Niue Water Loss Management ... - library.gem.spc.int

Niue Water Loss Management, Sectorisation, Metering and Logging Programme

25th May – 7th June 2007

by

Mathias H. Kleppen, Adviser – Water Use Efficiency SOPAC Secretariat

November 2007 SOPAC Technical Report 404

Funded by New Zealand’s International Aid & Development Agency

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[SOPAC Technical Report 404 – Kleppen, Mathias H.]

Copies of this report may be obtained from:

SOPAC Secretariat Private Mail Bag

GPO, Suva Fiji Islands

Phone: (679) 338 1377 Fax: (679) 337 0040 http://www.sopac.org

E-mail: [email protected]

Cataloguing in publication data: Kleppen, Mathias H Niue water loss management, sectorisation, metering and logging programme, 25 May – 7 June 2007/Mathias H. Kleppen. – Suva: SOPAC, 2007. 43 p. : ill.; 30 cm ISSN : 1605-4377 1. Water demand management 2. Water conservation 3. Water management I. SOPAC Technical Report 404 II. Title

mailto:[email protected]

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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ...............................................................................................................................4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................5 1. BACKGROUND .....................................................................................................................................................5 2. MISSION OBJECTIVE...........................................................................................................................................6 2.1 Facilitators .......................................................................................................................................................6 3. ACTIVITIES

3.1 Commence installation of water meters ................................................................................................7 3.2 Installation of and training in flow and pressure loggers .......................................................................8 3.3 Training in leakage detection, sectorisation and pressure management ..............................................9 3.4 Analysing of pressure data .................................................................................................................10

3.4.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................11 3.5 Training in minimum night flow determination and leakage estimates ................................................12 3.6 Analysing flow data and taking action .................................................................................................12 3.7 Night flow readings from loggers downloaded 4th June 2007..............................................................13 3.7.1 Priorities ....................................................................................................................................14 3.7.2 System loss management plan development............................................................................14 3.8 Training in pipe location technology....................................................................................................15

4. MEETING WITH DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT & GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS .................15 5. MEETING WITH GRAHAM MARSH (ISLAND ELECTRICIAN)...........................................................................16 6. MEETING WITH MRS LOSELIGI SIAKIMOTU, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION ....................................................16 7. INTERVIEW AND BROADCASTING ON NIUE NATIONAL NEWS ....................................................................17 8. PROGRAMME GOAL, OBJECTIVE AND OUTPUTS..........................................................................................17 8.1 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................17 ANNEXES 1 Literature List...............................................................................................................................................18 2 Operating, Setting Up and Downloading Data Using PMAC Lite Software and Metrolog Flow and Pressure Loggers ........................................................................................................................19 3 PowerPoint Presentation for Niue Government...........................................................................................39 4 List of People Met........................................................................................................................................43 List of Figures Figure 1 Woltman turbine meter from Bermad Waterworks.........................................................................................7 2 Meter and flow/pressure logger installed.......................................................................................................7 3 Flow/pressure logger as used in Niue ...........................................................................................................8 4 Example of screen picture with PMAC software............................................................................................8 5 Picture series showing leak detection team at work ......................................................................................9 6 PMAC software showing pressure spikes ...................................................................................................10 7 PMAC software showing effect of pressure reducing valve.........................................................................11 8 PMAC software showing normal flow profile ...............................................................................................12 9 WBWC graph showing burst incident ..........................................................................................................13 10 Conceptual model .......................................................................................................................................14 11 Group picture...............................................................................................................................................15 12 Overview on Goal, Objective and Outputs from original project proposal ...................................................17


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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations CARL Current Annual Real Losses DMA District Metered Area ILI Infrastructure Leakage Index IWA International Water Association kW kilo watt (1000 watt) l/p/d Litres per person per day m3 Cubic meter (1000 litres)MNF Minimum Night Flow NZAID New Zealand Agency for International Development PIC Pacific Island Country PRV Pressure Reducing Valve PWA Pacific Water Association SLMP System Loss Management Plan SOPAC Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission UARL Unavoidable Annual Real Losses WBWC Wide Bay Water Corporation WDM Water Demand Management

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We acknowledge the NZAID as the sole funding agency for the Water Demand Management Programme for Pacific Island Countries 2006-2009 (WDM programme). A big vinaka vakalevu to:

• Manager Andre Siohane and the staff at Niue Water Division who contributed to the programme with their systems knowledge, friendly attitude and efficient work.

• Director of Public Works Department, Deve Talagi, for invitation and arrangement of

meeting with Government Officials.

• The CEO Tim Waldron and Executive Manager David Wiskar of WBWC for their positive influence and partnership on the WDM programme.

