFkok fcjknjh ds laLFkkuksa ij c<+rh fuHkZjrk blh ljdkjh laLFkkuksa esa vkbZfxjkoV dks tkfgj djrh gS- ijEijkxr [kki O;oLFkk lekt dks u;kgkSlyk nsrh gS- jkt dh csdkcw gksrh 'kfDr ds lkeus vokeh laLFkk dhigydneh dk vU; dksbZ fodYi ugha gS ftl ij vkl fVd lds c'krsZ[kkiksa esa vk, nks"k ls ;s eqDr gks ldsa- orZeku detksfj;ksa ds pyrs ;s loZFkkviax gh jgus okyh gSa- fdUrq] [kki iz.kkyh dk fojks/k djus vFkok bl ijdkuwuh ikcanh dk vFkZ yksxksa dks iwjh rjg fugRFkk djuk gksxk- ,d rjg lsijEijk o jhfr;ka lekt ds cuk, dkuwu gSa] bu ij vk{ksi djus okyksa dhle> ij rjl vkrk gS tks bu iapk;rksa dks chrs tekus dh izFkk crk dj[kkfjt djuk pkgrs gSa-

r

9

lkjka’kxzkeh.k Hkkjr dks tcju gkadus

dk iz;kl [krjukd nkoxzkeh.k vkapy ds f{kfrt ij dkyh ?kVk dks Li"V rkSj ij mHkjrs

ns[kk tk ldrk gS-A mldh lkekftd thou'kSyh [krjs esa iM+ xbZ gSA- dqNca/kqvksa ds fy, bl 'kSyh esa cpk dj j[kus yk;d dqN ugha gS vkSj mudhea'kk cu pqdh gS fd ftruk tYnh gks bldk volku gh csgrj gS ftllsdqN Hkyk gh gksus okyk gS- vf/kdrj xzkeh.k bu L;kuksa esa 'kkfey gksus dkeu ugha j[krs vkSj u ,slh v/kdpjh vk/kqfudrk ds fgek;rh gSa ftlls ;gekuork fojks/kh iwath dk lkezkjkT; etcwrh idM+sA-

;g dg nsus ls cgl Li"V gks tk,xh- o"kZ 1947 ds ckn ls LorU=ns'k ds crkSj ykHk mBkus okys e/;e rcds dks gd gS fd og orZeku O;oLFkkdk xq.kxku djs ftlls og bl vof/k esa ekykeky gqvk gS- ysfdu mldksdksbZ gd ugha gS fd og ns'k dh ml 80 izfr’kr vkcknh ij viuk utfj;kFkkSais tks bl fodkliFk dh f'kdkj cuh [kM+h gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i viusgh lalk/kuksa ls eg:e oafprksa ds jsys esa 'kkfey gS-

ftUgsa turkfU=d ewY;ksa dk tjk Hkh ftgkt gS os ekusaxs fd ns'k dhxzkeh.k vkcknh dks gkadus ds bl vfHk;ku ij mrk: rcds dks dksbZ gdugha curk gS ftls og vius utfj;s ls vk/kqfud cukus ij mrk: gS- mudsbl fetkt ls lekt esa fpaxkjh lqyxkus dk gh dke gksxk- fcu ladksp dgktk ldrk gS fd mudh ;g lkaLd`frd lkezkT;okn dh izo`fr ns'k ds fy,csgn [krjukd #>ku gS- bls gh bfrgkl QkflTe ds uke ls tkurk gS-xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds fy, D;k vPNk gS bldh reht mldh cqf) ij NksM+ nsuhpkfg,- vius Hkfo"; dk fu.k;Z djuk mldk viuk gd gS] QtZ Hkh- ijkbZ


laLd`fr ls vyad`r fo}ku Vksyh bl gd dks feVkus dh dqps"Vk djsxh rksifj.kke fgrdj ugha gks ldrs gSa- Li"V gS fd 'kgjh rgthc ls yckyc ;grcdk viuh lksp vkSj thou'kSyh dks nsgkr ij FkkSaius dk vfHk;ku pyk,gq, gS- mls cgqr oge gS fd ogh vk/kqfudrk dk Lo;aHkw Bsdsnkj gS vkSj bl^xoka:* nsgkr dks vius utfj;s ls vk/kqfud cuk dj NksM+sxk!

[kkiksa ds fu.kZ;ksa esa lc dqN Bhd gS] ;g nkok fdlh dk ugha- lgho xyr dh igpku vyx iz'u gSa- fdUrq dgha xyrh gqbZ gS blhfy,][kki iapk;rksa dks ns'k cnj dj fn;k tk,] ,slh vrkfdZd ekax ds ihNsdh ea'kk [kksVh gS- ,d NksVs ls rcds ds fgr dks ns'k dk fgr crk djckr gks jgh gS- lh-ih-,e vFkok mu tSls dfFkr ekDlZokfn;ksa dk ,ts.Mkiwath dh lsok gS] blfy, os ?kksj O;fDrokn dh odkyr ij mrjs gq, gSa-blls vokeh fgr dks dksbZ ykHk ugha gS- myV] os ekDlZokn tSls n'kZudks efyu djus dk gh dke dj jgs gSa- blls mUgsa dqN gkfly ugha gqvkgS] u gks ldrk gS! nhokj dh bckjr dks bUgsa Bhd ls i< ysuk pkfg,-

bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd vkt bu [kki tSlh O;oLFkkvksa esa pqukohLokFkksaZ ds pyrs ?kql vk, ijk;s rRoksa dks Hkh xys yxk;k tk,- buls rks eqDrgksuk gh gksxk] rHkh ;g LoLFk <kaps dh rjg Qysxha- bldh [kwclwjrh blckr esa gS fd bls fdlh us cuk;k ugha] le; dh t:jr ls mHkjk gqvkviuh izFkk gS- bldk pfj= vukSipkfjd gS- ;g bldh rkdr gS-blhfy, ;g yksxksa ds fny ds lkFk tqM+h gS] tcfd ljdkjh iapk;rsaÅij ls ykns x, dkuwu }kjk xfBr vkSipkfjd jhr ds laxBu gSaAftudh isphnfx;ksa dk ykHk mBk dj lekt ij iz'kklu o vQlj'kkghgkoh gks cSBh gS- bldh nwljh [kkfl;r cgrs ikuh dh rjg lrr~ fueZyjgus esa gS- rhljs] bldh dk;Ziz.kkyh ^gk] ek] f/kd* ij fVdh gS ftlesanks"kh dks dRy djuk rks nwj 'kkjhfjd izrkM+uk Hkh oftZr gS- pkSFkh izeq[k[kkfl;r blds fdlh LFkkbZ usr`Ro ls nwjh gS- [kki O;oLFkk us vius vlyLo:i esa dHkh usr`Ro dh /kkj.kk dks ugha Lohdkjk- ;g orZeku esa fpiVk u;kjksx gS vkSj ,sls yksxksa dk ghjks cu dj pqukoh fl;klr esa iuiuk izeq[k y{;cuk gS- pqukoh fgrksa dh nkSM+ esa yxs jgus okys yksxksa ls ;g ok;jl vk;kgS- LoLF; dk;k ds fy, blls NqVdkjk ikuk gh gksxk-