A special thanks to my colleagues; Pankaj Mistry, Principal Officer WDM & Leakage Control WBWC, and Dr Kelvin O’Halloran, Water Research and Training Director WBWC foor their professional contribution in preparing and executing this job in order to strengthen Niue Water Division’s capacity in water demand management. The following text is in part taken from WBWC’ manuals on ‘Managing and Reducing Losses from Water Distribution Systems’ (2004), (Annex 1: Literature List). Appreciation also goes to all colleagues at SOPAC that assisted in preparing and arranging for this project.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Niue has one of the most pro-active water utilities in the South Pacific and therefore enjoys the full potential of assistance through the WDM and related water programmes implemented by SOPAC and its partners. Based upon needs detailed by Manager of the Water Division in Niue, Mr. Andre Siohane, a comprehensive WDM programme has been developed in Niue New bulk flow meters and flow loggers have been installed at all supply points throughout the nation. A laptop containing the software needed to install, download and analyze logger data and produce system loss management plans has been provided. Equipment for leak detection and pipe location has been supplied together with the necessary training of the team. Tailor made training was provided in sectorisation, minimum night flow determination and analysis of pressure and flow data. Continued support is being provided in order to ensure the sustainability of this effort in Niue. The Water Division now enjoys better knowledge about where the reticulated water is going and by comparing the performance of each sector, priorities can be made on where and what kind of intervention needs to take place in order to minimize water losses and save pumping costs.

1. BACKGROUND The electricity consumption by borehole and pressure pumps has been monitored over the past 6 years and is used as an indicator of water consumption. During this period the population of Niue has remained virtually unchanged but, particularly over the last 2 years, electricity consumption has increased steadily (Pers.Com. Andre Siohane). This would indicate that water demand has also increased. It was recommended that more resources be devoted to water demand management activities. If water demand is not managed, the demand can climb high enough to cause water shortages as was seen in the period prior to 1997, not to mention the increase in pumping costs. Traditional water demand management measures include charging for water use (which usually has the greatest effect), leakage control, consumer education and incentive schemes for installing water saving devices. Water is supplied free of charge on Niue and the cost of installing and maintaining meters for the small population is probably unwarranted, particularly with the ad-hoc manner in which some of the older service line connections had been made. However, charging commercial users for water use could be considered, as could charging a small flat rate for household water connections to help to convey the message to the community that water does have a value as well as providing some cost recovery. If this course is pursued, some thought should also be given to the regulations (or lack thereof) currently regarding connection to the water supply. Charging for water may simply encourage people to make their own connections to the system, unbeknown to the water supply division, providing less rather than more control. If new large users connect to the system such as for agricultural use, careful evaluation of the system should be made to see if it can cope with these demands. As a start gathering data from accurate metering and logging of flow and pressure should be undertaken. Leakage control had been targeted in the past at the household level and this proved very effective. It has previously been recommended to budget for the continuing house-to-house inspections and repairs and this is re-iterated here. Incentive schemes generally involve subsidising water saving devices such as low-flow shower heads, small-volume flush toilets and water-efficient washing machines. They tend to work well where consumers are charged for the volume of water used. As Niue is currently not charging for water, installation of these devices by consumers would rely on the effectiveness of community education campaigns. As a first step, the water division could compile a list of recommended household plumbing fittings and communicate its existence to the public.


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Discussions we had over how to maximise the potential benefits for the Niue Water Division through the NZAID-funded WDM programme. Niue has had their fair share of different projects and programmes, yet an important department like the water utility are lacking essential, and not very costly, resources to get practical work done. Most funding went into ‘enabling activities’, meaning information collection, capacity building, and the creation of policies and action plans. Based upon needs of a more hardware oriented nature, identified through the SOPAC 2006 WDM scoping mission, the implementation of a Water Loss Management, Sectorisation, Metering and Logging programme were planned and executed during the period 25th May – 7th June 2007.

2. MISSION OBJECTIVE Improve Niue Water Division’s capacity for WDM through implementation of pre-planned initiatives. 2.1 Facilitators Mr Pankaj Mistry (WBWC Senior Demand Management Engineer) Pankaj has more than 15 years experience in the field of Water Demand Management and Leakage Control. Pankaj developed his skills, knowledge and understanding of water demand management, leak detection and pressure control management through his work in the UK with North West Water, Welsh Water, Northumbria Water and Yorkshire Water Services. Now very well established in Australia, Pankaj is a key member of the Water Demand Management & Leakage Control team servicing water utilities in Australia and overseas. Most recently he has been the Principal Engineer for the Pressure and Leakage Management project for the Gold Coast in Queensland. This project has seen more than AU$10M in water loss management assets built into the Gold Coast distribution system and has yielded a saving of 10 ML/day. Mr Mathias H. Kleppen (SOPAC Adviser – Water Use Efficiency) Mathias has been with SOPAC for one year where his main responsibility is managing the WDM programme, and providing advice on the wide range of water use efficiency options that exist for PIC water utilities. The WDM programme is part of the Pacific Regional Action Plan on Sustainable Water Management, and has an overarching goal of “sustainable access to safe drinking water for Pacific Island Countries”. Prior to this project he utilised his experience and expertise in emergency water supply for Medicines Sans Frontieres where he worked with refugee communities and technical experts in Darfur, Sudan and Lira District, Northern Uganda.