;g Lohdkjuk iM+sxk fd vkt [kki iapk;rksa dh deku dqN eupys

o xSj&ftEesnkj yksxksa ds gkFkksa esa Hkh vk tkrh gS vkSj og dbZ ckj blO;oLFkk dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks njfdukj djds xSj&ftEesnkjkuk fu.kZ; yssdjfojksf/k;ksa dks vupkgk elkyk nsrs gSaA- blls [kki dh LoLFk izFkk dks Bsligqaprh gS] uhpk ns[kuk iM+rk gS- ,d rF; /;ku esa j[kus dk gS fd bu lcjhfr&fjoktksa ls vkt dk mudk ukStoku tkudkjh ds vHkko esa xyr gkFkksaesa [ksy tkrk gS] blds fy, xks=&eqf[k;kvksa }kjk vius ukStoku rcds dkslpsr djus dh ftEesnkjh gkFk esa ysuh pkfg,-

lgh gS fd vdsys u ge] u ljdkj vkSj u gh vnkyrsa tkS.k/kh]vkl.Mk vkSj <+jk.kk tSls dk.Mksa dks gksus ls jksd ldrs gSaA- bu lc dksrHkh jksdk tk ldsxk] tc xzkeh.k lekt feydj iz;kl djsxk- blekeys esa vnkyr ;k fdlh iqfyl vf/kdkjh dk n[ky cstk dljr gSA-fcxMSyksa ds fy, lqj{kk ds uke ij ^îzse dqat* tSlh chekj lksp dksnQukuk gh csgrj fodYi gS- tks iqfyl O;oLFkk lkfRod vkpj.k dks lqj{kkugha ns ldrh og pyh gS vc eupyksa o yQaxksa dk dop cuus!!

xks= iapk;r ;fn fdlh fookn dks fuiVkus esa xyrh djrh gS rks mlsdaxk: U;k;ky; dh laKk nsdj vokafNr ?kksf"kr djuk xyr gS- ljdkjhvnkyrsa Hkh viuh detksfj;ksa ls eqDr ugha gSa ftUgsa ikfjokfjd o xkao dsBsB vkUrfjd ekeyksa ds fuiVkjs gsrq vkn'kZ crk dj pyus dk mins'kfuiV [kksVk vkSj nqHkkZoukiw.kZ gS vFkok tkfr fon~os"k ls xzflr gS-

lUnHkZ esa ;g Hkh iz'u gS fd [kki iz.kkyh vFkok ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksaesa vU; ukeksa ls iqdkjh tkus okyh ;g Lo'kklh O;oLFkk u jgus ls fdl dkD;k uqDlku gksus okyk gS vkSj ;g iz.kkyh pkyw jgrh gS rks fdls D;kijs'kkuh gS\ [kki ds loky ij rktk fookn ds mBus ls ;g lUnsg vuk;klgh mBrk gS fd lkekU;tuksa ds vkil esa feyorZu] vkilh lg;ksx ls viusfookn fuiVkus ls Hkyk ijs'kku gksus dk dkSu] D;k leqfpr dkj.k gks ldrkgS\ bu lc lokyksa ij lekt esa vc eaFku gks rkfd foosd ekj u [kk,-

lokyksa dh xgjkbZ esa u tkdj ykaNu dks nksgjkrs tkus okyk ;g,drjQk vfHk;ku dk :i ys pqdk gS ftldh lkekU;r% v[kckjh txrls mEehn ugha dh tkrh- gj fnu rdZ cnyrs gSa- fnYyh vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh dhfdUgha efgyk us vc Hkzw.kgR;k ls yM+fd;ksa dh gj;k.kk esa de gksrhla[;k ds lUnHkZ esa fdlh Hkh yM+dh ls izse* dh yyd dks tk;t Bgjk;k


v{ke; cu tkrk gS\ bl rdZ ij pksjh djuk Hkh vijk/k u gksdj O;fDr;kuh pksj dh O;fDr&LorU=rk dk ekeyk cu tk,xk vkSj mls jksdus dkiz;kl ekuokf/kdkj dk guu gksxk- lafo/kku esa ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh ,slhle> HkSaxh gh ekuh tk,xh tks okd~iVqrk ls fdlh rjg csgrj ugha-

fof/kfoKku lekt ds jhfr&fjokTkksa dh vuns[kh djus dh lykg ughansrk gS- nsxk rks vuFkZ ds cht cks nsxk- vaxzstksa us tutkfr;ksa ds izHkko{ks=esa ,slk iz;kl fd;k rks ,slh rh[kh cxkor dk lkeuk gqvk fd le>kSrkdjds ihNk NqMk;k x;k Fkk- bfrgkl dks Hkqykus ds vius [krjs gSa-

fganq fookg vf/kfu;e

izse izlax ds lUnHkZ esa lxks= fookg o HkkbZpkjs dk mya?ku djds'kknh jpkus okys ;s nks rjg ds ekeys mBs gSa- lxks= fookg ds lUnHkZ esa fganqfookg vf/kfu;e] 1955&6 fookn esa vk;k gS- xzkeh.k Hkkjr ds cgqr cM+s {ks=esa lxks= fookg dks ekU;rk ugha gS- bl rF; dks ;g dkuwu LohdkjrkgS vkSj lkFk gh lxks= fookg dk tgka fjokt gS mls ekU;rk nh gS-ysfdu pkykdh cjrh xbZ gS- bl lUnHkZ dks ns[k ysrs gSa-

lekt esa HkkbZpkjs ds chp 'kknh&fookg dk fj'rk oftZr {ks= gS-bl lkekftd ekU;rk dks jksdus ;k fu;af=r djus okyk vc rd dksbZdkuwu ugha gS- tc dgha ,slk iz;kl gksxk mls bfrgkl dk dwM+knku ns[kysxk- tSlk igys ns[kk] ;g d`f"kdeZ ls tqM+k ekeyk gS- xkao dh clkgr ghbl ekU;rk ij gqbZ Fkh] bfrgkl esa xkao dks fdlh iz/kkueU=h us ugha clk;k]tSlk ;kstuk cuk dj iz;kl vc mls mtkM+us dk gks jgk gS] gkykafd] ,slkdjus dk Qrokg yksxksa us dHkh fdlh pquko esa ugha fn;k!

dy rd tks cgu Fkh mls choh Lohdkj djuk vFkok HkkbZ dks lkykekuuk dgha dcwy ugha gS- eka] pkph&rkbZ ds 'kCn lkl ls vyx gSa- vf/kdrj{ks= HkkbZpkjs dh bl ekU;rk ij fVdk gS] ftls xkao dk xaok:iu crkdj vc geyk gqvk gS- ;fn ;g xoka:iu gS rks xzkeh.k Hkkjr dks vius blxoka:iu ij ukt+ gh gksxk- fdlh dks dkuwuh vFkok laoS/kkfud* gd ughagS] u gks ldrk gS fd xzkeh.k Hkkjr ij og viuk er tcju Fkksais- dHkhiz;kl gqvk rks ;g cxkor dk fueU=.k gksxk] D;ksafd vius vfLrRo dhvk[kjh yM+kbZ gj tho yM+rk gS & gkjs ;k thrs!!

gS vkSj [kkiksa dh izklafxdrk dks udkjk gS- bl rdZ dks ukeh i=dkj e`.kkyikaMs us Hkh rqjUr >iV fy;k ¼nSfud tulÙkk 27-6-10½- ifjokj fu;kstu dscsgwnk vfHk;ku ds fgek;rh jgs ;s i=dkj ca/kq dSls Hkwy x, fd yM+fd;ksadh la[;k dks Qkyrw tula[;k* ds rdZghu izpkj us lekt dks bl txgigqapk;k gS- blds fy, vc [kki D;k djsxha\

lp gS fd dqN xks= fookg lEca/kh fooknksa esa nq%[knk;h fLFkfr cuh-buls fuiVus esa Lo;a xzkeh.k lekt l{ke jgk gS- ,sls iz;kl Hkh gq, gSa-pwafd lekt ds ,sls ekeyksa esa lq/kkj dh eqfge /kheh xfr ls pyrh gS vkSju;h jhr Mkyus esa le; yxrk gS] rHkh og fjokt curk gS- blfy,] buiz;klksa ds ckotwn lEcaf/kr fcjknjh esa dqNsd fookn chrs fnuksa mHkj djvk,- rc Hkh] bu rRoksa us bls rwy nsdj viuk vfHk;ku pykus dk vPNkvolj le>k gS vkSj [kkiksa dks ns'kcnj djus dh ekax mBkbZ-

lEHkor% gekjs ;s fo}ku pkgrs gSa fd dksbZ ifjokj] xkao ;k [kki dsyksx vius vkUrfjd fookn vkil esa fey&cSB dj lqy>kus dh ifjikVhNksM+ dj dsoy vnkyrksa dk #[k djsaA- ,slh O;oLFkk yknuk iwjs xzkeh.klekt ds lkFk T;knrh gksxh vkSj xSjturkfU=d HkhA- yksxksa dks viuhvukSipkfjd O;oLFkkvksa ls eg:e djuk muds lkFk cM+k vU;k; gksxk-

ns[k&lqu dj dqN gSjkuh ugha gqbZ fd vusd dfFkr cqf)thoh vkSji=dkj [kki O;oLFkk ij vius vYiKku ds pyrs csfljiSj ds vk{ksi yxkdj dksbZ bls ladh.kZ ekufldrk dh fu'kkuh crk jgk gS rks dqN lkearhxoak:iu! blls i<s&fy[ks gksus rFkk vk/kqfudrk ds Lo;aHkw iz.ksrk gksus dkbudk nEHk ns[krs curk gS- ;s yksx vius dks Ô;fDr LorU=rk* dk cM+kvyEcjnkj crk dj ;g iki dj jgs gSa- fdUrq vutkus gh lgh] mudh ;gckr bUgsa ?kksj O;fDrokn dk fgek;rh cuk nsrh gS- dgsa u dgsa ;g dsoyiwathokn dh lh/kh odkyr gS!

fiNys dqN lkyksa ls lexks= vFkok iMkSl dh yM+dh ls cykRdkj ofookg jpkus dh ?kVukvksa esa mNky vk;k gS- iMkSl dh yMfd;ksa dks Hkxkys tkus o fookg lEca/kh lkekftd otZukvksa dks yka?kus dh ukStokuksa esayEiV izo`fr c<h gS- ,slh vkijkf/kd gjdrksa dks lgkjk nsuk vijk/k dksc<kok nsus tSlk dqdeZ gS- D;k fdUgha fcxMS+y yMds&yMfd;ksa ds ,slsvkpj.k dks O;fDr dh LorU=rk dk uke fn;k tk ldrk gS o vijk/k


lkekftd fj'rs jkrksasajkr ugha cnyrs gSa- fookg dh ifjikVh esa fufgrlkekftd ekU;rk ds lkFk jkxkRed lEca/k izeq[k o`fr gS] bllss thoui;ZUr dk fj'rk curk gS- cktk: ;kSu lEca/k vkSj uLy o`f) okyss LokHkkfodizo`fr dks laLFkkxr vk/kkj nsus okys fookg esa vUrj dks Hkqyk dj ;k inkZMkydj tks L;kus HkkbZpkjs dh le> dks fQtwy dk cks> crk dj xzkeh.kHkkjr ij rksger yxk jgs gSa mudh ea'kk esa [kksV gS-

fookg dk cnyrk Lo:i;gka ckr mudh ugha gS tks /ku vkSj /ku ds lkFk tqM+h 'kksgjr gsrq

fookg lEca/k dks crkSj lh<h iz;ksx djus yxs gSa- vke vkneh o /kuokuksa dhfuxkg esa fookg dk vFkZ vyx gS- muds fookg] fookg ugha gS ftldk okLrkvke vkneh ls gS vkSj ftlij geyk bl ppkZ dk fo"k; gS-