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3. ACTIVITIES 3.1 Commence installation of water meters

Figure 1: Woltman Turbine Meter from Bermad Waterworks. There were bulk flow meters on the tanks in Niue, but it has not been common practice to take readings of these meters. Water use has rather been related to the cost of electrical pumping. The old meters were also unreliable and some were difficult to read. In the SOPAC Technical Report 311 (Dawe 2000), we have that per capita consumption determined from bulk meter readings in Hakupu Village are 1738 l/p/d while the people in Makefu and Alofi South use around 30 litres each per day. These figures are both completely erroneous and show the need for meter replacement. The current NZAID-funded Water Demand Management programme executed by SOPAC in partnership with Wide Bay Water Corporation delivered 21 X 50 mm Bermad water meters for a total replacement of all old meters at all water supply points in Niue. These meters have been assessed as being fit for the purpose by experts at WBWC and have two additional and important features. Firstly, they have the reed switch build in and secondly, they were the best-priced meters from the quotations received. Pipes and necessary fittings where also provided by the programme which saw installation work carried out throughout the whole in-country mission.

Figure 2: Meter and flow/pressure logger installed.


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3.2 Installation of, and training in, flow and pressure loggers (Annex 2) For accurate monitoring and management of water distribution systems, district metered areas and pressure zones, it is important to record and collect flow and pressure data. The need to carry out logging is especially important when establishing sectors. In doing this we can:

• monitor the before and after effects of establishing sectors; • monitor pressure variations before and after; • monitor flow characteristics before and after; and • monitor real loss savings.

There are many ways of collecting flow and pressure data. These include:

• traditional manual reading and recording in notebooks; • old style chart recorders; • telemetry systems; and • portable data logging devices.

For the purpose of establishing sectors, it is common practice to use portable data logging devices. These devices are self-powered units, which can be installed in many situations when the need to collect data is required. In the case of Niue sectorisation is fairly straight forward where generally one tank supplies one village. This will then be one sector. The WDM programme is providing 21 Technolog flow and pressure loggers and 9 Technolog pressure only loggers. Given the need to download information in the field through the related PMAC Lite software, a laptop was given by WBWC to the Water Division containing all needed software. The Technolog flow and pressure loggers are being recommended from the different quotations received as it is reasonably priced and of good quality, but most importantly 11 units were available right away and therefore the programme could proceed as originally planned and the momentum gained from the initial work in Cook Islands could be maintained. These loggers were also used in Cook Islands and keeping a certain commonality of equipment is an important component of capacity building as staff working within the PIC’s can exchange information and possibly staff to undertake projects.

Figure 3: Flow/pressure logger as used in Niue.

Figure 4: Example of screen picture with PMAC software (WBWC).


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3.3 Training in leakage detection, sectorisation and pressure management The leak detection equipment provided by the WDM programme are the Gutermann Aquascan 3, which proved to be useful for both beginners and the more experienced during the WDM workshop in Rarotonga, Cook Islands. This is thanks to the very sensitive microphone that easily picks up leakage noise, and the possibility of filtering our other background noises. You can judge the quality of an instrument you consider to buy by the transducer sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio. The signal-to-noise ratio is difficult to get from the instrument suppliers but the transducer sensitivity is available and can be used to find the best value for money in equipment that also accounts for operation and maintenance, guarantees and service obligations from the supplier. During the exercise with the crew from the Water Division we found the equipment to be able to pinpoint a leak along the road passing the airport. This accuracy in detection saves both time and money compared to the previous digging around an area that you can see is wet from the surface. The leak might not necessarily be where the water surfaces but usually further upstream.

Figure 5: Picture series showing leak detection team at work. Leak estimated at 3.5 litres per minu= 5040 litres per day = 151 m3/month. To reduce losses in a system some or all of the following infrastructure manshould be applied depending on the complexity of the system:

• Zone management; • Boundary valve management; • Zone security; • DMA, flow and pressure management; and • Pipe material management.