/kuoku rcds ds fy, fookg lEca/k #rck c<kus ek= dk vkStkj gS-blds fy, fdlh tkfr] /keZ&iaFk vFkok jhfr&fjokt dh ekU;rk jkg dh#dkoV gS- buesa ;kSu lEca/k LFkkbZ izd`fr ds ugha jgrs- 'kknh vkt gS] dyt:jr ds lUnHkZ esa nwljk ?kj rkdrs jgrs gSa- rykd dh vklku lqfo/kk dkvFkZ ;gh gS- ;gka fookg esa fufgr jkxkRed lEca/k dk dqN eksy ugha gS-ysfdu vke vkneh dk ?kj&ifjokj vFkok dqVqEc&dchyk bl rjg ughapyrk gS- vr% fookg ;k ;kSu fØ;k dk 'kgjh o xzkeh.k lH;rkvksa ds fy,vFkZ vyx vyx gks x;k gS] ftls tks ilan NkaV ys! ysfdu] ;g Hkh le>ysa fd NkaV dh ifj.kfr loZFkk vyx&vyx gks dj jgsxh-

Hkkjr esa fookg dks fu;fU=r djus ds dkuwu gSa- dqN vaxzstksa us cuk,]dqN 1947 ds ckn cus- buesa fganq fookg vf/kfu;e izeq[k gS rktk fooknds lUnHkZ esa bl dkuwu esa la'kks/ku dk iz'u Hkh mBk gS- ;g dkuwu lfiaMfookg dks xSj&dkuwuh ekurk gS- bldh /kkjk 3 dh mi&/kkjk (i) o (ii) esaiqj[kksa ds xks= ls o ekrk] nknh vkSj ukuh ds xks= ls rFkk mi&/kkjk (g)esa pkpk] cqvk] ekek o ekSlh dh larku ls fookg lfiaM eku dj fuf"k) gSa-

/kkjk 5 esa dqN ,slh fLFkfr;ksa dk mYys[k Hkh gS ftuds dkj.k fdUghads chp 'kknh ugha gks ldrh gS ftuesa] vU; ds vfrfjDr] larku mRifRr ds;ksX; u gksuk fxuk;k gS- vFkkZr ekuk x;k gS fd ;kSu lEca/k dk vFkZ larkumRifÙk gS] euksjatu ugha] ftlds fy, 'kknh jph tkrh gS- ;g lkekftd

fØ;k gS tks fdlh lafo/ku dh eksgrkt ugha gS- jSuclsjs okys lEca/k dkblls dqN eryc ugha gS- dkuwu esa mDr mYys[k dk ;gh vFkZ curk gS-

fQj] blh dkuwu dh /kkjk 5 dh mi/kkjk (iv) esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k gSfd nksuksa i{kksa ds lfiaM gksrs gq, Hkh] ;fn buds lkekftd jhfr&fjoktvkKk iznku djrs gksa rks ,sls fdlh nks esa 'kknh gks ldrh gS- bl izko/kkudk ,d vFkZ ;g gS fd dkuwu ,d ekeys esa fdlh lekt fo'ks"k dhijEijkvksa o jhfr&fjokt dks txg nsrk gS- ysfdu] nwljs cM+s {ks= dhlkekftd ijEijkvksa o jhfr&fjokt dks jkSanrk gS- ;g dkuwu dgrk gS fdHkkbZ dh fo/kok ls 'kknh ;kuh djsik xSj&dkuwuh gS] lxks= fookg dks Li"Vr%fuf"k) ugha djrk gS] u HkkbZpkjs dh ijEijk dks Lohdkjrk gS! blls ;g Hkko[kM+k gksrk gS fd bl dkuwu dks cukus dh ea'kk Bhd ugha Fkh-

,d iz'u iwN fy;k tkuk pkfg,% LoNan izse vkSj ;kSu fØ;k dks O;fDrdh laoS/kkfud LorU=rk dk ntkZ nsdj ckr djus okys crk,a fd mDr dkuwudh bu nks ckrksa ij mudk D;k dguk gS fd ;g ijEijk dks ekU;rk nsrkgS vkSj ;kSu fØ;k dks larku mRifRr ds fy, fookg dks Lohdjrk gS fdlheuksjatu ds fy, ;kSu fØ;k dks Lohdkj ugha djrk- nwljs] ;g dkuwuLoNanrk dh txg fu;U=.k dk iz;kl gS tks mudh LoNan LorU=rk dh /kkj.kk ls myV iM+rk gS- rc] mUgsa 1956 ds ckn ls bldk fojks/k djus dhlw> D;ksa ugha vkbZ vc izseh ;qxy* okys rktk fookn mHkjus ds ckn gh ;slc oS/kkfud Åytywy rdZ le> esa dSls vk x, gSa\ -

lafo/kku o dkuwu gj fnu cnys tkrs gSA- lekt dh ekU;rk,a viuhvUrjfufgr izfØ;k ls cnyrh gSa] fdlh ds ncko esa tc bUgsa cnyk tkrkgS rks foLQksV dh lkexzh gh rS;kj gksrh gS- vaxzstksa us blss cM+h dher nsdjle>k Fkk tc vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa mudh laLÑfr o thou'kSyh dks iyVusdk iz;kl fd;k vkSj cqjh rjg ekr [kkbZ- ;kn jgs] vkikrdky ds nkSjku tcifr&iRuh ds chp jkxkRed lEca/kksa ij tcju ulcanh FkkSaih xbZ mldkifj.kke Hkkjh tufo{kksHk esa cny x;k Fkk-

orZeku ‘kknh&fookg dk dkuwu] ;fn fookg lEca/kh ijEijkvksa ;kuh(customs) dh vuns[kh djrk gS rks vksPNk gS] mls cnyus dh vko';drkgS- dkuwu ds eqrkfcd ijEijkvksa dks cnyus dk vkxzg dqaBkxzLr izLrkogS- ;g csfljiSj dk vkxzg gS- fdlh thoUr lekt esa ;g ugha pyrk gS-