By dividing the – system into discreet zones using boundary valving and idesupplies, losses within that zone can be better isolated and described


te = 210 litres per hour

agement activities

ntification of zone later. This allows

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prioritisation of water-loss strategies within zones with the highest losses (see sections 3.7 & 3.7.1). It also allows you to develop much better knowledge and water loss strategies for diverse networks. 3.4 Analysing pressure data Due to time constraints we were not able to do many pressure tests in the field. We did however manage to do some training and a practical exercise using a pressure point at the Water Division’s workshop. What follows is a general example as presented during training. Pressure logging is a way of determining current pressures in a water distribution system. The logged data can show whether an area has excessively high pressures or low pressures, which lead to failure in good standards of service to the customer. Pressure logging graphs can also be used as hard evidence if disputes occur because of sub-standard levels of service. Once a pressure logging exercise has been carried out and the data downloaded, the question is what to do next. In the example below a district meter area has been experiencing regular occurrences of service connection breaks. Pressure loggers were installed within the zone to determine the pressures within that district meter area. The loggers were left monitoring the district for several days. Once the exercise was completed the loggers were downloaded and the following results were obtained.

Pressure Spikes

Figure 6: PMAC software showing pressure spikes (WBWC). From the graph we can clearly see the problem, the average operating pressure for this district is 70 m (head) which in its self is quite excessive; however, the interesting feature of this pressure profile is the pressure spikes, which almost reach 90 m (head) for a very short period of time.


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On investigating these surges it was found that the services connection breaks were reported almost immediately after a surge had occurred. These surges were connected to the pumps switching on and off at the treatment plants. From the results it was concluded that the overall pressures in the district were far too high and some sort of pressure management needed to be implemented to eliminate the surges. The recommendation was to install a PRV at the inlet to the district. This allowed the pressures to be controlled thus reducing background leakage, reducing water hammer and stress to the distribution mains and eliminating the cause of the service connection breaks. Once the PRV was installed and commissioned the following results were obtained.

Steady downstream pressure

PRV commissioned

Figure 7: PMAC software showing effect of pressure reducing valve (WBWC). From the graph we can see that the pressures within the district are more constant, the surges have been eliminated and the pressures are within more moderate levels. The elimination of the surges also eliminated the reported service connection break. 3.4.1 Conclusion From the above example we can see how pressure logging can help in determining the operations of a distribution system, pressure problems and also assists in resolving the problem. Niue has several tanks located at 60 m elevation feeding into villages at 20-25 m elevation. Up to 40 m head gives a high water pressure (minimum water pressure in Queensland, Australia are currently 22 m), but it is too soon to say that the cost of installing PRV’s would be economically feasible. PRV’s would be located at a point where maximum reduction can take place, and furthermore; the size would depend on the number of connections and how much is planned to be


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reduced. We must therefore first get this data before finding the appropriate PRV and then do the cost-benefit calculations. If the Water Division is interested in this it is recommended to have a look at the tanks feeding Alofi. These have some of the highest range of altitude and highest population density and by that the highest potential for saving through PRV installation. 3.5 Training in minimum night flow determination and leakage estimates From the loggers we can easily see how much is going out through the pipes in the night when there is generally little consumption, around 1-3 l/h per household is normal (or expected in developed countries). MNF from the best performing areas in Niue was 0.2 l/s. Some areas had 0.8, 1.0 and the highest was 1.5 l/s (probably because of activities at the wharf that is fed by this tank, Paliati Alofi North). A general example used in the training exercise is given below: 3.6 Analysing flow data and taking action Flow-logging allows the flow rate into a supply system to be monitored. It is important that newly-created sectors are logged to determine whether leakage is present or not a particular area. Once a flow-logging exercise has been carried out and the data downloaded we can determine: • demand into an area; • daily peak flows; • daily minimum flows (night flows); and • water losses (through burst pipes). The graph below shows a typical flow profile.

Figure 8: PMAC software showing normal flow profile (WBWC).


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Flow logging is essential for the purposes of water demand management. For example if a burst has occurred the flow profile will show up as an increase in the minimum night flow as shown below. From this we can determine: • the amount of water being lost; • target leakage detection teams so they can be deployed efficiently; and • minimise the duration of the water loss. The graph below typically shows a burst incident in a sector.