'kknh&fookg igys Hkh gksrs Fks] vc xkao ;k HkkbZpkjs ds xqgk.M esafookg djus ds fdlh nqjkxzg dk dqN larks"ktud dkj.k ugha gS] tgkaHkkbZpkjs dh ekU;rk ds pyrs xkao dh csVh lc dh cgu ;k csVh dkrdZlaxr vk/kkj mls fVdkÅ cukrk gS- ;g ekU;rk u cps rks d`f"kdeZ pksiVgks tk,xk- [ksr&[kfygku esa [kqykiu o fuHkZ; ?kweuk&fQjuk bl cgu&csVhdh ijEijk ij fVdk gS- ;g ijEijk mudh lqj{kk dk dop gS-

cgu ;k csVh ds lkFk fookg dh odkyr csgwnk rdZ o chekj lksp gS-blesa fdlh rjg ds ekuokf/kdkj dk n[ky ugha gks ldrk gS- bl ekU;rkdks rksM+us vFkok efy;kesV djus esa D;k vk/kqfudrk gS] le> ls ckgj dhckr gS- bl ekU;rk ds myV vkpj.k dks fdlh dk gd ugha crk;k tkldrk gS] u ;g dHkh O;fDr LorU=rk dk loky gh cu ldrk gS- dksbZdkuwu dgs rc Hkh ugha- ,sls fof/kfoKku dk rRo fdlh ds ikl gS rks[kqydj crk, vkSj lkekftd fj'rk dk;e j[k dj fn[kk,-

vf/kd ls vf/kd /ku dekus gsrq ljek;snkjksa }kjk cPpksa esa ;kSufiiklk dks mdlk dj ftl tgj dks ?kksyk tk jgk gS] mldk fojks/k udjds tks cqf)thoh ca/kq vc bls yM+fd;ksa dh de gksrh la[;k dk jkxvykius yxs gSa mUgsa le>uk pkfg, fd ;g pkykdh lekt dks dgka ystkdj NksM+sxh\ tula[;k dks tc daVªksy djus dk rwQkuh vfHk;ku pykFkk rc lkQ Fkk fd blls euq"; dk vewY;u gksxk- ;g gqvk- blvewY;u dh ekj yMfd;ksa dh ?kVrh la[;k dk dkj.k gS- vc yM+dksa esajkg pyrs îzse* dh yyd dks ekax&vkiwfrZ ds fu;e ij rksyuk egkpkykdh o lekt ds lkFk /kks[kk gS-

lkekftd otZukvksa dks ekudj pyus ls lkekftd rkukckuk dgha VwVdj ugha fxj iM+k Fkk fd bUgsa yka?kus dh vko';drk vk [kM+h gks vkSjpkpk&rkÅ o HkkbZ&Hkrhts dh yM+dh dks Hkxk ys tkus vFkok ‘kknh djusdh etcwjh [kM+h gks pyh gks- ,slk dqN ugha gS] ;g ek= yEiV pfj= dhodkyr Bgjrh gS- ,sls esa ftuls lekt dks jkg fn[kkus dh vkl gks os efyuvkpj.k ds cpko dh odkyr djsa rks nq[kn fLFkfr gS-

D;k bls ukStokuh dk ek= yEiV vkpj.k eku dj gkFk /kks fy;ktk,\ ekeyk bruk likV ugha gS- ;g fxjkoV xzkeh.k lekt esa fj'rksadh VwVu dks tkfgj djrh gS tks o"kZ 1948 esa NsM+s x, ml vfHk;ku dk Qy

gS ftldk ftØ lafo/kku dk izk:i is'k djrs gq, c[kku gqvk Fkk] ysfdumfpr uksfVl ugha fy;k- ;g ml pje o LokFkhZ O;fDrokn dh ifj.kfr gS-bl igyw dks vuns[kk djus ds vius [krjs gSa ftudk [kfe;ktk lekt vcHkqxrus dks vfHk'kIr fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS-

fNM+s x‘g;‘) dk psgjk%xzkeh.k Hkkjr dks dCtkus gsrq NsM+k x;k ;g x`g;q) dgka igqap pqdk

gS bldh rLohj ns[kus ds fy, ^>wBh 'kku dh gR;k* ds nks rktk mnkgj.kis'k gSa tks bl fLFkfr ds vly psgjs dks izdV djus gsrq iz;kZIr gSa- dfFkr^vkWuj fdfyax* ,d rjQk [ksy ugha gS( ;q) esa ,slk dHkh ugha gksrk- ;g ;q)Hkh bldk viokn ugha gS tSlk Hkko v[kckj o Vsfyfotu izpkj ls izdVfd;k tk jgk gS fd [kki ds mdlkos ij dqN cspkjs funksZ"k ;qxy tksM+s* ekjstk jgs gSa! bl ;q) esa tgka xzkeh.k Hkkjr pksV [kk jgk gS] mlds ewY;ksa ij]mldh thou i)fr ij fjLrs gq, ?kko gq, gSa ogha cseryc grkgrksa dhnksrjQk la[;k i;kZIr nq[k dk dkj.k gS- nq[k blfy, xgjk gS fd blx`g;q) ds nksuksa i{k Lotu gSa- Lotuksa ds chp dk HkM+dk;k x;k ;g ;q)lkekU; ?kVuk u gksdj csgn funZ;h gS-

lEifÙk dks ysdj Lotuksa dh ekjdkV igys gksrh jgh gSa- gj;k.kk esaiwoZ fo/kk;d jsyw jke dh mldh csVh o nkekn ij lEifÙk dks ysdj gR;kdk nks"k yxk Fkk- os ltk dkV jgs gSa- fdUrq vc nwljk psgjk mHkj jgk gStc iwath ds lSDl uked :i us Lotuksa dks vkxtuh o gR;kvksa okys ;q)esa cny fn;k gS vkSj iwath ds ljnkj ,d i{k ;kuh izseh&;qxy* dks mdlkoknsus esa xoZ dk vuqHko dj jgs gSa- ,slk igys dHkh ugha gqvk-

gj;k.kk ds ,d ftyk dSFky esa eukst&ccyh ,d gh xkao esa clusokys ;qok Fks- xzkeh.k ifjos'k esa îzseh ;qxy* cu x,- mudk dRy gks x;k-iwjk ehfM;k vfHk;ku esa tqVk- vkjksfirksa dks ekSr dh ltk lquk nh xbZ- ltklqukus okyh tt dks ns'k dh ghjks cukus esa v[kckjh txr dh djkekr ns[kusyk;d Fkh- ;g dgkuh dk ekewyh i{k gS- lqukbZ xbZ ltk dks mPp U;k;ky;ls eatwjh Hkh ugha feyh Fkh] vihy dk ekeyk Hkh gS- mlls igys ghvkjksfirksa dks dkfry dg dj ns'k Hkj esa ccyh&eukst ekeys dks vkWujfdfyax esa [kkiksa ds mdlkos dh felky cuk Mkyk- vcrd ;g >wBh 'kkuesa izfe;ksa ij [kki dh ccZrk dk izrhd fdLlk cu pqdk gS!


tt }kjk lqubZ lt+k dks ^[kqnkbZ* lp ekuus dh tYnckth viuhtxg] gR;k ds ihNs lEifÙk gM+ius dk i{k gS ;k ugha vNwrk jg x;kftldh vQokg pyu esa gS] u ns[kk x;k fd izkUr ds foi{kh ny dhjktuhfr dk blesa fdruk gkFk gS- iapk;r pquko esa eukst dh eka dk vdsykiM+uk Hkh vuns[kk igyw gh jg x;k- u bl ij fopkj gqvk fd ekDlZoknhikVhZ ds fy, dsoy eukst dh eka gh [kki ds fo#) yM+kbZ esa vkn'kZ dSlscuh- ccyh dh eka dks ihNs NksM+us esa dksbZ jktuhfr rks ugha\ xaxkjkt dksHkys fdlh [kki us mldh Hkwfedk ij lEekfur fd;k] fdUrq mls eukst i{kds dgus ls [kki dk izfrfuf/k eku dj [kkiksa ij geys dk vFkZ D;k gS\lgkjs ds fy, ;g fruds dks >iV ysus tSlk O;ogkj vf/kd yxk-

nwljh ?kVuk jksgrd ftyk ds xkao dcwyiqj esa ?kVh- ,d i<us okyhyM+dh dks vius gh pkpk&rkÅ dk yM+dk ;kSu lEca/k ds fy, ilan vkx;k- ,sls vkpj.k dk irk pyk rks eka dh ijs'kkuh dk lgt vuqeku yxk;ktk ldrk gS- firk nwj dgha csVh dh vPNh i<kbZ&fy[kkbZ dh fpark esavius vf/kdkf;ksa ds twrs lkQ dj jgk Fkk vkSj csVh iwjs ifjokj dks jkgls gVkus ds fy, tgj ds tqxkM esa Fkh o eka mldh 'kknh ds izca/k esa!mlus ,d jkr vius HkkbZ mQZ izseh dh enn ls tgj dk izca/k dj ?kjds lc NksVs&cM+s lnL;ksa dks uhan esa lqyk fn;k vkSj fQj rlYyh ds fy,xys esa jLlh Mky dj ekj Mkyk- mls vius fd, dk dqN eyky ugha Fkk-

;g dsoy ;q) tSlh ekufldrk ds pyrs gh gks ldrk gS tks gqvk-,sls LoNan izse ds fgek;fr;ksa us bldk [kqyklk ugha fd;k- 'kk;n fgEerugha gS- ekDlZoknh ny ds mu usrkvksa us Hkh bl ij pqIih lk/k yh ftUgksausloZgkjk ds okLrs LoNan izse dk u;k ,ts.Mk NkaV j[kk gS!

,d 'kCn esa dgsa rks ;g lc yEiV O;ogkj dk n'kZu gS ftlesa O;fDrLokFkZ ls Åij dksbZ fgr fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk- O;fDrokn dh pje fLFkfr ;ghgS- [kki O;oLFkk ds fo#) vkSj ?kj&ifjokj dh otZukvksa ds loky ijorZeku vfHk;ku ds lapkydksa }kjk O;fDr LorU=rk dh odkyr bl LokFkhZvkpj.k dks gok nsus dk gh dke djrh gS- [ksn muds izfr gS tks u;s lektdh ckr gkadrs gS vkSj lektokn dk liuk ikyrs gSa-

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nsgkrh thou ls tqM+s igyqvksa ij tkVksa ds gh ugha] lc leqnk;ksa lslEcaf/kr foosfd;ksa dks xgu fopkj eaFku dh t:jr [kM+h gS] vU;Fkk nsgkrhthou&'kSyh rFkk lkekftd xBu dks iyV dj mls O;fDr&dsfUnzr^vk/kqfud* cukus ij rqys yksxksa dh cu vk,xh tks if'peh rtZ dh thou&'kSyhds dnznku gSa vkSj gj;k.kk ds lkekftd thou dks U;w;kdZ ugha rks eqEcbZcukus dh csfgpd tYnh esa gSa- vusd yksx fljlk ftyk ds pkSVkyk xkao dhfelky nsrs gSa tgka xkao dh xkao esa 'kknh ds dqNsd ekeys gSa- blls yxrkgS ;s yksx iwjs gj;k.kk dks pkSVkyk xkao cukuk pkgrs g Sa- bls dkSu Lohdkjsxk\¼foLrkj ds fy, ns[ksa ^laln gekjs xkao dh*] Kku flag o jktcy R;kxh]lg;ksx iqLrd dqVhj] ubZ fnYyh]1997½-

if'peh nqfu;ka esa ?kj&x`gLFk dh vo/kkj.kk dks vkS|ksfxd lH;rk uspkV fy;k gS] euq"; ogka vf/kd ls vf/kd jSuclsjs dk ,dy O;fDr gS-lekt xk;c gS- vr% ogka ,dy O;fDr dh xfjek dks loksZifj ns[kus dkfjokt cu x;k gS- mldh udy djds Hkkjr esa xfjek ds iz'u dks ij[kuklEHko ugha gS- tks yksx ;g iz;kl dj jgs gSa mudh uh;r [kksVh gS- ns'k dhleL;kvksa ds fy, fczfV'k vFkok vejhdh p'esa ls jkg ugha fudysxh-

vius vfLrRo ds la?k"kZ esa euq"; thrk gS vkSj tkxrk gS- ;g lgh HkhgS- vU; izk.khtxr ls vyx euq"; ds vfLrRo dk vFkZ lEekuiwoZd thusdk gd gS- ek= mnjiwfrZ dk loky mldk ugha gS- ;gh dkj.k jgk gS fdoafpr ,slh fLFkfr dh vkdka{kk+ j[krs gSa tgka os nwljksa ds lkFk feydj ,dlgHkkxh lekt esa lq[k] leHkko o 'kkafr ls Qy ldsa- bl lUnHkZ esa] O;oLFkkifjorZu dk iz'u csek;us ugha gS-