Figure 9: WBWC graph showing burst incident. From the logged data above we can see that this particular sector’s minimum night flow normally runs at around 2 litres/second; however, due to a burst we can see the minimum night flow profile altered and increased to around 7 litres/second. As the zone is being constantly monitored this burst was quickly picked up and leakage teams were subsequently sent to find this leak. Once located and repaired the minimum night flow was observed to return to acceptable levels. 3.7 Night flow readings from loggers downloaded 4th June 2007 Hakupu 0.2 l/s 720 l/h Avatele 0.4 l/s 1440 l/h Lakepa: 0.2 l/s 720 l/h Liku 0.2 l/s 720 l/h Mutalau 0.2 l/s 720 l/h Paliati Alofi North 1.5 l/s 5400 l/h Tapeu Airport 0.5 l/s 1800 l/h Tapeu Alofi South 0.8 l/s 2880 l/h Tuapa 1.0 l/s 3600 l/h Vaieia Talomai 0.6 l/s 2160 l/h Total: 20,160 l/h (20 m3/h)


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3.7.1 Priorities Already from these figures we can see the areas of priority. 1) Investigate the high night-time consumption from the Paliati Alofi North source. This tank is feeding the wharf and there might have been cleaning out of fish boats or processing in the factory to account for this, if not – investigate, detect and repair leaks. 2) Tuapa tank that is also feeding into Namukulu area is showing signs of leakage or small burst in the supply lines – investigate, detect and repair. 3) Follow the same action for Vaieia Talomai. 4) 0.5 l/s for the airport supply line is too high since there is close to no activity there apart from once a week – investigate, detect and repair. Alofi South have a high minimum night flow (0.8 l/s), this might be because of many households and more activities at night time (bathroom, shower, toilets), but it would still be advisable to perform leak detection in the area. There are 10 more village sites where loggers will be installed by the end of September 2007. The NZ High Commission has loggers and meter to their own supply line. From the figures collected so far, a rough estimate on average total water loss from the distribution system all over Niue was 30 m3/h, 720 m3/day, 5040 m3/week or 262,800 m3/year. Andre Siohane is to find out the cost of pumping this water and the potential savings that can be made by reducing leakage. The total power bill (0.38 cent/unit) for the period July 2005 – June 2006 was NZ$104,502, about NZ$8000 a month. 3.7.2 System loss management plan development The result in the long term for the WDM programme is to produce country specific WDM plans. These plans can be developed around the System Loss Management Plans (SLMP) which is hoped to be finalised before the end of 2007 for Niue. The SLMP calculates the amount of water that is currently unaccounted for and suggests the most economic strategies for recovery of these losses, using World’s Best Practises established by the IWA International Water Loss Task Force. A key component of a water balance and SLMP is the Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI). The ILI provides guidance as to how well real losses are being managed (in terms of repairs, active leakage control and infrastructure management) at the current operating pressure.

Figure 10: Conceptual model of the four basic management activities required for effective control of real losses (IWA).

Unavoidable Annual Real

Losses (UARL) Speed & quality

of repairs

Pipeline &

assets management

Potentially Recoverable Real Losses

= CARL – UARL

Current annual

real losses

CARL

Pressure

management

Active

leakage control


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3.8 Training in pipe location technology By using a combination of metal detector, frequency modulation and pipe tracing technologies, finding unknowns in the ground, (PVC or metal), and proving inter-sector linkages were demonstrated at three different locations by Pank Mistry for the Water Division staff. Before purchase of this equipment three quotations were assessed and the following equipment supplied by Accurate Detection were decided upon because it was the best value for the price and the brands are well established in the market with good technical support. List of Pipe Location equipment:

• Rycom 8869 3 Active Frequencies (pipe and cable locator) • Detectable Fibre Rod (100 m, for locating plastic pipes) • Metrotech 880B (Metal Detector)

4. MEETINGS WITH DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT, MR DEVE TALAGI & GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

(Annexes 3 & 4) Two meetings had the objective of presenting the WDM programme and initial available results. The feedback was positive from all that attended. The potential for cutting cost due to electricity charges on pumping groundwater was of special interest. The Water Division currently has an average monthly electricity bill of NZ$ 8000, but considerable confusion existed over how much water was actually pumped for this cost. A meeting with island electrician Graham Marsh for clarification was therefore suggested. One question was raised over the storage capacity on the island, and some were interested in increasing this. The specialist team considered strengthening the capacity of WDM within the Water Division would be sufficient for now, and referred to the original WDM project proposal stating: “with more pressure on limited resources, many PIC have realised that the key towards sustainability lies not necessarily in costly infrastructure extension but rather in the sound management of existing water supply systems. This is the basis of a demand management approach where strategies are developed to improve and optimise existing water supply resources and infrastructure, and encourage customers to use water efficiently.”

Figure 11: L-R: Cripton Okesene, Fisa Pihigia, Mathias H. Kleppen, Pankaj Mistry, Deve Talagi, Organ Viliko, Andre Siohane, David Poihega.


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5. MEETING WITH GRAHAM MARSH (ISLAND ELECTRICIAN) Main objective; clarify what one “unit” means for the Water Division One Unit of electricity is measured as a 1 kiloWatt per hour. This is what your electricity meter measures and you get a bill for x amount of units consumed which is the same as x amount of kilowatt hours. One Kilowatt Hour (1 unit) equals 1000 watts of electricity consumed in 1 hour. To put this in perspective, if you had a 1 kW (kiloWatt or 1000 watts) electric motor that runs continuously for 1 hour, it would have used 1 unit or 1 kiloWatt hour of electricity, and at the present cost being 0.38 cents per unit, it would have cost 0.38 cents to run this motor for the one hour. So to do any estimates of power consumption, you need to know 2 things – 1) being the size or power rating of the motor in kiloWatts (if the size / power rating is in Horse Power 1 HP = .7457 kW (.75 kW)), and; 2) the time the motor is going for or has run. e.g. 1500 watt (1.5 kW) motor runs for the equivalent of 5 hours per day. 5 hours x 1.5 kW = 7.5 kiloWatt hours or units used. It costs 7.5 kW x 0.38 cents = $2.85 to run the motor for 5 hrs per day. To work out the cost to pump 1 litre of water, you would need to know the flow rate of the pump for it’s intended use as head pressure and pipe sizes etc. will all have an effect on the individual installation, combined with the above, size and time running of the motor. There are things, like the number of times the motor starts up in the day as the higher start current could make a bit of a difference (increase) to the cost. With the pressure and bore pumps, each one has an electricity meter (kilowatt hour meter) installed, and it would be very easy to work out an average cost per hour/day/month/year etc. for each installation as each installation will have different characteristics. If a flow meter is installed then it could also tell how much to pump 1 litre of water with a monitoring programme put in place for a relatively short period of time for each pump. The above is a much preferred method, as doing theory calculations can be misleading sometimes unless one takes all the factors into account like power factor, electrical and friction losses etc. (Graham Marsh pers. comm. 2007).

6. MEETING WITH MRS LOSELIGI SIAKIMOTU, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION Any water loss management activity will have an impact on all the key stakeholders from political leaders, to residential and industrial customers. Therefore, it is important to consider the communication strategy that will accompany any planned project and how to help win over these stakeholders. It was clarified from the Ministry that there had previously been quite a broad focus on water resources awareness in the school curricula on the island. Funding had ceased and continued awareness raising efforts have therefore been disrupted. Mrs Loseligi Siakimotu said there was in-house capacity to do the work of translating any already existing material like the “Water Wise” examples that the specialists brought with them, into Niuean language and/or adapting it to the Niuean setting. Action:

• Ministry of Education to set up a plan and a preliminary budget on cost for water awareness raising through the school curricula


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• Author to liaise with other water projects related to Niue especially the Pacific Hycos to get funding for awareness raising about the remainder of the water cycle i.e. climate, rain, groundwater – from the tank to the tap at home is WDM responsibility.

7. INTERVIEW AND BROADCASTING ON NIUE NATIONAL NEWS The interview and broadcast on Niue National News was done in order to present the programme and the initial available results for the general public. Again awareness raising and explanations on the WDM programme were provided, this time for the general public through a 10-minute news bulletin on National TV. It was hoped this would publicise the efforts made by the Water Division to improve their water resources management.

8. PROGRAMME GOAL, OBJECTIVE AND OUTPUTS

Sustainable access to safedrinking water for communitiesin Pacific Island countries

OVERARCHING GOAL

Objective Outputs

Improved capacity for water demand management

in Pacific urban water utilities

• Water demand management teams established, trained and functioning with increased capacity within each participating utility

• Water demand management plans for individual utilities developed and implemented

• Experience of successful water demand management initiatives promoted and shared between utilities

Figure 12: Overview on Goal, Objective and Outputs from Original Project Proposal.

.1 Conclusion 8 Through the installation of meters and flow/pressure loggers and the training of the Manager of the Water Division on PMAC Lite software, together with all needed and appropriate equipment and training on leak detection and pipe location gear for all employees, the WDM programme’s output

f increased capacity within a participatory water utility has been met for Niue. o The next steps will be to install the remaining loggers and get enough data to finalise a System Loss Management Plan for Niue. Focus will also move to operation and maintenance; and last but not least, trying to improve the Niue people’s understanding about water use efficiency through the

epartment of Education. D


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ANNEX 1

Literature List (Some references are referred to in the text; others are mentioned as they make up the background theory of this WDM report) Butler, D. and Fayyaz M., Eds (2006): Water Demand Management. IWA Publishing, London. Dawe, P. (2000): Pipe-detection surveys and creation of water utility GIS, Niue. SOPAC Technical Report

311. Suva, SOPAC Secretariat. Farley, M. (2001): Leakage management and control: A best practice training manual. WHO/sDE/WSH/01.1.