[krjk lkeus gS- fojks/k esa [kM+h rkdrsa /kwrZ vkSj lk/kuksa ls ySl gSa- mUgsavius LokFkZ dk iwjk vglkl gS ftlds fy, os dqN Hkh dj ldrs gSa]xkaookfl;ksa dks Hkh lokyksa dh rg esa tkuk gksxk vkSj lcls igys 'kgjh

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f'k{kk ds tky dks le> dj viuh larku ds fØ;kdyki ij pkSdl fuxkgj[k dj mls nq'eu dk flikgh cuus ls cpkus dh jkg ysuh gksxh- ;g?kj&x`gLFk ij fd;k tkus okyk dk;Z gS- vycÙkk feydj bl fn'kk esaj.kuhfr ysuh gksxh rHkh dqN jkg fudysxh-

Ldwy ls ysdj mPp f'k{kk&nh{kk ds le; cPps ds izfr igys ifjokjds Lrj ij viuh ftEesnkjh ls vka[k drbZ can u djsa- fQlyu dh jkg jksdsa-HkkbZpkjs ds egRo dk lans'k cPpksa esa yxkrkj tkjh jgs- blesa dksrkgh eagxklkSnk gS- fQj] viuh LoLFk ijEijkvksa dk nq#i;ksx gksus ls ugha cpk;k rks[krjk muds lkekftd thou ij vkus okyk gS tc lkjk jktuhfrd laLFkkumudh viuh LokHkkfod O;oLFkk dks dkuwu ds nk;js esa cka/k dj vaxzstksa dhrjg bls usLrksukcwn djus ij mrk: fn[krk gS- bldk volj ugha fn;ktkuk pkfg,- og rHkh lEHko gS tc os vkilh >xMksa dks bldk vkSt+kj ucuus nsa- vius van:uh >xMs+ vkSj nq'eu ds lkFk thus&ejus dk ;g ;q) ,dtSlh ckr ugha gS- blesa lcls cM+h #dkoV jktuhfrd nyksa ds xkao esa,tsa.Vksa dk dke djus okys ,sls dk;ZdÙkkZ cu ldrs gSa ftUgsa xkao dh fparkde vkSj vius jktuhfrd Hkfo"; dh fQØ vf/kd lrkrh gS-

;fn Hkfo"; laokjuk gS rc] mldh HkjikbZ ds fy, vius ekeyksa esajktuhfrd laLFkku ds n[ky dks thjks djus dk dke gkFk esa ysuk gksxk-blds fy, xkao&cLrh o [kki O;oLFkk dks lfØ; djus ds <ax ryk'kus gksaxsvkSj bUgsa le; ds izHkkoLo:i vkbZ detksfj;ksa ls eqDr djus dh tqxr ysuhiM+sxh- pquko yM+us ds bPNqd vFkok pquko yM+ pqds yksxksa ls pkSdl jg djuhfrxr QSlys ysa- bUgsa vxqvk gSfl;r esa j[krs le; lkS ckj lkspsa-

[kkiksa ds lkeus vkus okys elyksa esa ?kj dh efgykvksa ls lykg vo';ysa- mUgsa njfdukj j[k dj iapk;r vius nkf;Ro dk Bhd ls fuokZg dHkhugha dj ik;saxha- iapk;rh ijEijkvksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus ij /;ku yxk;k tkukpkfg,- vius HkkbZpkjs dks c<k,a vkSj etcwr djsa- xkao esa cgu&csfV;ksa dksigys tSlk lEeku feys] rHkh nsgkr vly nsgkr jgsxk vU;Fkk 'kgjh lH;rkgesa dgha dk ugha NksM+sxh- HkkbZpkjs dh iapk;rksa esa Hkys yksxksa dks vkSjlgh&lPph ckr dgus okys gj vkneh dks fgLlk ysus ds fy, ÁksRlkgu olg;ksx fn, tkus okyh LoLFk ijEijk dk iwjk lEeku gks- lc dks fcuHksnHkko lkFk ysdj pyuk gh csgrj fodYi gS-

lekt esa meMrs&?kqeMrs lokyksa ij fparu gh ugha gksuk pkfg, cfYdlgh ckr ds fy, yksx [kM+k gksuk Hkh lh[ksa vkSj lekt ds izcq) yksx viuhigydneh dks c<k,aA] rHkh dksbZ thoUr lekt lkal ysus dh fLFkfr esa jgldsxk- ek= ljdkj ls ekax djds vius nkf;Ro dh bfrJh ugha gksuhpkfg,- ;kpd dh rjg igydneh dk dqN vFkZ ugha gS- gkyr ;g gS fdxyr dke ds fy, igy ysus okyksa dh ck< lh vk tkrh gS vkSj LoLFk lkspds /kuh yksx pqi jg dj rek'kk ns[krs jgrs gSa ;k igy ysus ls ladqpkrs gSa-blls dqy feyk dj lekt ?kkVs esa jgrk gS- vkt ugha rks dy gkfu lcdks gksrh gAS- ;g gkyr iyVh tkuh pkfg,-

ukStoku ih<h dk egRo gS fdUrq iapk;rksa esa cqtqxZ yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjhmls otu nsrh gS] vuqHkoksa dk viuk ykHk gS- bl izo`fr ij jksd yxs fdiapk;r ek= cPpksa dk tekoM+k cus-

;g lc dg ysus ds ckn egRo dh dk;Zuhfr gksxh tc xkao dhlalnsa lfØ; gksaxh- ;kuh xkao vius NksVs&ls NksVs vkSj cM+s ls cM+s elysij laKku ysuk vkjEHk djsxk- vka[k can djuk ;k lokyksa dks vuns[kkdjuk can gks- vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dks ,sls fopkj eaFku rFkk fu.kZ;izfØ;k esa 'kkfey djus ij iwjk /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,- xkao ds Lrj ijturU= Qys&Qwysxk rHkh ckr cusxh- bls thoUr djus ds rjhds ryk'k djsa-xkao laln ftruk lfØ; jgsxh] ekeyk pquh gqbZ iapk;rksa ls r; gksus okykugha gS- muds gkFk ca/ks gq, jgrs gSa- ljdkj ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dk mu ij dCtkcuk gqvk gS- xkao ds elyksa dks Lo;a xkao r; djus esa pkSdl jgsaxs rks [kkiksadks Hkh thoUr j[kuk mruk gh lQy gksxk- [kki izFkk ds fo#) mBus okyhlkft'kksa ij laln dks xkao lHkk ds funsZ'k Hksts tk ldrs gSa-