World Health Organization, Geneva. Kleppen, M. (2007): Mission to Niue – 13-17 November 2006. SOPAC Trip Report 421. Suva, SOPAC

Secretariat. [Queensland Environmental Protection Agency and Wide Bay Water (2004)]: Managing and Reducing

Losses from Water Distribution Systems (2004). A series of 10 manuals: 1. Introduction 2. Water Audits 3. The Economics of Water Loss Management 4. Establishing Pressure Management Zones and District Metered Areas: The Toolkit 5. Advanced Pressure Management and PRV Selection 6. Real Loss Management 7. Managing Apparent Losses 8. Case Studies in Water Loss Management 9. Rural Water Loss Management 10. Executive summary

Contact [email protected] for further information Sturman, J., Ho, G. and K. Matthew (2004): Water Auditing and Water Conservation. IWA

Publishing, London. UNESCAP (2003): Guide to preparing urban water-use efficiency plans. Water Resources Series No. 83.

United Nations, New York 2003. White, S., Ed., Wise Water Management: A Demand Management Manual for Water Utilities, (WSAA

Research Report No. 86), Water Services Association of Australia, Sydney, November 1998.



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ANNEX 2

Operating, Setting Up and Downloading Data Using PMAC Lite Software and Metrolog Flow and Pressure Loggers

For

GOVERNMENT OF NIUE ISLANDS PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT

WATER DIVISION

Prepared By Pank Mistry Wide Bay Water Corporation Unit 4, 1-7 Murrajong Road Springwood Queensland 4126 Australia


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Starting Up .............................................................................. 21 PMAC Lite Start Up..................................................................... 21 Setting up Loggers ..................................................................... 23

Setup Notepad ....................................................................... 24 Set Live Inputs ....................................................................... 25 Pressure Channel .................................................................... 26 Flow Channel......................................................................... 27 Starting the Logger.................................................................. 28

Downloading Loggers .................................................................. 31 Viewing Data............................................................................ 33 Exporting data to XCEL................................................................ 38


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Starting Up Switch on laptop and boot up, next connect the Logger to PC Communication cable to the Laptop, this is found at the rear of the laptop.

PMAC Lite Start Up Double click on the PMAC Lite icon on the desktop of the laptop as shown below this will start up the program so that you can communicate with the Data Loggers. Once load the PMAC Lite menu bar will be displayed on the righshown below.

[SOPAC Technical Report 404 – Kleppen, Mathia

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The menu bar has four icons, these are for communication with the loggers, graphing facilities and data in value format.

Communications withLoggers

Graph Facilities

Data in Value Format


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Setting up Loggers To set up loggers you will need to communicate with the logger using the PC to Logger communication cable, ensure that this is connected to the back of the PC and the other end connected to a Metrolog Data Logger. Double click on the communication icon as shown above this will open up the communications dialog window as shown below.

Click on the Setup Logger button to commence logger set up The PC will now communicate with the loggers


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Setup Notepad Firstly set up the notepad, this allows you to enter the site name, site number (normally the last five digits of the logger serial number) and the PMAC ID (this is always a four digit number)

If you have a dual channel logger you will need to enter the scale factor, this will depend on the pulse output of the meter, for example:

• 1 litres per pulse = 0.001 cum • 10 litres per pulse = 0.010 cum • 100 litres per pulse = 0.100 cum • 1000 litres per pulse = 1.000 cum

For the Bermad 50 mm Turbobar Flow meter the scale factor is 0.010 cum. Remember the flow is logged in cubic meters per hour, to convert to litres per second you will have to divide the cubic meters per by 3.6, for example if the flow rate is 5.6 cum then this is 1.56 litres per second. The screen dump on the next page shows a completed logger notepad, all required data is completed.


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Highlight the field you wish to change and then edit in the space below REMEMBER to click another field for the changes to take effect. Once all fields are completed the select the Write Notepad button the update the logger.

Set Live Inputs

From the main menu select setup live inputs, ensure that if you are recording flow then the flow cable needs to be connected from the flow meter to the logger.


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Pressure Channel

For a dual channel logger the pressure channel is shown first, if you are recording pressure ensure that the current value is set to zero before you attach the pressure (blue curly hose to the logger). This is done by selecting the set input.

This will take you to the zero input screen select Zero Input This will reset the pressure transducer to zero, if it does not go to zero in the first instant then select Zero Input again and repeat the process.


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Flow Channel When you are recording flow you will need to ensure you are getting pulses from the meter before you start the logger from the input configuration menu select the next channel (channel 2) this is the flow channel. As shown in the diagram on the next page.

Select Next Channel

The logger is now waiting or pulse signals from the meter, once pulses are received and this will be indicated visually and by sound (if the speakers are turned up) and then a current value will be displayed in cubic meters per hour. Once you are satisfied that the correct values are being recorded then the logger can be started.


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Starting the Logger Return to the main menu as shown below and select General Settings

This will take you to the next window. From here ensure the logger time and PC time are both the same, if not select Sync to PC Time button, this will synchronise time and date of the logger to the PC.

Ensure that the logging parameters are set; these are Time Base, Time Resolution and Store Mode to the desired settings. Time Base is the logging interval and can be set in seconds, minutes, hours, days. For Niue the time base should be set at 5 minute intervals.


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Time Resolution should remain as 10 seconds. Store Mode – the logger can be set up in two modes, these are Rotating Store or Store Until Full.

• Rotating Store – this is a barrel roll storage of data, as the memory becomes full the logger will start overwriting from the beginning old data, so it is essential that regular downloads take place to ensure that data is captured. Use this mode for permanent installations such as the flow meters on the outlet of the water tanks. It is recommended that the Water Division download the data every 2 or 4 weeks to avoid losing data.

• Store Until Full – when the memory is full the logger will automatically stop, no data will

be lost, however the logger must be downloaded before it can be restarted. This mode can be used where installation are non-permanent.

If these parameters are changed ensure you update the logger, this is done by selecting the Update logger button. Once you have changed the parameters if required then the logger can be started, select the start logger button to start the logger. A warning box will appear as shown below asking wether you have downloaded the logger other wise data will be lost. If you are satisfied then hit the yes button.

The logger will now switch on and become active, this is indicated in the Logger Type window and will change the standby to active. See diagram on next page. (to stop the logger do the same, remember if you wish to change any of the logger parameters the logger must be stopped before you can edit)


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Downloading Loggers In the communications menu select Read Data Button

This will start the communication process.

For a logger that is being downloaded for the first time, PMAC will ask you to create a new file one for the pressure channel and one for the flow channel (if the logger is a dual channel logger)

Create file for pressure channel

Create file for flow channel


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The data will now be downloaded and stored in the PMACLite folder under a sub folder labelled DATA

Confirmation of successful download If data has previously been downloaded for the same site, you will not need to create new files; the program will recognise the site and will ask if you wish to APPEND DATA. For sites like this you should append the data as this will add the data to the previously downloaded data.


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Viewing Data Data can be viewed either in graph format or value format. Graph Format – select the graph icon on the PMAC desktop menu, this will open the folder where all the data is stored under the site names.

Select the required data that requires viewing and click OK, this will open the stored files in graph format.


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The blue line is the flow and the red line is the pressure (if this is not being monitored then this line can be removed from the graph)


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Value Format – select the values icon on the PMAC desktop menu, this will open the folder where all the data is stored under the site names.

Select the site that you wish to view and then select either flow valves or pressure valves. This will open the data in table format, with time stamp and value of the logged data see next page.


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The data values can be viewed as the logged data, minutes, hours, days, weeks and months. To do this select file on the menu and go to options, this will open the window as shown below. From here you can select the various parameters that you wish your data to be displayed as.

The example above shows that the flow data is required to be viewed in hours, and we also need to view the maximum value in that hour the minimum value and the mean value (if required the total volume of water through the meter in that hour). Once you have selected the required parameters hit OK and the values will now be displayed as below (hourly format).


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Exporting data to XCEL

If required values can be exported to XCEL as a CSV file, to do this select file on the top menu of the values table, the window will appear as above. Select destination to FILE and then select the period you wish to export. The example above shows that as we are viewing the data in hourly format we select 20 hours and the units are in hours. Remember data that you export is taken from the top line of the table so make sure the start date is on the top line for the data that requires exporting. Once selected, you will have to give the export file a name and a destination as shown below.

Select save and your data has then been exported.


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ANNEX 3

PowerPoint presentation for Niue Government


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ANNEX 4

List of People Met NAME DESIGNATION ORGANISATION CONTACT Mr Graham Marsh Island Electrician Private Mr Andre Siohane Manager Water Division PWD (683) 4297 Mr Deve Talagi Director PWD PWD (683) 4297 Hon. Fisa I Pihigia Hon. Minister (PWD, Power, Telecome, Finance) Premier Dept (683) 4200 Mr Cripton Okesene Asst. Hon Minister, PWD, Power, Telecome, Premier Dept (683) 4200 Mr Organ Viliko Asst. Hon Minister DAFF, Environment Premier Dept (683) 4200 Mr David Poihega Priv. Sec. to Hon. Premier Premier Dept (683) 4200 Mr Michael Jackson Asst. Hon Minister

Education,Culture,Sports Premier Dept (683) 4200

Mr Justine Kamupala Dept. Sec. to Govt./Legal Officer to Cabinet Premier Dept (683) 4200 Mrs Loseligi Siakimotu

Director of Education Dept Dept of Education [email protected](683)4069



Documents

Niue Water Loss Management ... - library.gem.spc.int