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1857 bZ esa ukeoj ckn’kkg fgUnksLrku ckn’kkg cgknqj’kkg tQj dhrjQ ls ‘kkgh ,syku uEcj ikap fudyk- bldh udy+ ;g gS %

pwafd vgys ;wjksi fgUnw er vkSj bLyke nksuksa ds nq’eu gSa vkSj bl oävaxzstksa ds f[kykQ] etg+c dh fcuk ij tax tkjh gS] blfy, iafMrksa vkSj Qqdjkij ykfte+h gS fd og ekcnkSyr ds gqtwj esa vius vki dks is’k djsa vkSj eqdíltax esa fgLlk ysa D;ksafd iafMr vkSj Qq+djk fgUnw er vkSj bLyke ds eqgkfQt+ g+Sa-vxj ,slk u djsaxs rks og ‘kkó vkSj ‘kjv dh : ls xqugxkj gksaxs- vxj osekcnkSyr ds is’k gks tk;sa rks ckn’kkgh gqdwer ds d;ke ij ekWQh vjkth+ ikus dseqLrgd gksaxs-*

[kr tks igyh ebZ 1857 dk fy[kk x;k %

^^ eqYd fgUnksLrku ds jgus okys gj dkSe vkSj gj etg+c ds yksxksa ls esjhbYrtk+ gS fd bl ukeqjkn fQjaxh dkSe ls eqYd dh gqdwer dks Nhu dj eqYd dsdkfcy] le>nkj vkSj [kqnkijLr yksxksa dh ,d iapk;r bdÎh djks vkSj mldsgkFk esa eqYd lkSai nks vkSj gj;kuk dh loZ[kki cukvks vkSj mu iapksa esa ls ,d ttiapk;rh rjhds ls eqYd dk vkbZu cuk dj gqdwer dks pyk;s- eSa vius lkjsvf[kr+;kj ml iapk;r dks cMh [kq’kh ls nsrk gwa-**+

twu 23] 1857 bZ dks tkjh fd;k Qjeku %^^ gj;kuk loZ[kki iapk;r ds iapksa dks gekjh lykerh ds lkFk gekjh

bYrtk dk iSxke gS fd eqYd fgUn dh vktknh cgky djus ds okLrs] tks taxfQjaxh ds f[kykQ ‘kq: gks xbZ gS] blesa vkidks iwjs tks’kks [kjks’k ds lkFk vkSj iwjsgkSlys ls viuk QtZ vnk djuk pkfg,- vkidh iapk;r te+kus dnhe ls blfnYyh dh fgQktr+ djrh jgh gS- tc dHkh nk#yf[kykQk fnYyh ij xSj&eqYdhgeyk gqvk mlh oä vkidh iapk;r us eqYd dh vktk+nh dks dk;e j[kus esa iwjhrkdr ds lkFk eqYdh f[kner vatke nsdj viuk QtZ v+nk fd;k gS- bl oä Hkhvki gesa lkfcd dh rjg vius igyokuksa dks gfFk;kj ls eqlYykg djds blvktknh dh tax esa Hkst nks- lc yksx fQjaxh dh rkdr dks [kRe djds ne ysa-tks QkSt f+nYyh esa bdÎh gks jgh gS] bldks gj rjg dh bEnkn loZ[kki iapk;rgh ns ldrh gS- ;g iapk;r iwjh rtqcZsdkj gS] bldks fQjaxh feVkuk pkgrk gS- exj;g vYykg dh jger ls ftUnk gS- tkVksa] jktiwr] iBkuksa] xwtZjksa] jksM] jos vkSjlSuh oxSjg tkfr;ksa ds igyoku taxs vktknh ds nso cudj bl tax dks dke;kcdjsa- esjs ikl dksbZ rkdr ugÈ gS- eSa rks uke dk ckn’kkg gwa- bl lQsn peMh+ okyhfQjaxh dkSe us eqYd dks rckg vkSj cckZn dj fn;k gS- vc bls fudky dj neyks] blh esa eqYd dk ykHk gS-

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ifjf'k"V&[kTheodore Roosevelt on America’s own disposable Indians and their Land

Theodore Roosevelt, Chapter I: Ranching in the Bad Lands, HuntingTrips of a Ranchman, 1885

I suppose I should be ashamed to say that I take the Western view of theIndian. I don’t go so far as to think that the only good Indians are deadIndians, but I believe nine out of every ten are, and I shouldn’t like toinquire too closely into the case of the tenth. The most vicious cowboy hasmore moral principle than the average Indian. Turn three hundred low familiesof New York into New Jersey, support them for fifty years in vicious idleness,and you will have some idea of what the Indians are. Reckless, revengeful,fiendishly cruel, they rob and murder, not the cowboys, who can take careof themselves, but the defenseless, lone settlers on the plains. As for thesoldiers, an Indian chief once asked Sheridan for a cannon. “What! Do youwant to kill my soldiers with it?” asked the general. “No,” replied the chief,“want to kill the cowboy; kill soldier with a club.”

Theodore Roosevelt, speech, January 1886

Rob’s comment:Roosevelt’s The Winning of the West contains several false or unsupportedclaims. Among them:That the US was “generous” to the Indians, paying them many times whattheir land was worth.That the Indians broke as many treaties as the white men did.That they broke treaties at all without provocation.That just and honorable nations can operate by breaking treaties wheneverthey choose.That international law and morality don’t apply to indigenous people.

His claim in Hunting Trips of a Ranchman is also problematical. The“western” (i.e. Plains) Indians may have been nomadic, but what about allthe Indians west of the Rockies and east of the Mississippi? What isRoosevelt’s rationale for taking their land?

In Hunting Trips Roosevelt doesn’t offer a rationale, but you can imaginewhat he’d say. He made it clear in The Winning of the West that any excusewould suffice. If the Indians were nomadic, they didn’t own the land. Ifthey were settled, they didn’t deserve the land. If they signed treatiesgiving them legal ownership, the US had the right to abrogate the treatieswhenever circumstances change

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